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Research: Nonwestern Intergenerational Relationships

2026-08-03T12:39:33Z

Thorn: /* Melanesia */

__NOTOC__{{research}}Most societies which have not been influenced by the West have less, different, or virtually no sexual taboos. It is worth mentioning that absent modern western influence, anthropologists and historians have found far more societies where [[homosexuality]] is prohibited, than societies in which [[pedosexuality]] suffers similar censure. Many encourage intergenerational sex for various reasons. Due to ongoing Westernisation and cultural imperialism, much of what is listed here may already be consigned to [[Research: Intergenerational Relationships in History|history]] (see, for example, [https://web.archive.org/web/20220225124148/https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/j.chc.2004.02.001 Nieto (2004), for an anthropological review]).

==GUS, a world atlas: Growing Up Sexually==

The range and detail of accounts involved in this page will only serve as a brief demonstration of non-western diversity in intergenerational relationships. Many examples from anthropology involve [[Sexual rites of passage]]. If readers are seeking a broader, more detailed and integrated study, they may find [[Diederik Janssen]]'s [http://www.sexarchive.info/GESUND/ARCHIV/GUS/GUS_MAIN_INDEX.HTM ''Growing Up Sexually''] ([http://www.sexarchive.info/GESUND/ARCHIV/GUS/GROWINGUPSEXUALLY1.ZIP entire Vol 1] in zipped PDF) more appropriate, or ''[https://greek-love.com/ Greek Love: Pederasty throughout the ages]'', re. homosexuality.

==Americas==

===Pirahã (Brazil)===

*'''Daniel Everett (2008). [https://books.feedvu.com/fullbook/dont-sleep-there-are-snakes-life-and-language-in-the-amazonian-jungle-pdf-2.html?page=16&part=1 ''Dont Sleep, There Are Snakes: Life and Language in the Amazonian Jungle'']. Chapter 16 of 34.'''
*:"Relations between men and women and boys and girls, whether married or not, are always cordial and often marked by light to heavy flirting. Sexually it is the same. So long as children are not forced or hurt, there is no prohibition against their participating in sex with adults. I remember once talking to Xisaoxoi, a Pirahã man in his late thirties, when a nine- or ten-year-old girl was standing beside him. As we talked, she rubbed her hands sensually over his chest and back and rubbed his crotch area through his thin, worn nylon shorts. Both were enjoying themselves. “What’s she doing?” I asked superfluously. “Oh, she’s just playing. We play together. When she’s big she will be my wife” was his nonchalant reply—and, indeed, after the girl went through puberty, they were married."

* '''Daniel Everett (2016). ''Dark matter of the mind : the culturally articulated unconscious.'' Chapter 3'''
::"Pirahã young people begin to engage sexually, though apparently not in full intercourse, from early on. Touching and being touched seem to be common for Pirahã boys and girls from about seven years of age on. They are all sexually active by puberty, with older men and women frequently initiating younger girls and boys, respectively. There is no evidence that the children then or as adults find this pedophilia the least bit traumatic."

===Pilagá (Argentina)===

*'''Jules Henry and Zunia Henry (1944). [https://library.lol/main/2C825BAA5B73830492464813AF34FEC4 ''Doll Play of Pilagá Indian Children. An Experimental and Field Analysis of the Behavior of the Pilagá Indian Children'']. (American Orthopsychiatric Association), p. 72.'''
*:'''Note:''' The study explores the use of dolls among Pilagá children, including in a sexual context.
*:"Where children can see the adult sexual act, where sexual conversations and gestures are perfectly open, and child life is untrammeled by sexual taboos, it is reasonable to expect that the children should experiment with their sexual apparatus and attempt to imitate adult sexual behavior. This is the case among the Pilagá. Considering the extent of child knowledge about sex and the age at which this knowledge becomes articulate - 3 years - intercourse in the Pilagá household must not only be visible to the children, but carried on with little if any attempt to conceal the act from them. Absolutely no prohibition is placed on child sexual activity by the adults, so that the children are at liberty to do what they please. Under such circumstances the only limits to the child's sexual activity are his physiological capacities and the tolerance of his companions. [...] [S]ex is a strong and constant interest of Pilagá children."

=== Yucatan ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"In field work, Williams (1992) found pederastic behavior still common in late twentieth century Yucatan."

=== Zapotecs (Mexico) ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Boys entering puberty commonly had sexual relations with men. Source: Williams (1992)"

=== Various Indian tribes (southern Mexico) ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Married men would adopt an adolescent boy, who was proud to have been chosen and saw it an honor to be the man’s lover; the boy would help the wife, her children, and the household, and would take a boy of his own when later an adult and married. Source: Ross (1991)"

==Australia==
===Tiwi===
*'''Davenport, William H. (1992). [https://www.newgon.net/wiki/File:Davenport_chapter.pdf Adult-Child Sexual Relations in Cross-Cultural Perspective], in W. O'Donohue & J. H. Geer (Eds.), ''The sexual abuse of children: Theory and research'' (Vol. 1, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 73-80), pp. 76-77.'''
*:"The best ethnographic description of this type of [gerontocratic] marriage is by Jane Goodale (1971) in her account of the Tiwi who live on Melville Island, North Australia. Betrothals of first marriages of most females are made even before those females are concieved. In fact, such a marriage contract is made when the as-yet-to-be-concieved girl's mother commences menstruation. [...] Once the marriage contract is made, the husband-to-be, who is an adult, works with his future mother and father-in-law as a member of that family, with the expectation that when a daughter is born to them, she will be given to him as a wife. There is no fixed chronological age at which the young girl is given to her designated husband, but it occurs after she is able to take on some household and other economic responsibilities, but well before her first menstruation. For the Tiwi she is still a child, albeit and older child. When her father decides that she is mature enough, the young girl is merely taken to her husband and instructed to reside and sleep with him. This is not an abrupt change [...] for the husband has been a part of the same family camp for some time, and the young wife is still surrounded by those with whom she has always lived. Goodale describes the process:
*::''Soon after the ''alinga'' [young girl] moves to her husband's fire he begins her sexual instruction. From all accounts this appears to be a very gradual process. He begins by deflowering her with his finger, and perhaps only after a year does he have actual intercourse with her. Sexual intercourse is considered by the Tiwi to be the direct and only cause of breast formation, growth of pubic and auxillary hair, menarche, and subsequent menstrual periods. (1971, p. 45)."'' [Jane Carter Goodale (1971) Tiwi wives: a study of the women of Melville Island, North Australia]
*:"versions of this marriage were once found among many Australian Aborigine groups (Berndt & Berndt, 1951; Gale, 1970; Kaberry, 1939; Rose, 1960). From our ethnocentric [i.e. Western] perspective, one of the most notable aspects [...] is the absence of trauma". (p. 77).

*'''Jane C. Goodale (1962) "Marriage Contracts among the Tiwi." ''Ethnology'', Vol. 1, No. 4'''
::"A Tiwi male will rarely acquire a wife through any form of contract before the age of 30. A bestowed wife, one who is promised before birth and becomes a cohabiting wife before puberty, is a valuable prestige symbol, but difficult to acquire. Thus a young man will frequently start his household with the acquisition of a less valuable but more easily obtainable type of wife, i.e., a widow, often of advanced age."
::"[I]t is acknowledged by Tiwi women as an inflexible "rule" governing their first marriage before puberty to a man whom they describe as "the one who grew me up, treated me like a father, and made me a woman." "
::"[O]n the average, the promised daughter will be born ten years from the date of the contract, i.e., when both the mother and the son-in-law are about twenty years old. The young girl will not become a cohabiting wife for approximately another eight or ten years, at which time her promised husband will be at least 28 to 30 years of age. Thus an average difference of twenty years between the ages of a girl and her first husband is to be expected"

*'''Goodale, J. C. (1971). Tiwi wives: A study of the women of Melville Island, North Australia.'''
::“A man will not receive a contract for a wife of any type until he reaches the age of ten to twenty. At this age he may receive a wife who has been previously married”

=== Aranda ===
*'''Ford, C. S., & Beach, F. A. (1951). Patterns of sexual behavior. ''Harper & Brothers.'''''
::"Among many of the aborigines of Australia this type of coitus is a recognized custom between unmarried men and uninitiated boys. Strehlow writes of the Aranda as follows: ''"... Pederasty is a recognized custom.... Commonly a man, who is fully initiated but not yet married, takes a boy ten or twelve years old, who lives with him as a wife for several years, until the older man marries.[...]"''(Strehlow, 1915, p. 98.)"

*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Typically, an unmarried [Aranda] man (late teens) would take a boy from 10 to 12 years old to be his wife and live with him for several years until he (the older partner) got married to a woman. Aside from sex, the man served as the boy’s mentor (e.g., in hunting). Sources: Strehlow (1913–15)"

=== Nambutji ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Every boy became a boy-wife to a man, who circumcised the boy and whose daughter became the boy’s wife when he reached adulthood. In the intervening time, the man and boy were homosexually involved. Source: Roheim (1945)"

==Melanesia==
Melanesian societies have normalized the consumption of semen by prepubescent/pubescent boys. This is thought to be in aid of their maturation and future status as warriors. Semen is received via oral or anal sex with an older adolescent boy or man. Relationships are said to be not only formal but often free-flowing and affectionate (for example among the Sambia of New-Guinea). There are many separate groups with distinct languages in Melanesia (about 1000). There is no evidence of institutional intergenerational sexual practice for most of them, partly due to anthropologists have often avoided studying sexuality because of their own moral constraints. Yet evidence of such practices (that vary greatly in form) has been obtained for at least 29 different Melanesian societies (with additional 19 related groups) described in the comprehensive volume ''Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia''<ref name = Herdt1984 >Herdt, G. H. (Ed.). (1984). Ritualized homosexuality in Melanesia. ''University of California Press. (available via [[Help:Research_Resources#Information_Freedom_Companions|option 2]])</ref> (see table 1.1, chapter 1)

::I. Eastern insular Melanesia: Fiji; New Caledonia; New Hebrides: Malekula Island.

::II. Northeastern insular Melanesia: New Britain; Duke-of-Yorks; East Bay.

::III. Western Papua: Lower Fly River: Kiwai Island, including Bugilai; Trans-Fly Delta: Keraki; Suki; Boadzi. (Related social units: Karigare, Yarne, Kaunje, Wekamara.)

::IV. Southeastern Irian Jaya: Kanum; Yéi-anim; Marind-anim; Kimam, Frederik Hendrik Island; Jaquai. (Related social units: Maklew-anim, Yab-anim, Kurkari-anim.)

::V. Northeastern Irian Jaya: Asmat; Casuarina Coast; Humboldt Bay.

::VI. Great Papuan Plateau: Bedamini; Etoro; Kaluli; Onabasalu; Gebusi, Nomad River.

::VII. Anga (Kukukuku): Sambia; Baruya; Jeghuje; Other Highlands Anga groups; Lowlands Anga groups. (Related social units: Usarumpiu, Wantukiu, Aziana, Lohiki, Kapau, Ivori, Mbwei, Yagwoia, Ampale, Langamar, Menya, Katje.)

::VIII. Northern Province: Ai’i.

History/evolution:
*'''[[Gilbert Herdt|Herdt, G. H.]] (Ed.). (1984). Ritualized homosexuality in Melanesia. ''University of California Press.'''''
::"The accumulating evidence indicates that we are not only confronted in these Melanesian cultures with similar cultural and ecological systems; I propose that we are also faced with an ancient ritual complex that diffused through a vast area of lowland and fringe-area Melanesia, perhaps 10,000 years ago or less. [...] Left unchecked by Western pacification or colonialization, what would the long-term evolution of these marginal populations have been? Perhaps homosexual practices might have contributed to their extinction, but we cannot be certain of this possibility: if one accepts the assumption of ancient migrations and ritual practices, these groups had flourished for generations." (pp. 48, 58-59)

::"(RH [Ritualized Homosexuality]) groups tend to use initiation as the social mechanism for recruitment to their ritual cults and to the village-based warriorhood corps as well. Survival and social reproduction of communities depend upon the warriorhood, and initiation means introduction to homosexual activity. It also brings with it adult, masculine socialization, through successive ceremonies and related achievements. Thus homosexuality is linked to what are essentially military and age-graded organizations." (p.60) (this is in line with [[Research: Evolutionary_Perspectives_on_Intergenerational_Sexuality#Mentorship-Bonding/Enculturation-Alliance Hypothesis|Evolutionary Mentorship-Bonding/Enculturation-Alliance Hypothesis]]

Often, when speaking about institutionalized intergenerational sexuality, anthropologists and publicists emphasize that there only adolescents involved in this, but they miss the fact that pedophilia is also institutionalized in many cultures (not only Melanesian):
*'''[[Gilbert Herdt|Herdt, G. H.]] (Ed.). (1984). Ritualized homosexuality in Melanesia. ''University of California Press.'''''
::"An important and ignored aspect of initiation in (RH) [ritualized homosexuality] groups is that it frequently occurs before puberty, often as early as middle to late childhood (e.g., Marind-anim, Sambia, Keraki, etc.). Elsewhere I have argued that this young age is psychologically necessary for the radical resocialization [from the female wing of the society] into, and eventual sex-role dramatization expected of, adult men (Herdt 1981, 1982cf . Mead 1949; Young 1965)." (p.60)

* '''Money, J. (1990). Pedophilia: A Specific Instance of New Phylism Theory as Applied to Paraphilic Lovemaps. In: Feierman, J.R. (eds) [https://libgen.is/book/index.php?md5=3CA15750CD7EC06C3052B55B5E16C76D Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions]. Springer, New York, NY. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_18'''
*:"The cultural tradition of pedophilia may belong not just to a small enclave of a population but also to an entire community, as in the case of various tribal peoples scattered across the Pacific in Melanesia and New Guinea (Herdt, 1984). The Sambia of the New Guinea Highlands (Herdt, 1981) are such a tribe. Their ancient customs as fierce head-hunting warriors survived European contact until after World War II. According to their folklore concerning their children, a boy could not become a warrior if he stayed living with women and children after age 8. So, he was taken into the men's longhouse to remain in the company of males only, there to be subjected to the rituals of indoctrination and initiation. As a baby, he had been nourished by woman's milk. As a juvenile, he would have to be nourished with men's milk so that his body would mature in the way that maturation occurs during puberty. It was an obligation of youths still too young to be married not to waste their semen but to have it sucked out of their penises by the prepubertal boys who, once able to ejaculate themselves, would nourish those still younger. At age 19, the age of marriage, their two-way experience of androphilic pedophilia would cease, and their lives would become heterosexual with an adult partner."
*:"The universal male/male pedophilia of the Sambia demonstrates the sexological plasticity of the human organism and the making of pedophilia into the social norm."

There are societies with girls and women participating in intergenerational sexual practices (but ritualized homosexuality is absent):
*'''Janssen, D.F. (2002). "[http://www.sexarchive.info/GESUND/ARCHIV/GUS/NEW_GUINEAWEB.HTM Papua New Guinea]," ''Growing Up Sexually, Volume I: World Reference Atlas''.'''
*:"Berndt (1962:p91): “As babies and small children their genitalia are fondled”. Mothers caress “the fleshy parts of [the infant's] body [...] and implanting breathy kisses over and over again in the region of its genital organs” (Hogbin, 1943:p298). Genital touching by older people was also noted by among the Marind-anim (Van Baal, 1966; cf. Money and Ehrhardt, 1973 [1996:p132]). Gillison (1993:p176) describes the process of masturbating infants among the Gimi:
*::The mother insists upon continued contact, interrupting her toddler's play repeatedly to offer the breast. Masturbation [...] with a baby girl [occurs when] the mother or amau holds her hand over the vulva and shakes it vigorously. She may kiss the vagina [sic], working her way up the middle of the body to the lips and then inserting her nipple (often when the child has given no sign of discontent). With a boy, she kisses the penis, pulls at it with her fingers and takes it into her mouth to induce an erection. Several women may pass a baby boy back and forth, each one holding him over her head as she takes a turn sucking or holding the penis in her mouth. When the child then pulls at his own organ, the women, greatly amused, offer squeezes and pulls of their own."

The Trobrianders of Papua New Guinea<ref>[http://libgen.is/book/index.php?md5=2E76D290FDCC06180F125CAF7336B2C0 Weiner, Annette B. (1988). ''The Trobrianders of Papua New Guinea.'' United States of America: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. ISBN 9780030119194]</ref> have received attention in the Western Media for sexual customs in infancy and adolescence that confuse morally conflicted Westerners:<ref>[https://medium.com/the-story-in-history/the-culture-where-children-as-young-as-six-years-are-sexualized-d7afef2d2985 The Culture Where Children as Young as Six Years are Sexualized]</ref>
:<blockquote>Popularly referred to as “The Islands of Love”, the Trobriand Islands are a 174-square-miles group of islands on the east coast of New Guinea. The people are indigenous matrilineal people with a population of 12,000. ''[...]'' In the Trobriand culture, children aren’t allowed the chance to be just children. They are groomed to lose their innocence and start acting like adults at a very young age. By the age of six, they start participating in erotic games with each other. They start engaging in seductive activities. Their little girls are expected to start looking and acting sexy to attract little boys as well as older men. Then, by the time they turn 10, they are expected to start having sexual intercourse with as many sexual partners as they will. Since they are a matrilineal culture, the Trobriand woman has the right to have as many sexual partners as she pleases. And their primitive way of dressing doesn’t make it any harder to engage in sexual intercourse at will.</blockquote>

But mostly intergenerational male homosexuality:
*'''Jan N. Bremmer (2021) [https://www.amazon.com/Becoming-Man-Ancient-Greece-Rome/dp/3161590082 Becoming a Man in Ancient Greece and Rome. Essays on Myths and Rituals of Initiation.]'''(available via [[Help:Research_Resources#Information_Freedom_Companions|Option 2]])
::"This description [''see Williams' above''] is confirmed by more recent anthropological studies [See especially the many studies of [[Gilbert Herdt|G. Herdt]]] [...] the following points should be noted as important features: (1) we have here a case of pederasty, which should not be confused with modern homosexuality, as both initiators and novices normally marry afterwards; (2) the active pederasts are the novices of the previous initiation, and it may be of importance to note that it is these novices who usually play a prominent role in upholding discipline during the initiation; finally, (3) copulation, in which the novice is always the passive partner, takes place anally."

It's noteworthy, that in many cases this institute wasn't based on free will of a minor (and elder partner either), sometimes the social obligation was coercive and even intimidating.<ref name = Herdt1984 /> But this was not always the case:
*'''Knauft, Bruce M. (1987). "Homosexuality in Melanesia," ''Journal of Psychoanalytic Anthropology'', 10, 155-91.'''
*:Melanesian boys "coquettishly initiated" homosexuality with grown men. Relationships were "grounded in personal affection rather than obligation".
See more examples of voluntariness and desirability gathered by ''Rind (2013)'' in [[Research: Evolutionary Perspectives on Intergenerational Sexuality#Complementary behavior among minors|Complementary behavior among minors]] section.

Evidence for specific Melanesian cultures:
=== Big Nambas (Malekula Island) ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Society had rampant warfare, chiefs had near monopoly on women; father chose man to circumcise his son; this man then became boy’s “husband,” and the boy his “wife;” intercourse believed to strengthen boy’s penis; relationship was very close; boy followed the man everywhere, participating with him in daily chores; man was intensely jealous if other men took interest in the boy; if man or boy died, the other would mourn deeply; some men were so deeply homosexual in affections that they would seldom have intercourse with their wives, preferring the boy; every chief had several boy lovers. Sources: Herdt (1993); Layard (1942)"

*'''Herdt, G. H. (1997). Same sex, different cultures: Exploring gay and lesbian lives. Westview Press.'''
::"The tentative and sketchy reports of institutionalized same-gender relations between females that we do have make it difficult to give depth and meaning to the practice, such as among the famous Big Nambas society of the New Hebrides (now Vanuatu; see Deacon 1934). In that case higher-ranking women could take younger girls as sexual partners in a kind of ritualized practice that bears comparison to the male practice, but obviously without the emphasis on semen transmission."

=== East Bay Islanders ===
*'''Davenport, William H. (1992). [https://www.newgon.net/wiki/File:Davenport_chapter.pdf Adult-Child Sexual Relations in Cross-Cultural Perspective], in W. O'Donohue & J. H. Geer (Eds.), ''The sexual abuse of children: Theory and research'' (Vol. 1, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 73-80), pp. 76-77.'''
::"[I]n a society called East Bay, where I did some ethnography of sexual behavior (Davenport 1965), formerly, there had been a pattern of male homosexuality in which some older men often took, always with consent from their fathers, nonrelated boys as relatively permanent, passive sexual partners for anal intercourse. From a cultural perspective, the boys were understood to be substitutes for females, not homosexual partners as our culture would define them. In fact, the culture of East Bay did not recognize — that is, had no cultural category for — intimate male homosexual relationships as something separate from those involving women. A boy, rather than a man, was selected, because a boy was a minor, without an independent legal status separate from his father’s, hence he could be told what to do. Women in East Bay society also were minors in this legal sense. But the crux of the matter was that the passive homosexual role was not considered to be in any way damaging to a boy’s psychosexual development. Moreover, such a close association with an elder man, who was expected to be gentle, generous, and indulgent, could have a positive effect on the boy’s development. If, however, the elder man did not fulfill these role expectations, he would find himself accused of mistreatment, that is, abusing the boy, and, therefore, in serious trouble with the boy’s father and other senior male relatives who were responsible for his well-being."

*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Nearly every male engaged in extensive homosex; men had sexual relations with boys (7 to 11); it was obligatory to give boy presents in return; the boys discussed these contacts freely and without shame in presence of parents, friends. Upon marriage, only a few men became exclusive heterosexuals; most continued to have sex with boys as well; only one man in the study preferred exclusively boys. Source: Davenport (1965)"

=== Keraki, Trans-Fly Delta ===
*'''Ford, C. S., & Beach, F. A. (1951). Patterns of sexual behavior. ''Harper & Brothers.'''''
::"Keraki bachelors of New Guinea universally practice sodomy, and in the course of his puberty rites each boy is initiated into anal intercourse by the older males. After his first year of playing the passive role he spends the rest of his bachelorhood sodomizing the newly initiated."

*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"[Keraki] All boys were sodomized for about a year, seen as essential for their development; adult informants repeatedly answered, when asked whether they submitted as boys, “Why yes! Otherwise how should I have grown?” Bachelors saw some boys as more attractive, gave them more attention; they sodomized boys until marriage, then engaged mostly in heterosex, but continued to have relations with boys on occasion. Source: Williams (1936)"

*'''Williams, F.E. (1969) Papuans of the Trans-Fly. ''Oxford'''''
::"It is actually regarded as essential to the growing boy to be sodomized.[...] In the meantime it is enough to note that every male adult in the Morehead district has in his time constantly played both parts in this perversion. The boy is initiated to it at the bull-roarer ceremony [...] When he becomes adolescent his part is reversed and he may then sodomize his juniors, the new initiates to the bull-roarer."
::"Gambadi informants describe the initial occasion more vividly. The father bids his son stoop to drink at a pool and as he does so catches him at a disadvantage. [...] It is to be noted that nowadays boys are not sodomized by their own fathers. The restriction of moiety exogamy is observed in sodomy as it is in marriage [...]"

=== Marind-anim ===
*'''[[Gilbert Herdt|Herdt, G. H.]] (Ed.). (1984). Ritualized homosexuality in Melanesia. ''University of California Press.'''''
::"[R]itualized anal homosexual practices are institutionalized on a widespread scale throughout the entire Marind area. [...]. Homosexual anal intercourse is begun in male initiation for boys between the ages of seven and fourteen years (Van Baal 1966:143-144). Afterward, boys live in the men's clubhouse for some six years, avoiding females and regularly engaging in anal intercourse." (pp. 25-25)
::"This transition happens when the first signs of approaching puberty become apparent. He is then made an aroi-patur, literally a black boy. His body is blackened all over, and a mother's brother is appointed to act as his mentor, his binahor-iather. The meaning of the word binahor is uncertain, but it probably refers to the mentor's main function, that of being the boy's pederast who, by "feeding" the boy anally, contributes to his physical growth." (p. 132)

*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Upon reaching puberty, a boy moved in with a mentor and his wife; he assisted the mentor in gardening, hunting, and other chores; their relation was sexual and lasted about seven years until boy’s later marriage; bond between them was extremely strong; the sexual contacts seemed to contribute to the strength of this bond; insemination was regarded as helpful to boy’s growth. Source: Van Baal (1966)"

=== Kimam / Kolepom papuans: ===
*'''[[Gilbert Herdt|Herdt, G. H.]] (Ed.). (1984). Ritualized homosexuality in Melanesia. ''University of California Press.'''''
::"The age at which [Kimam] boys enter the bachelor's house varies considerably in all villages, since it is dependent upon the simultaneous celebration of the final feast for a dead person. On this occasion a number of boys of varying ages, from about ten to fourteen years, are admitted. (Sometimes the boys are even younger.) [...] At his entry into the cult house, the boy is placed under the charge and guidance of a mentor who is designated as his "adoptive father." This man is supposed to have regular homosexual intercourse with the boy to make him strong with the semen that is inserted into his body through anal intercourse. In the western villages, there is no doubt that the adoptive father is mother's younger brother [...] They help each other in planting and harvesting, and they share food. A sister's son displays a conspicuous lack of respect toward his MB, even when there is a substantial difference in age. They play all sorts of pranks on each other, at which neither of them does or should get angry." (p. 300, 304)

::girls:
::"The first reports of missionaries and government officials mention the custom of "testing" sexually the marriageable [Kimam] girls. According to informants, the intention was to see whether the girls could stand the test. If they felt ill after intercourse, it was proof that they were not yet suited for marriage. It is possible that this trial took place during the promiscuous sexual intercourse of the ndambu festival.[...] When, for instance, an epidemic strikes the village and causes many deaths, as often happens, promiscuous heterosexual intercourse involving as many people as possible is organized in the village to collect large amounts of semen (probably by coitus interruptus). According to the information collected in the village of Bamol, very young girls are preferably selected for this sexual intercourse. [...] The first missionaries were in a better position to estimate the approximate age of the girls. They regularly made mention of schoolgirls who, for days on end, did not attend the mission school because they were sick after intercourse with a number of mature men. In his diary, Father Thieman (n.d.) mentions a number of girls (with names and exact age) who took part in sexual intercourse when they were no older than eight." (pp. 301, 304, 308)

=== Bedamini===
*'''[[Gilbert Herdt|Herdt, G. H.]] (Ed.). (1984). Ritualized homosexuality in Melanesia. ''University of California Press.'''''
::“Bedamini, like the Marind-anim (Van Baal 1966:817), consider semen the essence of life. [...] Immature boys do not possess semen, and they can mature only through the intervention of their seniors. Behind this conception is also the assumption that weakness in males will ensue from too much association with women, in particular through sexual intercourse. Boys have been breast-fed and have spent their first years in a predominantly female sphere of influence. The solution to this dilemma is to supply the boys with semen from the age of eight to ten years. The insemination is managed orally, by having the boys manipulate and suck the penes of young unmarried men, an activity referred to as sibi. The young man who will be a boy's inseminator is selected by the boy's father, and he must belong to the opposite moiety, that is, to a group with whom the boy's clan intermarries.” (pp. 322-323)

=== Etoro ===
*'''[[Gilbert Herdt|Herdt, G. H.]] (Ed.). (1984). Ritualized homosexuality in Melanesia. ''University of California Press.'''''
::"The Etoro achieve this [semen transmission] through oral intercourse, the Kaluli through anal intercourse, and the Onabasulu through masturbation and smearing of the semen over the bodies of the initates [...] The Kaluli are traditional enemies of the Etoro, and the Etoro particularly revile them for their initiatory practices which are regarded as totally disgusting. (The feeling is probably mutual.) [...] Among the Etoro, "a youth is continually inseminated from about age ten until he reaches his early mid-twenties" (Kelly 1976:45). [...] Kaluli initiation and homosexual activities, in contrast, seem more truncated: [...] When a boy is eleven or twelve years old, he is engaged for several months in homosexual intercourse with a healthy older man chosen by his father. [...] (Schieffelin 1976:124)" (pp. 34- 35)

*'''Anitei, Stefan (2007). "[http://news.softpedia.com/news/How-to-Drink-Sperm-to-Become-a-Strong-Man-67804.shtml How to Drink Sperm to Become a Strong Man]," Softpedia, October 6.'''
*:"This power is transmitted between the members of the [Etoro] tribe by means of sex. That's why young boys, even at the age of 12, get it from the sperm of the older males. The boy gets "power" orally by a young man assigned to be his partner. Few years later, the teenager is formally involved in relationships with many male sex partners, after which he turns into an "inseminator" from an "inseminee.""

=== Kaluli ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"[Kaluli] From 8 to 28, males resided in sex-segregated hunting lodge; daily, boys accompanied older males on grueling hunting trips, learning essentials of the practice; at 10 or 11, a boy’s father chose for him an older male to inseminate him for months or years; some boys chose their own inseminator; insemination thought essential for growth. Men looked back on youth in hunting lodge with nostalgic excitement, zest; remembered continual hunting, growth-stimulating insemination, ritual discipline, unity of purpose, vigorous manly ethos as highlight of their lives; whole practice was one of prestige for them. Tradition ended in 1960s by colonial administration and missionaries, who policed against it. Source: Schieffelin (1982)"

===Gebusi===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"[Gebusi] Boys in early adolescence “coquettishly” initiated sexual relations with older, unrelated males. As with the Sambia, the belief was that insemination grew the boys into men. The sexual relations were based on personal affection rather than obligation. Sources: Herdt (1991, 1997)"

=== Sambia ===
*'''[[Gilbert Herdt|Herdt, G. H.]] (Ed.). (1984). Ritualized homosexuality in Melanesia. ''University of California Press.'''''
::"Male development and masculinization after childhood are the responsibility of the men's secret cult and its initiation system. This cult is organized and perpetuated by the confederacy of hamlets. Boys are initiated at seven to ten years of age, when they are separated from their mothers, natal households, and younger siblings. [...] Sambia practice secret homosexual fellatio, which is taught and instituted in first-stage initiation. Boys learn to ingest semen from older youths through oral sexual contacts. First- and second-stage initiates may only serve as fellators; they are forbidden to reverse erotic roles with older partners. Third-stage pubescent bachelors and older youths thus act as fellateds, inseminating prepubescent boys. All males pass through both erotic stages, being first fellators, then fellateds: there are no exceptions since all Sambia males are initiated and pressured to engage in homosexual fellatio." (pp. 172-173)

*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"[Sambia] Boys between 7 and 10 taken into men’s society; until age 14 fellated older bachelors up to age 25; semen viewed necessary for growth to be strong warrior; after age 25, most men stopped being semen “donors” to get married (some men continued who preferred boys); relations were not just duty for the boys, who were often complicit in arousing bachelors through bawdy enthusiasm; as boys matured, they tended to express more desire for insemination, became more aggressive in soliciting it. Sources: Herdt (1991, 1997)"

*'''Review of [[Gilbert Herdt]]'s famous fieldwork on the Sambia (by [[Walter L. Williams]] as quoted in our page on Herdt):'''
*:"Between the ages of about seven and thirteen, boys are taken from the maternal household and placed in a separate boys' house away from the village. For a period of several months to several years, depending on the culture, boys avoid all contact with females as they are prepared for manhood in elaborate initiations. It is the social duty of men to plant sperm in boys in order for them to grow. In some societies this is done by the boy performing oral sex upon the man, in others by him receiving anal intercourse, or in others by having the sperm rubbed on his body. The sexual act must always be with the boy receiving the older male's semen. To reverse roles is considered damaging to the boy's growth."

*'''Davenport, William H. (1992). [https://www.newgon.net/wiki/File:Davenport_chapter.pdf Adult-Child Sexual Relations in Cross-Cultural Perspective], in W. O'Donohue & J. H. Geer (Eds.), ''The sexual abuse of children: Theory and research'' (Vol. 1, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 73-80), pp. 76-77.'''
*:"The best description of these patterns, by Herdt (1982, 1987) is with a people the author calls the Sambia. In brief, the pattern is as follows:
*::''Seven-to-ten-year-old Sambia boys are taken from their mothers when first initiated into the male cult, and thereafter experience the most powerful and seductive homosexual fellatio activities. For some ten to fifteen years, they engage in these practices on a daily basis, first as fellator, and then as fellated. Elders teach that semen is absolutely vital: it should be consumed daily since the creation of biological maleness and the maintenance of masculinity depend upon it. Hence, from middle childhood untul puberty, boys should perform fellatio on older youths.''

:::''Near puberty the same initiates become dominant youths. Ritual helps remake their social and erotic identity, the bachelors becoming the fellated partners for a new crop of ritual novices. ... [editor's quote extension from Herdt, G. H. (1987). "Guardians of the flutes: Idioms of masculinity" : "abundant evidence indicates that most youths also experience them as pleasurable and erotically exciting"] Yet, in spite of this formidable background, the final outcome is exclusive heterosexuality—of a particular form. Youths eventually become sexually attracted to women. At marriage (c. sixteen to twenty-five years of age), they may even act as true bisexuals, for a time. With fatherhood, however, homosexuality should cease; thereafter men should engage only in heterosexual activities. (Herdt 1987, pp. 2-3)''"

*'''Hyena, Hank (1999). "[http://web.archive.org/web/20131002090633/http://gettingit.com/article/56 Semen Warriors Of New Guinea]," Gettingit.com, September 16.'''
*:"Although many boys tremble initially ("I felt afraid... the penises were enormous," recalls Kalutuo, a Sambian from the Eastern Highlands) they all adjust quickly, because they believe semen is an elixir for manhood."

*'''Janssen, D.F. (2002). "[http://www.sexarchive.info/GESUND/ARCHIV/GUS/NEW_GUINEAWEB.HTM Papua New Guinea]," ''Growing Up Sexually, Volume I: World Reference Atlas''.'''
*:"...the “Sambia” value male-virgin contacts (1984:p177), while “sexual partners are perceived as having more “heat” and being more exciting the younger they are. A second factor is reciprocity: the more asymmetrical the sexual partners (youth/boy), the more erotic play seems to culturally define their contact” [sic]. Against the background of an utterly phallocentric ideology on the androtrophic properties of semen, “Sambia” prepubertal boys (7-12, on average 8.5) fellate post-pubertal adolescents to ejaculation in order to grow and turn seminarchic themselves, so that they may reverse roles. The boys do not have orgasms, and might have “vicarious erotic pleasure as indicated by erections” only “near puberty” ([[Gilbert Herdt|Herdt]] and Stoller, 1990:p70-1)."

=== Yagwoia ===
*'''Herdt, G. (2003). Secrecy and cultural reality: Utopian ideologies of the New Guinea men’s house. ''Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press''.'''
::"Yagwoia men communicate two attitudes. First, the Sambia are the only group of warriors they feared sufficiently in precolonial times to undertake special alliances for raiding their territory. Second, Sambia are renowned throughout the area for continuing the “true” practice of initiations. Later I was to realize that the “truth” to which they alluded was boy-insemination, the secret masculinity the Yagwoia had long ago been required to forfeit to the native New Guinea evangelists who came to save their souls and establish a Christian order in their villages"

==Polynesia==

===Marquesas Islands===
For a range of sources on the Marquesas Islands, [[#Excerpt_Graphic_Library | see gallery below]], primarily ''Marquesan sexual behavior'' by Robert C. Suggs.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/marquesansexualb0000sugg/mode/2up Marquesan sexual behavior by Suggs, Robert C.]</ref>

*'''Martinson, Floyd M. (1973). ''[http://www.ipce.info/booksreborn/martinson/infant/InfantAndChildSexuality.html Infant and Child Sexuality: A Sociological Perspective]''. The Book Mark.'''
*:"Sex play was common practice from the earliest ages among the Marquesa and not only tolerated but encouraged. (Kardiner, 1939, p. 205-206). They recognized the erotic impulse in childhood and accorded it the right of free exercise. They eroticized the child by masturbating it to keep it quiet. In the case of the girls, labia were manipulated as a placebo, but also to encourage the growth of large labia, which to the Marquesans was a mark of beauty. Such activity was, no doubt, also erotically stimulating. There was social recognition of all sexual activity in childhood, and there were no restrictions against encouragement to exercise it freely; it was allocated the same place in the child's world that it occupied in the adult's."

*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Adolescent boys frequently had sex with each other. Married men rarely had homosex, but would when conditions prevented heterosexual intercourse; they preferred boys for this purpose, whose bodies they said were soft, like females; contacts with boys were casual, fleeting, and without stigma. Source: Suggs (1966)"

===Hawaii===
*'''Janssen, D.F. (2002). "[http://www.sexarchive.info/GESUND/ARCHIV/GUS/HAWAII.HTM Hawaii]," ''Growing Up Sexually, Volume I: World Reference Atlas''.'''
*:"Karsch-Haack, (1901) stated that according to Richard Neuhauss, Hawai’ian “girls of 12 to 14 years are generally virgins no more and acts of impurity of father with daughter are no rarity[6] [...] For infant females in Hawai’i, “milk was squirted into her vagina, and the labia were pressed together (Diamond, 1990). The mons [veneris] was rubbed with kukui (candlenut) oil and pressed with the palm of the hand to flatten it and make it less prominent. The molding continued until the labia did not separate. This chore usually was done by the mother or by an “aunt” [...]”. The buttocks of infants, males more than females, were molded so that they became “rounded and not flat”, also clearly evolving from an aesthetic motive. A “blower” is designated for each male infant, ostensibly to prepare him for subincision of the foreskin: “the penis was blown into daily starting from birth. The blowing was said to loosen and balloon the foreskin [and] continued daily [...] until the young male was 6 or 7”, when penile subincision takes place. Diamond reports: “Individuals of both sexes were expected to initiate and participate in coitus at puberty, although sexual activity, play, instruction, and so forth occurred much earlier. For instance, as part of exploratory play, the young investigated each other’s genitals, and young males and females might masturbate each other heterosexually or homosexually. This activity occurred without adult disapproval, and it was considered to be an introduction to adulthood. Casual intercourse before adolescence was not an uncommon experience for males (Handy and Pukui, 1958) and females (Pukui, Haertig and Lee, 1972)"

*'''Milton Diamond. (2004 [1990]). [https://www.hawaii.edu/PCSS/biblio/articles/2000to2004/2004-sexual-behavior-in-pre-contact-hawaii.html Sexual Behavior in Pre Contact Hawai'i: A Sexological Ethnography]. Published in: ''Revista Española del Pacifico''. 16: 37-58.'''
*:"Sex training was direct and firsthand. Young individuals learned of coitus and sex play from instruction, direct observation, and practice. As they slept in the family house (hale noa), they observed their parents having coitus. "Public privacy" among the Mangaian Islanders, as it was described by Marshall (1971, p. 108), probably is similar to the "privacy" that was found in Hawai'i and elsewhere in Polynesia: "[A Mangaian may copulate], at any age, in the single room of a hut that contains from five to fifteen family members of all ages — as have his ancestors before him. His daughter may receive and make love with each of her varied nightly suitors in the same room."
*:The young observed dogs, pigs, and other animals mating, and these activities were discussed openly with parents or other adults. Parturition was not a secret event and was well attended by the young and by adults, all of whom observed traditions that included the washing and burying of the placenta and, usually, the disposing of the umbilical cord (Pukui, Haertig and Lee, 1972, p. 16; Handy and Pukui, 1958, p. 78). The young Hawai‘ian also acquired sex education in day-by-day exposure to precepts, practices, and attitudes concerning sex. Traditionally, ... childish curiosity about sex was satisfied, with neither guilt nor shame instilled” (Pukui, Haertig, and Lee, 1972, p. 249). [...] Ellis (1782, Vol. 2, p. 153) wrote of sexual expression in Oceania: "The ladies are very lavish of their favors ... and some of their attachments seemed purely the effects of affection. They are initiated into this way of life at a very early period; we saw some, who could not be more than ten years old."
*:The time considered “right” to start coitus was not so much based on chronological age as on ability or maturity (Pukui, Haertig, and Lee, 1972, p. 78). [...] Suggs (1966) elaborated on the early sexual experiences of pubertal males with married females in their 30s and 40s in the Marquesas Islands, who “take special pains to be pleasing and patient with them ... a source of enjoyment for many Marquesan women” (p. 61). For young females of the Marquesas Islands, the first coital experience reportedly is earlier than it is for young males before menarche —and occurs unplanned with an adult male (Suggs, 1966, p. 63). [...] These adult/nonadult sexual interactions were socially approved behaviors. [...] For adults not to have given such practical education would have been unthinkable - a dereliction of duty.
*:Most important for Hawai‘ian society, the young learned of sexual humor. Among the Hawai‘ians, sex was and remains a rich source of humor and enjoyment. In everyday conversation and in song and story, it was considered to be an “art form” to speak using sexual double entendres (kaona). [...] Suggs (1966, p. 39) considered the early manifestations of infantile and childhood sexual behavior, including sexual behavior with adults, to be among the most distinguishing features of Marquesan sexual behavior. Many of the activities he described, however, are similar to activities that were present in Hawai'i and elsewhere in Oceania. Oliver (1974, pp. 458-459), for example, reported on adult/nonadult sexual behavior in Tahiti and quoted the missionary Orsmond from 1832: “In all Tahitians as well as officers who come in ships there is a cry for little girls,” and older females, when in a position to choose, preferred younger males. Marshall (1971, p. 126) described the routine early sexual encounters of young males and females in Mangaia as being with older, experienced males and females."

==Indonesia==

===Bali===
*'''Martinson, Floyd M. (1973). ''[http://www.ipce.info/booksreborn/martinson/infant/InfantAndChildSexuality.html Infant and Child Sexuality: A Sociological Perspective]''. The Book Mark.'''
*:"Among the Balinese, play and teasing with the genitals is common. A mother will pat her baby girl on the vulva and exclaim, "Pretty! Pretty!" (Bateson and Mead, 1942, p. 26, 32, 131). A boy's penis will be stroked and rubbed. After he has urinated, he will be dried by a flick of his penis. As he grows older, his penis will be pulled and stretched and ruffled, and he will often attempt to keep his balance when learning to walk by holding on to it. Babies are comforted and quieted by manipulating their genital organs. In fact, in Bali, a baby, especially a baby's genital, is a toy with which to play. There is much delight taken in stimulating and playing with the baby to watch him respond."

==South and Southeast Asia ==

=== Philippines ===
*'''[https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy-Claude_Burger Burger, G.C.] (Date unknown). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20230830163437/https://youjo.love/media/8db97b489e84f14e500046445c113066d720c1e691df6cc7934220a7b565483f.pdf The Sexual Mistake of the West].'''''
*:"Enamored of travel, he went to a different country every year, and, that year, he visited the Philippines. Not wanting to stay in the capital, he had taken the bus in order to get closer to the population. He thus found himself next to a mother who had reserved only one seat for herself and her eight-year-old daughter. The child at first amused herself by running in the central aisle and approaching the other passengers, but after three hours on the way, she began to have enough. As she was becoming more and more cranky, the mother put her on her lap and asked our gentlemen from Bordeaux if it would bother him if she put her daughter’s legs on his knees, so that the little one could sleep better. He accepted, of course, when he noticed that the mother began masturbating the child, as if it were the most natural thing in the world. You can imagine him blushing, asking himself what he should do, looking all around him to see how the other passengers would react, feeling that he would be accused of complicity in incest. But all the neighbors watched with big calm smiles, as if it were obvious, and worthy of the greatest discretion. As soon as the little girl reached orgasm, she fell asleep like an angel..."

===Khumbo (Nepal)===
*'''Diemberger, H. (1993). Blood, sperm, soul and the mountain. In T. del Valle (Ed.), [https://library.lol/main/E2340CAF82B58307F2AA3CBD3D1F97C9 ''Gendered Anthropology''] (pp. 88). Routledge.'''
*:"Caili, an energetic and sensual woman, is playing with her youngest son, Migmar. I enter the house. Caili offers me a cup of barley beer and then continues to play with Migmar who does not really want to be disturbed. He drinks some milk from the breast and plays with his erect little penis. He offers it to his mother who sucks it tenderly and then continues to chat with me. Migmar is five years old."

=== Tibet ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Monasteries had a strong reputation for master-novice sexual relations, which participants viewed without shame as they made no attempt to conceal them to Westerners upon early contacts. Prince Peter (1963)"

=== Batak (Northern Sumatra) ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"In late childhood, boys moved into all-male houses with about a dozen other boys and young men. From puberty until marriage, homosexual behavior was prescribed and constant. Pederasty and age-equal sex were both common. Sequestering the sexes ensured girls remained virgins until marriage (premarital sex for girls was highly taboo). With outside cultural contact, the tradition began to change. Money & Ehrhardt (1972)"

=== Java ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"In Ponorogo area, all-male folk dance was a major cultural institution (before 1990s); spectating men admired beauty of dancing youths; boy dancers aged 8–14, called gemblaks, often had culturally approved sex with men; interviewees who had been gemblaks all viewed the sex positively; all got married; some had long-term sexual relationships with the dance troupe directors (the Waroks). Waroks were spiritual guides, valorized by the community. Each Ponorogo village had a formalized male group for unmarried males; the group did socially constructive work for the community; heterosexual sex before marriage was disapproved, so members had sex with gemblaks; this practice was seen as benefiting the gemblaks, who got gifts, the group members, who got a sexual outlet, the community, which got good works. Under Western influence, educated Ponorogo people began seeing all this as an embarrassment (relic from an “uncivilized” past); have since worked to end the practice. Weis (1974); Williams (2011)"

==Africa==

=== Maassai (Kenya, Tanzania) ===
*'''Carles Feixa (2011). Past and present of adolescence in society: The ‘teen brain’ debate in perspective. ''Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews'', Volume 35, Issue 8'''
::"Sexual intercourse with [postpubertal] girls is admitted as long as they do not become pregnant."

=== Azande (South Sudan, Northern Congo)===
*'''Evans-Pritchard, E. E. (1970). [https://sci-hub.st/10.2307/672861 Sexual Inversion among the Azande. American Anthropologist], 72(6), 1428–1434.'''
*: "It was the custom for members of bachelor companies, some of whom would always be living in barracks at court, to take boy-wives. [...] Most young men consequently married late -- well into their twenties and thirties -- and, because girls were engaged (in a legal sense married) very young, often at birth, the only way youths could obtain satisfaction from a woman was in adultery. [...] The boys performed many of the smaller services a woman performs daily for her husband [...] Also, the boywife carried his husband's shield when on a journey. It should be understood that he performed these services lest it might be thought that the relationship was entirely of a sexual nature; it will be appreciated that it had an educational side to it. With regard to the sexual side, at night the boy slept with his lover, who had intercourse with him between his thighs (Azande expressed disgust at the suggestion of anal penetration). The boys got what pleasure they could by friction of their organs on the husband's belly or groin. However, even though there was this side to the relationship, it was clear from Zande accounts that there was also the comfort of a nightly sharing of the bed with a companion."
*: "The word "boy" (kumba gude) must, it would appear, be interpreted liberally, for as far as I could judge from what I was told the lads might have been anywhere between about twelve and twenty years of age"
*: "I have pointedly used the terms "wife,""husband," and "marriage," for, as the texts will make clear, the relationship was, for so long as it lasted, a legal union on the model of a normal marriage. The warrior paid bridewealth (some five spears or more) to the parents of his boy and performed services for them as he would have done had he married their daughter; if he proved to be a good son-in-law they might later replace the son by a daughter. Also, if another man had relations with his boy he could, I was told, sue him at court for adultery."

*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Under polygynous system, women were scarce; warriors married boys aged 12 or older; commanders might have more than one boy-wife; man and boy addressed each other with terms such as my love and my lover; boy performed wifely duties and apprenticed for man; on reaching adulthood, the boy typically joined a military company, taking a boy-wife of his own; tradition faded when practice of military service discontinued under British colonialism. Evans-Pritchard (1971); Murray & Roscoe (1998); Seligman & Seligman (1932)"

===Kadar (Nigeria)===
*'''Harris, M. [http://library.lol/main/98025ADB86EEFAF62B59DF2C3CA21CC7 ''Cultural Anthropology''] (New York: Harper and Row, 1983), p. 94.'''
*:"Among the Kadar of northern Nigeria, as reported by M. G. Smith (1968),<ref>M. G. Smith (1968). 'Secondary Marriage among Kadera and Kagoro.' In ''Marriage, Family, and Residence'', Bohannan, Paul and Middleton, J., eds. pp. 109-130. Garden City, N.Y.: Published for the American Museum of Natural History by the Natural History Press.</ref> most marriages result from infant betrothals. These matches are arranged by the fathers of the bride and groom when the girl is 3 to 6 years old. Ten years or more may elapse before the bride goes to live with her betrothed. During this time, a Kadar girl is not unlikely to become pregnant. This will disturb no one, even if the biological father is a man other than her husband:
*::''Kadar set no value on premarital chastity'' (1968, p. 113)."

=== Mossi (Burkina Faso) ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"All chiefs (ca. late nineteenth century) had large groups of pages, boys aged 8 to 15 chosen for attractiveness (some were thought to be quite beautiful); on Friday nights, because heterosexual intercourse was forbidden, a (W. chief would engage in sex with a boy instead (he could also on other nights). Upon reaching maturity, a boy Africa) was given a wife by the chief. Murray & Roscoe (1998); Tauxier (1912)"

=== Tsonga (Southern Mozambique) ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Common practice in twentieth century among native men, used as miners by colonialists, was taking boys as wives (with wedding feast, brideprice payment); boy performed domestic, sexual duties; was given presents, money in exchange; fidelity was expected; relationships were marked by intense feelings and jealousy; marriage could be terminated in divorce; some men took boy-wives home after mining, where they were accepted by men’s other wives and tribal leaders. Asked if boys desired being wives, an elderly Tsonga man answered, “Yes: for the sake of security, for the acquisition of property and for the fun itself.” A beard indicated the boy was no longer a sex object but a competitor for boys. Murray & Roscoe (1998); Wallace (2006)"

=== Bantu-Speaking Tribes (Central Africa) ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Male peer homosexual behavior was universal from puberty until age 18 or 20, and adult-youth sexual interactions were common as well. The older men disposed to form such relationships were described as bian nku’ma (having a heart for boys). In various Central Bantu groups, boy initiates resided at a sex-segregated lodge during their initiation phase and were required to manipulate the phalluses of the lodge-keeper and other adult male visitors, a practice that was seen as instrumental in helping the boys’ phalluses grow large and strong. Wallace (2006)"

=== Siwans (Libya) ===
*'''Ford, C. S., & Beach, F. A. (1951). Patterns of sexual behavior. ''Harper & Brothers.'''''
::"Among the Siwans of Africa, for example, all men and boys engage in anal intercourse. They adopt the feminine role only in strictly sexual situations and males are singled out as peculiar if they do not indulge in these homosexual activities. Prominent Siwan men lend their sons to each other, and they talk about their masculine love affairs as openly as they discuss their love of women."

*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"(Ages of boys involved 12–18) Pederasty was a well-entrenched custom from antiquity to at least 1950s; matchmakers made marriage-like ; arrangements between men and boys; the boy got a gift larger than brideprice for females; man and boy then entered into alliance with family approval; prominent men lent each other their sons for sex; love affairs and jealousies over boys were common; Robin Maugham said: “They will kill for a boy. Never for a woman.” Adam (1985); Herdt (1997)"

=== Lesotho ===
*'''Herdt, G. H. (1997). Same sex, different cultures: Exploring gay and lesbian lives. ''Westview Press.'''''
::"In another contemporary southern African culture, Lesotho, age difference was important in relationships between young women who were attached and became homoerotically bonded. These are the “mummy-baby” relationships studied by anthropologist Judith Gay (1986). [...] Young women engaged in mummy/baby relations when they first entered adolescence. These distinctive bonds involved increasing degrees of intimacy, including open expressions of kissing, and might go on to the deepest sexual and lifelong bonds, though not so far that later marriage with a man was prevented. The roles of the older women were very different from those of the younger one, especially in terms of social obligations. The older woman took on the responsible role in the relationship, and she provided her younger partner with gifts and advice. The latter was important because it prepared the young girl for future relationships with men, most significantly her future husband. A woman might continue this relationship for some time after she was married. But then she would cease seeing her younger partner, who then in turn would find a younger woman of her own."

==India==

===Muria===

*'''Elwin, V. (1947). ''[http://library.lol/main/F416733E30BB1A46214CC9AC38656FDE The Muria and their Ghotul]''. Oxford: Oxford University Press.''' [Childhood of the Muria people of Bastar, in central India, as summarized here in scholarship by [[Tom O'Carroll]] (2018)].<ref>Thomas O'Carroll (2018). [https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-018-9519-1 Childhood ‘Innocence’ is Not Ideal: Virtue Ethics and Child–Adult Sex.] ''Sexuality and Culture'', 22:1230–1262 (pp. 1254-1255).</ref>
*:"Anthropologist Verrier Elwin described the elaborate sexual apprenticeship children have, which takes place principally in a special house for the young, known as the ''ghotul''. Infants and toddlers sleep in their parents' house. There are no locked doors and these little children inevitably see something of their parents' intimacies. By the time the children are six or seven a new domestic arrangement is brought into play. The child goes of to the ghotul, a self-regulated domain with its own boy leader and girl leader. The little children are free to come and go as they please between the ghotul and the parental home. Within the ghotul the children are free to engage in sex rehearsal play. Adolescents are able to have intercourse as they choose, able to experiment with different partners and under no pressure to make a premature commitment (Elwin 1947). Elwin, who spent much of his life in India, thought the arrangement worked very well. [...] In 1982, to the surprise of the academic community, it was reported that the ghotul system was still in existence and even expanding (von Fürer-Haimendorf 1982). [...] Elwin says that in practice [girls becoming pregnant] was a rare occurrence in the ghotul, even in the absence of modern contraceptives."

=== Crow ===
*'''Ford, C. S., & Beach, F. A. (1951). Patterns of sexual behavior. ''Harper & Brothers.'''''
::"A few Crow men adopt women's dress and mannerisms, and live alone. Adolescent boys and occasionally older men visit these ''bate'', as they are called. The bate stimulates the boy's genitals orally. One informant stated that there were four such men in his community and that seventeen of his adolescent friends visited them occasionally."

==The Balkans==

===Albania===

*'''Zimmerman, Ann (1994). "[https://www.dallasobserver.com/news/tell-mama-why-you-cry-part-i-6404797 'Tell Mama Why You Cry' (Part I)]," [https://web.archive.org/web/20100926211411/http://www.dallasobserver.com/1994-11-17/news/tell-mama-why-you-cry-part-i/1 (archive)], ''Dallas Observer'', November 17.'''
*:An Albanian immigrant to the US is arrested for retaining his culture: "This harsh--and irreversible--punishment came at the end of a strange case that began in 1989 when several witnesses reported seeing Krasniqi fondle his daughter during a karate tournament in a Plano high school gymnasium in which his son was competing. Several years after the family court ruling, Krasniqi finally had his day in criminal court. Collin County Judge Nathan White acquitted him of the charge of indecency with a child primarily on the strength of testimony from Massachusetts anthropologist Barbara Halpern--one of the country's foremost authorities on the peasant culture of the Balkans. Halpern explained that Sam Krasniqi's actions were done not with sexual intent, but rather with playful affection--in keeping with his culture, which cherishes children and showers them with physical affection. [...]
*: Shortly after the tournament began, Taylor's attention was drawn to the spectator in front of her. She watched as a 50-year-old man with thinning gray hair repeatedly rubbed the underpants-clad buttocks and bare legs of a little girl who was laid out across his lap. He also slipped his hand under the girl's panties and caressed and squeezed her buttocks. "He lifted her to face him and rubbed her front chest under her little dress. He then put his hand inside her panties from the leg opening and squeezed her vagina," Taylor wrote in a statement she gave police. [...]
*:Wunderlich, who did not retrun calls to the Observer, had to explain to Kathy what molestation meant. "If you mean something sexual like with me and my husband, you are wrong," Kathy responded. "It is not a sexual thing and there is no harm to my children," Kathy told Wunderlich. [...]
*:"According to Wunderlich's case notes, he admitted touching Lima and Tim, that it was acceptable in his country and it was just a big misunderstanding. "He denied it was sexual at all and said that I could kill him if he was lying and if it was sexually gratifying to him." Krasniqi has since insisted that Wunderlich misconstrued what he was telling her. At the karate tournament, Krasniqi insists he was just playing a game with his daughter--touching the parts of her body and asking her to say their names. "I tell Wunderlich, How can you love your children and not touch them?" Krasniqi explains, sitting in his home, surrounded by pictures of his children when they were younger.
*:Nowhere in Wunderlich's case notes does it indicate that anyone in her department tried to research the Krasniqis' culture. If they had they might have learned what Barbara Halpern, the anthropologist from Massachusetts, testified to in Krasniqi's criminal trial. The Krasniqis come from "very physically demonstrative culture. Children are universally adored. Until they attain school age and venture beyond the household gates, they are the constant subjects of hugs, caresses and overt displays of affection.""

*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Highly romanticized pederasty still found in latter half of twentieth century [...] [Y]ounger men frequently cultivated passionate, enthusiastic erotic relations with boys (12 to 17); Muslim Albanian custom of “boy-brides” also spread to Albanian Christians. Greenberg (1988); Murray (1997, 2000); Williams (1992)"

== See also ==
*[[Research: Intergenerational Relationships in History]]
*[[Pederasty in Islam]]
*[[Pederasty in Japanese culture]]
* [https://wiki.yesmap.net/wiki/Walter_L._Williams#The_Spirit_and_the_Flesh_%281986%29 The Spirit and the Flesh (1986)] - the book by Walter L. Williams with a broad section on pederasty among non-western societies
* [[Gilbert_Herdt|Gilbert Herdt]] - anthropologist who studied ritualized intergenerational homosexuality in Melanesia

==Excerpt Graphic Library==

The EGL on '''Broader Perspectives''' has some relevant information. Just right click/save and reproduce by uploading in short-form media to bypass character limits.

{{Template:EGLBP}}

==References==

[[Category:Official Encyclopedia]][[Category:Research into effects on Children]][[Category:Research: Broader Perspectives]]

Research: Nonwestern Intergenerational Relationships

2026-08-03T12:34:48Z

Thorn: /* Melanesia */

__NOTOC__{{research}}Most societies which have not been influenced by the West have less, different, or virtually no sexual taboos. It is worth mentioning that absent modern western influence, anthropologists and historians have found far more societies where [[homosexuality]] is prohibited, than societies in which [[pedosexuality]] suffers similar censure. Many encourage intergenerational sex for various reasons. Due to ongoing Westernisation and cultural imperialism, much of what is listed here may already be consigned to [[Research: Intergenerational Relationships in History|history]] (see, for example, [https://web.archive.org/web/20220225124148/https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/j.chc.2004.02.001 Nieto (2004), for an anthropological review]).

==GUS, a world atlas: Growing Up Sexually==

The range and detail of accounts involved in this page will only serve as a brief demonstration of non-western diversity in intergenerational relationships. Many examples from anthropology involve [[Sexual rites of passage]]. If readers are seeking a broader, more detailed and integrated study, they may find [[Diederik Janssen]]'s [http://www.sexarchive.info/GESUND/ARCHIV/GUS/GUS_MAIN_INDEX.HTM ''Growing Up Sexually''] ([http://www.sexarchive.info/GESUND/ARCHIV/GUS/GROWINGUPSEXUALLY1.ZIP entire Vol 1] in zipped PDF) more appropriate, or ''[https://greek-love.com/ Greek Love: Pederasty throughout the ages]'', re. homosexuality.

==Americas==

===Pirahã (Brazil)===

*'''Daniel Everett (2008). [https://books.feedvu.com/fullbook/dont-sleep-there-are-snakes-life-and-language-in-the-amazonian-jungle-pdf-2.html?page=16&part=1 ''Dont Sleep, There Are Snakes: Life and Language in the Amazonian Jungle'']. Chapter 16 of 34.'''
*:"Relations between men and women and boys and girls, whether married or not, are always cordial and often marked by light to heavy flirting. Sexually it is the same. So long as children are not forced or hurt, there is no prohibition against their participating in sex with adults. I remember once talking to Xisaoxoi, a Pirahã man in his late thirties, when a nine- or ten-year-old girl was standing beside him. As we talked, she rubbed her hands sensually over his chest and back and rubbed his crotch area through his thin, worn nylon shorts. Both were enjoying themselves. “What’s she doing?” I asked superfluously. “Oh, she’s just playing. We play together. When she’s big she will be my wife” was his nonchalant reply—and, indeed, after the girl went through puberty, they were married."

* '''Daniel Everett (2016). ''Dark matter of the mind : the culturally articulated unconscious.'' Chapter 3'''
::"Pirahã young people begin to engage sexually, though apparently not in full intercourse, from early on. Touching and being touched seem to be common for Pirahã boys and girls from about seven years of age on. They are all sexually active by puberty, with older men and women frequently initiating younger girls and boys, respectively. There is no evidence that the children then or as adults find this pedophilia the least bit traumatic."

===Pilagá (Argentina)===

*'''Jules Henry and Zunia Henry (1944). [https://library.lol/main/2C825BAA5B73830492464813AF34FEC4 ''Doll Play of Pilagá Indian Children. An Experimental and Field Analysis of the Behavior of the Pilagá Indian Children'']. (American Orthopsychiatric Association), p. 72.'''
*:'''Note:''' The study explores the use of dolls among Pilagá children, including in a sexual context.
*:"Where children can see the adult sexual act, where sexual conversations and gestures are perfectly open, and child life is untrammeled by sexual taboos, it is reasonable to expect that the children should experiment with their sexual apparatus and attempt to imitate adult sexual behavior. This is the case among the Pilagá. Considering the extent of child knowledge about sex and the age at which this knowledge becomes articulate - 3 years - intercourse in the Pilagá household must not only be visible to the children, but carried on with little if any attempt to conceal the act from them. Absolutely no prohibition is placed on child sexual activity by the adults, so that the children are at liberty to do what they please. Under such circumstances the only limits to the child's sexual activity are his physiological capacities and the tolerance of his companions. [...] [S]ex is a strong and constant interest of Pilagá children."

=== Yucatan ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"In field work, Williams (1992) found pederastic behavior still common in late twentieth century Yucatan."

=== Zapotecs (Mexico) ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Boys entering puberty commonly had sexual relations with men. Source: Williams (1992)"

=== Various Indian tribes (southern Mexico) ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Married men would adopt an adolescent boy, who was proud to have been chosen and saw it an honor to be the man’s lover; the boy would help the wife, her children, and the household, and would take a boy of his own when later an adult and married. Source: Ross (1991)"

==Australia==
===Tiwi===
*'''Davenport, William H. (1992). [https://www.newgon.net/wiki/File:Davenport_chapter.pdf Adult-Child Sexual Relations in Cross-Cultural Perspective], in W. O'Donohue & J. H. Geer (Eds.), ''The sexual abuse of children: Theory and research'' (Vol. 1, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 73-80), pp. 76-77.'''
*:"The best ethnographic description of this type of [gerontocratic] marriage is by Jane Goodale (1971) in her account of the Tiwi who live on Melville Island, North Australia. Betrothals of first marriages of most females are made even before those females are concieved. In fact, such a marriage contract is made when the as-yet-to-be-concieved girl's mother commences menstruation. [...] Once the marriage contract is made, the husband-to-be, who is an adult, works with his future mother and father-in-law as a member of that family, with the expectation that when a daughter is born to them, she will be given to him as a wife. There is no fixed chronological age at which the young girl is given to her designated husband, but it occurs after she is able to take on some household and other economic responsibilities, but well before her first menstruation. For the Tiwi she is still a child, albeit and older child. When her father decides that she is mature enough, the young girl is merely taken to her husband and instructed to reside and sleep with him. This is not an abrupt change [...] for the husband has been a part of the same family camp for some time, and the young wife is still surrounded by those with whom she has always lived. Goodale describes the process:
*::''Soon after the ''alinga'' [young girl] moves to her husband's fire he begins her sexual instruction. From all accounts this appears to be a very gradual process. He begins by deflowering her with his finger, and perhaps only after a year does he have actual intercourse with her. Sexual intercourse is considered by the Tiwi to be the direct and only cause of breast formation, growth of pubic and auxillary hair, menarche, and subsequent menstrual periods. (1971, p. 45)."'' [Jane Carter Goodale (1971) Tiwi wives: a study of the women of Melville Island, North Australia]
*:"versions of this marriage were once found among many Australian Aborigine groups (Berndt & Berndt, 1951; Gale, 1970; Kaberry, 1939; Rose, 1960). From our ethnocentric [i.e. Western] perspective, one of the most notable aspects [...] is the absence of trauma". (p. 77).

*'''Jane C. Goodale (1962) "Marriage Contracts among the Tiwi." ''Ethnology'', Vol. 1, No. 4'''
::"A Tiwi male will rarely acquire a wife through any form of contract before the age of 30. A bestowed wife, one who is promised before birth and becomes a cohabiting wife before puberty, is a valuable prestige symbol, but difficult to acquire. Thus a young man will frequently start his household with the acquisition of a less valuable but more easily obtainable type of wife, i.e., a widow, often of advanced age."
::"[I]t is acknowledged by Tiwi women as an inflexible "rule" governing their first marriage before puberty to a man whom they describe as "the one who grew me up, treated me like a father, and made me a woman." "
::"[O]n the average, the promised daughter will be born ten years from the date of the contract, i.e., when both the mother and the son-in-law are about twenty years old. The young girl will not become a cohabiting wife for approximately another eight or ten years, at which time her promised husband will be at least 28 to 30 years of age. Thus an average difference of twenty years between the ages of a girl and her first husband is to be expected"

*'''Goodale, J. C. (1971). Tiwi wives: A study of the women of Melville Island, North Australia.'''
::“A man will not receive a contract for a wife of any type until he reaches the age of ten to twenty. At this age he may receive a wife who has been previously married”

=== Aranda ===
*'''Ford, C. S., & Beach, F. A. (1951). Patterns of sexual behavior. ''Harper & Brothers.'''''
::"Among many of the aborigines of Australia this type of coitus is a recognized custom between unmarried men and uninitiated boys. Strehlow writes of the Aranda as follows: ''"... Pederasty is a recognized custom.... Commonly a man, who is fully initiated but not yet married, takes a boy ten or twelve years old, who lives with him as a wife for several years, until the older man marries.[...]"''(Strehlow, 1915, p. 98.)"

*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Typically, an unmarried [Aranda] man (late teens) would take a boy from 10 to 12 years old to be his wife and live with him for several years until he (the older partner) got married to a woman. Aside from sex, the man served as the boy’s mentor (e.g., in hunting). Sources: Strehlow (1913–15)"

=== Nambutji ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Every boy became a boy-wife to a man, who circumcised the boy and whose daughter became the boy’s wife when he reached adulthood. In the intervening time, the man and boy were homosexually involved. Source: Roheim (1945)"

==Melanesia==
Melanesian societies have normalized the consumption of semen by prepubescent/pubescent boys. This is thought to be in aid of their maturation and future status as warriors. Semen is received via oral or anal sex with an older adolescent boy or man. Relationships are said to be not only formal but often free-flowing and affectionate (for example among the Sambia of New-Guinea). There are many separate groups with distinct languages in Melanesia (about 1000). There is no evidence of institutional intergenerational sexual practice for most of them, partly due to anthropologists have often avoided studying sexuality because of their own moral constraints. Yet evidence of such practices (that vary greatly in form) has been obtained for at least 29 different Melanesian societies (with additional 19 related groups) described in the comprehensive volume ''Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia''<ref name = Herdt 1984 >Herdt, G. H. (Ed.). (1984). Ritualized homosexuality in Melanesia. ''University of California Press. (available via [[Help:Research_Resources#Information_Freedom_Companions|option 2]])</ref> (see table 1.1, chapter 1)

::I. Eastern insular Melanesia: Fiji; New Caledonia; New Hebrides: Malekula Island.

::II. Northeastern insular Melanesia: New Britain; Duke-of-Yorks; East Bay.

::III. Western Papua: Lower Fly River: Kiwai Island, including Bugilai; Trans-Fly Delta: Keraki; Suki; Boadzi. (Related social units: Karigare, Yarne, Kaunje, Wekamara.)

::IV. Southeastern Irian Jaya: Kanum; Yéi-anim; Marind-anim; Kimam, Frederik Hendrik Island; Jaquai. (Related social units: Maklew-anim, Yab-anim, Kurkari-anim.)

::V. Northeastern Irian Jaya: Asmat; Casuarina Coast; Humboldt Bay.

::VI. Great Papuan Plateau: Bedamini; Etoro; Kaluli; Onabasalu; Gebusi, Nomad River.

::VII. Anga (Kukukuku): Sambia; Baruya; Jeghuje; Other Highlands Anga groups; Lowlands Anga groups. (Related social units: Usarumpiu, Wantukiu, Aziana, Lohiki, Kapau, Ivori, Mbwei, Yagwoia, Ampale, Langamar, Menya, Katje.)

::VIII. Northern Province: Ai’i.

History/evolution:
*'''[[Gilbert Herdt|Herdt, G. H.]] (Ed.). (1984). Ritualized homosexuality in Melanesia. ''University of California Press.'''''
::"The accumulating evidence indicates that we are not only confronted in these Melanesian cultures with similar cultural and ecological systems; I propose that we are also faced with an ancient ritual complex that diffused through a vast area of lowland and fringe-area Melanesia, perhaps 10,000 years ago or less. [...] Left unchecked by Western pacification or colonialization, what would the long-term evolution of these marginal populations have been? Perhaps homosexual practices might have contributed to their extinction, but we cannot be certain of this possibility: if one accepts the assumption of ancient migrations and ritual practices, these groups had flourished for generations." (pp. 48, 58-59)

::"(RH [Ritualized Homosexuality]) groups tend to use initiation as the social mechanism for recruitment to their ritual cults and to the village-based warriorhood corps as well. Survival and social reproduction of communities depend upon the warriorhood, and initiation means introduction to homosexual activity. It also brings with it adult, masculine socialization, through successive ceremonies and related achievements. Thus homosexuality is linked to what are essentially military and age-graded organizations." (p.60) (this is in line with [[Research: Evolutionary_Perspectives_on_Intergenerational_Sexuality#Mentorship-Bonding/Enculturation-Alliance Hypothesis|Evolutionary Mentorship-Bonding/Enculturation-Alliance Hypothesis]]

Often, when speaking about institutionalized intergenerational sexuality, anthropologists and publicists emphasize that there only adolescents involved in this, but they miss the fact that pedophilia is also institutionalized in many cultures (not only Melanesian):
*'''[[Gilbert Herdt|Herdt, G. H.]] (Ed.). (1984). Ritualized homosexuality in Melanesia. ''University of California Press.'''''
::"An important and ignored aspect of initiation in (RH) [ritualized homosexuality] groups is that it frequently occurs before puberty, often as early as middle to late childhood (e.g., Marind-anim, Sambia, Keraki, etc.). Elsewhere I have argued that this young age is psychologically necessary for the radical resocialization [from the female wing of the society] into, and eventual sex-role dramatization expected of, adult men (Herdt 1981, 1982cf . Mead 1949; Young 1965)." (p.60)

* '''Money, J. (1990). Pedophilia: A Specific Instance of New Phylism Theory as Applied to Paraphilic Lovemaps. In: Feierman, J.R. (eds) [https://libgen.is/book/index.php?md5=3CA15750CD7EC06C3052B55B5E16C76D Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions]. Springer, New York, NY. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_18'''
*:"The cultural tradition of pedophilia may belong not just to a small enclave of a population but also to an entire community, as in the case of various tribal peoples scattered across the Pacific in Melanesia and New Guinea (Herdt, 1984). The Sambia of the New Guinea Highlands (Herdt, 1981) are such a tribe. Their ancient customs as fierce head-hunting warriors survived European contact until after World War II. According to their folklore concerning their children, a boy could not become a warrior if he stayed living with women and children after age 8. So, he was taken into the men's longhouse to remain in the company of males only, there to be subjected to the rituals of indoctrination and initiation. As a baby, he had been nourished by woman's milk. As a juvenile, he would have to be nourished with men's milk so that his body would mature in the way that maturation occurs during puberty. It was an obligation of youths still too young to be married not to waste their semen but to have it sucked out of their penises by the prepubertal boys who, once able to ejaculate themselves, would nourish those still younger. At age 19, the age of marriage, their two-way experience of androphilic pedophilia would cease, and their lives would become heterosexual with an adult partner."
*:"The universal male/male pedophilia of the Sambia demonstrates the sexological plasticity of the human organism and the making of pedophilia into the social norm."

There are societies with girls and women participating in intergenerational sexual practices (but ritualized homosexuality is absent):
*'''Janssen, D.F. (2002). "[http://www.sexarchive.info/GESUND/ARCHIV/GUS/NEW_GUINEAWEB.HTM Papua New Guinea]," ''Growing Up Sexually, Volume I: World Reference Atlas''.'''
*:"Berndt (1962:p91): “As babies and small children their genitalia are fondled”. Mothers caress “the fleshy parts of [the infant's] body [...] and implanting breathy kisses over and over again in the region of its genital organs” (Hogbin, 1943:p298). Genital touching by older people was also noted by among the Marind-anim (Van Baal, 1966; cf. Money and Ehrhardt, 1973 [1996:p132]). Gillison (1993:p176) describes the process of masturbating infants among the Gimi:
*::The mother insists upon continued contact, interrupting her toddler's play repeatedly to offer the breast. Masturbation [...] with a baby girl [occurs when] the mother or amau holds her hand over the vulva and shakes it vigorously. She may kiss the vagina [sic], working her way up the middle of the body to the lips and then inserting her nipple (often when the child has given no sign of discontent). With a boy, she kisses the penis, pulls at it with her fingers and takes it into her mouth to induce an erection. Several women may pass a baby boy back and forth, each one holding him over her head as she takes a turn sucking or holding the penis in her mouth. When the child then pulls at his own organ, the women, greatly amused, offer squeezes and pulls of their own."

The Trobrianders of Papua New Guinea<ref>[http://libgen.is/book/index.php?md5=2E76D290FDCC06180F125CAF7336B2C0 Weiner, Annette B. (1988). ''The Trobrianders of Papua New Guinea.'' United States of America: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. ISBN 9780030119194]</ref> have received attention in the Western Media for sexual customs in infancy and adolescence that confuse morally conflicted Westerners:<ref>[https://medium.com/the-story-in-history/the-culture-where-children-as-young-as-six-years-are-sexualized-d7afef2d2985 The Culture Where Children as Young as Six Years are Sexualized]</ref>
:<blockquote>Popularly referred to as “The Islands of Love”, the Trobriand Islands are a 174-square-miles group of islands on the east coast of New Guinea. The people are indigenous matrilineal people with a population of 12,000. ''[...]'' In the Trobriand culture, children aren’t allowed the chance to be just children. They are groomed to lose their innocence and start acting like adults at a very young age. By the age of six, they start participating in erotic games with each other. They start engaging in seductive activities. Their little girls are expected to start looking and acting sexy to attract little boys as well as older men. Then, by the time they turn 10, they are expected to start having sexual intercourse with as many sexual partners as they will. Since they are a matrilineal culture, the Trobriand woman has the right to have as many sexual partners as she pleases. And their primitive way of dressing doesn’t make it any harder to engage in sexual intercourse at will.</blockquote>

But mostly intergenerational male homosexuality:
*'''Jan N. Bremmer (2021) [https://www.amazon.com/Becoming-Man-Ancient-Greece-Rome/dp/3161590082 Becoming a Man in Ancient Greece and Rome. Essays on Myths and Rituals of Initiation.]'''(available via [[Help:Research_Resources#Information_Freedom_Companions|Option 2]])
::"This description [''see Williams' above''] is confirmed by more recent anthropological studies [See especially the many studies of [[Gilbert Herdt|G. Herdt]]] [...] the following points should be noted as important features: (1) we have here a case of pederasty, which should not be confused with modern homosexuality, as both initiators and novices normally marry afterwards; (2) the active pederasts are the novices of the previous initiation, and it may be of importance to note that it is these novices who usually play a prominent role in upholding discipline during the initiation; finally, (3) copulation, in which the novice is always the passive partner, takes place anally."

It's noteworthy, that in many cases this institute wasn't based on free will of a minor (and elder partner either), sometimes the social obligation was coercive and even intimidating.<ref name = Herdt 1984 /> But this was not always the case:
*'''Knauft, Bruce M. (1987). "Homosexuality in Melanesia," ''Journal of Psychoanalytic Anthropology'', 10, 155-91.'''
*:Melanesian boys "coquettishly initiated" homosexuality with grown men. Relationships were "grounded in personal affection rather than obligation".
See more examples of voluntariness and desirability gathered by ''Rind (2013)'' in [[Research: Evolutionary Perspectives on Intergenerational Sexuality#Complementary behavior among minors|Complementary behavior among minors]] section.

Evidence for specific Melanesian cultures:
=== Big Nambas (Malekula Island) ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Society had rampant warfare, chiefs had near monopoly on women; father chose man to circumcise his son; this man then became boy’s “husband,” and the boy his “wife;” intercourse believed to strengthen boy’s penis; relationship was very close; boy followed the man everywhere, participating with him in daily chores; man was intensely jealous if other men took interest in the boy; if man or boy died, the other would mourn deeply; some men were so deeply homosexual in affections that they would seldom have intercourse with their wives, preferring the boy; every chief had several boy lovers. Sources: Herdt (1993); Layard (1942)"

*'''Herdt, G. H. (1997). Same sex, different cultures: Exploring gay and lesbian lives. Westview Press.'''
::"The tentative and sketchy reports of institutionalized same-gender relations between females that we do have make it difficult to give depth and meaning to the practice, such as among the famous Big Nambas society of the New Hebrides (now Vanuatu; see Deacon 1934). In that case higher-ranking women could take younger girls as sexual partners in a kind of ritualized practice that bears comparison to the male practice, but obviously without the emphasis on semen transmission."

=== East Bay Islanders ===
*'''Davenport, William H. (1992). [https://www.newgon.net/wiki/File:Davenport_chapter.pdf Adult-Child Sexual Relations in Cross-Cultural Perspective], in W. O'Donohue & J. H. Geer (Eds.), ''The sexual abuse of children: Theory and research'' (Vol. 1, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 73-80), pp. 76-77.'''
::"[I]n a society called East Bay, where I did some ethnography of sexual behavior (Davenport 1965), formerly, there had been a pattern of male homosexuality in which some older men often took, always with consent from their fathers, nonrelated boys as relatively permanent, passive sexual partners for anal intercourse. From a cultural perspective, the boys were understood to be substitutes for females, not homosexual partners as our culture would define them. In fact, the culture of East Bay did not recognize — that is, had no cultural category for — intimate male homosexual relationships as something separate from those involving women. A boy, rather than a man, was selected, because a boy was a minor, without an independent legal status separate from his father’s, hence he could be told what to do. Women in East Bay society also were minors in this legal sense. But the crux of the matter was that the passive homosexual role was not considered to be in any way damaging to a boy’s psychosexual development. Moreover, such a close association with an elder man, who was expected to be gentle, generous, and indulgent, could have a positive effect on the boy’s development. If, however, the elder man did not fulfill these role expectations, he would find himself accused of mistreatment, that is, abusing the boy, and, therefore, in serious trouble with the boy’s father and other senior male relatives who were responsible for his well-being."

*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Nearly every male engaged in extensive homosex; men had sexual relations with boys (7 to 11); it was obligatory to give boy presents in return; the boys discussed these contacts freely and without shame in presence of parents, friends. Upon marriage, only a few men became exclusive heterosexuals; most continued to have sex with boys as well; only one man in the study preferred exclusively boys. Source: Davenport (1965)"

=== Keraki, Trans-Fly Delta ===
*'''Ford, C. S., & Beach, F. A. (1951). Patterns of sexual behavior. ''Harper & Brothers.'''''
::"Keraki bachelors of New Guinea universally practice sodomy, and in the course of his puberty rites each boy is initiated into anal intercourse by the older males. After his first year of playing the passive role he spends the rest of his bachelorhood sodomizing the newly initiated."

*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"[Keraki] All boys were sodomized for about a year, seen as essential for their development; adult informants repeatedly answered, when asked whether they submitted as boys, “Why yes! Otherwise how should I have grown?” Bachelors saw some boys as more attractive, gave them more attention; they sodomized boys until marriage, then engaged mostly in heterosex, but continued to have relations with boys on occasion. Source: Williams (1936)"

*'''Williams, F.E. (1969) Papuans of the Trans-Fly. ''Oxford'''''
::"It is actually regarded as essential to the growing boy to be sodomized.[...] In the meantime it is enough to note that every male adult in the Morehead district has in his time constantly played both parts in this perversion. The boy is initiated to it at the bull-roarer ceremony [...] When he becomes adolescent his part is reversed and he may then sodomize his juniors, the new initiates to the bull-roarer."
::"Gambadi informants describe the initial occasion more vividly. The father bids his son stoop to drink at a pool and as he does so catches him at a disadvantage. [...] It is to be noted that nowadays boys are not sodomized by their own fathers. The restriction of moiety exogamy is observed in sodomy as it is in marriage [...]"

=== Marind-anim ===
*'''[[Gilbert Herdt|Herdt, G. H.]] (Ed.). (1984). Ritualized homosexuality in Melanesia. ''University of California Press.'''''
::"[R]itualized anal homosexual practices are institutionalized on a widespread scale throughout the entire Marind area. [...]. Homosexual anal intercourse is begun in male initiation for boys between the ages of seven and fourteen years (Van Baal 1966:143-144). Afterward, boys live in the men's clubhouse for some six years, avoiding females and regularly engaging in anal intercourse." (pp. 25-25)
::"This transition happens when the first signs of approaching puberty become apparent. He is then made an aroi-patur, literally a black boy. His body is blackened all over, and a mother's brother is appointed to act as his mentor, his binahor-iather. The meaning of the word binahor is uncertain, but it probably refers to the mentor's main function, that of being the boy's pederast who, by "feeding" the boy anally, contributes to his physical growth." (p. 132)

*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Upon reaching puberty, a boy moved in with a mentor and his wife; he assisted the mentor in gardening, hunting, and other chores; their relation was sexual and lasted about seven years until boy’s later marriage; bond between them was extremely strong; the sexual contacts seemed to contribute to the strength of this bond; insemination was regarded as helpful to boy’s growth. Source: Van Baal (1966)"

=== Kimam / Kolepom papuans: ===
*'''[[Gilbert Herdt|Herdt, G. H.]] (Ed.). (1984). Ritualized homosexuality in Melanesia. ''University of California Press.'''''
::"The age at which [Kimam] boys enter the bachelor's house varies considerably in all villages, since it is dependent upon the simultaneous celebration of the final feast for a dead person. On this occasion a number of boys of varying ages, from about ten to fourteen years, are admitted. (Sometimes the boys are even younger.) [...] At his entry into the cult house, the boy is placed under the charge and guidance of a mentor who is designated as his "adoptive father." This man is supposed to have regular homosexual intercourse with the boy to make him strong with the semen that is inserted into his body through anal intercourse. In the western villages, there is no doubt that the adoptive father is mother's younger brother [...] They help each other in planting and harvesting, and they share food. A sister's son displays a conspicuous lack of respect toward his MB, even when there is a substantial difference in age. They play all sorts of pranks on each other, at which neither of them does or should get angry." (p. 300, 304)

::girls:
::"The first reports of missionaries and government officials mention the custom of "testing" sexually the marriageable [Kimam] girls. According to informants, the intention was to see whether the girls could stand the test. If they felt ill after intercourse, it was proof that they were not yet suited for marriage. It is possible that this trial took place during the promiscuous sexual intercourse of the ndambu festival.[...] When, for instance, an epidemic strikes the village and causes many deaths, as often happens, promiscuous heterosexual intercourse involving as many people as possible is organized in the village to collect large amounts of semen (probably by coitus interruptus). According to the information collected in the village of Bamol, very young girls are preferably selected for this sexual intercourse. [...] The first missionaries were in a better position to estimate the approximate age of the girls. They regularly made mention of schoolgirls who, for days on end, did not attend the mission school because they were sick after intercourse with a number of mature men. In his diary, Father Thieman (n.d.) mentions a number of girls (with names and exact age) who took part in sexual intercourse when they were no older than eight." (pp. 301, 304, 308)

=== Bedamini===
*'''[[Gilbert Herdt|Herdt, G. H.]] (Ed.). (1984). Ritualized homosexuality in Melanesia. ''University of California Press.'''''
::“Bedamini, like the Marind-anim (Van Baal 1966:817), consider semen the essence of life. [...] Immature boys do not possess semen, and they can mature only through the intervention of their seniors. Behind this conception is also the assumption that weakness in males will ensue from too much association with women, in particular through sexual intercourse. Boys have been breast-fed and have spent their first years in a predominantly female sphere of influence. The solution to this dilemma is to supply the boys with semen from the age of eight to ten years. The insemination is managed orally, by having the boys manipulate and suck the penes of young unmarried men, an activity referred to as sibi. The young man who will be a boy's inseminator is selected by the boy's father, and he must belong to the opposite moiety, that is, to a group with whom the boy's clan intermarries.” (pp. 322-323)

=== Etoro ===
*'''[[Gilbert Herdt|Herdt, G. H.]] (Ed.). (1984). Ritualized homosexuality in Melanesia. ''University of California Press.'''''
::"The Etoro achieve this [semen transmission] through oral intercourse, the Kaluli through anal intercourse, and the Onabasulu through masturbation and smearing of the semen over the bodies of the initates [...] The Kaluli are traditional enemies of the Etoro, and the Etoro particularly revile them for their initiatory practices which are regarded as totally disgusting. (The feeling is probably mutual.) [...] Among the Etoro, "a youth is continually inseminated from about age ten until he reaches his early mid-twenties" (Kelly 1976:45). [...] Kaluli initiation and homosexual activities, in contrast, seem more truncated: [...] When a boy is eleven or twelve years old, he is engaged for several months in homosexual intercourse with a healthy older man chosen by his father. [...] (Schieffelin 1976:124)" (pp. 34- 35)

*'''Anitei, Stefan (2007). "[http://news.softpedia.com/news/How-to-Drink-Sperm-to-Become-a-Strong-Man-67804.shtml How to Drink Sperm to Become a Strong Man]," Softpedia, October 6.'''
*:"This power is transmitted between the members of the [Etoro] tribe by means of sex. That's why young boys, even at the age of 12, get it from the sperm of the older males. The boy gets "power" orally by a young man assigned to be his partner. Few years later, the teenager is formally involved in relationships with many male sex partners, after which he turns into an "inseminator" from an "inseminee.""

=== Kaluli ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"[Kaluli] From 8 to 28, males resided in sex-segregated hunting lodge; daily, boys accompanied older males on grueling hunting trips, learning essentials of the practice; at 10 or 11, a boy’s father chose for him an older male to inseminate him for months or years; some boys chose their own inseminator; insemination thought essential for growth. Men looked back on youth in hunting lodge with nostalgic excitement, zest; remembered continual hunting, growth-stimulating insemination, ritual discipline, unity of purpose, vigorous manly ethos as highlight of their lives; whole practice was one of prestige for them. Tradition ended in 1960s by colonial administration and missionaries, who policed against it. Source: Schieffelin (1982)"

===Gebusi===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"[Gebusi] Boys in early adolescence “coquettishly” initiated sexual relations with older, unrelated males. As with the Sambia, the belief was that insemination grew the boys into men. The sexual relations were based on personal affection rather than obligation. Sources: Herdt (1991, 1997)"

=== Sambia ===
*'''[[Gilbert Herdt|Herdt, G. H.]] (Ed.). (1984). Ritualized homosexuality in Melanesia. ''University of California Press.'''''
::"Male development and masculinization after childhood are the responsibility of the men's secret cult and its initiation system. This cult is organized and perpetuated by the confederacy of hamlets. Boys are initiated at seven to ten years of age, when they are separated from their mothers, natal households, and younger siblings. [...] Sambia practice secret homosexual fellatio, which is taught and instituted in first-stage initiation. Boys learn to ingest semen from older youths through oral sexual contacts. First- and second-stage initiates may only serve as fellators; they are forbidden to reverse erotic roles with older partners. Third-stage pubescent bachelors and older youths thus act as fellateds, inseminating prepubescent boys. All males pass through both erotic stages, being first fellators, then fellateds: there are no exceptions since all Sambia males are initiated and pressured to engage in homosexual fellatio." (pp. 172-173)

*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"[Sambia] Boys between 7 and 10 taken into men’s society; until age 14 fellated older bachelors up to age 25; semen viewed necessary for growth to be strong warrior; after age 25, most men stopped being semen “donors” to get married (some men continued who preferred boys); relations were not just duty for the boys, who were often complicit in arousing bachelors through bawdy enthusiasm; as boys matured, they tended to express more desire for insemination, became more aggressive in soliciting it. Sources: Herdt (1991, 1997)"

*'''Review of [[Gilbert Herdt]]'s famous fieldwork on the Sambia (by [[Walter L. Williams]] as quoted in our page on Herdt):'''
*:"Between the ages of about seven and thirteen, boys are taken from the maternal household and placed in a separate boys' house away from the village. For a period of several months to several years, depending on the culture, boys avoid all contact with females as they are prepared for manhood in elaborate initiations. It is the social duty of men to plant sperm in boys in order for them to grow. In some societies this is done by the boy performing oral sex upon the man, in others by him receiving anal intercourse, or in others by having the sperm rubbed on his body. The sexual act must always be with the boy receiving the older male's semen. To reverse roles is considered damaging to the boy's growth."

*'''Davenport, William H. (1992). [https://www.newgon.net/wiki/File:Davenport_chapter.pdf Adult-Child Sexual Relations in Cross-Cultural Perspective], in W. O'Donohue & J. H. Geer (Eds.), ''The sexual abuse of children: Theory and research'' (Vol. 1, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 73-80), pp. 76-77.'''
*:"The best description of these patterns, by Herdt (1982, 1987) is with a people the author calls the Sambia. In brief, the pattern is as follows:
*::''Seven-to-ten-year-old Sambia boys are taken from their mothers when first initiated into the male cult, and thereafter experience the most powerful and seductive homosexual fellatio activities. For some ten to fifteen years, they engage in these practices on a daily basis, first as fellator, and then as fellated. Elders teach that semen is absolutely vital: it should be consumed daily since the creation of biological maleness and the maintenance of masculinity depend upon it. Hence, from middle childhood untul puberty, boys should perform fellatio on older youths.''

:::''Near puberty the same initiates become dominant youths. Ritual helps remake their social and erotic identity, the bachelors becoming the fellated partners for a new crop of ritual novices. ... [editor's quote extension from Herdt, G. H. (1987). "Guardians of the flutes: Idioms of masculinity" : "abundant evidence indicates that most youths also experience them as pleasurable and erotically exciting"] Yet, in spite of this formidable background, the final outcome is exclusive heterosexuality—of a particular form. Youths eventually become sexually attracted to women. At marriage (c. sixteen to twenty-five years of age), they may even act as true bisexuals, for a time. With fatherhood, however, homosexuality should cease; thereafter men should engage only in heterosexual activities. (Herdt 1987, pp. 2-3)''"

*'''Hyena, Hank (1999). "[http://web.archive.org/web/20131002090633/http://gettingit.com/article/56 Semen Warriors Of New Guinea]," Gettingit.com, September 16.'''
*:"Although many boys tremble initially ("I felt afraid... the penises were enormous," recalls Kalutuo, a Sambian from the Eastern Highlands) they all adjust quickly, because they believe semen is an elixir for manhood."

*'''Janssen, D.F. (2002). "[http://www.sexarchive.info/GESUND/ARCHIV/GUS/NEW_GUINEAWEB.HTM Papua New Guinea]," ''Growing Up Sexually, Volume I: World Reference Atlas''.'''
*:"...the “Sambia” value male-virgin contacts (1984:p177), while “sexual partners are perceived as having more “heat” and being more exciting the younger they are. A second factor is reciprocity: the more asymmetrical the sexual partners (youth/boy), the more erotic play seems to culturally define their contact” [sic]. Against the background of an utterly phallocentric ideology on the androtrophic properties of semen, “Sambia” prepubertal boys (7-12, on average 8.5) fellate post-pubertal adolescents to ejaculation in order to grow and turn seminarchic themselves, so that they may reverse roles. The boys do not have orgasms, and might have “vicarious erotic pleasure as indicated by erections” only “near puberty” ([[Gilbert Herdt|Herdt]] and Stoller, 1990:p70-1)."

=== Yagwoia ===
*'''Herdt, G. (2003). Secrecy and cultural reality: Utopian ideologies of the New Guinea men’s house. ''Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press''.'''
::"Yagwoia men communicate two attitudes. First, the Sambia are the only group of warriors they feared sufficiently in precolonial times to undertake special alliances for raiding their territory. Second, Sambia are renowned throughout the area for continuing the “true” practice of initiations. Later I was to realize that the “truth” to which they alluded was boy-insemination, the secret masculinity the Yagwoia had long ago been required to forfeit to the native New Guinea evangelists who came to save their souls and establish a Christian order in their villages"

==Polynesia==

===Marquesas Islands===
For a range of sources on the Marquesas Islands, [[#Excerpt_Graphic_Library | see gallery below]], primarily ''Marquesan sexual behavior'' by Robert C. Suggs.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/marquesansexualb0000sugg/mode/2up Marquesan sexual behavior by Suggs, Robert C.]</ref>

*'''Martinson, Floyd M. (1973). ''[http://www.ipce.info/booksreborn/martinson/infant/InfantAndChildSexuality.html Infant and Child Sexuality: A Sociological Perspective]''. The Book Mark.'''
*:"Sex play was common practice from the earliest ages among the Marquesa and not only tolerated but encouraged. (Kardiner, 1939, p. 205-206). They recognized the erotic impulse in childhood and accorded it the right of free exercise. They eroticized the child by masturbating it to keep it quiet. In the case of the girls, labia were manipulated as a placebo, but also to encourage the growth of large labia, which to the Marquesans was a mark of beauty. Such activity was, no doubt, also erotically stimulating. There was social recognition of all sexual activity in childhood, and there were no restrictions against encouragement to exercise it freely; it was allocated the same place in the child's world that it occupied in the adult's."

*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Adolescent boys frequently had sex with each other. Married men rarely had homosex, but would when conditions prevented heterosexual intercourse; they preferred boys for this purpose, whose bodies they said were soft, like females; contacts with boys were casual, fleeting, and without stigma. Source: Suggs (1966)"

===Hawaii===
*'''Janssen, D.F. (2002). "[http://www.sexarchive.info/GESUND/ARCHIV/GUS/HAWAII.HTM Hawaii]," ''Growing Up Sexually, Volume I: World Reference Atlas''.'''
*:"Karsch-Haack, (1901) stated that according to Richard Neuhauss, Hawai’ian “girls of 12 to 14 years are generally virgins no more and acts of impurity of father with daughter are no rarity[6] [...] For infant females in Hawai’i, “milk was squirted into her vagina, and the labia were pressed together (Diamond, 1990). The mons [veneris] was rubbed with kukui (candlenut) oil and pressed with the palm of the hand to flatten it and make it less prominent. The molding continued until the labia did not separate. This chore usually was done by the mother or by an “aunt” [...]”. The buttocks of infants, males more than females, were molded so that they became “rounded and not flat”, also clearly evolving from an aesthetic motive. A “blower” is designated for each male infant, ostensibly to prepare him for subincision of the foreskin: “the penis was blown into daily starting from birth. The blowing was said to loosen and balloon the foreskin [and] continued daily [...] until the young male was 6 or 7”, when penile subincision takes place. Diamond reports: “Individuals of both sexes were expected to initiate and participate in coitus at puberty, although sexual activity, play, instruction, and so forth occurred much earlier. For instance, as part of exploratory play, the young investigated each other’s genitals, and young males and females might masturbate each other heterosexually or homosexually. This activity occurred without adult disapproval, and it was considered to be an introduction to adulthood. Casual intercourse before adolescence was not an uncommon experience for males (Handy and Pukui, 1958) and females (Pukui, Haertig and Lee, 1972)"

*'''Milton Diamond. (2004 [1990]). [https://www.hawaii.edu/PCSS/biblio/articles/2000to2004/2004-sexual-behavior-in-pre-contact-hawaii.html Sexual Behavior in Pre Contact Hawai'i: A Sexological Ethnography]. Published in: ''Revista Española del Pacifico''. 16: 37-58.'''
*:"Sex training was direct and firsthand. Young individuals learned of coitus and sex play from instruction, direct observation, and practice. As they slept in the family house (hale noa), they observed their parents having coitus. "Public privacy" among the Mangaian Islanders, as it was described by Marshall (1971, p. 108), probably is similar to the "privacy" that was found in Hawai'i and elsewhere in Polynesia: "[A Mangaian may copulate], at any age, in the single room of a hut that contains from five to fifteen family members of all ages — as have his ancestors before him. His daughter may receive and make love with each of her varied nightly suitors in the same room."
*:The young observed dogs, pigs, and other animals mating, and these activities were discussed openly with parents or other adults. Parturition was not a secret event and was well attended by the young and by adults, all of whom observed traditions that included the washing and burying of the placenta and, usually, the disposing of the umbilical cord (Pukui, Haertig and Lee, 1972, p. 16; Handy and Pukui, 1958, p. 78). The young Hawai‘ian also acquired sex education in day-by-day exposure to precepts, practices, and attitudes concerning sex. Traditionally, ... childish curiosity about sex was satisfied, with neither guilt nor shame instilled” (Pukui, Haertig, and Lee, 1972, p. 249). [...] Ellis (1782, Vol. 2, p. 153) wrote of sexual expression in Oceania: "The ladies are very lavish of their favors ... and some of their attachments seemed purely the effects of affection. They are initiated into this way of life at a very early period; we saw some, who could not be more than ten years old."
*:The time considered “right” to start coitus was not so much based on chronological age as on ability or maturity (Pukui, Haertig, and Lee, 1972, p. 78). [...] Suggs (1966) elaborated on the early sexual experiences of pubertal males with married females in their 30s and 40s in the Marquesas Islands, who “take special pains to be pleasing and patient with them ... a source of enjoyment for many Marquesan women” (p. 61). For young females of the Marquesas Islands, the first coital experience reportedly is earlier than it is for young males before menarche —and occurs unplanned with an adult male (Suggs, 1966, p. 63). [...] These adult/nonadult sexual interactions were socially approved behaviors. [...] For adults not to have given such practical education would have been unthinkable - a dereliction of duty.
*:Most important for Hawai‘ian society, the young learned of sexual humor. Among the Hawai‘ians, sex was and remains a rich source of humor and enjoyment. In everyday conversation and in song and story, it was considered to be an “art form” to speak using sexual double entendres (kaona). [...] Suggs (1966, p. 39) considered the early manifestations of infantile and childhood sexual behavior, including sexual behavior with adults, to be among the most distinguishing features of Marquesan sexual behavior. Many of the activities he described, however, are similar to activities that were present in Hawai'i and elsewhere in Oceania. Oliver (1974, pp. 458-459), for example, reported on adult/nonadult sexual behavior in Tahiti and quoted the missionary Orsmond from 1832: “In all Tahitians as well as officers who come in ships there is a cry for little girls,” and older females, when in a position to choose, preferred younger males. Marshall (1971, p. 126) described the routine early sexual encounters of young males and females in Mangaia as being with older, experienced males and females."

==Indonesia==

===Bali===
*'''Martinson, Floyd M. (1973). ''[http://www.ipce.info/booksreborn/martinson/infant/InfantAndChildSexuality.html Infant and Child Sexuality: A Sociological Perspective]''. The Book Mark.'''
*:"Among the Balinese, play and teasing with the genitals is common. A mother will pat her baby girl on the vulva and exclaim, "Pretty! Pretty!" (Bateson and Mead, 1942, p. 26, 32, 131). A boy's penis will be stroked and rubbed. After he has urinated, he will be dried by a flick of his penis. As he grows older, his penis will be pulled and stretched and ruffled, and he will often attempt to keep his balance when learning to walk by holding on to it. Babies are comforted and quieted by manipulating their genital organs. In fact, in Bali, a baby, especially a baby's genital, is a toy with which to play. There is much delight taken in stimulating and playing with the baby to watch him respond."

==South and Southeast Asia ==

=== Philippines ===
*'''[https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy-Claude_Burger Burger, G.C.] (Date unknown). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20230830163437/https://youjo.love/media/8db97b489e84f14e500046445c113066d720c1e691df6cc7934220a7b565483f.pdf The Sexual Mistake of the West].'''''
*:"Enamored of travel, he went to a different country every year, and, that year, he visited the Philippines. Not wanting to stay in the capital, he had taken the bus in order to get closer to the population. He thus found himself next to a mother who had reserved only one seat for herself and her eight-year-old daughter. The child at first amused herself by running in the central aisle and approaching the other passengers, but after three hours on the way, she began to have enough. As she was becoming more and more cranky, the mother put her on her lap and asked our gentlemen from Bordeaux if it would bother him if she put her daughter’s legs on his knees, so that the little one could sleep better. He accepted, of course, when he noticed that the mother began masturbating the child, as if it were the most natural thing in the world. You can imagine him blushing, asking himself what he should do, looking all around him to see how the other passengers would react, feeling that he would be accused of complicity in incest. But all the neighbors watched with big calm smiles, as if it were obvious, and worthy of the greatest discretion. As soon as the little girl reached orgasm, she fell asleep like an angel..."

===Khumbo (Nepal)===
*'''Diemberger, H. (1993). Blood, sperm, soul and the mountain. In T. del Valle (Ed.), [https://library.lol/main/E2340CAF82B58307F2AA3CBD3D1F97C9 ''Gendered Anthropology''] (pp. 88). Routledge.'''
*:"Caili, an energetic and sensual woman, is playing with her youngest son, Migmar. I enter the house. Caili offers me a cup of barley beer and then continues to play with Migmar who does not really want to be disturbed. He drinks some milk from the breast and plays with his erect little penis. He offers it to his mother who sucks it tenderly and then continues to chat with me. Migmar is five years old."

=== Tibet ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Monasteries had a strong reputation for master-novice sexual relations, which participants viewed without shame as they made no attempt to conceal them to Westerners upon early contacts. Prince Peter (1963)"

=== Batak (Northern Sumatra) ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"In late childhood, boys moved into all-male houses with about a dozen other boys and young men. From puberty until marriage, homosexual behavior was prescribed and constant. Pederasty and age-equal sex were both common. Sequestering the sexes ensured girls remained virgins until marriage (premarital sex for girls was highly taboo). With outside cultural contact, the tradition began to change. Money & Ehrhardt (1972)"

=== Java ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"In Ponorogo area, all-male folk dance was a major cultural institution (before 1990s); spectating men admired beauty of dancing youths; boy dancers aged 8–14, called gemblaks, often had culturally approved sex with men; interviewees who had been gemblaks all viewed the sex positively; all got married; some had long-term sexual relationships with the dance troupe directors (the Waroks). Waroks were spiritual guides, valorized by the community. Each Ponorogo village had a formalized male group for unmarried males; the group did socially constructive work for the community; heterosexual sex before marriage was disapproved, so members had sex with gemblaks; this practice was seen as benefiting the gemblaks, who got gifts, the group members, who got a sexual outlet, the community, which got good works. Under Western influence, educated Ponorogo people began seeing all this as an embarrassment (relic from an “uncivilized” past); have since worked to end the practice. Weis (1974); Williams (2011)"

==Africa==

=== Maassai (Kenya, Tanzania) ===
*'''Carles Feixa (2011). Past and present of adolescence in society: The ‘teen brain’ debate in perspective. ''Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews'', Volume 35, Issue 8'''
::"Sexual intercourse with [postpubertal] girls is admitted as long as they do not become pregnant."

=== Azande (South Sudan, Northern Congo)===
*'''Evans-Pritchard, E. E. (1970). [https://sci-hub.st/10.2307/672861 Sexual Inversion among the Azande. American Anthropologist], 72(6), 1428–1434.'''
*: "It was the custom for members of bachelor companies, some of whom would always be living in barracks at court, to take boy-wives. [...] Most young men consequently married late -- well into their twenties and thirties -- and, because girls were engaged (in a legal sense married) very young, often at birth, the only way youths could obtain satisfaction from a woman was in adultery. [...] The boys performed many of the smaller services a woman performs daily for her husband [...] Also, the boywife carried his husband's shield when on a journey. It should be understood that he performed these services lest it might be thought that the relationship was entirely of a sexual nature; it will be appreciated that it had an educational side to it. With regard to the sexual side, at night the boy slept with his lover, who had intercourse with him between his thighs (Azande expressed disgust at the suggestion of anal penetration). The boys got what pleasure they could by friction of their organs on the husband's belly or groin. However, even though there was this side to the relationship, it was clear from Zande accounts that there was also the comfort of a nightly sharing of the bed with a companion."
*: "The word "boy" (kumba gude) must, it would appear, be interpreted liberally, for as far as I could judge from what I was told the lads might have been anywhere between about twelve and twenty years of age"
*: "I have pointedly used the terms "wife,""husband," and "marriage," for, as the texts will make clear, the relationship was, for so long as it lasted, a legal union on the model of a normal marriage. The warrior paid bridewealth (some five spears or more) to the parents of his boy and performed services for them as he would have done had he married their daughter; if he proved to be a good son-in-law they might later replace the son by a daughter. Also, if another man had relations with his boy he could, I was told, sue him at court for adultery."

*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Under polygynous system, women were scarce; warriors married boys aged 12 or older; commanders might have more than one boy-wife; man and boy addressed each other with terms such as my love and my lover; boy performed wifely duties and apprenticed for man; on reaching adulthood, the boy typically joined a military company, taking a boy-wife of his own; tradition faded when practice of military service discontinued under British colonialism. Evans-Pritchard (1971); Murray & Roscoe (1998); Seligman & Seligman (1932)"

===Kadar (Nigeria)===
*'''Harris, M. [http://library.lol/main/98025ADB86EEFAF62B59DF2C3CA21CC7 ''Cultural Anthropology''] (New York: Harper and Row, 1983), p. 94.'''
*:"Among the Kadar of northern Nigeria, as reported by M. G. Smith (1968),<ref>M. G. Smith (1968). 'Secondary Marriage among Kadera and Kagoro.' In ''Marriage, Family, and Residence'', Bohannan, Paul and Middleton, J., eds. pp. 109-130. Garden City, N.Y.: Published for the American Museum of Natural History by the Natural History Press.</ref> most marriages result from infant betrothals. These matches are arranged by the fathers of the bride and groom when the girl is 3 to 6 years old. Ten years or more may elapse before the bride goes to live with her betrothed. During this time, a Kadar girl is not unlikely to become pregnant. This will disturb no one, even if the biological father is a man other than her husband:
*::''Kadar set no value on premarital chastity'' (1968, p. 113)."

=== Mossi (Burkina Faso) ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"All chiefs (ca. late nineteenth century) had large groups of pages, boys aged 8 to 15 chosen for attractiveness (some were thought to be quite beautiful); on Friday nights, because heterosexual intercourse was forbidden, a (W. chief would engage in sex with a boy instead (he could also on other nights). Upon reaching maturity, a boy Africa) was given a wife by the chief. Murray & Roscoe (1998); Tauxier (1912)"

=== Tsonga (Southern Mozambique) ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Common practice in twentieth century among native men, used as miners by colonialists, was taking boys as wives (with wedding feast, brideprice payment); boy performed domestic, sexual duties; was given presents, money in exchange; fidelity was expected; relationships were marked by intense feelings and jealousy; marriage could be terminated in divorce; some men took boy-wives home after mining, where they were accepted by men’s other wives and tribal leaders. Asked if boys desired being wives, an elderly Tsonga man answered, “Yes: for the sake of security, for the acquisition of property and for the fun itself.” A beard indicated the boy was no longer a sex object but a competitor for boys. Murray & Roscoe (1998); Wallace (2006)"

=== Bantu-Speaking Tribes (Central Africa) ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Male peer homosexual behavior was universal from puberty until age 18 or 20, and adult-youth sexual interactions were common as well. The older men disposed to form such relationships were described as bian nku’ma (having a heart for boys). In various Central Bantu groups, boy initiates resided at a sex-segregated lodge during their initiation phase and were required to manipulate the phalluses of the lodge-keeper and other adult male visitors, a practice that was seen as instrumental in helping the boys’ phalluses grow large and strong. Wallace (2006)"

=== Siwans (Libya) ===
*'''Ford, C. S., & Beach, F. A. (1951). Patterns of sexual behavior. ''Harper & Brothers.'''''
::"Among the Siwans of Africa, for example, all men and boys engage in anal intercourse. They adopt the feminine role only in strictly sexual situations and males are singled out as peculiar if they do not indulge in these homosexual activities. Prominent Siwan men lend their sons to each other, and they talk about their masculine love affairs as openly as they discuss their love of women."

*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"(Ages of boys involved 12–18) Pederasty was a well-entrenched custom from antiquity to at least 1950s; matchmakers made marriage-like ; arrangements between men and boys; the boy got a gift larger than brideprice for females; man and boy then entered into alliance with family approval; prominent men lent each other their sons for sex; love affairs and jealousies over boys were common; Robin Maugham said: “They will kill for a boy. Never for a woman.” Adam (1985); Herdt (1997)"

=== Lesotho ===
*'''Herdt, G. H. (1997). Same sex, different cultures: Exploring gay and lesbian lives. ''Westview Press.'''''
::"In another contemporary southern African culture, Lesotho, age difference was important in relationships between young women who were attached and became homoerotically bonded. These are the “mummy-baby” relationships studied by anthropologist Judith Gay (1986). [...] Young women engaged in mummy/baby relations when they first entered adolescence. These distinctive bonds involved increasing degrees of intimacy, including open expressions of kissing, and might go on to the deepest sexual and lifelong bonds, though not so far that later marriage with a man was prevented. The roles of the older women were very different from those of the younger one, especially in terms of social obligations. The older woman took on the responsible role in the relationship, and she provided her younger partner with gifts and advice. The latter was important because it prepared the young girl for future relationships with men, most significantly her future husband. A woman might continue this relationship for some time after she was married. But then she would cease seeing her younger partner, who then in turn would find a younger woman of her own."

==India==

===Muria===

*'''Elwin, V. (1947). ''[http://library.lol/main/F416733E30BB1A46214CC9AC38656FDE The Muria and their Ghotul]''. Oxford: Oxford University Press.''' [Childhood of the Muria people of Bastar, in central India, as summarized here in scholarship by [[Tom O'Carroll]] (2018)].<ref>Thomas O'Carroll (2018). [https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-018-9519-1 Childhood ‘Innocence’ is Not Ideal: Virtue Ethics and Child–Adult Sex.] ''Sexuality and Culture'', 22:1230–1262 (pp. 1254-1255).</ref>
*:"Anthropologist Verrier Elwin described the elaborate sexual apprenticeship children have, which takes place principally in a special house for the young, known as the ''ghotul''. Infants and toddlers sleep in their parents' house. There are no locked doors and these little children inevitably see something of their parents' intimacies. By the time the children are six or seven a new domestic arrangement is brought into play. The child goes of to the ghotul, a self-regulated domain with its own boy leader and girl leader. The little children are free to come and go as they please between the ghotul and the parental home. Within the ghotul the children are free to engage in sex rehearsal play. Adolescents are able to have intercourse as they choose, able to experiment with different partners and under no pressure to make a premature commitment (Elwin 1947). Elwin, who spent much of his life in India, thought the arrangement worked very well. [...] In 1982, to the surprise of the academic community, it was reported that the ghotul system was still in existence and even expanding (von Fürer-Haimendorf 1982). [...] Elwin says that in practice [girls becoming pregnant] was a rare occurrence in the ghotul, even in the absence of modern contraceptives."

=== Crow ===
*'''Ford, C. S., & Beach, F. A. (1951). Patterns of sexual behavior. ''Harper & Brothers.'''''
::"A few Crow men adopt women's dress and mannerisms, and live alone. Adolescent boys and occasionally older men visit these ''bate'', as they are called. The bate stimulates the boy's genitals orally. One informant stated that there were four such men in his community and that seventeen of his adolescent friends visited them occasionally."

==The Balkans==

===Albania===

*'''Zimmerman, Ann (1994). "[https://www.dallasobserver.com/news/tell-mama-why-you-cry-part-i-6404797 'Tell Mama Why You Cry' (Part I)]," [https://web.archive.org/web/20100926211411/http://www.dallasobserver.com/1994-11-17/news/tell-mama-why-you-cry-part-i/1 (archive)], ''Dallas Observer'', November 17.'''
*:An Albanian immigrant to the US is arrested for retaining his culture: "This harsh--and irreversible--punishment came at the end of a strange case that began in 1989 when several witnesses reported seeing Krasniqi fondle his daughter during a karate tournament in a Plano high school gymnasium in which his son was competing. Several years after the family court ruling, Krasniqi finally had his day in criminal court. Collin County Judge Nathan White acquitted him of the charge of indecency with a child primarily on the strength of testimony from Massachusetts anthropologist Barbara Halpern--one of the country's foremost authorities on the peasant culture of the Balkans. Halpern explained that Sam Krasniqi's actions were done not with sexual intent, but rather with playful affection--in keeping with his culture, which cherishes children and showers them with physical affection. [...]
*: Shortly after the tournament began, Taylor's attention was drawn to the spectator in front of her. She watched as a 50-year-old man with thinning gray hair repeatedly rubbed the underpants-clad buttocks and bare legs of a little girl who was laid out across his lap. He also slipped his hand under the girl's panties and caressed and squeezed her buttocks. "He lifted her to face him and rubbed her front chest under her little dress. He then put his hand inside her panties from the leg opening and squeezed her vagina," Taylor wrote in a statement she gave police. [...]
*:Wunderlich, who did not retrun calls to the Observer, had to explain to Kathy what molestation meant. "If you mean something sexual like with me and my husband, you are wrong," Kathy responded. "It is not a sexual thing and there is no harm to my children," Kathy told Wunderlich. [...]
*:"According to Wunderlich's case notes, he admitted touching Lima and Tim, that it was acceptable in his country and it was just a big misunderstanding. "He denied it was sexual at all and said that I could kill him if he was lying and if it was sexually gratifying to him." Krasniqi has since insisted that Wunderlich misconstrued what he was telling her. At the karate tournament, Krasniqi insists he was just playing a game with his daughter--touching the parts of her body and asking her to say their names. "I tell Wunderlich, How can you love your children and not touch them?" Krasniqi explains, sitting in his home, surrounded by pictures of his children when they were younger.
*:Nowhere in Wunderlich's case notes does it indicate that anyone in her department tried to research the Krasniqis' culture. If they had they might have learned what Barbara Halpern, the anthropologist from Massachusetts, testified to in Krasniqi's criminal trial. The Krasniqis come from "very physically demonstrative culture. Children are universally adored. Until they attain school age and venture beyond the household gates, they are the constant subjects of hugs, caresses and overt displays of affection.""

*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Highly romanticized pederasty still found in latter half of twentieth century [...] [Y]ounger men frequently cultivated passionate, enthusiastic erotic relations with boys (12 to 17); Muslim Albanian custom of “boy-brides” also spread to Albanian Christians. Greenberg (1988); Murray (1997, 2000); Williams (1992)"

== See also ==
*[[Research: Intergenerational Relationships in History]]
*[[Pederasty in Islam]]
*[[Pederasty in Japanese culture]]
* [https://wiki.yesmap.net/wiki/Walter_L._Williams#The_Spirit_and_the_Flesh_%281986%29 The Spirit and the Flesh (1986)] - the book by Walter L. Williams with a broad section on pederasty among non-western societies
* [[Gilbert_Herdt|Gilbert Herdt]] - anthropologist who studied ritualized intergenerational homosexuality in Melanesia

==Excerpt Graphic Library==

The EGL on '''Broader Perspectives''' has some relevant information. Just right click/save and reproduce by uploading in short-form media to bypass character limits.

{{Template:EGLBP}}

==References==

[[Category:Official Encyclopedia]][[Category:Research into effects on Children]][[Category:Research: Broader Perspectives]]

Research: Nonwestern Intergenerational Relationships

2026-08-03T12:04:17Z

Thorn: /* Melanesia */

__NOTOC__{{research}}Most societies which have not been influenced by the West have less, different, or virtually no sexual taboos. It is worth mentioning that absent modern western influence, anthropologists and historians have found far more societies where [[homosexuality]] is prohibited, than societies in which [[pedosexuality]] suffers similar censure. Many encourage intergenerational sex for various reasons. Due to ongoing Westernisation and cultural imperialism, much of what is listed here may already be consigned to [[Research: Intergenerational Relationships in History|history]] (see, for example, [https://web.archive.org/web/20220225124148/https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/j.chc.2004.02.001 Nieto (2004), for an anthropological review]).

==GUS, a world atlas: Growing Up Sexually==

The range and detail of accounts involved in this page will only serve as a brief demonstration of non-western diversity in intergenerational relationships. Many examples from anthropology involve [[Sexual rites of passage]]. If readers are seeking a broader, more detailed and integrated study, they may find [[Diederik Janssen]]'s [http://www.sexarchive.info/GESUND/ARCHIV/GUS/GUS_MAIN_INDEX.HTM ''Growing Up Sexually''] ([http://www.sexarchive.info/GESUND/ARCHIV/GUS/GROWINGUPSEXUALLY1.ZIP entire Vol 1] in zipped PDF) more appropriate, or ''[https://greek-love.com/ Greek Love: Pederasty throughout the ages]'', re. homosexuality.

==Americas==

===Pirahã (Brazil)===

*'''Daniel Everett (2008). [https://books.feedvu.com/fullbook/dont-sleep-there-are-snakes-life-and-language-in-the-amazonian-jungle-pdf-2.html?page=16&part=1 ''Dont Sleep, There Are Snakes: Life and Language in the Amazonian Jungle'']. Chapter 16 of 34.'''
*:"Relations between men and women and boys and girls, whether married or not, are always cordial and often marked by light to heavy flirting. Sexually it is the same. So long as children are not forced or hurt, there is no prohibition against their participating in sex with adults. I remember once talking to Xisaoxoi, a Pirahã man in his late thirties, when a nine- or ten-year-old girl was standing beside him. As we talked, she rubbed her hands sensually over his chest and back and rubbed his crotch area through his thin, worn nylon shorts. Both were enjoying themselves. “What’s she doing?” I asked superfluously. “Oh, she’s just playing. We play together. When she’s big she will be my wife” was his nonchalant reply—and, indeed, after the girl went through puberty, they were married."

* '''Daniel Everett (2016). ''Dark matter of the mind : the culturally articulated unconscious.'' Chapter 3'''
::"Pirahã young people begin to engage sexually, though apparently not in full intercourse, from early on. Touching and being touched seem to be common for Pirahã boys and girls from about seven years of age on. They are all sexually active by puberty, with older men and women frequently initiating younger girls and boys, respectively. There is no evidence that the children then or as adults find this pedophilia the least bit traumatic."

===Pilagá (Argentina)===

*'''Jules Henry and Zunia Henry (1944). [https://library.lol/main/2C825BAA5B73830492464813AF34FEC4 ''Doll Play of Pilagá Indian Children. An Experimental and Field Analysis of the Behavior of the Pilagá Indian Children'']. (American Orthopsychiatric Association), p. 72.'''
*:'''Note:''' The study explores the use of dolls among Pilagá children, including in a sexual context.
*:"Where children can see the adult sexual act, where sexual conversations and gestures are perfectly open, and child life is untrammeled by sexual taboos, it is reasonable to expect that the children should experiment with their sexual apparatus and attempt to imitate adult sexual behavior. This is the case among the Pilagá. Considering the extent of child knowledge about sex and the age at which this knowledge becomes articulate - 3 years - intercourse in the Pilagá household must not only be visible to the children, but carried on with little if any attempt to conceal the act from them. Absolutely no prohibition is placed on child sexual activity by the adults, so that the children are at liberty to do what they please. Under such circumstances the only limits to the child's sexual activity are his physiological capacities and the tolerance of his companions. [...] [S]ex is a strong and constant interest of Pilagá children."

=== Yucatan ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"In field work, Williams (1992) found pederastic behavior still common in late twentieth century Yucatan."

=== Zapotecs (Mexico) ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Boys entering puberty commonly had sexual relations with men. Source: Williams (1992)"

=== Various Indian tribes (southern Mexico) ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Married men would adopt an adolescent boy, who was proud to have been chosen and saw it an honor to be the man’s lover; the boy would help the wife, her children, and the household, and would take a boy of his own when later an adult and married. Source: Ross (1991)"

==Australia==
===Tiwi===
*'''Davenport, William H. (1992). [https://www.newgon.net/wiki/File:Davenport_chapter.pdf Adult-Child Sexual Relations in Cross-Cultural Perspective], in W. O'Donohue & J. H. Geer (Eds.), ''The sexual abuse of children: Theory and research'' (Vol. 1, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 73-80), pp. 76-77.'''
*:"The best ethnographic description of this type of [gerontocratic] marriage is by Jane Goodale (1971) in her account of the Tiwi who live on Melville Island, North Australia. Betrothals of first marriages of most females are made even before those females are concieved. In fact, such a marriage contract is made when the as-yet-to-be-concieved girl's mother commences menstruation. [...] Once the marriage contract is made, the husband-to-be, who is an adult, works with his future mother and father-in-law as a member of that family, with the expectation that when a daughter is born to them, she will be given to him as a wife. There is no fixed chronological age at which the young girl is given to her designated husband, but it occurs after she is able to take on some household and other economic responsibilities, but well before her first menstruation. For the Tiwi she is still a child, albeit and older child. When her father decides that she is mature enough, the young girl is merely taken to her husband and instructed to reside and sleep with him. This is not an abrupt change [...] for the husband has been a part of the same family camp for some time, and the young wife is still surrounded by those with whom she has always lived. Goodale describes the process:
*::''Soon after the ''alinga'' [young girl] moves to her husband's fire he begins her sexual instruction. From all accounts this appears to be a very gradual process. He begins by deflowering her with his finger, and perhaps only after a year does he have actual intercourse with her. Sexual intercourse is considered by the Tiwi to be the direct and only cause of breast formation, growth of pubic and auxillary hair, menarche, and subsequent menstrual periods. (1971, p. 45)."'' [Jane Carter Goodale (1971) Tiwi wives: a study of the women of Melville Island, North Australia]
*:"versions of this marriage were once found among many Australian Aborigine groups (Berndt & Berndt, 1951; Gale, 1970; Kaberry, 1939; Rose, 1960). From our ethnocentric [i.e. Western] perspective, one of the most notable aspects [...] is the absence of trauma". (p. 77).

*'''Jane C. Goodale (1962) "Marriage Contracts among the Tiwi." ''Ethnology'', Vol. 1, No. 4'''
::"A Tiwi male will rarely acquire a wife through any form of contract before the age of 30. A bestowed wife, one who is promised before birth and becomes a cohabiting wife before puberty, is a valuable prestige symbol, but difficult to acquire. Thus a young man will frequently start his household with the acquisition of a less valuable but more easily obtainable type of wife, i.e., a widow, often of advanced age."
::"[I]t is acknowledged by Tiwi women as an inflexible "rule" governing their first marriage before puberty to a man whom they describe as "the one who grew me up, treated me like a father, and made me a woman." "
::"[O]n the average, the promised daughter will be born ten years from the date of the contract, i.e., when both the mother and the son-in-law are about twenty years old. The young girl will not become a cohabiting wife for approximately another eight or ten years, at which time her promised husband will be at least 28 to 30 years of age. Thus an average difference of twenty years between the ages of a girl and her first husband is to be expected"

*'''Goodale, J. C. (1971). Tiwi wives: A study of the women of Melville Island, North Australia.'''
::“A man will not receive a contract for a wife of any type until he reaches the age of ten to twenty. At this age he may receive a wife who has been previously married”

=== Aranda ===
*'''Ford, C. S., & Beach, F. A. (1951). Patterns of sexual behavior. ''Harper & Brothers.'''''
::"Among many of the aborigines of Australia this type of coitus is a recognized custom between unmarried men and uninitiated boys. Strehlow writes of the Aranda as follows: ''"... Pederasty is a recognized custom.... Commonly a man, who is fully initiated but not yet married, takes a boy ten or twelve years old, who lives with him as a wife for several years, until the older man marries.[...]"''(Strehlow, 1915, p. 98.)"

*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Typically, an unmarried [Aranda] man (late teens) would take a boy from 10 to 12 years old to be his wife and live with him for several years until he (the older partner) got married to a woman. Aside from sex, the man served as the boy’s mentor (e.g., in hunting). Sources: Strehlow (1913–15)"

=== Nambutji ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Every boy became a boy-wife to a man, who circumcised the boy and whose daughter became the boy’s wife when he reached adulthood. In the intervening time, the man and boy were homosexually involved. Source: Roheim (1945)"

==Melanesia==
Melanesian societies have normalized the consumption of semen by prepubescent/pubescent boys. This is thought to be in aid of their maturation and future status as warriors. Semen is received via oral or anal sex with an older adolescent boy or man. Relationships are said to be not only formal but often free-flowing and affectionate (for example among the Sambia of New-Guinea). There are many separate groups with distinct languages in Melanesia (about 1000). There is no evidence of institutional intergenerational sexual practice for most of them, partly due to anthropologists have often avoided studying sexuality because of their own moral constraints. Yet evidence of such practices (that vary greatly in form) has been obtained for at least 29 different Melanesian societies (with additional 19 related groups) described in the comprehensive volume ''Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia''<ref>Herdt, G. H. (Ed.). (1984). Ritualized homosexuality in Melanesia. ''University of California Press.available via [[Help:Research_Resources#Information_Freedom_Companions|option 2]]</ref> (see table 1.1, chapter 1)

::I. Eastern insular Melanesia: Fiji; New Caledonia; New Hebrides: Malekula Island.

::II. Northeastern insular Melanesia: New Britain; Duke-of-Yorks; East Bay.

::III. Western Papua: Lower Fly River: Kiwai Island, including Bugilai; Trans-Fly Delta: Keraki; Suki; Boadzi. (Related social units: Karigare, Yarne, Kaunje, Wekamara.)

::IV. Southeastern Irian Jaya: Kanum; Yéi-anim; Marind-anim; Kimam, Frederik Hendrik Island; Jaquai. (Related social units: Maklew-anim, Yab-anim, Kurkari-anim.)

::V. Northeastern Irian Jaya: Asmat; Casuarina Coast; Humboldt Bay.

::VI. Great Papuan Plateau: Bedamini; Etoro; Kaluli; Onabasalu; Gebusi, Nomad River.

::VII. Anga (Kukukuku): Sambia; Baruya; Jeghuje; Other Highlands Anga groups; Lowlands Anga groups. (Related social units: Usarumpiu, Wantukiu, Aziana, Lohiki, Kapau, Ivori, Mbwei, Yagwoia, Ampale, Langamar, Menya, Katje.)

::VIII. Northern Province: Ai’i.

History/evolution:
*'''[[Gilbert Herdt|Herdt, G. H.]] (Ed.). (1984). Ritualized homosexuality in Melanesia. ''University of California Press.'''''
::"The accumulating evidence indicates that we are not only confronted in these Melanesian cultures with similar cultural and ecological systems; I propose that we are also faced with an ancient ritual complex that diffused through a vast area of lowland and fringe-area Melanesia, perhaps 10,000 years ago or less. [...] Left unchecked by Western pacification or colonialization, what would the long-term evolution of these marginal populations have been? Perhaps homosexual practices might have contributed to their extinction, but we cannot be certain of this possibility: if one accepts the assumption of ancient migrations and ritual practices, these groups had flourished for generations." (pp. 48, 58-59)

::"(RH [Ritualized Homosexuality]) groups tend to use initiation as the social mechanism for recruitment to their ritual cults and to the village-based warriorhood corps as well. Survival and social reproduction of communities depend upon the warriorhood, and initiation means introduction to homosexual activity. It also brings with it adult, masculine socialization, through successive ceremonies and related achievements. Thus homosexuality is linked to what are essentially military and age-graded organizations." (p.60) (this is in line with [[Research: Evolutionary_Perspectives_on_Intergenerational_Sexuality#Mentorship-Bonding/Enculturation-Alliance Hypothesis|Evolutionary Mentorship-Bonding/Enculturation-Alliance Hypothesis]]

Often, when speaking about institutionalized intergenerational sexuality, anthropologists and publicists emphasize that there only adolescents involved in this, but they miss the fact that pedophilia is also institutionalized in many cultures (not only Melanesian):
*'''[[Gilbert Herdt|Herdt, G. H.]] (Ed.). (1984). Ritualized homosexuality in Melanesia. ''University of California Press.'''''
::"An important and ignored aspect of initiation in (RH) [ritualized homosexuality] groups is that it frequently occurs before puberty, often as early as middle to late childhood (e.g., Marind-anim, Sambia, Keraki, etc.). Elsewhere I have argued that this young age is psychologically necessary for the radical resocialization [from the female wing of the society] into, and eventual sex-role dramatization expected of, adult men (Herdt 1981, 1982cf . Mead 1949; Young 1965)." (p.60)

* '''Money, J. (1990). Pedophilia: A Specific Instance of New Phylism Theory as Applied to Paraphilic Lovemaps. In: Feierman, J.R. (eds) [https://libgen.is/book/index.php?md5=3CA15750CD7EC06C3052B55B5E16C76D Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions]. Springer, New York, NY. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_18'''
*:"The cultural tradition of pedophilia may belong not just to a small enclave of a population but also to an entire community, as in the case of various tribal peoples scattered across the Pacific in Melanesia and New Guinea (Herdt, 1984). The Sambia of the New Guinea Highlands (Herdt, 1981) are such a tribe. Their ancient customs as fierce head-hunting warriors survived European contact until after World War II. According to their folklore concerning their children, a boy could not become a warrior if he stayed living with women and children after age 8. So, he was taken into the men's longhouse to remain in the company of males only, there to be subjected to the rituals of indoctrination and initiation. As a baby, he had been nourished by woman's milk. As a juvenile, he would have to be nourished with men's milk so that his body would mature in the way that maturation occurs during puberty. It was an obligation of youths still too young to be married not to waste their semen but to have it sucked out of their penises by the prepubertal boys who, once able to ejaculate themselves, would nourish those still younger. At age 19, the age of marriage, their two-way experience of androphilic pedophilia would cease, and their lives would become heterosexual with an adult partner."
*:"The universal male/male pedophilia of the Sambia demonstrates the sexological plasticity of the human organism and the making of pedophilia into the social norm."

There are societies with girls and women participating in intergenerational sexual practices (but ritualized homosexuality is absent):
*'''Janssen, D.F. (2002). "[http://www.sexarchive.info/GESUND/ARCHIV/GUS/NEW_GUINEAWEB.HTM Papua New Guinea]," ''Growing Up Sexually, Volume I: World Reference Atlas''.'''
*:"Berndt (1962:p91): “As babies and small children their genitalia are fondled”. Mothers caress “the fleshy parts of [the infant's] body [...] and implanting breathy kisses over and over again in the region of its genital organs” (Hogbin, 1943:p298). Genital touching by older people was also noted by among the Marind-anim (Van Baal, 1966; cf. Money and Ehrhardt, 1973 [1996:p132]). Gillison (1993:p176) describes the process of masturbating infants among the Gimi:
*::The mother insists upon continued contact, interrupting her toddler's play repeatedly to offer the breast. Masturbation [...] with a baby girl [occurs when] the mother or amau holds her hand over the vulva and shakes it vigorously. She may kiss the vagina [sic], working her way up the middle of the body to the lips and then inserting her nipple (often when the child has given no sign of discontent). With a boy, she kisses the penis, pulls at it with her fingers and takes it into her mouth to induce an erection. Several women may pass a baby boy back and forth, each one holding him over her head as she takes a turn sucking or holding the penis in her mouth. When the child then pulls at his own organ, the women, greatly amused, offer squeezes and pulls of their own."

The Trobrianders of Papua New Guinea<ref>[http://libgen.is/book/index.php?md5=2E76D290FDCC06180F125CAF7336B2C0 Weiner, Annette B. (1988). ''The Trobrianders of Papua New Guinea.'' United States of America: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. ISBN 9780030119194]</ref> have received attention in the Western Media for sexual customs in infancy and adolescence that confuse morally conflicted Westerners:<ref>[https://medium.com/the-story-in-history/the-culture-where-children-as-young-as-six-years-are-sexualized-d7afef2d2985 The Culture Where Children as Young as Six Years are Sexualized]</ref>
:<blockquote>Popularly referred to as “The Islands of Love”, the Trobriand Islands are a 174-square-miles group of islands on the east coast of New Guinea. The people are indigenous matrilineal people with a population of 12,000. ''[...]'' In the Trobriand culture, children aren’t allowed the chance to be just children. They are groomed to lose their innocence and start acting like adults at a very young age. By the age of six, they start participating in erotic games with each other. They start engaging in seductive activities. Their little girls are expected to start looking and acting sexy to attract little boys as well as older men. Then, by the time they turn 10, they are expected to start having sexual intercourse with as many sexual partners as they will. Since they are a matrilineal culture, the Trobriand woman has the right to have as many sexual partners as she pleases. And their primitive way of dressing doesn’t make it any harder to engage in sexual intercourse at will.</blockquote>

But mostly intergenerational male homosexuality:
*'''Jan N. Bremmer (2021) [https://www.amazon.com/Becoming-Man-Ancient-Greece-Rome/dp/3161590082 Becoming a Man in Ancient Greece and Rome. Essays on Myths and Rituals of Initiation.]'''(available via [[Help:Research_Resources#Information_Freedom_Companions|Option 2]])
::"This description [''see Williams' above''] is confirmed by more recent anthropological studies [See especially the many studies of [[Gilbert Herdt|G. Herdt]]] [...] the following points should be noted as important features: (1) we have here a case of pederasty, which should not be confused with modern homosexuality, as both initiators and novices normally marry afterwards; (2) the active pederasts are the novices of the previous initiation, and it may be of importance to note that it is these novices who usually play a prominent role in upholding discipline during the initiation; finally, (3) copulation, in which the novice is always the passive partner, takes place anally."

*'''Knauft, Bruce M. (1987). "Homosexuality in Melanesia," ''Journal of Psychoanalytic Anthropology'', 10, 155-91.'''
*:Melanesian boys "coquettishly initiated" homosexuality with grown men. Relationships were "grounded in personal affection rather than obligation".

=== Big Nambas (Malekula Island) ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Society had rampant warfare, chiefs had near monopoly on women; father chose man to circumcise his son; this man then became boy’s “husband,” and the boy his “wife;” intercourse believed to strengthen boy’s penis; relationship was very close; boy followed the man everywhere, participating with him in daily chores; man was intensely jealous if other men took interest in the boy; if man or boy died, the other would mourn deeply; some men were so deeply homosexual in affections that they would seldom have intercourse with their wives, preferring the boy; every chief had several boy lovers. Sources: Herdt (1993); Layard (1942)"

*'''Herdt, G. H. (1997). Same sex, different cultures: Exploring gay and lesbian lives. Westview Press.'''
::"The tentative and sketchy reports of institutionalized same-gender relations between females that we do have make it difficult to give depth and meaning to the practice, such as among the famous Big Nambas society of the New Hebrides (now Vanuatu; see Deacon 1934). In that case higher-ranking women could take younger girls as sexual partners in a kind of ritualized practice that bears comparison to the male practice, but obviously without the emphasis on semen transmission."

=== East Bay Islanders ===
*'''Davenport, William H. (1992). [https://www.newgon.net/wiki/File:Davenport_chapter.pdf Adult-Child Sexual Relations in Cross-Cultural Perspective], in W. O'Donohue & J. H. Geer (Eds.), ''The sexual abuse of children: Theory and research'' (Vol. 1, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 73-80), pp. 76-77.'''
::"[I]n a society called East Bay, where I did some ethnography of sexual behavior (Davenport 1965), formerly, there had been a pattern of male homosexuality in which some older men often took, always with consent from their fathers, nonrelated boys as relatively permanent, passive sexual partners for anal intercourse. From a cultural perspective, the boys were understood to be substitutes for females, not homosexual partners as our culture would define them. In fact, the culture of East Bay did not recognize — that is, had no cultural category for — intimate male homosexual relationships as something separate from those involving women. A boy, rather than a man, was selected, because a boy was a minor, without an independent legal status separate from his father’s, hence he could be told what to do. Women in East Bay society also were minors in this legal sense. But the crux of the matter was that the passive homosexual role was not considered to be in any way damaging to a boy’s psychosexual development. Moreover, such a close association with an elder man, who was expected to be gentle, generous, and indulgent, could have a positive effect on the boy’s development. If, however, the elder man did not fulfill these role expectations, he would find himself accused of mistreatment, that is, abusing the boy, and, therefore, in serious trouble with the boy’s father and other senior male relatives who were responsible for his well-being."

*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Nearly every male engaged in extensive homosex; men had sexual relations with boys (7 to 11); it was obligatory to give boy presents in return; the boys discussed these contacts freely and without shame in presence of parents, friends. Upon marriage, only a few men became exclusive heterosexuals; most continued to have sex with boys as well; only one man in the study preferred exclusively boys. Source: Davenport (1965)"

=== Keraki, Trans-Fly Delta ===
*'''Ford, C. S., & Beach, F. A. (1951). Patterns of sexual behavior. ''Harper & Brothers.'''''
::"Keraki bachelors of New Guinea universally practice sodomy, and in the course of his puberty rites each boy is initiated into anal intercourse by the older males. After his first year of playing the passive role he spends the rest of his bachelorhood sodomizing the newly initiated."

*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"[Keraki] All boys were sodomized for about a year, seen as essential for their development; adult informants repeatedly answered, when asked whether they submitted as boys, “Why yes! Otherwise how should I have grown?” Bachelors saw some boys as more attractive, gave them more attention; they sodomized boys until marriage, then engaged mostly in heterosex, but continued to have relations with boys on occasion. Source: Williams (1936)"

*'''Williams, F.E. (1969) Papuans of the Trans-Fly. ''Oxford'''''
::"It is actually regarded as essential to the growing boy to be sodomized.[...] In the meantime it is enough to note that every male adult in the Morehead district has in his time constantly played both parts in this perversion. The boy is initiated to it at the bull-roarer ceremony [...] When he becomes adolescent his part is reversed and he may then sodomize his juniors, the new initiates to the bull-roarer."
::"Gambadi informants describe the initial occasion more vividly. The father bids his son stoop to drink at a pool and as he does so catches him at a disadvantage. [...] It is to be noted that nowadays boys are not sodomized by their own fathers. The restriction of moiety exogamy is observed in sodomy as it is in marriage [...]"

=== Marind-anim ===
*'''[[Gilbert Herdt|Herdt, G. H.]] (Ed.). (1984). Ritualized homosexuality in Melanesia. ''University of California Press.'''''
::"[R]itualized anal homosexual practices are institutionalized on a widespread scale throughout the entire Marind area. [...]. Homosexual anal intercourse is begun in male initiation for boys between the ages of seven and fourteen years (Van Baal 1966:143-144). Afterward, boys live in the men's clubhouse for some six years, avoiding females and regularly engaging in anal intercourse." (pp. 25-25)
::"This transition happens when the first signs of approaching puberty become apparent. He is then made an aroi-patur, literally a black boy. His body is blackened all over, and a mother's brother is appointed to act as his mentor, his binahor-iather. The meaning of the word binahor is uncertain, but it probably refers to the mentor's main function, that of being the boy's pederast who, by "feeding" the boy anally, contributes to his physical growth." (p. 132)

*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Upon reaching puberty, a boy moved in with a mentor and his wife; he assisted the mentor in gardening, hunting, and other chores; their relation was sexual and lasted about seven years until boy’s later marriage; bond between them was extremely strong; the sexual contacts seemed to contribute to the strength of this bond; insemination was regarded as helpful to boy’s growth. Source: Van Baal (1966)"

=== Kimam / Kolepom papuans: ===
*'''[[Gilbert Herdt|Herdt, G. H.]] (Ed.). (1984). Ritualized homosexuality in Melanesia. ''University of California Press.'''''
::"The age at which [Kimam] boys enter the bachelor's house varies considerably in all villages, since it is dependent upon the simultaneous celebration of the final feast for a dead person. On this occasion a number of boys of varying ages, from about ten to fourteen years, are admitted. (Sometimes the boys are even younger.) [...] At his entry into the cult house, the boy is placed under the charge and guidance of a mentor who is designated as his "adoptive father." This man is supposed to have regular homosexual intercourse with the boy to make him strong with the semen that is inserted into his body through anal intercourse. In the western villages, there is no doubt that the adoptive father is mother's younger brother [...] They help each other in planting and harvesting, and they share food. A sister's son displays a conspicuous lack of respect toward his MB, even when there is a substantial difference in age. They play all sorts of pranks on each other, at which neither of them does or should get angry." (p. 300, 304)

::girls:
::"The first reports of missionaries and government officials mention the custom of "testing" sexually the marriageable [Kimam] girls. According to informants, the intention was to see whether the girls could stand the test. If they felt ill after intercourse, it was proof that they were not yet suited for marriage. It is possible that this trial took place during the promiscuous sexual intercourse of the ndambu festival.[...] When, for instance, an epidemic strikes the village and causes many deaths, as often happens, promiscuous heterosexual intercourse involving as many people as possible is organized in the village to collect large amounts of semen (probably by coitus interruptus). According to the information collected in the village of Bamol, very young girls are preferably selected for this sexual intercourse. [...] The first missionaries were in a better position to estimate the approximate age of the girls. They regularly made mention of schoolgirls who, for days on end, did not attend the mission school because they were sick after intercourse with a number of mature men. In his diary, Father Thieman (n.d.) mentions a number of girls (with names and exact age) who took part in sexual intercourse when they were no older than eight." (pp. 301, 304, 308)

=== Bedamini===
*'''[[Gilbert Herdt|Herdt, G. H.]] (Ed.). (1984). Ritualized homosexuality in Melanesia. ''University of California Press.'''''
::“Bedamini, like the Marind-anim (Van Baal 1966:817), consider semen the essence of life. [...] Immature boys do not possess semen, and they can mature only through the intervention of their seniors. Behind this conception is also the assumption that weakness in males will ensue from too much association with women, in particular through sexual intercourse. Boys have been breast-fed and have spent their first years in a predominantly female sphere of influence. The solution to this dilemma is to supply the boys with semen from the age of eight to ten years. The insemination is managed orally, by having the boys manipulate and suck the penes of young unmarried men, an activity referred to as sibi. The young man who will be a boy's inseminator is selected by the boy's father, and he must belong to the opposite moiety, that is, to a group with whom the boy's clan intermarries.” (pp. 322-323)

=== Etoro ===
*'''[[Gilbert Herdt|Herdt, G. H.]] (Ed.). (1984). Ritualized homosexuality in Melanesia. ''University of California Press.'''''
::"The Etoro achieve this [semen transmission] through oral intercourse, the Kaluli through anal intercourse, and the Onabasulu through masturbation and smearing of the semen over the bodies of the initates [...] The Kaluli are traditional enemies of the Etoro, and the Etoro particularly revile them for their initiatory practices which are regarded as totally disgusting. (The feeling is probably mutual.) [...] Among the Etoro, "a youth is continually inseminated from about age ten until he reaches his early mid-twenties" (Kelly 1976:45). [...] Kaluli initiation and homosexual activities, in contrast, seem more truncated: [...] When a boy is eleven or twelve years old, he is engaged for several months in homosexual intercourse with a healthy older man chosen by his father. [...] (Schieffelin 1976:124)" (pp. 34- 35)

*'''Anitei, Stefan (2007). "[http://news.softpedia.com/news/How-to-Drink-Sperm-to-Become-a-Strong-Man-67804.shtml How to Drink Sperm to Become a Strong Man]," Softpedia, October 6.'''
*:"This power is transmitted between the members of the [Etoro] tribe by means of sex. That's why young boys, even at the age of 12, get it from the sperm of the older males. The boy gets "power" orally by a young man assigned to be his partner. Few years later, the teenager is formally involved in relationships with many male sex partners, after which he turns into an "inseminator" from an "inseminee.""

=== Kaluli ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"[Kaluli] From 8 to 28, males resided in sex-segregated hunting lodge; daily, boys accompanied older males on grueling hunting trips, learning essentials of the practice; at 10 or 11, a boy’s father chose for him an older male to inseminate him for months or years; some boys chose their own inseminator; insemination thought essential for growth. Men looked back on youth in hunting lodge with nostalgic excitement, zest; remembered continual hunting, growth-stimulating insemination, ritual discipline, unity of purpose, vigorous manly ethos as highlight of their lives; whole practice was one of prestige for them. Tradition ended in 1960s by colonial administration and missionaries, who policed against it. Source: Schieffelin (1982)"

===Gebusi===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"[Gebusi] Boys in early adolescence “coquettishly” initiated sexual relations with older, unrelated males. As with the Sambia, the belief was that insemination grew the boys into men. The sexual relations were based on personal affection rather than obligation. Sources: Herdt (1991, 1997)"

=== Sambia ===
*'''[[Gilbert Herdt|Herdt, G. H.]] (Ed.). (1984). Ritualized homosexuality in Melanesia. ''University of California Press.'''''
::"Male development and masculinization after childhood are the responsibility of the men's secret cult and its initiation system. This cult is organized and perpetuated by the confederacy of hamlets. Boys are initiated at seven to ten years of age, when they are separated from their mothers, natal households, and younger siblings. [...] Sambia practice secret homosexual fellatio, which is taught and instituted in first-stage initiation. Boys learn to ingest semen from older youths through oral sexual contacts. First- and second-stage initiates may only serve as fellators; they are forbidden to reverse erotic roles with older partners. Third-stage pubescent bachelors and older youths thus act as fellateds, inseminating prepubescent boys. All males pass through both erotic stages, being first fellators, then fellateds: there are no exceptions since all Sambia males are initiated and pressured to engage in homosexual fellatio." (pp. 172-173)

*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"[Sambia] Boys between 7 and 10 taken into men’s society; until age 14 fellated older bachelors up to age 25; semen viewed necessary for growth to be strong warrior; after age 25, most men stopped being semen “donors” to get married (some men continued who preferred boys); relations were not just duty for the boys, who were often complicit in arousing bachelors through bawdy enthusiasm; as boys matured, they tended to express more desire for insemination, became more aggressive in soliciting it. Sources: Herdt (1991, 1997)"

*'''Review of [[Gilbert Herdt]]'s famous fieldwork on the Sambia (by [[Walter L. Williams]] as quoted in our page on Herdt):'''
*:"Between the ages of about seven and thirteen, boys are taken from the maternal household and placed in a separate boys' house away from the village. For a period of several months to several years, depending on the culture, boys avoid all contact with females as they are prepared for manhood in elaborate initiations. It is the social duty of men to plant sperm in boys in order for them to grow. In some societies this is done by the boy performing oral sex upon the man, in others by him receiving anal intercourse, or in others by having the sperm rubbed on his body. The sexual act must always be with the boy receiving the older male's semen. To reverse roles is considered damaging to the boy's growth."

*'''Davenport, William H. (1992). [https://www.newgon.net/wiki/File:Davenport_chapter.pdf Adult-Child Sexual Relations in Cross-Cultural Perspective], in W. O'Donohue & J. H. Geer (Eds.), ''The sexual abuse of children: Theory and research'' (Vol. 1, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 73-80), pp. 76-77.'''
*:"The best description of these patterns, by Herdt (1982, 1987) is with a people the author calls the Sambia. In brief, the pattern is as follows:
*::''Seven-to-ten-year-old Sambia boys are taken from their mothers when first initiated into the male cult, and thereafter experience the most powerful and seductive homosexual fellatio activities. For some ten to fifteen years, they engage in these practices on a daily basis, first as fellator, and then as fellated. Elders teach that semen is absolutely vital: it should be consumed daily since the creation of biological maleness and the maintenance of masculinity depend upon it. Hence, from middle childhood untul puberty, boys should perform fellatio on older youths.''

:::''Near puberty the same initiates become dominant youths. Ritual helps remake their social and erotic identity, the bachelors becoming the fellated partners for a new crop of ritual novices. ... [editor's quote extension from Herdt, G. H. (1987). "Guardians of the flutes: Idioms of masculinity" : "abundant evidence indicates that most youths also experience them as pleasurable and erotically exciting"] Yet, in spite of this formidable background, the final outcome is exclusive heterosexuality—of a particular form. Youths eventually become sexually attracted to women. At marriage (c. sixteen to twenty-five years of age), they may even act as true bisexuals, for a time. With fatherhood, however, homosexuality should cease; thereafter men should engage only in heterosexual activities. (Herdt 1987, pp. 2-3)''"

*'''Hyena, Hank (1999). "[http://web.archive.org/web/20131002090633/http://gettingit.com/article/56 Semen Warriors Of New Guinea]," Gettingit.com, September 16.'''
*:"Although many boys tremble initially ("I felt afraid... the penises were enormous," recalls Kalutuo, a Sambian from the Eastern Highlands) they all adjust quickly, because they believe semen is an elixir for manhood."

*'''Janssen, D.F. (2002). "[http://www.sexarchive.info/GESUND/ARCHIV/GUS/NEW_GUINEAWEB.HTM Papua New Guinea]," ''Growing Up Sexually, Volume I: World Reference Atlas''.'''
*:"...the “Sambia” value male-virgin contacts (1984:p177), while “sexual partners are perceived as having more “heat” and being more exciting the younger they are. A second factor is reciprocity: the more asymmetrical the sexual partners (youth/boy), the more erotic play seems to culturally define their contact” [sic]. Against the background of an utterly phallocentric ideology on the androtrophic properties of semen, “Sambia” prepubertal boys (7-12, on average 8.5) fellate post-pubertal adolescents to ejaculation in order to grow and turn seminarchic themselves, so that they may reverse roles. The boys do not have orgasms, and might have “vicarious erotic pleasure as indicated by erections” only “near puberty” ([[Gilbert Herdt|Herdt]] and Stoller, 1990:p70-1)."

=== Yagwoia ===
*'''Herdt, G. (2003). Secrecy and cultural reality: Utopian ideologies of the New Guinea men’s house. ''Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press''.'''
::"Yagwoia men communicate two attitudes. First, the Sambia are the only group of warriors they feared sufficiently in precolonial times to undertake special alliances for raiding their territory. Second, Sambia are renowned throughout the area for continuing the “true” practice of initiations. Later I was to realize that the “truth” to which they alluded was boy-insemination, the secret masculinity the Yagwoia had long ago been required to forfeit to the native New Guinea evangelists who came to save their souls and establish a Christian order in their villages"

==Polynesia==

===Marquesas Islands===
For a range of sources on the Marquesas Islands, [[#Excerpt_Graphic_Library | see gallery below]], primarily ''Marquesan sexual behavior'' by Robert C. Suggs.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/marquesansexualb0000sugg/mode/2up Marquesan sexual behavior by Suggs, Robert C.]</ref>

*'''Martinson, Floyd M. (1973). ''[http://www.ipce.info/booksreborn/martinson/infant/InfantAndChildSexuality.html Infant and Child Sexuality: A Sociological Perspective]''. The Book Mark.'''
*:"Sex play was common practice from the earliest ages among the Marquesa and not only tolerated but encouraged. (Kardiner, 1939, p. 205-206). They recognized the erotic impulse in childhood and accorded it the right of free exercise. They eroticized the child by masturbating it to keep it quiet. In the case of the girls, labia were manipulated as a placebo, but also to encourage the growth of large labia, which to the Marquesans was a mark of beauty. Such activity was, no doubt, also erotically stimulating. There was social recognition of all sexual activity in childhood, and there were no restrictions against encouragement to exercise it freely; it was allocated the same place in the child's world that it occupied in the adult's."

*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Adolescent boys frequently had sex with each other. Married men rarely had homosex, but would when conditions prevented heterosexual intercourse; they preferred boys for this purpose, whose bodies they said were soft, like females; contacts with boys were casual, fleeting, and without stigma. Source: Suggs (1966)"

===Hawaii===
*'''Janssen, D.F. (2002). "[http://www.sexarchive.info/GESUND/ARCHIV/GUS/HAWAII.HTM Hawaii]," ''Growing Up Sexually, Volume I: World Reference Atlas''.'''
*:"Karsch-Haack, (1901) stated that according to Richard Neuhauss, Hawai’ian “girls of 12 to 14 years are generally virgins no more and acts of impurity of father with daughter are no rarity[6] [...] For infant females in Hawai’i, “milk was squirted into her vagina, and the labia were pressed together (Diamond, 1990). The mons [veneris] was rubbed with kukui (candlenut) oil and pressed with the palm of the hand to flatten it and make it less prominent. The molding continued until the labia did not separate. This chore usually was done by the mother or by an “aunt” [...]”. The buttocks of infants, males more than females, were molded so that they became “rounded and not flat”, also clearly evolving from an aesthetic motive. A “blower” is designated for each male infant, ostensibly to prepare him for subincision of the foreskin: “the penis was blown into daily starting from birth. The blowing was said to loosen and balloon the foreskin [and] continued daily [...] until the young male was 6 or 7”, when penile subincision takes place. Diamond reports: “Individuals of both sexes were expected to initiate and participate in coitus at puberty, although sexual activity, play, instruction, and so forth occurred much earlier. For instance, as part of exploratory play, the young investigated each other’s genitals, and young males and females might masturbate each other heterosexually or homosexually. This activity occurred without adult disapproval, and it was considered to be an introduction to adulthood. Casual intercourse before adolescence was not an uncommon experience for males (Handy and Pukui, 1958) and females (Pukui, Haertig and Lee, 1972)"

*'''Milton Diamond. (2004 [1990]). [https://www.hawaii.edu/PCSS/biblio/articles/2000to2004/2004-sexual-behavior-in-pre-contact-hawaii.html Sexual Behavior in Pre Contact Hawai'i: A Sexological Ethnography]. Published in: ''Revista Española del Pacifico''. 16: 37-58.'''
*:"Sex training was direct and firsthand. Young individuals learned of coitus and sex play from instruction, direct observation, and practice. As they slept in the family house (hale noa), they observed their parents having coitus. "Public privacy" among the Mangaian Islanders, as it was described by Marshall (1971, p. 108), probably is similar to the "privacy" that was found in Hawai'i and elsewhere in Polynesia: "[A Mangaian may copulate], at any age, in the single room of a hut that contains from five to fifteen family members of all ages — as have his ancestors before him. His daughter may receive and make love with each of her varied nightly suitors in the same room."
*:The young observed dogs, pigs, and other animals mating, and these activities were discussed openly with parents or other adults. Parturition was not a secret event and was well attended by the young and by adults, all of whom observed traditions that included the washing and burying of the placenta and, usually, the disposing of the umbilical cord (Pukui, Haertig and Lee, 1972, p. 16; Handy and Pukui, 1958, p. 78). The young Hawai‘ian also acquired sex education in day-by-day exposure to precepts, practices, and attitudes concerning sex. Traditionally, ... childish curiosity about sex was satisfied, with neither guilt nor shame instilled” (Pukui, Haertig, and Lee, 1972, p. 249). [...] Ellis (1782, Vol. 2, p. 153) wrote of sexual expression in Oceania: "The ladies are very lavish of their favors ... and some of their attachments seemed purely the effects of affection. They are initiated into this way of life at a very early period; we saw some, who could not be more than ten years old."
*:The time considered “right” to start coitus was not so much based on chronological age as on ability or maturity (Pukui, Haertig, and Lee, 1972, p. 78). [...] Suggs (1966) elaborated on the early sexual experiences of pubertal males with married females in their 30s and 40s in the Marquesas Islands, who “take special pains to be pleasing and patient with them ... a source of enjoyment for many Marquesan women” (p. 61). For young females of the Marquesas Islands, the first coital experience reportedly is earlier than it is for young males before menarche —and occurs unplanned with an adult male (Suggs, 1966, p. 63). [...] These adult/nonadult sexual interactions were socially approved behaviors. [...] For adults not to have given such practical education would have been unthinkable - a dereliction of duty.
*:Most important for Hawai‘ian society, the young learned of sexual humor. Among the Hawai‘ians, sex was and remains a rich source of humor and enjoyment. In everyday conversation and in song and story, it was considered to be an “art form” to speak using sexual double entendres (kaona). [...] Suggs (1966, p. 39) considered the early manifestations of infantile and childhood sexual behavior, including sexual behavior with adults, to be among the most distinguishing features of Marquesan sexual behavior. Many of the activities he described, however, are similar to activities that were present in Hawai'i and elsewhere in Oceania. Oliver (1974, pp. 458-459), for example, reported on adult/nonadult sexual behavior in Tahiti and quoted the missionary Orsmond from 1832: “In all Tahitians as well as officers who come in ships there is a cry for little girls,” and older females, when in a position to choose, preferred younger males. Marshall (1971, p. 126) described the routine early sexual encounters of young males and females in Mangaia as being with older, experienced males and females."

==Indonesia==

===Bali===
*'''Martinson, Floyd M. (1973). ''[http://www.ipce.info/booksreborn/martinson/infant/InfantAndChildSexuality.html Infant and Child Sexuality: A Sociological Perspective]''. The Book Mark.'''
*:"Among the Balinese, play and teasing with the genitals is common. A mother will pat her baby girl on the vulva and exclaim, "Pretty! Pretty!" (Bateson and Mead, 1942, p. 26, 32, 131). A boy's penis will be stroked and rubbed. After he has urinated, he will be dried by a flick of his penis. As he grows older, his penis will be pulled and stretched and ruffled, and he will often attempt to keep his balance when learning to walk by holding on to it. Babies are comforted and quieted by manipulating their genital organs. In fact, in Bali, a baby, especially a baby's genital, is a toy with which to play. There is much delight taken in stimulating and playing with the baby to watch him respond."

==South and Southeast Asia ==

=== Philippines ===
*'''[https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy-Claude_Burger Burger, G.C.] (Date unknown). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20230830163437/https://youjo.love/media/8db97b489e84f14e500046445c113066d720c1e691df6cc7934220a7b565483f.pdf The Sexual Mistake of the West].'''''
*:"Enamored of travel, he went to a different country every year, and, that year, he visited the Philippines. Not wanting to stay in the capital, he had taken the bus in order to get closer to the population. He thus found himself next to a mother who had reserved only one seat for herself and her eight-year-old daughter. The child at first amused herself by running in the central aisle and approaching the other passengers, but after three hours on the way, she began to have enough. As she was becoming more and more cranky, the mother put her on her lap and asked our gentlemen from Bordeaux if it would bother him if she put her daughter’s legs on his knees, so that the little one could sleep better. He accepted, of course, when he noticed that the mother began masturbating the child, as if it were the most natural thing in the world. You can imagine him blushing, asking himself what he should do, looking all around him to see how the other passengers would react, feeling that he would be accused of complicity in incest. But all the neighbors watched with big calm smiles, as if it were obvious, and worthy of the greatest discretion. As soon as the little girl reached orgasm, she fell asleep like an angel..."

===Khumbo (Nepal)===
*'''Diemberger, H. (1993). Blood, sperm, soul and the mountain. In T. del Valle (Ed.), [https://library.lol/main/E2340CAF82B58307F2AA3CBD3D1F97C9 ''Gendered Anthropology''] (pp. 88). Routledge.'''
*:"Caili, an energetic and sensual woman, is playing with her youngest son, Migmar. I enter the house. Caili offers me a cup of barley beer and then continues to play with Migmar who does not really want to be disturbed. He drinks some milk from the breast and plays with his erect little penis. He offers it to his mother who sucks it tenderly and then continues to chat with me. Migmar is five years old."

=== Tibet ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Monasteries had a strong reputation for master-novice sexual relations, which participants viewed without shame as they made no attempt to conceal them to Westerners upon early contacts. Prince Peter (1963)"

=== Batak (Northern Sumatra) ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"In late childhood, boys moved into all-male houses with about a dozen other boys and young men. From puberty until marriage, homosexual behavior was prescribed and constant. Pederasty and age-equal sex were both common. Sequestering the sexes ensured girls remained virgins until marriage (premarital sex for girls was highly taboo). With outside cultural contact, the tradition began to change. Money & Ehrhardt (1972)"

=== Java ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"In Ponorogo area, all-male folk dance was a major cultural institution (before 1990s); spectating men admired beauty of dancing youths; boy dancers aged 8–14, called gemblaks, often had culturally approved sex with men; interviewees who had been gemblaks all viewed the sex positively; all got married; some had long-term sexual relationships with the dance troupe directors (the Waroks). Waroks were spiritual guides, valorized by the community. Each Ponorogo village had a formalized male group for unmarried males; the group did socially constructive work for the community; heterosexual sex before marriage was disapproved, so members had sex with gemblaks; this practice was seen as benefiting the gemblaks, who got gifts, the group members, who got a sexual outlet, the community, which got good works. Under Western influence, educated Ponorogo people began seeing all this as an embarrassment (relic from an “uncivilized” past); have since worked to end the practice. Weis (1974); Williams (2011)"

==Africa==

=== Maassai (Kenya, Tanzania) ===
*'''Carles Feixa (2011). Past and present of adolescence in society: The ‘teen brain’ debate in perspective. ''Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews'', Volume 35, Issue 8'''
::"Sexual intercourse with [postpubertal] girls is admitted as long as they do not become pregnant."

=== Azande (South Sudan, Northern Congo)===
*'''Evans-Pritchard, E. E. (1970). [https://sci-hub.st/10.2307/672861 Sexual Inversion among the Azande. American Anthropologist], 72(6), 1428–1434.'''
*: "It was the custom for members of bachelor companies, some of whom would always be living in barracks at court, to take boy-wives. [...] Most young men consequently married late -- well into their twenties and thirties -- and, because girls were engaged (in a legal sense married) very young, often at birth, the only way youths could obtain satisfaction from a woman was in adultery. [...] The boys performed many of the smaller services a woman performs daily for her husband [...] Also, the boywife carried his husband's shield when on a journey. It should be understood that he performed these services lest it might be thought that the relationship was entirely of a sexual nature; it will be appreciated that it had an educational side to it. With regard to the sexual side, at night the boy slept with his lover, who had intercourse with him between his thighs (Azande expressed disgust at the suggestion of anal penetration). The boys got what pleasure they could by friction of their organs on the husband's belly or groin. However, even though there was this side to the relationship, it was clear from Zande accounts that there was also the comfort of a nightly sharing of the bed with a companion."
*: "The word "boy" (kumba gude) must, it would appear, be interpreted liberally, for as far as I could judge from what I was told the lads might have been anywhere between about twelve and twenty years of age"
*: "I have pointedly used the terms "wife,""husband," and "marriage," for, as the texts will make clear, the relationship was, for so long as it lasted, a legal union on the model of a normal marriage. The warrior paid bridewealth (some five spears or more) to the parents of his boy and performed services for them as he would have done had he married their daughter; if he proved to be a good son-in-law they might later replace the son by a daughter. Also, if another man had relations with his boy he could, I was told, sue him at court for adultery."

*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Under polygynous system, women were scarce; warriors married boys aged 12 or older; commanders might have more than one boy-wife; man and boy addressed each other with terms such as my love and my lover; boy performed wifely duties and apprenticed for man; on reaching adulthood, the boy typically joined a military company, taking a boy-wife of his own; tradition faded when practice of military service discontinued under British colonialism. Evans-Pritchard (1971); Murray & Roscoe (1998); Seligman & Seligman (1932)"

===Kadar (Nigeria)===
*'''Harris, M. [http://library.lol/main/98025ADB86EEFAF62B59DF2C3CA21CC7 ''Cultural Anthropology''] (New York: Harper and Row, 1983), p. 94.'''
*:"Among the Kadar of northern Nigeria, as reported by M. G. Smith (1968),<ref>M. G. Smith (1968). 'Secondary Marriage among Kadera and Kagoro.' In ''Marriage, Family, and Residence'', Bohannan, Paul and Middleton, J., eds. pp. 109-130. Garden City, N.Y.: Published for the American Museum of Natural History by the Natural History Press.</ref> most marriages result from infant betrothals. These matches are arranged by the fathers of the bride and groom when the girl is 3 to 6 years old. Ten years or more may elapse before the bride goes to live with her betrothed. During this time, a Kadar girl is not unlikely to become pregnant. This will disturb no one, even if the biological father is a man other than her husband:
*::''Kadar set no value on premarital chastity'' (1968, p. 113)."

=== Mossi (Burkina Faso) ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"All chiefs (ca. late nineteenth century) had large groups of pages, boys aged 8 to 15 chosen for attractiveness (some were thought to be quite beautiful); on Friday nights, because heterosexual intercourse was forbidden, a (W. chief would engage in sex with a boy instead (he could also on other nights). Upon reaching maturity, a boy Africa) was given a wife by the chief. Murray & Roscoe (1998); Tauxier (1912)"

=== Tsonga (Southern Mozambique) ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Common practice in twentieth century among native men, used as miners by colonialists, was taking boys as wives (with wedding feast, brideprice payment); boy performed domestic, sexual duties; was given presents, money in exchange; fidelity was expected; relationships were marked by intense feelings and jealousy; marriage could be terminated in divorce; some men took boy-wives home after mining, where they were accepted by men’s other wives and tribal leaders. Asked if boys desired being wives, an elderly Tsonga man answered, “Yes: for the sake of security, for the acquisition of property and for the fun itself.” A beard indicated the boy was no longer a sex object but a competitor for boys. Murray & Roscoe (1998); Wallace (2006)"

=== Bantu-Speaking Tribes (Central Africa) ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Male peer homosexual behavior was universal from puberty until age 18 or 20, and adult-youth sexual interactions were common as well. The older men disposed to form such relationships were described as bian nku’ma (having a heart for boys). In various Central Bantu groups, boy initiates resided at a sex-segregated lodge during their initiation phase and were required to manipulate the phalluses of the lodge-keeper and other adult male visitors, a practice that was seen as instrumental in helping the boys’ phalluses grow large and strong. Wallace (2006)"

=== Siwans (Libya) ===
*'''Ford, C. S., & Beach, F. A. (1951). Patterns of sexual behavior. ''Harper & Brothers.'''''
::"Among the Siwans of Africa, for example, all men and boys engage in anal intercourse. They adopt the feminine role only in strictly sexual situations and males are singled out as peculiar if they do not indulge in these homosexual activities. Prominent Siwan men lend their sons to each other, and they talk about their masculine love affairs as openly as they discuss their love of women."

*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"(Ages of boys involved 12–18) Pederasty was a well-entrenched custom from antiquity to at least 1950s; matchmakers made marriage-like ; arrangements between men and boys; the boy got a gift larger than brideprice for females; man and boy then entered into alliance with family approval; prominent men lent each other their sons for sex; love affairs and jealousies over boys were common; Robin Maugham said: “They will kill for a boy. Never for a woman.” Adam (1985); Herdt (1997)"

=== Lesotho ===
*'''Herdt, G. H. (1997). Same sex, different cultures: Exploring gay and lesbian lives. ''Westview Press.'''''
::"In another contemporary southern African culture, Lesotho, age difference was important in relationships between young women who were attached and became homoerotically bonded. These are the “mummy-baby” relationships studied by anthropologist Judith Gay (1986). [...] Young women engaged in mummy/baby relations when they first entered adolescence. These distinctive bonds involved increasing degrees of intimacy, including open expressions of kissing, and might go on to the deepest sexual and lifelong bonds, though not so far that later marriage with a man was prevented. The roles of the older women were very different from those of the younger one, especially in terms of social obligations. The older woman took on the responsible role in the relationship, and she provided her younger partner with gifts and advice. The latter was important because it prepared the young girl for future relationships with men, most significantly her future husband. A woman might continue this relationship for some time after she was married. But then she would cease seeing her younger partner, who then in turn would find a younger woman of her own."

==India==

===Muria===

*'''Elwin, V. (1947). ''[http://library.lol/main/F416733E30BB1A46214CC9AC38656FDE The Muria and their Ghotul]''. Oxford: Oxford University Press.''' [Childhood of the Muria people of Bastar, in central India, as summarized here in scholarship by [[Tom O'Carroll]] (2018)].<ref>Thomas O'Carroll (2018). [https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-018-9519-1 Childhood ‘Innocence’ is Not Ideal: Virtue Ethics and Child–Adult Sex.] ''Sexuality and Culture'', 22:1230–1262 (pp. 1254-1255).</ref>
*:"Anthropologist Verrier Elwin described the elaborate sexual apprenticeship children have, which takes place principally in a special house for the young, known as the ''ghotul''. Infants and toddlers sleep in their parents' house. There are no locked doors and these little children inevitably see something of their parents' intimacies. By the time the children are six or seven a new domestic arrangement is brought into play. The child goes of to the ghotul, a self-regulated domain with its own boy leader and girl leader. The little children are free to come and go as they please between the ghotul and the parental home. Within the ghotul the children are free to engage in sex rehearsal play. Adolescents are able to have intercourse as they choose, able to experiment with different partners and under no pressure to make a premature commitment (Elwin 1947). Elwin, who spent much of his life in India, thought the arrangement worked very well. [...] In 1982, to the surprise of the academic community, it was reported that the ghotul system was still in existence and even expanding (von Fürer-Haimendorf 1982). [...] Elwin says that in practice [girls becoming pregnant] was a rare occurrence in the ghotul, even in the absence of modern contraceptives."

=== Crow ===
*'''Ford, C. S., & Beach, F. A. (1951). Patterns of sexual behavior. ''Harper & Brothers.'''''
::"A few Crow men adopt women's dress and mannerisms, and live alone. Adolescent boys and occasionally older men visit these ''bate'', as they are called. The bate stimulates the boy's genitals orally. One informant stated that there were four such men in his community and that seventeen of his adolescent friends visited them occasionally."

==The Balkans==

===Albania===

*'''Zimmerman, Ann (1994). "[https://www.dallasobserver.com/news/tell-mama-why-you-cry-part-i-6404797 'Tell Mama Why You Cry' (Part I)]," [https://web.archive.org/web/20100926211411/http://www.dallasobserver.com/1994-11-17/news/tell-mama-why-you-cry-part-i/1 (archive)], ''Dallas Observer'', November 17.'''
*:An Albanian immigrant to the US is arrested for retaining his culture: "This harsh--and irreversible--punishment came at the end of a strange case that began in 1989 when several witnesses reported seeing Krasniqi fondle his daughter during a karate tournament in a Plano high school gymnasium in which his son was competing. Several years after the family court ruling, Krasniqi finally had his day in criminal court. Collin County Judge Nathan White acquitted him of the charge of indecency with a child primarily on the strength of testimony from Massachusetts anthropologist Barbara Halpern--one of the country's foremost authorities on the peasant culture of the Balkans. Halpern explained that Sam Krasniqi's actions were done not with sexual intent, but rather with playful affection--in keeping with his culture, which cherishes children and showers them with physical affection. [...]
*: Shortly after the tournament began, Taylor's attention was drawn to the spectator in front of her. She watched as a 50-year-old man with thinning gray hair repeatedly rubbed the underpants-clad buttocks and bare legs of a little girl who was laid out across his lap. He also slipped his hand under the girl's panties and caressed and squeezed her buttocks. "He lifted her to face him and rubbed her front chest under her little dress. He then put his hand inside her panties from the leg opening and squeezed her vagina," Taylor wrote in a statement she gave police. [...]
*:Wunderlich, who did not retrun calls to the Observer, had to explain to Kathy what molestation meant. "If you mean something sexual like with me and my husband, you are wrong," Kathy responded. "It is not a sexual thing and there is no harm to my children," Kathy told Wunderlich. [...]
*:"According to Wunderlich's case notes, he admitted touching Lima and Tim, that it was acceptable in his country and it was just a big misunderstanding. "He denied it was sexual at all and said that I could kill him if he was lying and if it was sexually gratifying to him." Krasniqi has since insisted that Wunderlich misconstrued what he was telling her. At the karate tournament, Krasniqi insists he was just playing a game with his daughter--touching the parts of her body and asking her to say their names. "I tell Wunderlich, How can you love your children and not touch them?" Krasniqi explains, sitting in his home, surrounded by pictures of his children when they were younger.
*:Nowhere in Wunderlich's case notes does it indicate that anyone in her department tried to research the Krasniqis' culture. If they had they might have learned what Barbara Halpern, the anthropologist from Massachusetts, testified to in Krasniqi's criminal trial. The Krasniqis come from "very physically demonstrative culture. Children are universally adored. Until they attain school age and venture beyond the household gates, they are the constant subjects of hugs, caresses and overt displays of affection.""

*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Highly romanticized pederasty still found in latter half of twentieth century [...] [Y]ounger men frequently cultivated passionate, enthusiastic erotic relations with boys (12 to 17); Muslim Albanian custom of “boy-brides” also spread to Albanian Christians. Greenberg (1988); Murray (1997, 2000); Williams (1992)"

== See also ==
*[[Research: Intergenerational Relationships in History]]
*[[Pederasty in Islam]]
*[[Pederasty in Japanese culture]]
* [https://wiki.yesmap.net/wiki/Walter_L._Williams#The_Spirit_and_the_Flesh_%281986%29 The Spirit and the Flesh (1986)] - the book by Walter L. Williams with a broad section on pederasty among non-western societies
* [[Gilbert_Herdt|Gilbert Herdt]] - anthropologist who studied ritualized intergenerational homosexuality in Melanesia

==Excerpt Graphic Library==

The EGL on '''Broader Perspectives''' has some relevant information. Just right click/save and reproduce by uploading in short-form media to bypass character limits.

{{Template:EGLBP}}

==References==

[[Category:Official Encyclopedia]][[Category:Research into effects on Children]][[Category:Research: Broader Perspectives]]

Research: Nonwestern Intergenerational Relationships

2026-07-31T20:43:18Z

Thorn: /* Big Nambas (Malekula Island) */

__NOTOC__{{research}}Most societies which have not been influenced by the West have less, different, or virtually no sexual taboos. It is worth mentioning that absent modern western influence, anthropologists and historians have found far more societies where [[homosexuality]] is prohibited, than societies in which [[pedosexuality]] suffers similar censure. Many encourage intergenerational sex for various reasons. Due to ongoing Westernisation and cultural imperialism, much of what is listed here may already be consigned to [[Research: Intergenerational Relationships in History|history]] (see, for example, [https://web.archive.org/web/20220225124148/https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/j.chc.2004.02.001 Nieto (2004), for an anthropological review]).

==GUS, a world atlas: Growing Up Sexually==

The range and detail of accounts involved in this page will only serve as a brief demonstration of non-western diversity in intergenerational relationships. Many examples from anthropology involve [[Sexual rites of passage]]. If readers are seeking a broader, more detailed and integrated study, they may find [[Diederik Janssen]]'s [http://www.sexarchive.info/GESUND/ARCHIV/GUS/GUS_MAIN_INDEX.HTM ''Growing Up Sexually''] ([http://www.sexarchive.info/GESUND/ARCHIV/GUS/GROWINGUPSEXUALLY1.ZIP entire Vol 1] in zipped PDF) more appropriate, or ''[https://greek-love.com/ Greek Love: Pederasty throughout the ages]'', re. homosexuality.

==Americas==

===Pirahã (Brazil)===

*'''Daniel Everett (2008). [https://books.feedvu.com/fullbook/dont-sleep-there-are-snakes-life-and-language-in-the-amazonian-jungle-pdf-2.html?page=16&part=1 ''Dont Sleep, There Are Snakes: Life and Language in the Amazonian Jungle'']. Chapter 16 of 34.'''
*:"Relations between men and women and boys and girls, whether married or not, are always cordial and often marked by light to heavy flirting. Sexually it is the same. So long as children are not forced or hurt, there is no prohibition against their participating in sex with adults. I remember once talking to Xisaoxoi, a Pirahã man in his late thirties, when a nine- or ten-year-old girl was standing beside him. As we talked, she rubbed her hands sensually over his chest and back and rubbed his crotch area through his thin, worn nylon shorts. Both were enjoying themselves. “What’s she doing?” I asked superfluously. “Oh, she’s just playing. We play together. When she’s big she will be my wife” was his nonchalant reply—and, indeed, after the girl went through puberty, they were married."

* '''Daniel Everett (2016). ''Dark matter of the mind : the culturally articulated unconscious.'' Chapter 3'''
::"Pirahã young people begin to engage sexually, though apparently not in full intercourse, from early on. Touching and being touched seem to be common for Pirahã boys and girls from about seven years of age on. They are all sexually active by puberty, with older men and women frequently initiating younger girls and boys, respectively. There is no evidence that the children then or as adults find this pedophilia the least bit traumatic."

===Pilagá (Argentina)===

*'''Jules Henry and Zunia Henry (1944). [https://library.lol/main/2C825BAA5B73830492464813AF34FEC4 ''Doll Play of Pilagá Indian Children. An Experimental and Field Analysis of the Behavior of the Pilagá Indian Children'']. (American Orthopsychiatric Association), p. 72.'''
*:'''Note:''' The study explores the use of dolls among Pilagá children, including in a sexual context.
*:"Where children can see the adult sexual act, where sexual conversations and gestures are perfectly open, and child life is untrammeled by sexual taboos, it is reasonable to expect that the children should experiment with their sexual apparatus and attempt to imitate adult sexual behavior. This is the case among the Pilagá. Considering the extent of child knowledge about sex and the age at which this knowledge becomes articulate - 3 years - intercourse in the Pilagá household must not only be visible to the children, but carried on with little if any attempt to conceal the act from them. Absolutely no prohibition is placed on child sexual activity by the adults, so that the children are at liberty to do what they please. Under such circumstances the only limits to the child's sexual activity are his physiological capacities and the tolerance of his companions. [...] [S]ex is a strong and constant interest of Pilagá children."

=== Yucatan ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"In field work, Williams (1992) found pederastic behavior still common in late twentieth century Yucatan."

=== Zapotecs (Mexico) ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Boys entering puberty commonly had sexual relations with men. Source: Williams (1992)"

=== Various Indian tribes (southern Mexico) ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Married men would adopt an adolescent boy, who was proud to have been chosen and saw it an honor to be the man’s lover; the boy would help the wife, her children, and the household, and would take a boy of his own when later an adult and married. Source: Ross (1991)"

==Australia==
===Tiwi===
*'''Davenport, William H. (1992). [https://www.newgon.net/wiki/File:Davenport_chapter.pdf Adult-Child Sexual Relations in Cross-Cultural Perspective], in W. O'Donohue & J. H. Geer (Eds.), ''The sexual abuse of children: Theory and research'' (Vol. 1, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 73-80), pp. 76-77.'''
*:"The best ethnographic description of this type of [gerontocratic] marriage is by Jane Goodale (1971) in her account of the Tiwi who live on Melville Island, North Australia. Betrothals of first marriages of most females are made even before those females are concieved. In fact, such a marriage contract is made when the as-yet-to-be-concieved girl's mother commences menstruation. [...] Once the marriage contract is made, the husband-to-be, who is an adult, works with his future mother and father-in-law as a member of that family, with the expectation that when a daughter is born to them, she will be given to him as a wife. There is no fixed chronological age at which the young girl is given to her designated husband, but it occurs after she is able to take on some household and other economic responsibilities, but well before her first menstruation. For the Tiwi she is still a child, albeit and older child. When her father decides that she is mature enough, the young girl is merely taken to her husband and instructed to reside and sleep with him. This is not an abrupt change [...] for the husband has been a part of the same family camp for some time, and the young wife is still surrounded by those with whom she has always lived. Goodale describes the process:
*::''Soon after the ''alinga'' [young girl] moves to her husband's fire he begins her sexual instruction. From all accounts this appears to be a very gradual process. He begins by deflowering her with his finger, and perhaps only after a year does he have actual intercourse with her. Sexual intercourse is considered by the Tiwi to be the direct and only cause of breast formation, growth of pubic and auxillary hair, menarche, and subsequent menstrual periods. (1971, p. 45)."'' [Jane Carter Goodale (1971) Tiwi wives: a study of the women of Melville Island, North Australia]
*:"versions of this marriage were once found among many Australian Aborigine groups (Berndt & Berndt, 1951; Gale, 1970; Kaberry, 1939; Rose, 1960). From our ethnocentric [i.e. Western] perspective, one of the most notable aspects [...] is the absence of trauma". (p. 77).

*'''Jane C. Goodale (1962) "Marriage Contracts among the Tiwi." ''Ethnology'', Vol. 1, No. 4'''
::"A Tiwi male will rarely acquire a wife through any form of contract before the age of 30. A bestowed wife, one who is promised before birth and becomes a cohabiting wife before puberty, is a valuable prestige symbol, but difficult to acquire. Thus a young man will frequently start his household with the acquisition of a less valuable but more easily obtainable type of wife, i.e., a widow, often of advanced age."
::"[I]t is acknowledged by Tiwi women as an inflexible "rule" governing their first marriage before puberty to a man whom they describe as "the one who grew me up, treated me like a father, and made me a woman." "
::"[O]n the average, the promised daughter will be born ten years from the date of the contract, i.e., when both the mother and the son-in-law are about twenty years old. The young girl will not become a cohabiting wife for approximately another eight or ten years, at which time her promised husband will be at least 28 to 30 years of age. Thus an average difference of twenty years between the ages of a girl and her first husband is to be expected"

*'''Goodale, J. C. (1971). Tiwi wives: A study of the women of Melville Island, North Australia.'''
::“A man will not receive a contract for a wife of any type until he reaches the age of ten to twenty. At this age he may receive a wife who has been previously married”

=== Aranda ===
*'''Ford, C. S., & Beach, F. A. (1951). Patterns of sexual behavior. ''Harper & Brothers.'''''
::"Among many of the aborigines of Australia this type of coitus is a recognized custom between unmarried men and uninitiated boys. Strehlow writes of the Aranda as follows: ''"... Pederasty is a recognized custom.... Commonly a man, who is fully initiated but not yet married, takes a boy ten or twelve years old, who lives with him as a wife for several years, until the older man marries.[...]"''(Strehlow, 1915, p. 98.)"

*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Typically, an unmarried [Aranda] man (late teens) would take a boy from 10 to 12 years old to be his wife and live with him for several years until he (the older partner) got married to a woman. Aside from sex, the man served as the boy’s mentor (e.g., in hunting). Sources: Strehlow (1913–15)"

=== Nambutji ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Every boy became a boy-wife to a man, who circumcised the boy and whose daughter became the boy’s wife when he reached adulthood. In the intervening time, the man and boy were homosexually involved. Source: Roheim (1945)"

==Melanesia==
Melanesian societies have normalized the consumption of semen by prepubescent/pubescent boys. This is thought to be in aid of their maturation and future status as warriors. Semen is received via oral or anal sex with an older adolescent boy or man. Relationships are said to be not only formal but often free-flowing and affectionate (for example among the Sambia of New-Guinea). There are many separate groups with distinct languages in Melanesia (about 1000). There is no evidence of institutional intergenerational sexual practice for most of them, partly due to anthropologists have often avoided studying sexuality because of their own moral constraints. Yet evidence of such practices (that vary greatly in form) has been obtained for at least 29 different Melanesian societies (with additional 19 related groups) described in the comprehensive volume ''Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia''<ref>Herdt, G. H. (Ed.). (1984). Ritualized homosexuality in Melanesia. ''University of California Press.available via [[Help:Research_Resources#Information_Freedom_Companions|option 2]]</ref> (see table 1.1, chapter 1)

::I. Eastern insular Melanesia: Fiji; New Caledonia; New Hebrides: Malekula Island.

::II. Northeastern insular Melanesia: New Britain; Duke-of-Yorks; East Bay.

::III. Western Papua: Lower Fly River: Kiwai Island, including Bugilai; Trans-Fly Delta: Keraki; Suki; Boadzi. (Related social units: Karigare, Yarne, Kaunje, Wekamara.)

::IV. Southeastern Irian Jaya: Kanum; Yéi-anim; Marind-anim; Kimam, Frederik Hendrik Island; Jaquai. (Related social units: Maklew-anim, Yab-anim, Kurkari-anim.)

::V. Northeastern Irian Jaya: Asmat; Casuarina Coast; Humboldt Bay.

::VI. Great Papuan Plateau: Bedamini; Etoro; Kaluli; Onabasalu; Gebusi, Nomad River.

::VII. Anga (Kukukuku): Sambia; Baruya; Jeghuje; Other Highlands Anga groups; Lowlands Anga groups. (Related social units: Usarumpiu, Wantukiu, Aziana, Lohiki, Kapau, Ivori, Mbwei, Yagwoia, Ampale, Langamar, Menya, Katje.)

::VIII. Northern Province: Ai’i.

History/evolution:
*'''[[Gilbert Herdt|Herdt, G. H.]] (Ed.). (1984). Ritualized homosexuality in Melanesia. ''University of California Press.'''''
::"The accumulating evidence indicates that we are not only confronted in these Melanesian cultures with similar cultural and ecological systems; I propose that we are also faced with an ancient ritual complex that diffused through a vast area of lowland and fringe-area Melanesia, perhaps 10,000 years ago or less. [...] Left unchecked by Western pacification or colonialization, what would the long-term evolution of these marginal populations have been? Perhaps homosexual practices might have contributed to their extinction, but we cannot be certain of this possibility: if one accepts the assumption of ancient migrations and ritual practices, these groups had flourished for generations." (pp. 48, 58-59)

::"(RH [Ritualized Homosexuality]) groups tend to use initiation as the social mechanism for recruitment to their ritual cults and to the village-based warriorhood corps as well. Survival and social reproduction of communities depend upon the warriorhood, and initiation means introduction to homosexual activity. It also brings with it adult, masculine socialization, through successive ceremonies and related achievements. Thus homosexuality is linked to what are essentially military and age-graded organizations." (p.60) (this is in line with [[Research: Evolutionary_Perspectives_on_Intergenerational_Sexuality#Mentorship-Bonding/Enculturation-Alliance Hypothesis|Evolutionary Mentorship-Bonding/Enculturation-Alliance Hypothesis]]

Often, when speaking about institutionalized intergenerational sexuality, anthropologists and publicists emphasize that there only adolescents involved in this, but they miss the fact that pedophilia is also institutionalized in many cultures (not only Melanesian):
*'''[[Gilbert Herdt|Herdt, G. H.]] (Ed.). (1984). Ritualized homosexuality in Melanesia. ''University of California Press.'''''
::"An important and ignored aspect of initiation in (RH) [ritualized homosexuality] groups is that it frequently occurs before puberty, often as early as middle to late childhood (e.g., Marind-anim, Sambia, Keraki, etc.). Elsewhere I have argued that this young age is psychologically necessary for the radical resocialization [from the female wing of the society] into, and eventual sex-role dramatization expected of, adult men (Herdt 1981, 1982cf . Mead 1949; Young 1965)." (p.60)

* '''Money, J. (1990). Pedophilia: A Specific Instance of New Phylism Theory as Applied to Paraphilic Lovemaps. In: Feierman, J.R. (eds) [https://libgen.is/book/index.php?md5=3CA15750CD7EC06C3052B55B5E16C76D Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions]. Springer, New York, NY. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_18'''
*:"The cultural tradition of pedophilia may belong not just to a small enclave of a population but also to an entire community, as in the case of various tribal peoples scattered across the Pacific in Melanesia and New Guinea (Herdt, 1984). The Sambia of the New Guinea Highlands (Herdt, 1981) are such a tribe. Their ancient customs as fierce head-hunting warriors survived European contact until after World War II. According to their folklore concerning their children, a boy could not become a warrior if he stayed living with women and children after age 8. So, he was taken into the men's longhouse to remain in the company of males only, there to be subjected to the rituals of indoctrination and initiation. As a baby, he had been nourished by woman's milk. As a juvenile, he would have to be nourished with men's milk so that his body would mature in the way that maturation occurs during puberty. It was an obligation of youths still too young to be married not to waste their semen but to have it sucked out of their penises by the prepubertal boys who, once able to ejaculate themselves, would nourish those still younger. At age 19, the age of marriage, their two-way experience of androphilic pedophilia would cease, and their lives would become heterosexual with an adult partner."
*:"The universal male/male pedophilia of the Sambia demonstrates the sexological plasticity of the human organism and the making of pedophilia into the social norm."

There are societies with girls and women participating in intergenerational sexual practices (but ritualized homosexuality is absent):
*'''Janssen, D.F. (2002). "[http://www.sexarchive.info/GESUND/ARCHIV/GUS/NEW_GUINEAWEB.HTM Papua New Guinea]," ''Growing Up Sexually, Volume I: World Reference Atlas''.'''
*:"Berndt (1962:p91): “As babies and small children their genitalia are fondled”. Mothers caress “the fleshy parts of [the infant's] body [...] and implanting breathy kisses over and over again in the region of its genital organs” (Hogbin, 1943:p298). Genital touching by older people was also noted by among the Marind-anim (Van Baal, 1966; cf. Money and Ehrhardt, 1973 [1996:p132]). Gillison (1993:p176) describes the process of masturbating infants among the Gimi:
*::The mother insists upon continued contact, interrupting her toddler's play repeatedly to offer the breast. Masturbation [...] with a baby girl [occurs when] the mother or amau holds her hand over the vulva and shakes it vigorously. She may kiss the vagina [sic], working her way up the middle of the body to the lips and then inserting her nipple (often when the child has given no sign of discontent). With a boy, she kisses the penis, pulls at it with her fingers and takes it into her mouth to induce an erection. Several women may pass a baby boy back and forth, each one holding him over her head as she takes a turn sucking or holding the penis in her mouth. When the child then pulls at his own organ, the women, greatly amused, offer squeezes and pulls of their own."

The Trobrianders of Papua New Guinea<ref>[http://libgen.is/book/index.php?md5=2E76D290FDCC06180F125CAF7336B2C0 Weiner, Annette B. (1988). ''The Trobrianders of Papua New Guinea.'' United States of America: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. ISBN 9780030119194]</ref> have received attention in the Western Media for sexual customs in infancy and adolescence that confuse morally conflicted Westerners:<ref>[https://medium.com/the-story-in-history/the-culture-where-children-as-young-as-six-years-are-sexualized-d7afef2d2985 The Culture Where Children as Young as Six Years are Sexualized]</ref>
:<blockquote>Popularly referred to as “The Islands of Love”, the Trobriand Islands are a 174-square-miles group of islands on the east coast of New Guinea. The people are indigenous matrilineal people with a population of 12,000. ''[...]'' In the Trobriand culture, children aren’t allowed the chance to be just children. They are groomed to lose their innocence and start acting like adults at a very young age. By the age of six, they start participating in erotic games with each other. They start engaging in seductive activities. Their little girls are expected to start looking and acting sexy to attract little boys as well as older men. Then, by the time they turn 10, they are expected to start having sexual intercourse with as many sexual partners as they will. Since they are a matrilineal culture, the Trobriand woman has the right to have as many sexual partners as she pleases. And their primitive way of dressing doesn’t make it any harder to engage in sexual intercourse at will.</blockquote>

But mostly intergenerational male homosexuality:
*'''Jan N. Bremmer (2021) [https://www.amazon.com/Becoming-Man-Ancient-Greece-Rome/dp/3161590082 Becoming a Man in Ancient Greece and Rome. Essays on Myths and Rituals of Initiation.]'''(available via [[Help:Research_Resources#Information_Freedom_Companions|Option 2]])
::"This description [''see Williams' above''] is confirmed by more recent anthropological studies [See especially the many studies of [[Gilbert Herdt|G. Herdt]]] [...] the following points should be noted as important features: (1) we have here a case of pederasty, which should not be confused with modern homosexuality, as both initiators and novices normally marry afterwards; (2) the active pederasts are the novices of the previous initiation, and it may be of importance to note that it is these novices who usually play a prominent role in upholding discipline during the initiation; finally, (3) copulation, in which the novice is always the passive partner, takes place anally."

*'''Knauft, Bruce M. (1987). "Homosexuality in Melanesia," ''Journal of Psychoanalytic Anthropology'', 10, 155-91.'''
*:Melanesian boys "coquettishly initiated" homosexuality with grown men. Relationships were "grounded in personal affection rather than obligation".

=== Big Nambas (Malekula Island) ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Society had rampant warfare, chiefs had near monopoly on women; father chose man to circumcise his son; this man then became boy’s “husband,” and the boy his “wife;” intercourse believed to strengthen boy’s penis; relationship was very close; boy followed the man everywhere, participating with him in daily chores; man was intensely jealous if other men took interest in the boy; if man or boy died, the other would mourn deeply; some men were so deeply homosexual in affections that they would seldom have intercourse with their wives, preferring the boy; every chief had several boy lovers. Sources: Herdt (1993); Layard (1942)"

*'''Herdt, G. H. (1997). Same sex, different cultures: Exploring gay and lesbian lives. Westview Press.'''
::"The tentative and sketchy reports of institutionalized same-gender relations between females that we do have make it difficult to give depth and meaning to the practice, such as among the famous Big Nambas society of the New Hebrides (now Vanuatu; see Deacon 1934). In that case higher-ranking women could take younger girls as sexual partners in a kind of ritualized practice that bears comparison to the male practice, but obviously without the emphasis on semen transmission."

=== East Bay Islanders ===
*'''Davenport, William H. (1992). [https://www.newgon.net/wiki/File:Davenport_chapter.pdf Adult-Child Sexual Relations in Cross-Cultural Perspective], in W. O'Donohue & J. H. Geer (Eds.), ''The sexual abuse of children: Theory and research'' (Vol. 1, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 73-80), pp. 76-77.'''
::"[I]n a society called East Bay, where I did some ethnography of sexual behavior (Davenport 1965), formerly, there had been a pattern of male homosexuality in which some older men often took, always with consent from their fathers, nonrelated boys as relatively permanent, passive sexual partners for anal intercourse. From a cultural perspective, the boys were understood to be substitutes for females, not homosexual partners as our culture would define them. In fact, the culture of East Bay did not recognize — that is, had no cultural category for — intimate male homosexual relationships as something separate from those involving women. A boy, rather than a man, was selected, because a boy was a minor, without an independent legal status separate from his father’s, hence he could be told what to do. Women in East Bay society also were minors in this legal sense. But the crux of the matter was that the passive homosexual role was not considered to be in any way damaging to a boy’s psychosexual development. Moreover, such a close association with an elder man, who was expected to be gentle, generous, and indulgent, could have a positive effect on the boy’s development. If, however, the elder man did not fulfill these role expectations, he would find himself accused of mistreatment, that is, abusing the boy, and, therefore, in serious trouble with the boy’s father and other senior male relatives who were responsible for his well-being."

*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Nearly every male engaged in extensive homosex; men had sexual relations with boys (7 to 11); it was obligatory to give boy presents in return; the boys discussed these contacts freely and without shame in presence of parents, friends. Upon marriage, only a few men became exclusive heterosexuals; most continued to have sex with boys as well; only one man in the study preferred exclusively boys. Source: Davenport (1965)"

=== Keraki, Trans-Fly Delta ===
*'''Ford, C. S., & Beach, F. A. (1951). Patterns of sexual behavior. ''Harper & Brothers.'''''
::"Keraki bachelors of New Guinea universally practice sodomy, and in the course of his puberty rites each boy is initiated into anal intercourse by the older males. After his first year of playing the passive role he spends the rest of his bachelorhood sodomizing the newly initiated."

*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"[Keraki] All boys were sodomized for about a year, seen as essential for their development; adult informants repeatedly answered, when asked whether they submitted as boys, “Why yes! Otherwise how should I have grown?” Bachelors saw some boys as more attractive, gave them more attention; they sodomized boys until marriage, then engaged mostly in heterosex, but continued to have relations with boys on occasion. Source: Williams (1936)"

*'''Williams, F.E. (1969) Papuans of the Trans-Fly. ''Oxford'''''
::"It is actually regarded as essential to the growing boy to be sodomized.[...] In the meantime it is enough to note that every male adult in the Morehead district has in his time constantly played both parts in this perversion. The boy is initiated to it at the bull-roarer ceremony [...] When he becomes adolescent his part is reversed and he may then sodomize his juniors, the new initiates to the bull-roarer."
::"Gambadi informants describe the initial occasion more vividly. The father bids his son stoop to drink at a pool and as he does so catches him at a disadvantage. [...] It is to be noted that nowadays boys are not sodomized by their own fathers. The restriction of moiety exogamy is observed in sodomy as it is in marriage [...]"

=== Marind-anim ===
*'''[[Gilbert Herdt|Herdt, G. H.]] (Ed.). (1984). Ritualized homosexuality in Melanesia. ''University of California Press.'''''
::"[R]itualized anal homosexual practices are institutionalized on a widespread scale throughout the entire Marind area. [...]. Homosexual anal intercourse is begun in male initiation for boys between the ages of seven and fourteen years (Van Baal 1966:143-144). Afterward, boys live in the men's clubhouse for some six years, avoiding females and regularly engaging in anal intercourse." (pp. 25-25)
::"This transition happens when the first signs of approaching puberty become apparent. He is then made an aroi-patur, literally a black boy. His body is blackened all over, and a mother's brother is appointed to act as his mentor, his binahor-iather. The meaning of the word binahor is uncertain, but it probably refers to the mentor's main function, that of being the boy's pederast who, by "feeding" the boy anally, contributes to his physical growth." (p. 132)

*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Upon reaching puberty, a boy moved in with a mentor and his wife; he assisted the mentor in gardening, hunting, and other chores; their relation was sexual and lasted about seven years until boy’s later marriage; bond between them was extremely strong; the sexual contacts seemed to contribute to the strength of this bond; insemination was regarded as helpful to boy’s growth. Source: Van Baal (1966)"

=== Kimam / Kolepom papuans: ===
*'''[[Gilbert Herdt|Herdt, G. H.]] (Ed.). (1984). Ritualized homosexuality in Melanesia. ''University of California Press.'''''
::"The age at which [Kimam] boys enter the bachelor's house varies considerably in all villages, since it is dependent upon the simultaneous celebration of the final feast for a dead person. On this occasion a number of boys of varying ages, from about ten to fourteen years, are admitted. (Sometimes the boys are even younger.) [...] At his entry into the cult house, the boy is placed under the charge and guidance of a mentor who is designated as his "adoptive father." This man is supposed to have regular homosexual intercourse with the boy to make him strong with the semen that is inserted into his body through anal intercourse. In the western villages, there is no doubt that the adoptive father is mother's younger brother [...] They help each other in planting and harvesting, and they share food. A sister's son displays a conspicuous lack of respect toward his MB, even when there is a substantial difference in age. They play all sorts of pranks on each other, at which neither of them does or should get angry." (p. 300, 304)

::girls:
::"The first reports of missionaries and government officials mention the custom of "testing" sexually the marriageable [Kimam] girls. According to informants, the intention was to see whether the girls could stand the test. If they felt ill after intercourse, it was proof that they were not yet suited for marriage. It is possible that this trial took place during the promiscuous sexual intercourse of the ndambu festival.[...] When, for instance, an epidemic strikes the village and causes many deaths, as often happens, promiscuous heterosexual intercourse involving as many people as possible is organized in the village to collect large amounts of semen (probably by coitus interruptus). According to the information collected in the village of Bamol, very young girls are preferably selected for this sexual intercourse. [...] The first missionaries were in a better position to estimate the approximate age of the girls. They regularly made mention of schoolgirls who, for days on end, did not attend the mission school because they were sick after intercourse with a number of mature men. In his diary, Father Thieman (n.d.) mentions a number of girls (with names and exact age) who took part in sexual intercourse when they were no older than eight." (pp. 301, 304, 308)

=== Bedamini===
*'''[[Gilbert Herdt|Herdt, G. H.]] (Ed.). (1984). Ritualized homosexuality in Melanesia. ''University of California Press.'''''
::“Bedamini, like the Marind-anim (Van Baal 1966:817), consider semen the essence of life. [...] Immature boys do not possess semen, and they can mature only through the intervention of their seniors. Behind this conception is also the assumption that weakness in males will ensue from too much association with women, in particular through sexual intercourse. Boys have been breast-fed and have spent their first years in a predominantly female sphere of influence. The solution to this dilemma is to supply the boys with semen from the age of eight to ten years. The insemination is managed orally, by having the boys manipulate and suck the penes of young unmarried men, an activity referred to as sibi. The young man who will be a boy's inseminator is selected by the boy's father, and he must belong to the opposite moiety, that is, to a group with whom the boy's clan intermarries.” (pp. 322-323)

=== Etoro ===
*'''[[Gilbert Herdt|Herdt, G. H.]] (Ed.). (1984). Ritualized homosexuality in Melanesia. ''University of California Press.'''''
::"The Etoro achieve this [semen transmission] through oral intercourse, the Kaluli through anal intercourse, and the Onabasulu through masturbation and smearing of the semen over the bodies of the initates [...] The Kaluli are traditional enemies of the Etoro, and the Etoro particularly revile them for their initiatory practices which are regarded as totally disgusting. (The feeling is probably mutual.) [...] Among the Etoro, "a youth is continually inseminated from about age ten until he reaches his early mid-twenties" (Kelly 1976:45). [...] Kaluli initiation and homosexual activities, in contrast, seem more truncated: [...] When a boy is eleven or twelve years old, he is engaged for several months in homosexual intercourse with a healthy older man chosen by his father. [...] (Schieffelin 1976:124)" (pp. 34- 35)

*'''Anitei, Stefan (2007). "[http://news.softpedia.com/news/How-to-Drink-Sperm-to-Become-a-Strong-Man-67804.shtml How to Drink Sperm to Become a Strong Man]," Softpedia, October 6.'''
*:"This power is transmitted between the members of the [Etoro] tribe by means of sex. That's why young boys, even at the age of 12, get it from the sperm of the older males. The boy gets "power" orally by a young man assigned to be his partner. Few years later, the teenager is formally involved in relationships with many male sex partners, after which he turns into an "inseminator" from an "inseminee.""

=== Kaluli ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"[Kaluli] From 8 to 28, males resided in sex-segregated hunting lodge; daily, boys accompanied older males on grueling hunting trips, learning essentials of the practice; at 10 or 11, a boy’s father chose for him an older male to inseminate him for months or years; some boys chose their own inseminator; insemination thought essential for growth. Men looked back on youth in hunting lodge with nostalgic excitement, zest; remembered continual hunting, growth-stimulating insemination, ritual discipline, unity of purpose, vigorous manly ethos as highlight of their lives; whole practice was one of prestige for them. Tradition ended in 1960s by colonial administration and missionaries, who policed against it. Source: Schieffelin (1982)"

===Gebusi===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"[Gebusi] Boys in early adolescence “coquettishly” initiated sexual relations with older, unrelated males. As with the Sambia, the belief was that insemination grew the boys into men. The sexual relations were based on personal affection rather than obligation. Sources: Herdt (1991, 1997)"

=== Sambia ===

*'''[[Gilbert Herdt|Herdt, G. H.]] (Ed.). (1984). Ritualized homosexuality in Melanesia. ''University of California Press.'''''
::"Male development and masculinization after childhood are the responsibility of the men's secret cult and its initiation system. This cult is organized and perpetuated by the confederacy of hamlets. Boys are initiated at seven to ten years of age, when they are separated from their mothers, natal households, and younger siblings. [...] Sambia practice secret homosexual fellatio, which is taught and instituted in first-stage initiation. Boys learn to ingest semen from older youths through oral sexual contacts. First- and second-stage initiates may only serve as fellators; they are forbidden to reverse erotic roles with older partners. Third-stage pubescent bachelors and older youths thus act as fellateds, inseminating prepubescent boys. All males pass through both erotic stages, being first fellators, then fellateds: there are no exceptions since all Sambia males are initiated and pressured to engage in homosexual fellatio." (pp. 172-173)

*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"[Sambia] Boys between 7 and 10 taken into men’s society; until age 14 fellated older bachelors up to age 25; semen viewed necessary for growth to be strong warrior; after age 25, most men stopped being semen “donors” to get married (some men continued who preferred boys); relations were not just duty for the boys, who were often complicit in arousing bachelors through bawdy enthusiasm; as boys matured, they tended to express more desire for insemination, became more aggressive in soliciting it. Sources: Herdt (1991, 1997)"

*'''Review of [[Gilbert Herdt]]'s famous fieldwork on the Sambia (by [[Walter L. Williams]] as quoted in our page on Herdt):'''
*:"Between the ages of about seven and thirteen, boys are taken from the maternal household and placed in a separate boys' house away from the village. For a period of several months to several years, depending on the culture, boys avoid all contact with females as they are prepared for manhood in elaborate initiations. It is the social duty of men to plant sperm in boys in order for them to grow. In some societies this is done by the boy performing oral sex upon the man, in others by him receiving anal intercourse, or in others by having the sperm rubbed on his body. The sexual act must always be with the boy receiving the older male's semen. To reverse roles is considered damaging to the boy's growth."

*'''Davenport, William H. (1992). [https://www.newgon.net/wiki/File:Davenport_chapter.pdf Adult-Child Sexual Relations in Cross-Cultural Perspective], in W. O'Donohue & J. H. Geer (Eds.), ''The sexual abuse of children: Theory and research'' (Vol. 1, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 73-80), pp. 76-77.'''
*:"The best description of these patterns, by Herdt (1982, 1987) is with a people the author calls the Sambia. In brief, the pattern is as follows:
*::''Seven-to-ten-year-old Sambia boys are taken from their mothers when first initiated into the male cult, and thereafter experience the most powerful and seductive homosexual fellatio activities. For some ten to fifteen years, they engage in these practices on a daily basis, first as fellator, and then as fellated. Elders teach that semen is absolutely vital: it should be consumed daily since the creation of biological maleness and the maintenance of masculinity depend upon it. Hence, from middle childhood untul puberty, boys should perform fellatio on older youths.''

:::''Near puberty the same initiates become dominant youths. Ritual helps remake their social and erotic identity, the bachelors becoming the fellated partners for a new crop of ritual novices. ... [editor's quote extension from Herdt, G. H. (1987). "Guardians of the flutes: Idioms of masculinity" : "abundant evidence indicates that most youths also experience them as pleasurable and erotically exciting"] Yet, in spite of this formidable background, the final outcome is exclusive heterosexuality—of a particular form. Youths eventually become sexually attracted to women. At marriage (c. sixteen to twenty-five years of age), they may even act as true bisexuals, for a time. With fatherhood, however, homosexuality should cease; thereafter men should engage only in heterosexual activities. (Herdt 1987, pp. 2-3)''"

*'''Hyena, Hank (1999). "[http://web.archive.org/web/20131002090633/http://gettingit.com/article/56 Semen Warriors Of New Guinea]," Gettingit.com, September 16.'''
*:"Although many boys tremble initially ("I felt afraid... the penises were enormous," recalls Kalutuo, a Sambian from the Eastern Highlands) they all adjust quickly, because they believe semen is an elixir for manhood."

*'''Janssen, D.F. (2002). "[http://www.sexarchive.info/GESUND/ARCHIV/GUS/NEW_GUINEAWEB.HTM Papua New Guinea]," ''Growing Up Sexually, Volume I: World Reference Atlas''.'''
*:"...the “Sambia” value male-virgin contacts (1984:p177), while “sexual partners are perceived as having more “heat” and being more exciting the younger they are. A second factor is reciprocity: the more asymmetrical the sexual partners (youth/boy), the more erotic play seems to culturally define their contact” [sic]. Against the background of an utterly phallocentric ideology on the androtrophic properties of semen, “Sambia” prepubertal boys (7-12, on average 8.5) fellate post-pubertal adolescents to ejaculation in order to grow and turn seminarchic themselves, so that they may reverse roles. The boys do not have orgasms, and might have “vicarious erotic pleasure as indicated by erections” only “near puberty” ([[Gilbert Herdt|Herdt]] and Stoller, 1990:p70-1)."

==Polynesia==

===Marquesas Islands===
For a range of sources on the Marquesas Islands, [[#Excerpt_Graphic_Library | see gallery below]], primarily ''Marquesan sexual behavior'' by Robert C. Suggs.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/marquesansexualb0000sugg/mode/2up Marquesan sexual behavior by Suggs, Robert C.]</ref>

*'''Martinson, Floyd M. (1973). ''[http://www.ipce.info/booksreborn/martinson/infant/InfantAndChildSexuality.html Infant and Child Sexuality: A Sociological Perspective]''. The Book Mark.'''
*:"Sex play was common practice from the earliest ages among the Marquesa and not only tolerated but encouraged. (Kardiner, 1939, p. 205-206). They recognized the erotic impulse in childhood and accorded it the right of free exercise. They eroticized the child by masturbating it to keep it quiet. In the case of the girls, labia were manipulated as a placebo, but also to encourage the growth of large labia, which to the Marquesans was a mark of beauty. Such activity was, no doubt, also erotically stimulating. There was social recognition of all sexual activity in childhood, and there were no restrictions against encouragement to exercise it freely; it was allocated the same place in the child's world that it occupied in the adult's."

*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Adolescent boys frequently had sex with each other. Married men rarely had homosex, but would when conditions prevented heterosexual intercourse; they preferred boys for this purpose, whose bodies they said were soft, like females; contacts with boys were casual, fleeting, and without stigma. Source: Suggs (1966)"

===Hawaii===
*'''Janssen, D.F. (2002). "[http://www.sexarchive.info/GESUND/ARCHIV/GUS/HAWAII.HTM Hawaii]," ''Growing Up Sexually, Volume I: World Reference Atlas''.'''
*:"Karsch-Haack, (1901) stated that according to Richard Neuhauss, Hawai’ian “girls of 12 to 14 years are generally virgins no more and acts of impurity of father with daughter are no rarity[6] [...] For infant females in Hawai’i, “milk was squirted into her vagina, and the labia were pressed together (Diamond, 1990). The mons [veneris] was rubbed with kukui (candlenut) oil and pressed with the palm of the hand to flatten it and make it less prominent. The molding continued until the labia did not separate. This chore usually was done by the mother or by an “aunt” [...]”. The buttocks of infants, males more than females, were molded so that they became “rounded and not flat”, also clearly evolving from an aesthetic motive. A “blower” is designated for each male infant, ostensibly to prepare him for subincision of the foreskin: “the penis was blown into daily starting from birth. The blowing was said to loosen and balloon the foreskin [and] continued daily [...] until the young male was 6 or 7”, when penile subincision takes place. Diamond reports: “Individuals of both sexes were expected to initiate and participate in coitus at puberty, although sexual activity, play, instruction, and so forth occurred much earlier. For instance, as part of exploratory play, the young investigated each other’s genitals, and young males and females might masturbate each other heterosexually or homosexually. This activity occurred without adult disapproval, and it was considered to be an introduction to adulthood. Casual intercourse before adolescence was not an uncommon experience for males (Handy and Pukui, 1958) and females (Pukui, Haertig and Lee, 1972)"

*'''Milton Diamond. (2004 [1990]). [https://www.hawaii.edu/PCSS/biblio/articles/2000to2004/2004-sexual-behavior-in-pre-contact-hawaii.html Sexual Behavior in Pre Contact Hawai'i: A Sexological Ethnography]. Published in: ''Revista Española del Pacifico''. 16: 37-58.'''
*:"Sex training was direct and firsthand. Young individuals learned of coitus and sex play from instruction, direct observation, and practice. As they slept in the family house (hale noa), they observed their parents having coitus. "Public privacy" among the Mangaian Islanders, as it was described by Marshall (1971, p. 108), probably is similar to the "privacy" that was found in Hawai'i and elsewhere in Polynesia: "[A Mangaian may copulate], at any age, in the single room of a hut that contains from five to fifteen family members of all ages — as have his ancestors before him. His daughter may receive and make love with each of her varied nightly suitors in the same room."
*:The young observed dogs, pigs, and other animals mating, and these activities were discussed openly with parents or other adults. Parturition was not a secret event and was well attended by the young and by adults, all of whom observed traditions that included the washing and burying of the placenta and, usually, the disposing of the umbilical cord (Pukui, Haertig and Lee, 1972, p. 16; Handy and Pukui, 1958, p. 78). The young Hawai‘ian also acquired sex education in day-by-day exposure to precepts, practices, and attitudes concerning sex. Traditionally, ... childish curiosity about sex was satisfied, with neither guilt nor shame instilled” (Pukui, Haertig, and Lee, 1972, p. 249). [...] Ellis (1782, Vol. 2, p. 153) wrote of sexual expression in Oceania: "The ladies are very lavish of their favors ... and some of their attachments seemed purely the effects of affection. They are initiated into this way of life at a very early period; we saw some, who could not be more than ten years old."
*:The time considered “right” to start coitus was not so much based on chronological age as on ability or maturity (Pukui, Haertig, and Lee, 1972, p. 78). [...] Suggs (1966) elaborated on the early sexual experiences of pubertal males with married females in their 30s and 40s in the Marquesas Islands, who “take special pains to be pleasing and patient with them ... a source of enjoyment for many Marquesan women” (p. 61). For young females of the Marquesas Islands, the first coital experience reportedly is earlier than it is for young males before menarche —and occurs unplanned with an adult male (Suggs, 1966, p. 63). [...] These adult/nonadult sexual interactions were socially approved behaviors. [...] For adults not to have given such practical education would have been unthinkable - a dereliction of duty.
*:Most important for Hawai‘ian society, the young learned of sexual humor. Among the Hawai‘ians, sex was and remains a rich source of humor and enjoyment. In everyday conversation and in song and story, it was considered to be an “art form” to speak using sexual double entendres (kaona). [...] Suggs (1966, p. 39) considered the early manifestations of infantile and childhood sexual behavior, including sexual behavior with adults, to be among the most distinguishing features of Marquesan sexual behavior. Many of the activities he described, however, are similar to activities that were present in Hawai'i and elsewhere in Oceania. Oliver (1974, pp. 458-459), for example, reported on adult/nonadult sexual behavior in Tahiti and quoted the missionary Orsmond from 1832: “In all Tahitians as well as officers who come in ships there is a cry for little girls,” and older females, when in a position to choose, preferred younger males. Marshall (1971, p. 126) described the routine early sexual encounters of young males and females in Mangaia as being with older, experienced males and females."

==Indonesia==

===Bali===
*'''Martinson, Floyd M. (1973). ''[http://www.ipce.info/booksreborn/martinson/infant/InfantAndChildSexuality.html Infant and Child Sexuality: A Sociological Perspective]''. The Book Mark.'''
*:"Among the Balinese, play and teasing with the genitals is common. A mother will pat her baby girl on the vulva and exclaim, "Pretty! Pretty!" (Bateson and Mead, 1942, p. 26, 32, 131). A boy's penis will be stroked and rubbed. After he has urinated, he will be dried by a flick of his penis. As he grows older, his penis will be pulled and stretched and ruffled, and he will often attempt to keep his balance when learning to walk by holding on to it. Babies are comforted and quieted by manipulating their genital organs. In fact, in Bali, a baby, especially a baby's genital, is a toy with which to play. There is much delight taken in stimulating and playing with the baby to watch him respond."

==South and Southeast Asia ==

=== Philippines ===
*'''[https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy-Claude_Burger Burger, G.C.] (Date unknown). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20230830163437/https://youjo.love/media/8db97b489e84f14e500046445c113066d720c1e691df6cc7934220a7b565483f.pdf The Sexual Mistake of the West].'''''
*:"Enamored of travel, he went to a different country every year, and, that year, he visited the Philippines. Not wanting to stay in the capital, he had taken the bus in order to get closer to the population. He thus found himself next to a mother who had reserved only one seat for herself and her eight-year-old daughter. The child at first amused herself by running in the central aisle and approaching the other passengers, but after three hours on the way, she began to have enough. As she was becoming more and more cranky, the mother put her on her lap and asked our gentlemen from Bordeaux if it would bother him if she put her daughter’s legs on his knees, so that the little one could sleep better. He accepted, of course, when he noticed that the mother began masturbating the child, as if it were the most natural thing in the world. You can imagine him blushing, asking himself what he should do, looking all around him to see how the other passengers would react, feeling that he would be accused of complicity in incest. But all the neighbors watched with big calm smiles, as if it were obvious, and worthy of the greatest discretion. As soon as the little girl reached orgasm, she fell asleep like an angel..."

===Khumbo (Nepal)===
*'''Diemberger, H. (1993). Blood, sperm, soul and the mountain. In T. del Valle (Ed.), [https://library.lol/main/E2340CAF82B58307F2AA3CBD3D1F97C9 ''Gendered Anthropology''] (pp. 88). Routledge.'''
*:"Caili, an energetic and sensual woman, is playing with her youngest son, Migmar. I enter the house. Caili offers me a cup of barley beer and then continues to play with Migmar who does not really want to be disturbed. He drinks some milk from the breast and plays with his erect little penis. He offers it to his mother who sucks it tenderly and then continues to chat with me. Migmar is five years old."

=== Tibet ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Monasteries had a strong reputation for master-novice sexual relations, which participants viewed without shame as they made no attempt to conceal them to Westerners upon early contacts. Prince Peter (1963)"

=== Batak (Northern Sumatra) ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"In late childhood, boys moved into all-male houses with about a dozen other boys and young men. From puberty until marriage, homosexual behavior was prescribed and constant. Pederasty and age-equal sex were both common. Sequestering the sexes ensured girls remained virgins until marriage (premarital sex for girls was highly taboo). With outside cultural contact, the tradition began to change. Money & Ehrhardt (1972)"

=== Java ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"In Ponorogo area, all-male folk dance was a major cultural institution (before 1990s); spectating men admired beauty of dancing youths; boy dancers aged 8–14, called gemblaks, often had culturally approved sex with men; interviewees who had been gemblaks all viewed the sex positively; all got married; some had long-term sexual relationships with the dance troupe directors (the Waroks). Waroks were spiritual guides, valorized by the community. Each Ponorogo village had a formalized male group for unmarried males; the group did socially constructive work for the community; heterosexual sex before marriage was disapproved, so members had sex with gemblaks; this practice was seen as benefiting the gemblaks, who got gifts, the group members, who got a sexual outlet, the community, which got good works. Under Western influence, educated Ponorogo people began seeing all this as an embarrassment (relic from an “uncivilized” past); have since worked to end the practice. Weis (1974); Williams (2011)"

==Africa==

=== Maassai (Kenya, Tanzania) ===
*'''Carles Feixa (2011). Past and present of adolescence in society: The ‘teen brain’ debate in perspective. ''Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews'', Volume 35, Issue 8'''
::"Sexual intercourse with [postpubertal] girls is admitted as long as they do not become pregnant."

=== Azande (South Sudan, Northern Congo)===
*'''Evans-Pritchard, E. E. (1970). [https://sci-hub.st/10.2307/672861 Sexual Inversion among the Azande. American Anthropologist], 72(6), 1428–1434.'''
*: "It was the custom for members of bachelor companies, some of whom would always be living in barracks at court, to take boy-wives. [...] Most young men consequently married late -- well into their twenties and thirties -- and, because girls were engaged (in a legal sense married) very young, often at birth, the only way youths could obtain satisfaction from a woman was in adultery. [...] The boys performed many of the smaller services a woman performs daily for her husband [...] Also, the boywife carried his husband's shield when on a journey. It should be understood that he performed these services lest it might be thought that the relationship was entirely of a sexual nature; it will be appreciated that it had an educational side to it. With regard to the sexual side, at night the boy slept with his lover, who had intercourse with him between his thighs (Azande expressed disgust at the suggestion of anal penetration). The boys got what pleasure they could by friction of their organs on the husband's belly or groin. However, even though there was this side to the relationship, it was clear from Zande accounts that there was also the comfort of a nightly sharing of the bed with a companion."
*: "The word "boy" (kumba gude) must, it would appear, be interpreted liberally, for as far as I could judge from what I was told the lads might have been anywhere between about twelve and twenty years of age"
*: "I have pointedly used the terms "wife,""husband," and "marriage," for, as the texts will make clear, the relationship was, for so long as it lasted, a legal union on the model of a normal marriage. The warrior paid bridewealth (some five spears or more) to the parents of his boy and performed services for them as he would have done had he married their daughter; if he proved to be a good son-in-law they might later replace the son by a daughter. Also, if another man had relations with his boy he could, I was told, sue him at court for adultery."

*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Under polygynous system, women were scarce; warriors married boys aged 12 or older; commanders might have more than one boy-wife; man and boy addressed each other with terms such as my love and my lover; boy performed wifely duties and apprenticed for man; on reaching adulthood, the boy typically joined a military company, taking a boy-wife of his own; tradition faded when practice of military service discontinued under British colonialism. Evans-Pritchard (1971); Murray & Roscoe (1998); Seligman & Seligman (1932)"

===Kadar (Nigeria)===
*'''Harris, M. [http://library.lol/main/98025ADB86EEFAF62B59DF2C3CA21CC7 ''Cultural Anthropology''] (New York: Harper and Row, 1983), p. 94.'''
*:"Among the Kadar of northern Nigeria, as reported by M. G. Smith (1968),<ref>M. G. Smith (1968). 'Secondary Marriage among Kadera and Kagoro.' In ''Marriage, Family, and Residence'', Bohannan, Paul and Middleton, J., eds. pp. 109-130. Garden City, N.Y.: Published for the American Museum of Natural History by the Natural History Press.</ref> most marriages result from infant betrothals. These matches are arranged by the fathers of the bride and groom when the girl is 3 to 6 years old. Ten years or more may elapse before the bride goes to live with her betrothed. During this time, a Kadar girl is not unlikely to become pregnant. This will disturb no one, even if the biological father is a man other than her husband:
*::''Kadar set no value on premarital chastity'' (1968, p. 113)."

=== Mossi (Burkina Faso) ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"All chiefs (ca. late nineteenth century) had large groups of pages, boys aged 8 to 15 chosen for attractiveness (some were thought to be quite beautiful); on Friday nights, because heterosexual intercourse was forbidden, a (W. chief would engage in sex with a boy instead (he could also on other nights). Upon reaching maturity, a boy Africa) was given a wife by the chief. Murray & Roscoe (1998); Tauxier (1912)"

=== Tsonga (Southern Mozambique) ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Common practice in twentieth century among native men, used as miners by colonialists, was taking boys as wives (with wedding feast, brideprice payment); boy performed domestic, sexual duties; was given presents, money in exchange; fidelity was expected; relationships were marked by intense feelings and jealousy; marriage could be terminated in divorce; some men took boy-wives home after mining, where they were accepted by men’s other wives and tribal leaders. Asked if boys desired being wives, an elderly Tsonga man answered, “Yes: for the sake of security, for the acquisition of property and for the fun itself.” A beard indicated the boy was no longer a sex object but a competitor for boys. Murray & Roscoe (1998); Wallace (2006)"

=== Bantu-Speaking Tribes (Central Africa) ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Male peer homosexual behavior was universal from puberty until age 18 or 20, and adult-youth sexual interactions were common as well. The older men disposed to form such relationships were described as bian nku’ma (having a heart for boys). In various Central Bantu groups, boy initiates resided at a sex-segregated lodge during their initiation phase and were required to manipulate the phalluses of the lodge-keeper and other adult male visitors, a practice that was seen as instrumental in helping the boys’ phalluses grow large and strong. Wallace (2006)"

=== Siwans (Libya) ===
*'''Ford, C. S., & Beach, F. A. (1951). Patterns of sexual behavior. ''Harper & Brothers.'''''
::"Among the Siwans of Africa, for example, all men and boys engage in anal intercourse. They adopt the feminine role only in strictly sexual situations and males are singled out as peculiar if they do not indulge in these homosexual activities. Prominent Siwan men lend their sons to each other, and they talk about their masculine love affairs as openly as they discuss their love of women."

*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"(Ages of boys involved 12–18) Pederasty was a well-entrenched custom from antiquity to at least 1950s; matchmakers made marriage-like ; arrangements between men and boys; the boy got a gift larger than brideprice for females; man and boy then entered into alliance with family approval; prominent men lent each other their sons for sex; love affairs and jealousies over boys were common; Robin Maugham said: “They will kill for a boy. Never for a woman.” Adam (1985); Herdt (1997)"

=== Lesotho ===
*'''Herdt, G. H. (1997). Same sex, different cultures: Exploring gay and lesbian lives. ''Westview Press.'''''
::"In another contemporary southern African culture, Lesotho, age difference was important in relationships between young women who were attached and became homoerotically bonded. These are the “mummy-baby” relationships studied by anthropologist Judith Gay (1986). [...] Young women engaged in mummy/baby relations when they first entered adolescence. These distinctive bonds involved increasing degrees of intimacy, including open expressions of kissing, and might go on to the deepest sexual and lifelong bonds, though not so far that later marriage with a man was prevented. The roles of the older women were very different from those of the younger one, especially in terms of social obligations. The older woman took on the responsible role in the relationship, and she provided her younger partner with gifts and advice. The latter was important because it prepared the young girl for future relationships with men, most significantly her future husband. A woman might continue this relationship for some time after she was married. But then she would cease seeing her younger partner, who then in turn would find a younger woman of her own."

==India==

===Muria===

*'''Elwin, V. (1947). ''[http://library.lol/main/F416733E30BB1A46214CC9AC38656FDE The Muria and their Ghotul]''. Oxford: Oxford University Press.''' [Childhood of the Muria people of Bastar, in central India, as summarized here in scholarship by [[Tom O'Carroll]] (2018)].<ref>Thomas O'Carroll (2018). [https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-018-9519-1 Childhood ‘Innocence’ is Not Ideal: Virtue Ethics and Child–Adult Sex.] ''Sexuality and Culture'', 22:1230–1262 (pp. 1254-1255).</ref>
*:"Anthropologist Verrier Elwin described the elaborate sexual apprenticeship children have, which takes place principally in a special house for the young, known as the ''ghotul''. Infants and toddlers sleep in their parents' house. There are no locked doors and these little children inevitably see something of their parents' intimacies. By the time the children are six or seven a new domestic arrangement is brought into play. The child goes of to the ghotul, a self-regulated domain with its own boy leader and girl leader. The little children are free to come and go as they please between the ghotul and the parental home. Within the ghotul the children are free to engage in sex rehearsal play. Adolescents are able to have intercourse as they choose, able to experiment with different partners and under no pressure to make a premature commitment (Elwin 1947). Elwin, who spent much of his life in India, thought the arrangement worked very well. [...] In 1982, to the surprise of the academic community, it was reported that the ghotul system was still in existence and even expanding (von Fürer-Haimendorf 1982). [...] Elwin says that in practice [girls becoming pregnant] was a rare occurrence in the ghotul, even in the absence of modern contraceptives."

=== Crow ===
*'''Ford, C. S., & Beach, F. A. (1951). Patterns of sexual behavior. ''Harper & Brothers.'''''
::"A few Crow men adopt women's dress and mannerisms, and live alone. Adolescent boys and occasionally older men visit these ''bate'', as they are called. The bate stimulates the boy's genitals orally. One informant stated that there were four such men in his community and that seventeen of his adolescent friends visited them occasionally."

==The Balkans==

===Albania===

*'''Zimmerman, Ann (1994). "[https://www.dallasobserver.com/news/tell-mama-why-you-cry-part-i-6404797 'Tell Mama Why You Cry' (Part I)]," [https://web.archive.org/web/20100926211411/http://www.dallasobserver.com/1994-11-17/news/tell-mama-why-you-cry-part-i/1 (archive)], ''Dallas Observer'', November 17.'''
*:An Albanian immigrant to the US is arrested for retaining his culture: "This harsh--and irreversible--punishment came at the end of a strange case that began in 1989 when several witnesses reported seeing Krasniqi fondle his daughter during a karate tournament in a Plano high school gymnasium in which his son was competing. Several years after the family court ruling, Krasniqi finally had his day in criminal court. Collin County Judge Nathan White acquitted him of the charge of indecency with a child primarily on the strength of testimony from Massachusetts anthropologist Barbara Halpern--one of the country's foremost authorities on the peasant culture of the Balkans. Halpern explained that Sam Krasniqi's actions were done not with sexual intent, but rather with playful affection--in keeping with his culture, which cherishes children and showers them with physical affection. [...]
*: Shortly after the tournament began, Taylor's attention was drawn to the spectator in front of her. She watched as a 50-year-old man with thinning gray hair repeatedly rubbed the underpants-clad buttocks and bare legs of a little girl who was laid out across his lap. He also slipped his hand under the girl's panties and caressed and squeezed her buttocks. "He lifted her to face him and rubbed her front chest under her little dress. He then put his hand inside her panties from the leg opening and squeezed her vagina," Taylor wrote in a statement she gave police. [...]
*:Wunderlich, who did not retrun calls to the Observer, had to explain to Kathy what molestation meant. "If you mean something sexual like with me and my husband, you are wrong," Kathy responded. "It is not a sexual thing and there is no harm to my children," Kathy told Wunderlich. [...]
*:"According to Wunderlich's case notes, he admitted touching Lima and Tim, that it was acceptable in his country and it was just a big misunderstanding. "He denied it was sexual at all and said that I could kill him if he was lying and if it was sexually gratifying to him." Krasniqi has since insisted that Wunderlich misconstrued what he was telling her. At the karate tournament, Krasniqi insists he was just playing a game with his daughter--touching the parts of her body and asking her to say their names. "I tell Wunderlich, How can you love your children and not touch them?" Krasniqi explains, sitting in his home, surrounded by pictures of his children when they were younger.
*:Nowhere in Wunderlich's case notes does it indicate that anyone in her department tried to research the Krasniqis' culture. If they had they might have learned what Barbara Halpern, the anthropologist from Massachusetts, testified to in Krasniqi's criminal trial. The Krasniqis come from "very physically demonstrative culture. Children are universally adored. Until they attain school age and venture beyond the household gates, they are the constant subjects of hugs, caresses and overt displays of affection.""

*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Highly romanticized pederasty still found in latter half of twentieth century [...] [Y]ounger men frequently cultivated passionate, enthusiastic erotic relations with boys (12 to 17); Muslim Albanian custom of “boy-brides” also spread to Albanian Christians. Greenberg (1988); Murray (1997, 2000); Williams (1992)"

== See also ==
*[[Research: Intergenerational Relationships in History]]
*[[Pederasty in Islam]]
*[[Pederasty in Japanese culture]]
* [https://wiki.yesmap.net/wiki/Walter_L._Williams#The_Spirit_and_the_Flesh_%281986%29 The Spirit and the Flesh (1986)] - the book by Walter L. Williams with a broad section on pederasty among non-western societies
* [[Gilbert_Herdt|Gilbert Herdt]] - anthropologist who studied ritualized intergenerational homosexuality in Melanesia

==Excerpt Graphic Library==

The EGL on '''Broader Perspectives''' has some relevant information. Just right click/save and reproduce by uploading in short-form media to bypass character limits.

{{Template:EGLBP}}

==References==

[[Category:Official Encyclopedia]][[Category:Research into effects on Children]][[Category:Research: Broader Perspectives]]

Research: Nonwestern Intergenerational Relationships

2026-07-31T20:32:36Z

Thorn: /* Lesotho */

__NOTOC__{{research}}Most societies which have not been influenced by the West have less, different, or virtually no sexual taboos. It is worth mentioning that absent modern western influence, anthropologists and historians have found far more societies where [[homosexuality]] is prohibited, than societies in which [[pedosexuality]] suffers similar censure. Many encourage intergenerational sex for various reasons. Due to ongoing Westernisation and cultural imperialism, much of what is listed here may already be consigned to [[Research: Intergenerational Relationships in History|history]] (see, for example, [https://web.archive.org/web/20220225124148/https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/j.chc.2004.02.001 Nieto (2004), for an anthropological review]).

==GUS, a world atlas: Growing Up Sexually==

The range and detail of accounts involved in this page will only serve as a brief demonstration of non-western diversity in intergenerational relationships. Many examples from anthropology involve [[Sexual rites of passage]]. If readers are seeking a broader, more detailed and integrated study, they may find [[Diederik Janssen]]'s [http://www.sexarchive.info/GESUND/ARCHIV/GUS/GUS_MAIN_INDEX.HTM ''Growing Up Sexually''] ([http://www.sexarchive.info/GESUND/ARCHIV/GUS/GROWINGUPSEXUALLY1.ZIP entire Vol 1] in zipped PDF) more appropriate, or ''[https://greek-love.com/ Greek Love: Pederasty throughout the ages]'', re. homosexuality.

==Americas==

===Pirahã (Brazil)===

*'''Daniel Everett (2008). [https://books.feedvu.com/fullbook/dont-sleep-there-are-snakes-life-and-language-in-the-amazonian-jungle-pdf-2.html?page=16&part=1 ''Dont Sleep, There Are Snakes: Life and Language in the Amazonian Jungle'']. Chapter 16 of 34.'''
*:"Relations between men and women and boys and girls, whether married or not, are always cordial and often marked by light to heavy flirting. Sexually it is the same. So long as children are not forced or hurt, there is no prohibition against their participating in sex with adults. I remember once talking to Xisaoxoi, a Pirahã man in his late thirties, when a nine- or ten-year-old girl was standing beside him. As we talked, she rubbed her hands sensually over his chest and back and rubbed his crotch area through his thin, worn nylon shorts. Both were enjoying themselves. “What’s she doing?” I asked superfluously. “Oh, she’s just playing. We play together. When she’s big she will be my wife” was his nonchalant reply—and, indeed, after the girl went through puberty, they were married."

* '''Daniel Everett (2016). ''Dark matter of the mind : the culturally articulated unconscious.'' Chapter 3'''
::"Pirahã young people begin to engage sexually, though apparently not in full intercourse, from early on. Touching and being touched seem to be common for Pirahã boys and girls from about seven years of age on. They are all sexually active by puberty, with older men and women frequently initiating younger girls and boys, respectively. There is no evidence that the children then or as adults find this pedophilia the least bit traumatic."

===Pilagá (Argentina)===

*'''Jules Henry and Zunia Henry (1944). [https://library.lol/main/2C825BAA5B73830492464813AF34FEC4 ''Doll Play of Pilagá Indian Children. An Experimental and Field Analysis of the Behavior of the Pilagá Indian Children'']. (American Orthopsychiatric Association), p. 72.'''
*:'''Note:''' The study explores the use of dolls among Pilagá children, including in a sexual context.
*:"Where children can see the adult sexual act, where sexual conversations and gestures are perfectly open, and child life is untrammeled by sexual taboos, it is reasonable to expect that the children should experiment with their sexual apparatus and attempt to imitate adult sexual behavior. This is the case among the Pilagá. Considering the extent of child knowledge about sex and the age at which this knowledge becomes articulate - 3 years - intercourse in the Pilagá household must not only be visible to the children, but carried on with little if any attempt to conceal the act from them. Absolutely no prohibition is placed on child sexual activity by the adults, so that the children are at liberty to do what they please. Under such circumstances the only limits to the child's sexual activity are his physiological capacities and the tolerance of his companions. [...] [S]ex is a strong and constant interest of Pilagá children."

=== Yucatan ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"In field work, Williams (1992) found pederastic behavior still common in late twentieth century Yucatan."

=== Zapotecs (Mexico) ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Boys entering puberty commonly had sexual relations with men. Source: Williams (1992)"

=== Various Indian tribes (southern Mexico) ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Married men would adopt an adolescent boy, who was proud to have been chosen and saw it an honor to be the man’s lover; the boy would help the wife, her children, and the household, and would take a boy of his own when later an adult and married. Source: Ross (1991)"

==Australia==
===Tiwi===
*'''Davenport, William H. (1992). [https://www.newgon.net/wiki/File:Davenport_chapter.pdf Adult-Child Sexual Relations in Cross-Cultural Perspective], in W. O'Donohue & J. H. Geer (Eds.), ''The sexual abuse of children: Theory and research'' (Vol. 1, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 73-80), pp. 76-77.'''
*:"The best ethnographic description of this type of [gerontocratic] marriage is by Jane Goodale (1971) in her account of the Tiwi who live on Melville Island, North Australia. Betrothals of first marriages of most females are made even before those females are concieved. In fact, such a marriage contract is made when the as-yet-to-be-concieved girl's mother commences menstruation. [...] Once the marriage contract is made, the husband-to-be, who is an adult, works with his future mother and father-in-law as a member of that family, with the expectation that when a daughter is born to them, she will be given to him as a wife. There is no fixed chronological age at which the young girl is given to her designated husband, but it occurs after she is able to take on some household and other economic responsibilities, but well before her first menstruation. For the Tiwi she is still a child, albeit and older child. When her father decides that she is mature enough, the young girl is merely taken to her husband and instructed to reside and sleep with him. This is not an abrupt change [...] for the husband has been a part of the same family camp for some time, and the young wife is still surrounded by those with whom she has always lived. Goodale describes the process:
*::''Soon after the ''alinga'' [young girl] moves to her husband's fire he begins her sexual instruction. From all accounts this appears to be a very gradual process. He begins by deflowering her with his finger, and perhaps only after a year does he have actual intercourse with her. Sexual intercourse is considered by the Tiwi to be the direct and only cause of breast formation, growth of pubic and auxillary hair, menarche, and subsequent menstrual periods. (1971, p. 45)."'' [Jane Carter Goodale (1971) Tiwi wives: a study of the women of Melville Island, North Australia]
*:"versions of this marriage were once found among many Australian Aborigine groups (Berndt & Berndt, 1951; Gale, 1970; Kaberry, 1939; Rose, 1960). From our ethnocentric [i.e. Western] perspective, one of the most notable aspects [...] is the absence of trauma". (p. 77).

*'''Jane C. Goodale (1962) "Marriage Contracts among the Tiwi." ''Ethnology'', Vol. 1, No. 4'''
::"A Tiwi male will rarely acquire a wife through any form of contract before the age of 30. A bestowed wife, one who is promised before birth and becomes a cohabiting wife before puberty, is a valuable prestige symbol, but difficult to acquire. Thus a young man will frequently start his household with the acquisition of a less valuable but more easily obtainable type of wife, i.e., a widow, often of advanced age."
::"[I]t is acknowledged by Tiwi women as an inflexible "rule" governing their first marriage before puberty to a man whom they describe as "the one who grew me up, treated me like a father, and made me a woman." "
::"[O]n the average, the promised daughter will be born ten years from the date of the contract, i.e., when both the mother and the son-in-law are about twenty years old. The young girl will not become a cohabiting wife for approximately another eight or ten years, at which time her promised husband will be at least 28 to 30 years of age. Thus an average difference of twenty years between the ages of a girl and her first husband is to be expected"

*'''Goodale, J. C. (1971). Tiwi wives: A study of the women of Melville Island, North Australia.'''
::“A man will not receive a contract for a wife of any type until he reaches the age of ten to twenty. At this age he may receive a wife who has been previously married”

=== Aranda ===
*'''Ford, C. S., & Beach, F. A. (1951). Patterns of sexual behavior. ''Harper & Brothers.'''''
::"Among many of the aborigines of Australia this type of coitus is a recognized custom between unmarried men and uninitiated boys. Strehlow writes of the Aranda as follows: ''"... Pederasty is a recognized custom.... Commonly a man, who is fully initiated but not yet married, takes a boy ten or twelve years old, who lives with him as a wife for several years, until the older man marries.[...]"''(Strehlow, 1915, p. 98.)"

*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Typically, an unmarried [Aranda] man (late teens) would take a boy from 10 to 12 years old to be his wife and live with him for several years until he (the older partner) got married to a woman. Aside from sex, the man served as the boy’s mentor (e.g., in hunting). Sources: Strehlow (1913–15)"

=== Nambutji ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Every boy became a boy-wife to a man, who circumcised the boy and whose daughter became the boy’s wife when he reached adulthood. In the intervening time, the man and boy were homosexually involved. Source: Roheim (1945)"

==Melanesia==
Melanesian societies have normalized the consumption of semen by prepubescent/pubescent boys. This is thought to be in aid of their maturation and future status as warriors. Semen is received via oral or anal sex with an older adolescent boy or man. Relationships are said to be not only formal but often free-flowing and affectionate (for example among the Sambia of New-Guinea). There are many separate groups with distinct languages in Melanesia (about 1000). There is no evidence of institutional intergenerational sexual practice for most of them, partly due to anthropologists have often avoided studying sexuality because of their own moral constraints. Yet evidence of such practices (that vary greatly in form) has been obtained for at least 29 different Melanesian societies (with additional 19 related groups) described in the comprehensive volume ''Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia''<ref>Herdt, G. H. (Ed.). (1984). Ritualized homosexuality in Melanesia. ''University of California Press.available via [[Help:Research_Resources#Information_Freedom_Companions|option 2]]</ref> (see table 1.1, chapter 1)

::I. Eastern insular Melanesia: Fiji; New Caledonia; New Hebrides: Malekula Island.

::II. Northeastern insular Melanesia: New Britain; Duke-of-Yorks; East Bay.

::III. Western Papua: Lower Fly River: Kiwai Island, including Bugilai; Trans-Fly Delta: Keraki; Suki; Boadzi. (Related social units: Karigare, Yarne, Kaunje, Wekamara.)

::IV. Southeastern Irian Jaya: Kanum; Yéi-anim; Marind-anim; Kimam, Frederik Hendrik Island; Jaquai. (Related social units: Maklew-anim, Yab-anim, Kurkari-anim.)

::V. Northeastern Irian Jaya: Asmat; Casuarina Coast; Humboldt Bay.

::VI. Great Papuan Plateau: Bedamini; Etoro; Kaluli; Onabasalu; Gebusi, Nomad River.

::VII. Anga (Kukukuku): Sambia; Baruya; Jeghuje; Other Highlands Anga groups; Lowlands Anga groups. (Related social units: Usarumpiu, Wantukiu, Aziana, Lohiki, Kapau, Ivori, Mbwei, Yagwoia, Ampale, Langamar, Menya, Katje.)

::VIII. Northern Province: Ai’i.

History/evolution:
*'''[[Gilbert Herdt|Herdt, G. H.]] (Ed.). (1984). Ritualized homosexuality in Melanesia. ''University of California Press.'''''
::"The accumulating evidence indicates that we are not only confronted in these Melanesian cultures with similar cultural and ecological systems; I propose that we are also faced with an ancient ritual complex that diffused through a vast area of lowland and fringe-area Melanesia, perhaps 10,000 years ago or less. [...] Left unchecked by Western pacification or colonialization, what would the long-term evolution of these marginal populations have been? Perhaps homosexual practices might have contributed to their extinction, but we cannot be certain of this possibility: if one accepts the assumption of ancient migrations and ritual practices, these groups had flourished for generations." (pp. 48, 58-59)

::"(RH [Ritualized Homosexuality]) groups tend to use initiation as the social mechanism for recruitment to their ritual cults and to the village-based warriorhood corps as well. Survival and social reproduction of communities depend upon the warriorhood, and initiation means introduction to homosexual activity. It also brings with it adult, masculine socialization, through successive ceremonies and related achievements. Thus homosexuality is linked to what are essentially military and age-graded organizations." (p.60) (this is in line with [[Research: Evolutionary_Perspectives_on_Intergenerational_Sexuality#Mentorship-Bonding/Enculturation-Alliance Hypothesis|Evolutionary Mentorship-Bonding/Enculturation-Alliance Hypothesis]]

Often, when speaking about institutionalized intergenerational sexuality, anthropologists and publicists emphasize that there only adolescents involved in this, but they miss the fact that pedophilia is also institutionalized in many cultures (not only Melanesian):
*'''[[Gilbert Herdt|Herdt, G. H.]] (Ed.). (1984). Ritualized homosexuality in Melanesia. ''University of California Press.'''''
::"An important and ignored aspect of initiation in (RH) [ritualized homosexuality] groups is that it frequently occurs before puberty, often as early as middle to late childhood (e.g., Marind-anim, Sambia, Keraki, etc.). Elsewhere I have argued that this young age is psychologically necessary for the radical resocialization [from the female wing of the society] into, and eventual sex-role dramatization expected of, adult men (Herdt 1981, 1982cf . Mead 1949; Young 1965)." (p.60)

* '''Money, J. (1990). Pedophilia: A Specific Instance of New Phylism Theory as Applied to Paraphilic Lovemaps. In: Feierman, J.R. (eds) [https://libgen.is/book/index.php?md5=3CA15750CD7EC06C3052B55B5E16C76D Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions]. Springer, New York, NY. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_18'''
*:"The cultural tradition of pedophilia may belong not just to a small enclave of a population but also to an entire community, as in the case of various tribal peoples scattered across the Pacific in Melanesia and New Guinea (Herdt, 1984). The Sambia of the New Guinea Highlands (Herdt, 1981) are such a tribe. Their ancient customs as fierce head-hunting warriors survived European contact until after World War II. According to their folklore concerning their children, a boy could not become a warrior if he stayed living with women and children after age 8. So, he was taken into the men's longhouse to remain in the company of males only, there to be subjected to the rituals of indoctrination and initiation. As a baby, he had been nourished by woman's milk. As a juvenile, he would have to be nourished with men's milk so that his body would mature in the way that maturation occurs during puberty. It was an obligation of youths still too young to be married not to waste their semen but to have it sucked out of their penises by the prepubertal boys who, once able to ejaculate themselves, would nourish those still younger. At age 19, the age of marriage, their two-way experience of androphilic pedophilia would cease, and their lives would become heterosexual with an adult partner."
*:"The universal male/male pedophilia of the Sambia demonstrates the sexological plasticity of the human organism and the making of pedophilia into the social norm."

There are societies with girls and women participating in intergenerational sexual practices (but ritualized homosexuality is absent):
*'''Janssen, D.F. (2002). "[http://www.sexarchive.info/GESUND/ARCHIV/GUS/NEW_GUINEAWEB.HTM Papua New Guinea]," ''Growing Up Sexually, Volume I: World Reference Atlas''.'''
*:"Berndt (1962:p91): “As babies and small children their genitalia are fondled”. Mothers caress “the fleshy parts of [the infant's] body [...] and implanting breathy kisses over and over again in the region of its genital organs” (Hogbin, 1943:p298). Genital touching by older people was also noted by among the Marind-anim (Van Baal, 1966; cf. Money and Ehrhardt, 1973 [1996:p132]). Gillison (1993:p176) describes the process of masturbating infants among the Gimi:
*::The mother insists upon continued contact, interrupting her toddler's play repeatedly to offer the breast. Masturbation [...] with a baby girl [occurs when] the mother or amau holds her hand over the vulva and shakes it vigorously. She may kiss the vagina [sic], working her way up the middle of the body to the lips and then inserting her nipple (often when the child has given no sign of discontent). With a boy, she kisses the penis, pulls at it with her fingers and takes it into her mouth to induce an erection. Several women may pass a baby boy back and forth, each one holding him over her head as she takes a turn sucking or holding the penis in her mouth. When the child then pulls at his own organ, the women, greatly amused, offer squeezes and pulls of their own."

The Trobrianders of Papua New Guinea<ref>[http://libgen.is/book/index.php?md5=2E76D290FDCC06180F125CAF7336B2C0 Weiner, Annette B. (1988). ''The Trobrianders of Papua New Guinea.'' United States of America: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. ISBN 9780030119194]</ref> have received attention in the Western Media for sexual customs in infancy and adolescence that confuse morally conflicted Westerners:<ref>[https://medium.com/the-story-in-history/the-culture-where-children-as-young-as-six-years-are-sexualized-d7afef2d2985 The Culture Where Children as Young as Six Years are Sexualized]</ref>
:<blockquote>Popularly referred to as “The Islands of Love”, the Trobriand Islands are a 174-square-miles group of islands on the east coast of New Guinea. The people are indigenous matrilineal people with a population of 12,000. ''[...]'' In the Trobriand culture, children aren’t allowed the chance to be just children. They are groomed to lose their innocence and start acting like adults at a very young age. By the age of six, they start participating in erotic games with each other. They start engaging in seductive activities. Their little girls are expected to start looking and acting sexy to attract little boys as well as older men. Then, by the time they turn 10, they are expected to start having sexual intercourse with as many sexual partners as they will. Since they are a matrilineal culture, the Trobriand woman has the right to have as many sexual partners as she pleases. And their primitive way of dressing doesn’t make it any harder to engage in sexual intercourse at will.</blockquote>

But mostly intergenerational male homosexuality:
*'''Jan N. Bremmer (2021) [https://www.amazon.com/Becoming-Man-Ancient-Greece-Rome/dp/3161590082 Becoming a Man in Ancient Greece and Rome. Essays on Myths and Rituals of Initiation.]'''(available via [[Help:Research_Resources#Information_Freedom_Companions|Option 2]])
::"This description [''see Williams' above''] is confirmed by more recent anthropological studies [See especially the many studies of [[Gilbert Herdt|G. Herdt]]] [...] the following points should be noted as important features: (1) we have here a case of pederasty, which should not be confused with modern homosexuality, as both initiators and novices normally marry afterwards; (2) the active pederasts are the novices of the previous initiation, and it may be of importance to note that it is these novices who usually play a prominent role in upholding discipline during the initiation; finally, (3) copulation, in which the novice is always the passive partner, takes place anally."

*'''Knauft, Bruce M. (1987). "Homosexuality in Melanesia," ''Journal of Psychoanalytic Anthropology'', 10, 155-91.'''
*:Melanesian boys "coquettishly initiated" homosexuality with grown men. Relationships were "grounded in personal affection rather than obligation".

=== Big Nambas (Malekula Island) ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Society had rampant warfare, chiefs had near monopoly on women; father chose man to circumcise his son; this man then became boy’s “husband,” and the boy his “wife;” intercourse believed to strengthen boy’s penis; relationship was very close; boy followed the man everywhere, participating with him in daily chores; man was intensely jealous if other men took interest in the boy; if man or boy died, the other would mourn deeply; some men were so deeply homosexual in affections that they would seldom have intercourse with their wives, preferring the boy; every chief had several boy lovers. Sources: Herdt (1993); Layard (1942)"

=== East Bay Islanders ===
*'''Davenport, William H. (1992). [https://www.newgon.net/wiki/File:Davenport_chapter.pdf Adult-Child Sexual Relations in Cross-Cultural Perspective], in W. O'Donohue & J. H. Geer (Eds.), ''The sexual abuse of children: Theory and research'' (Vol. 1, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 73-80), pp. 76-77.'''
::"[I]n a society called East Bay, where I did some ethnography of sexual behavior (Davenport 1965), formerly, there had been a pattern of male homosexuality in which some older men often took, always with consent from their fathers, nonrelated boys as relatively permanent, passive sexual partners for anal intercourse. From a cultural perspective, the boys were understood to be substitutes for females, not homosexual partners as our culture would define them. In fact, the culture of East Bay did not recognize — that is, had no cultural category for — intimate male homosexual relationships as something separate from those involving women. A boy, rather than a man, was selected, because a boy was a minor, without an independent legal status separate from his father’s, hence he could be told what to do. Women in East Bay society also were minors in this legal sense. But the crux of the matter was that the passive homosexual role was not considered to be in any way damaging to a boy’s psychosexual development. Moreover, such a close association with an elder man, who was expected to be gentle, generous, and indulgent, could have a positive effect on the boy’s development. If, however, the elder man did not fulfill these role expectations, he would find himself accused of mistreatment, that is, abusing the boy, and, therefore, in serious trouble with the boy’s father and other senior male relatives who were responsible for his well-being."

*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Nearly every male engaged in extensive homosex; men had sexual relations with boys (7 to 11); it was obligatory to give boy presents in return; the boys discussed these contacts freely and without shame in presence of parents, friends. Upon marriage, only a few men became exclusive heterosexuals; most continued to have sex with boys as well; only one man in the study preferred exclusively boys. Source: Davenport (1965)"

=== Keraki, Trans-Fly Delta ===
*'''Ford, C. S., & Beach, F. A. (1951). Patterns of sexual behavior. ''Harper & Brothers.'''''
::"Keraki bachelors of New Guinea universally practice sodomy, and in the course of his puberty rites each boy is initiated into anal intercourse by the older males. After his first year of playing the passive role he spends the rest of his bachelorhood sodomizing the newly initiated."

*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"[Keraki] All boys were sodomized for about a year, seen as essential for their development; adult informants repeatedly answered, when asked whether they submitted as boys, “Why yes! Otherwise how should I have grown?” Bachelors saw some boys as more attractive, gave them more attention; they sodomized boys until marriage, then engaged mostly in heterosex, but continued to have relations with boys on occasion. Source: Williams (1936)"

*'''Williams, F.E. (1969) Papuans of the Trans-Fly. ''Oxford'''''
::"It is actually regarded as essential to the growing boy to be sodomized.[...] In the meantime it is enough to note that every male adult in the Morehead district has in his time constantly played both parts in this perversion. The boy is initiated to it at the bull-roarer ceremony [...] When he becomes adolescent his part is reversed and he may then sodomize his juniors, the new initiates to the bull-roarer."
::"Gambadi informants describe the initial occasion more vividly. The father bids his son stoop to drink at a pool and as he does so catches him at a disadvantage. [...] It is to be noted that nowadays boys are not sodomized by their own fathers. The restriction of moiety exogamy is observed in sodomy as it is in marriage [...]"

=== Marind-anim ===
*'''[[Gilbert Herdt|Herdt, G. H.]] (Ed.). (1984). Ritualized homosexuality in Melanesia. ''University of California Press.'''''
::"[R]itualized anal homosexual practices are institutionalized on a widespread scale throughout the entire Marind area. [...]. Homosexual anal intercourse is begun in male initiation for boys between the ages of seven and fourteen years (Van Baal 1966:143-144). Afterward, boys live in the men's clubhouse for some six years, avoiding females and regularly engaging in anal intercourse." (pp. 25-25)
::"This transition happens when the first signs of approaching puberty become apparent. He is then made an aroi-patur, literally a black boy. His body is blackened all over, and a mother's brother is appointed to act as his mentor, his binahor-iather. The meaning of the word binahor is uncertain, but it probably refers to the mentor's main function, that of being the boy's pederast who, by "feeding" the boy anally, contributes to his physical growth." (p. 132)

*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Upon reaching puberty, a boy moved in with a mentor and his wife; he assisted the mentor in gardening, hunting, and other chores; their relation was sexual and lasted about seven years until boy’s later marriage; bond between them was extremely strong; the sexual contacts seemed to contribute to the strength of this bond; insemination was regarded as helpful to boy’s growth. Source: Van Baal (1966)"

=== Kimam / Kolepom papuans: ===
*'''[[Gilbert Herdt|Herdt, G. H.]] (Ed.). (1984). Ritualized homosexuality in Melanesia. ''University of California Press.'''''
::"The age at which [Kimam] boys enter the bachelor's house varies considerably in all villages, since it is dependent upon the simultaneous celebration of the final feast for a dead person. On this occasion a number of boys of varying ages, from about ten to fourteen years, are admitted. (Sometimes the boys are even younger.) [...] At his entry into the cult house, the boy is placed under the charge and guidance of a mentor who is designated as his "adoptive father." This man is supposed to have regular homosexual intercourse with the boy to make him strong with the semen that is inserted into his body through anal intercourse. In the western villages, there is no doubt that the adoptive father is mother's younger brother [...] They help each other in planting and harvesting, and they share food. A sister's son displays a conspicuous lack of respect toward his MB, even when there is a substantial difference in age. They play all sorts of pranks on each other, at which neither of them does or should get angry." (p. 300, 304)

::girls:
::"The first reports of missionaries and government officials mention the custom of "testing" sexually the marriageable [Kimam] girls. According to informants, the intention was to see whether the girls could stand the test. If they felt ill after intercourse, it was proof that they were not yet suited for marriage. It is possible that this trial took place during the promiscuous sexual intercourse of the ndambu festival.[...] When, for instance, an epidemic strikes the village and causes many deaths, as often happens, promiscuous heterosexual intercourse involving as many people as possible is organized in the village to collect large amounts of semen (probably by coitus interruptus). According to the information collected in the village of Bamol, very young girls are preferably selected for this sexual intercourse. [...] The first missionaries were in a better position to estimate the approximate age of the girls. They regularly made mention of schoolgirls who, for days on end, did not attend the mission school because they were sick after intercourse with a number of mature men. In his diary, Father Thieman (n.d.) mentions a number of girls (with names and exact age) who took part in sexual intercourse when they were no older than eight." (pp. 301, 304, 308)

=== Bedamini===
*'''[[Gilbert Herdt|Herdt, G. H.]] (Ed.). (1984). Ritualized homosexuality in Melanesia. ''University of California Press.'''''
::“Bedamini, like the Marind-anim (Van Baal 1966:817), consider semen the essence of life. [...] Immature boys do not possess semen, and they can mature only through the intervention of their seniors. Behind this conception is also the assumption that weakness in males will ensue from too much association with women, in particular through sexual intercourse. Boys have been breast-fed and have spent their first years in a predominantly female sphere of influence. The solution to this dilemma is to supply the boys with semen from the age of eight to ten years. The insemination is managed orally, by having the boys manipulate and suck the penes of young unmarried men, an activity referred to as sibi. The young man who will be a boy's inseminator is selected by the boy's father, and he must belong to the opposite moiety, that is, to a group with whom the boy's clan intermarries.” (pp. 322-323)

=== Etoro ===
*'''[[Gilbert Herdt|Herdt, G. H.]] (Ed.). (1984). Ritualized homosexuality in Melanesia. ''University of California Press.'''''
::"The Etoro achieve this [semen transmission] through oral intercourse, the Kaluli through anal intercourse, and the Onabasulu through masturbation and smearing of the semen over the bodies of the initates [...] The Kaluli are traditional enemies of the Etoro, and the Etoro particularly revile them for their initiatory practices which are regarded as totally disgusting. (The feeling is probably mutual.) [...] Among the Etoro, "a youth is continually inseminated from about age ten until he reaches his early mid-twenties" (Kelly 1976:45). [...] Kaluli initiation and homosexual activities, in contrast, seem more truncated: [...] When a boy is eleven or twelve years old, he is engaged for several months in homosexual intercourse with a healthy older man chosen by his father. [...] (Schieffelin 1976:124)" (pp. 34- 35)

*'''Anitei, Stefan (2007). "[http://news.softpedia.com/news/How-to-Drink-Sperm-to-Become-a-Strong-Man-67804.shtml How to Drink Sperm to Become a Strong Man]," Softpedia, October 6.'''
*:"This power is transmitted between the members of the [Etoro] tribe by means of sex. That's why young boys, even at the age of 12, get it from the sperm of the older males. The boy gets "power" orally by a young man assigned to be his partner. Few years later, the teenager is formally involved in relationships with many male sex partners, after which he turns into an "inseminator" from an "inseminee.""

=== Kaluli ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"[Kaluli] From 8 to 28, males resided in sex-segregated hunting lodge; daily, boys accompanied older males on grueling hunting trips, learning essentials of the practice; at 10 or 11, a boy’s father chose for him an older male to inseminate him for months or years; some boys chose their own inseminator; insemination thought essential for growth. Men looked back on youth in hunting lodge with nostalgic excitement, zest; remembered continual hunting, growth-stimulating insemination, ritual discipline, unity of purpose, vigorous manly ethos as highlight of their lives; whole practice was one of prestige for them. Tradition ended in 1960s by colonial administration and missionaries, who policed against it. Source: Schieffelin (1982)"

===Gebusi===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"[Gebusi] Boys in early adolescence “coquettishly” initiated sexual relations with older, unrelated males. As with the Sambia, the belief was that insemination grew the boys into men. The sexual relations were based on personal affection rather than obligation. Sources: Herdt (1991, 1997)"

=== Sambia ===

*'''[[Gilbert Herdt|Herdt, G. H.]] (Ed.). (1984). Ritualized homosexuality in Melanesia. ''University of California Press.'''''
::"Male development and masculinization after childhood are the responsibility of the men's secret cult and its initiation system. This cult is organized and perpetuated by the confederacy of hamlets. Boys are initiated at seven to ten years of age, when they are separated from their mothers, natal households, and younger siblings. [...] Sambia practice secret homosexual fellatio, which is taught and instituted in first-stage initiation. Boys learn to ingest semen from older youths through oral sexual contacts. First- and second-stage initiates may only serve as fellators; they are forbidden to reverse erotic roles with older partners. Third-stage pubescent bachelors and older youths thus act as fellateds, inseminating prepubescent boys. All males pass through both erotic stages, being first fellators, then fellateds: there are no exceptions since all Sambia males are initiated and pressured to engage in homosexual fellatio." (pp. 172-173)

*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"[Sambia] Boys between 7 and 10 taken into men’s society; until age 14 fellated older bachelors up to age 25; semen viewed necessary for growth to be strong warrior; after age 25, most men stopped being semen “donors” to get married (some men continued who preferred boys); relations were not just duty for the boys, who were often complicit in arousing bachelors through bawdy enthusiasm; as boys matured, they tended to express more desire for insemination, became more aggressive in soliciting it. Sources: Herdt (1991, 1997)"

*'''Review of [[Gilbert Herdt]]'s famous fieldwork on the Sambia (by [[Walter L. Williams]] as quoted in our page on Herdt):'''
*:"Between the ages of about seven and thirteen, boys are taken from the maternal household and placed in a separate boys' house away from the village. For a period of several months to several years, depending on the culture, boys avoid all contact with females as they are prepared for manhood in elaborate initiations. It is the social duty of men to plant sperm in boys in order for them to grow. In some societies this is done by the boy performing oral sex upon the man, in others by him receiving anal intercourse, or in others by having the sperm rubbed on his body. The sexual act must always be with the boy receiving the older male's semen. To reverse roles is considered damaging to the boy's growth."

*'''Davenport, William H. (1992). [https://www.newgon.net/wiki/File:Davenport_chapter.pdf Adult-Child Sexual Relations in Cross-Cultural Perspective], in W. O'Donohue & J. H. Geer (Eds.), ''The sexual abuse of children: Theory and research'' (Vol. 1, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 73-80), pp. 76-77.'''
*:"The best description of these patterns, by Herdt (1982, 1987) is with a people the author calls the Sambia. In brief, the pattern is as follows:
*::''Seven-to-ten-year-old Sambia boys are taken from their mothers when first initiated into the male cult, and thereafter experience the most powerful and seductive homosexual fellatio activities. For some ten to fifteen years, they engage in these practices on a daily basis, first as fellator, and then as fellated. Elders teach that semen is absolutely vital: it should be consumed daily since the creation of biological maleness and the maintenance of masculinity depend upon it. Hence, from middle childhood untul puberty, boys should perform fellatio on older youths.''

:::''Near puberty the same initiates become dominant youths. Ritual helps remake their social and erotic identity, the bachelors becoming the fellated partners for a new crop of ritual novices. ... [editor's quote extension from Herdt, G. H. (1987). "Guardians of the flutes: Idioms of masculinity" : "abundant evidence indicates that most youths also experience them as pleasurable and erotically exciting"] Yet, in spite of this formidable background, the final outcome is exclusive heterosexuality—of a particular form. Youths eventually become sexually attracted to women. At marriage (c. sixteen to twenty-five years of age), they may even act as true bisexuals, for a time. With fatherhood, however, homosexuality should cease; thereafter men should engage only in heterosexual activities. (Herdt 1987, pp. 2-3)''"

*'''Hyena, Hank (1999). "[http://web.archive.org/web/20131002090633/http://gettingit.com/article/56 Semen Warriors Of New Guinea]," Gettingit.com, September 16.'''
*:"Although many boys tremble initially ("I felt afraid... the penises were enormous," recalls Kalutuo, a Sambian from the Eastern Highlands) they all adjust quickly, because they believe semen is an elixir for manhood."

*'''Janssen, D.F. (2002). "[http://www.sexarchive.info/GESUND/ARCHIV/GUS/NEW_GUINEAWEB.HTM Papua New Guinea]," ''Growing Up Sexually, Volume I: World Reference Atlas''.'''
*:"...the “Sambia” value male-virgin contacts (1984:p177), while “sexual partners are perceived as having more “heat” and being more exciting the younger they are. A second factor is reciprocity: the more asymmetrical the sexual partners (youth/boy), the more erotic play seems to culturally define their contact” [sic]. Against the background of an utterly phallocentric ideology on the androtrophic properties of semen, “Sambia” prepubertal boys (7-12, on average 8.5) fellate post-pubertal adolescents to ejaculation in order to grow and turn seminarchic themselves, so that they may reverse roles. The boys do not have orgasms, and might have “vicarious erotic pleasure as indicated by erections” only “near puberty” ([[Gilbert Herdt|Herdt]] and Stoller, 1990:p70-1)."

==Polynesia==

===Marquesas Islands===
For a range of sources on the Marquesas Islands, [[#Excerpt_Graphic_Library | see gallery below]], primarily ''Marquesan sexual behavior'' by Robert C. Suggs.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/marquesansexualb0000sugg/mode/2up Marquesan sexual behavior by Suggs, Robert C.]</ref>

*'''Martinson, Floyd M. (1973). ''[http://www.ipce.info/booksreborn/martinson/infant/InfantAndChildSexuality.html Infant and Child Sexuality: A Sociological Perspective]''. The Book Mark.'''
*:"Sex play was common practice from the earliest ages among the Marquesa and not only tolerated but encouraged. (Kardiner, 1939, p. 205-206). They recognized the erotic impulse in childhood and accorded it the right of free exercise. They eroticized the child by masturbating it to keep it quiet. In the case of the girls, labia were manipulated as a placebo, but also to encourage the growth of large labia, which to the Marquesans was a mark of beauty. Such activity was, no doubt, also erotically stimulating. There was social recognition of all sexual activity in childhood, and there were no restrictions against encouragement to exercise it freely; it was allocated the same place in the child's world that it occupied in the adult's."

*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Adolescent boys frequently had sex with each other. Married men rarely had homosex, but would when conditions prevented heterosexual intercourse; they preferred boys for this purpose, whose bodies they said were soft, like females; contacts with boys were casual, fleeting, and without stigma. Source: Suggs (1966)"

===Hawaii===
*'''Janssen, D.F. (2002). "[http://www.sexarchive.info/GESUND/ARCHIV/GUS/HAWAII.HTM Hawaii]," ''Growing Up Sexually, Volume I: World Reference Atlas''.'''
*:"Karsch-Haack, (1901) stated that according to Richard Neuhauss, Hawai’ian “girls of 12 to 14 years are generally virgins no more and acts of impurity of father with daughter are no rarity[6] [...] For infant females in Hawai’i, “milk was squirted into her vagina, and the labia were pressed together (Diamond, 1990). The mons [veneris] was rubbed with kukui (candlenut) oil and pressed with the palm of the hand to flatten it and make it less prominent. The molding continued until the labia did not separate. This chore usually was done by the mother or by an “aunt” [...]”. The buttocks of infants, males more than females, were molded so that they became “rounded and not flat”, also clearly evolving from an aesthetic motive. A “blower” is designated for each male infant, ostensibly to prepare him for subincision of the foreskin: “the penis was blown into daily starting from birth. The blowing was said to loosen and balloon the foreskin [and] continued daily [...] until the young male was 6 or 7”, when penile subincision takes place. Diamond reports: “Individuals of both sexes were expected to initiate and participate in coitus at puberty, although sexual activity, play, instruction, and so forth occurred much earlier. For instance, as part of exploratory play, the young investigated each other’s genitals, and young males and females might masturbate each other heterosexually or homosexually. This activity occurred without adult disapproval, and it was considered to be an introduction to adulthood. Casual intercourse before adolescence was not an uncommon experience for males (Handy and Pukui, 1958) and females (Pukui, Haertig and Lee, 1972)"

*'''Milton Diamond. (2004 [1990]). [https://www.hawaii.edu/PCSS/biblio/articles/2000to2004/2004-sexual-behavior-in-pre-contact-hawaii.html Sexual Behavior in Pre Contact Hawai'i: A Sexological Ethnography]. Published in: ''Revista Española del Pacifico''. 16: 37-58.'''
*:"Sex training was direct and firsthand. Young individuals learned of coitus and sex play from instruction, direct observation, and practice. As they slept in the family house (hale noa), they observed their parents having coitus. "Public privacy" among the Mangaian Islanders, as it was described by Marshall (1971, p. 108), probably is similar to the "privacy" that was found in Hawai'i and elsewhere in Polynesia: "[A Mangaian may copulate], at any age, in the single room of a hut that contains from five to fifteen family members of all ages — as have his ancestors before him. His daughter may receive and make love with each of her varied nightly suitors in the same room."
*:The young observed dogs, pigs, and other animals mating, and these activities were discussed openly with parents or other adults. Parturition was not a secret event and was well attended by the young and by adults, all of whom observed traditions that included the washing and burying of the placenta and, usually, the disposing of the umbilical cord (Pukui, Haertig and Lee, 1972, p. 16; Handy and Pukui, 1958, p. 78). The young Hawai‘ian also acquired sex education in day-by-day exposure to precepts, practices, and attitudes concerning sex. Traditionally, ... childish curiosity about sex was satisfied, with neither guilt nor shame instilled” (Pukui, Haertig, and Lee, 1972, p. 249). [...] Ellis (1782, Vol. 2, p. 153) wrote of sexual expression in Oceania: "The ladies are very lavish of their favors ... and some of their attachments seemed purely the effects of affection. They are initiated into this way of life at a very early period; we saw some, who could not be more than ten years old."
*:The time considered “right” to start coitus was not so much based on chronological age as on ability or maturity (Pukui, Haertig, and Lee, 1972, p. 78). [...] Suggs (1966) elaborated on the early sexual experiences of pubertal males with married females in their 30s and 40s in the Marquesas Islands, who “take special pains to be pleasing and patient with them ... a source of enjoyment for many Marquesan women” (p. 61). For young females of the Marquesas Islands, the first coital experience reportedly is earlier than it is for young males before menarche —and occurs unplanned with an adult male (Suggs, 1966, p. 63). [...] These adult/nonadult sexual interactions were socially approved behaviors. [...] For adults not to have given such practical education would have been unthinkable - a dereliction of duty.
*:Most important for Hawai‘ian society, the young learned of sexual humor. Among the Hawai‘ians, sex was and remains a rich source of humor and enjoyment. In everyday conversation and in song and story, it was considered to be an “art form” to speak using sexual double entendres (kaona). [...] Suggs (1966, p. 39) considered the early manifestations of infantile and childhood sexual behavior, including sexual behavior with adults, to be among the most distinguishing features of Marquesan sexual behavior. Many of the activities he described, however, are similar to activities that were present in Hawai'i and elsewhere in Oceania. Oliver (1974, pp. 458-459), for example, reported on adult/nonadult sexual behavior in Tahiti and quoted the missionary Orsmond from 1832: “In all Tahitians as well as officers who come in ships there is a cry for little girls,” and older females, when in a position to choose, preferred younger males. Marshall (1971, p. 126) described the routine early sexual encounters of young males and females in Mangaia as being with older, experienced males and females."

==Indonesia==

===Bali===
*'''Martinson, Floyd M. (1973). ''[http://www.ipce.info/booksreborn/martinson/infant/InfantAndChildSexuality.html Infant and Child Sexuality: A Sociological Perspective]''. The Book Mark.'''
*:"Among the Balinese, play and teasing with the genitals is common. A mother will pat her baby girl on the vulva and exclaim, "Pretty! Pretty!" (Bateson and Mead, 1942, p. 26, 32, 131). A boy's penis will be stroked and rubbed. After he has urinated, he will be dried by a flick of his penis. As he grows older, his penis will be pulled and stretched and ruffled, and he will often attempt to keep his balance when learning to walk by holding on to it. Babies are comforted and quieted by manipulating their genital organs. In fact, in Bali, a baby, especially a baby's genital, is a toy with which to play. There is much delight taken in stimulating and playing with the baby to watch him respond."

==South and Southeast Asia ==

=== Philippines ===
*'''[https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy-Claude_Burger Burger, G.C.] (Date unknown). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20230830163437/https://youjo.love/media/8db97b489e84f14e500046445c113066d720c1e691df6cc7934220a7b565483f.pdf The Sexual Mistake of the West].'''''
*:"Enamored of travel, he went to a different country every year, and, that year, he visited the Philippines. Not wanting to stay in the capital, he had taken the bus in order to get closer to the population. He thus found himself next to a mother who had reserved only one seat for herself and her eight-year-old daughter. The child at first amused herself by running in the central aisle and approaching the other passengers, but after three hours on the way, she began to have enough. As she was becoming more and more cranky, the mother put her on her lap and asked our gentlemen from Bordeaux if it would bother him if she put her daughter’s legs on his knees, so that the little one could sleep better. He accepted, of course, when he noticed that the mother began masturbating the child, as if it were the most natural thing in the world. You can imagine him blushing, asking himself what he should do, looking all around him to see how the other passengers would react, feeling that he would be accused of complicity in incest. But all the neighbors watched with big calm smiles, as if it were obvious, and worthy of the greatest discretion. As soon as the little girl reached orgasm, she fell asleep like an angel..."

===Khumbo (Nepal)===
*'''Diemberger, H. (1993). Blood, sperm, soul and the mountain. In T. del Valle (Ed.), [https://library.lol/main/E2340CAF82B58307F2AA3CBD3D1F97C9 ''Gendered Anthropology''] (pp. 88). Routledge.'''
*:"Caili, an energetic and sensual woman, is playing with her youngest son, Migmar. I enter the house. Caili offers me a cup of barley beer and then continues to play with Migmar who does not really want to be disturbed. He drinks some milk from the breast and plays with his erect little penis. He offers it to his mother who sucks it tenderly and then continues to chat with me. Migmar is five years old."

=== Tibet ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Monasteries had a strong reputation for master-novice sexual relations, which participants viewed without shame as they made no attempt to conceal them to Westerners upon early contacts. Prince Peter (1963)"

=== Batak (Northern Sumatra) ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"In late childhood, boys moved into all-male houses with about a dozen other boys and young men. From puberty until marriage, homosexual behavior was prescribed and constant. Pederasty and age-equal sex were both common. Sequestering the sexes ensured girls remained virgins until marriage (premarital sex for girls was highly taboo). With outside cultural contact, the tradition began to change. Money & Ehrhardt (1972)"

=== Java ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"In Ponorogo area, all-male folk dance was a major cultural institution (before 1990s); spectating men admired beauty of dancing youths; boy dancers aged 8–14, called gemblaks, often had culturally approved sex with men; interviewees who had been gemblaks all viewed the sex positively; all got married; some had long-term sexual relationships with the dance troupe directors (the Waroks). Waroks were spiritual guides, valorized by the community. Each Ponorogo village had a formalized male group for unmarried males; the group did socially constructive work for the community; heterosexual sex before marriage was disapproved, so members had sex with gemblaks; this practice was seen as benefiting the gemblaks, who got gifts, the group members, who got a sexual outlet, the community, which got good works. Under Western influence, educated Ponorogo people began seeing all this as an embarrassment (relic from an “uncivilized” past); have since worked to end the practice. Weis (1974); Williams (2011)"

==Africa==

=== Maassai (Kenya, Tanzania) ===
*'''Carles Feixa (2011). Past and present of adolescence in society: The ‘teen brain’ debate in perspective. ''Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews'', Volume 35, Issue 8'''
::"Sexual intercourse with [postpubertal] girls is admitted as long as they do not become pregnant."

=== Azande (South Sudan, Northern Congo)===
*'''Evans-Pritchard, E. E. (1970). [https://sci-hub.st/10.2307/672861 Sexual Inversion among the Azande. American Anthropologist], 72(6), 1428–1434.'''
*: "It was the custom for members of bachelor companies, some of whom would always be living in barracks at court, to take boy-wives. [...] Most young men consequently married late -- well into their twenties and thirties -- and, because girls were engaged (in a legal sense married) very young, often at birth, the only way youths could obtain satisfaction from a woman was in adultery. [...] The boys performed many of the smaller services a woman performs daily for her husband [...] Also, the boywife carried his husband's shield when on a journey. It should be understood that he performed these services lest it might be thought that the relationship was entirely of a sexual nature; it will be appreciated that it had an educational side to it. With regard to the sexual side, at night the boy slept with his lover, who had intercourse with him between his thighs (Azande expressed disgust at the suggestion of anal penetration). The boys got what pleasure they could by friction of their organs on the husband's belly or groin. However, even though there was this side to the relationship, it was clear from Zande accounts that there was also the comfort of a nightly sharing of the bed with a companion."
*: "The word "boy" (kumba gude) must, it would appear, be interpreted liberally, for as far as I could judge from what I was told the lads might have been anywhere between about twelve and twenty years of age"
*: "I have pointedly used the terms "wife,""husband," and "marriage," for, as the texts will make clear, the relationship was, for so long as it lasted, a legal union on the model of a normal marriage. The warrior paid bridewealth (some five spears or more) to the parents of his boy and performed services for them as he would have done had he married their daughter; if he proved to be a good son-in-law they might later replace the son by a daughter. Also, if another man had relations with his boy he could, I was told, sue him at court for adultery."

*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Under polygynous system, women were scarce; warriors married boys aged 12 or older; commanders might have more than one boy-wife; man and boy addressed each other with terms such as my love and my lover; boy performed wifely duties and apprenticed for man; on reaching adulthood, the boy typically joined a military company, taking a boy-wife of his own; tradition faded when practice of military service discontinued under British colonialism. Evans-Pritchard (1971); Murray & Roscoe (1998); Seligman & Seligman (1932)"

===Kadar (Nigeria)===
*'''Harris, M. [http://library.lol/main/98025ADB86EEFAF62B59DF2C3CA21CC7 ''Cultural Anthropology''] (New York: Harper and Row, 1983), p. 94.'''
*:"Among the Kadar of northern Nigeria, as reported by M. G. Smith (1968),<ref>M. G. Smith (1968). 'Secondary Marriage among Kadera and Kagoro.' In ''Marriage, Family, and Residence'', Bohannan, Paul and Middleton, J., eds. pp. 109-130. Garden City, N.Y.: Published for the American Museum of Natural History by the Natural History Press.</ref> most marriages result from infant betrothals. These matches are arranged by the fathers of the bride and groom when the girl is 3 to 6 years old. Ten years or more may elapse before the bride goes to live with her betrothed. During this time, a Kadar girl is not unlikely to become pregnant. This will disturb no one, even if the biological father is a man other than her husband:
*::''Kadar set no value on premarital chastity'' (1968, p. 113)."

=== Mossi (Burkina Faso) ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"All chiefs (ca. late nineteenth century) had large groups of pages, boys aged 8 to 15 chosen for attractiveness (some were thought to be quite beautiful); on Friday nights, because heterosexual intercourse was forbidden, a (W. chief would engage in sex with a boy instead (he could also on other nights). Upon reaching maturity, a boy Africa) was given a wife by the chief. Murray & Roscoe (1998); Tauxier (1912)"

=== Tsonga (Southern Mozambique) ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Common practice in twentieth century among native men, used as miners by colonialists, was taking boys as wives (with wedding feast, brideprice payment); boy performed domestic, sexual duties; was given presents, money in exchange; fidelity was expected; relationships were marked by intense feelings and jealousy; marriage could be terminated in divorce; some men took boy-wives home after mining, where they were accepted by men’s other wives and tribal leaders. Asked if boys desired being wives, an elderly Tsonga man answered, “Yes: for the sake of security, for the acquisition of property and for the fun itself.” A beard indicated the boy was no longer a sex object but a competitor for boys. Murray & Roscoe (1998); Wallace (2006)"

=== Bantu-Speaking Tribes (Central Africa) ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Male peer homosexual behavior was universal from puberty until age 18 or 20, and adult-youth sexual interactions were common as well. The older men disposed to form such relationships were described as bian nku’ma (having a heart for boys). In various Central Bantu groups, boy initiates resided at a sex-segregated lodge during their initiation phase and were required to manipulate the phalluses of the lodge-keeper and other adult male visitors, a practice that was seen as instrumental in helping the boys’ phalluses grow large and strong. Wallace (2006)"

=== Siwans (Libya) ===
*'''Ford, C. S., & Beach, F. A. (1951). Patterns of sexual behavior. ''Harper & Brothers.'''''
::"Among the Siwans of Africa, for example, all men and boys engage in anal intercourse. They adopt the feminine role only in strictly sexual situations and males are singled out as peculiar if they do not indulge in these homosexual activities. Prominent Siwan men lend their sons to each other, and they talk about their masculine love affairs as openly as they discuss their love of women."

*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"(Ages of boys involved 12–18) Pederasty was a well-entrenched custom from antiquity to at least 1950s; matchmakers made marriage-like ; arrangements between men and boys; the boy got a gift larger than brideprice for females; man and boy then entered into alliance with family approval; prominent men lent each other their sons for sex; love affairs and jealousies over boys were common; Robin Maugham said: “They will kill for a boy. Never for a woman.” Adam (1985); Herdt (1997)"

=== Lesotho ===
*'''Herdt, G. H. (1997). Same sex, different cultures: Exploring gay and lesbian lives. ''Westview Press.'''''
::"In another contemporary southern African culture, Lesotho, age difference was important in relationships between young women who were attached and became homoerotically bonded. These are the “mummy-baby” relationships studied by anthropologist Judith Gay (1986). [...] Young women engaged in mummy/baby relations when they first entered adolescence. These distinctive bonds involved increasing degrees of intimacy, including open expressions of kissing, and might go on to the deepest sexual and lifelong bonds, though not so far that later marriage with a man was prevented. The roles of the older women were very different from those of the younger one, especially in terms of social obligations. The older woman took on the responsible role in the relationship, and she provided her younger partner with gifts and advice. The latter was important because it prepared the young girl for future relationships with men, most significantly her future husband. A woman might continue this relationship for some time after she was married. But then she would cease seeing her younger partner, who then in turn would find a younger woman of her own."

==India==

===Muria===

*'''Elwin, V. (1947). ''[http://library.lol/main/F416733E30BB1A46214CC9AC38656FDE The Muria and their Ghotul]''. Oxford: Oxford University Press.''' [Childhood of the Muria people of Bastar, in central India, as summarized here in scholarship by [[Tom O'Carroll]] (2018)].<ref>Thomas O'Carroll (2018). [https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-018-9519-1 Childhood ‘Innocence’ is Not Ideal: Virtue Ethics and Child–Adult Sex.] ''Sexuality and Culture'', 22:1230–1262 (pp. 1254-1255).</ref>
*:"Anthropologist Verrier Elwin described the elaborate sexual apprenticeship children have, which takes place principally in a special house for the young, known as the ''ghotul''. Infants and toddlers sleep in their parents' house. There are no locked doors and these little children inevitably see something of their parents' intimacies. By the time the children are six or seven a new domestic arrangement is brought into play. The child goes of to the ghotul, a self-regulated domain with its own boy leader and girl leader. The little children are free to come and go as they please between the ghotul and the parental home. Within the ghotul the children are free to engage in sex rehearsal play. Adolescents are able to have intercourse as they choose, able to experiment with different partners and under no pressure to make a premature commitment (Elwin 1947). Elwin, who spent much of his life in India, thought the arrangement worked very well. [...] In 1982, to the surprise of the academic community, it was reported that the ghotul system was still in existence and even expanding (von Fürer-Haimendorf 1982). [...] Elwin says that in practice [girls becoming pregnant] was a rare occurrence in the ghotul, even in the absence of modern contraceptives."

=== Crow ===
*'''Ford, C. S., & Beach, F. A. (1951). Patterns of sexual behavior. ''Harper & Brothers.'''''
::"A few Crow men adopt women's dress and mannerisms, and live alone. Adolescent boys and occasionally older men visit these ''bate'', as they are called. The bate stimulates the boy's genitals orally. One informant stated that there were four such men in his community and that seventeen of his adolescent friends visited them occasionally."

==The Balkans==

===Albania===

*'''Zimmerman, Ann (1994). "[https://www.dallasobserver.com/news/tell-mama-why-you-cry-part-i-6404797 'Tell Mama Why You Cry' (Part I)]," [https://web.archive.org/web/20100926211411/http://www.dallasobserver.com/1994-11-17/news/tell-mama-why-you-cry-part-i/1 (archive)], ''Dallas Observer'', November 17.'''
*:An Albanian immigrant to the US is arrested for retaining his culture: "This harsh--and irreversible--punishment came at the end of a strange case that began in 1989 when several witnesses reported seeing Krasniqi fondle his daughter during a karate tournament in a Plano high school gymnasium in which his son was competing. Several years after the family court ruling, Krasniqi finally had his day in criminal court. Collin County Judge Nathan White acquitted him of the charge of indecency with a child primarily on the strength of testimony from Massachusetts anthropologist Barbara Halpern--one of the country's foremost authorities on the peasant culture of the Balkans. Halpern explained that Sam Krasniqi's actions were done not with sexual intent, but rather with playful affection--in keeping with his culture, which cherishes children and showers them with physical affection. [...]
*: Shortly after the tournament began, Taylor's attention was drawn to the spectator in front of her. She watched as a 50-year-old man with thinning gray hair repeatedly rubbed the underpants-clad buttocks and bare legs of a little girl who was laid out across his lap. He also slipped his hand under the girl's panties and caressed and squeezed her buttocks. "He lifted her to face him and rubbed her front chest under her little dress. He then put his hand inside her panties from the leg opening and squeezed her vagina," Taylor wrote in a statement she gave police. [...]
*:Wunderlich, who did not retrun calls to the Observer, had to explain to Kathy what molestation meant. "If you mean something sexual like with me and my husband, you are wrong," Kathy responded. "It is not a sexual thing and there is no harm to my children," Kathy told Wunderlich. [...]
*:"According to Wunderlich's case notes, he admitted touching Lima and Tim, that it was acceptable in his country and it was just a big misunderstanding. "He denied it was sexual at all and said that I could kill him if he was lying and if it was sexually gratifying to him." Krasniqi has since insisted that Wunderlich misconstrued what he was telling her. At the karate tournament, Krasniqi insists he was just playing a game with his daughter--touching the parts of her body and asking her to say their names. "I tell Wunderlich, How can you love your children and not touch them?" Krasniqi explains, sitting in his home, surrounded by pictures of his children when they were younger.
*:Nowhere in Wunderlich's case notes does it indicate that anyone in her department tried to research the Krasniqis' culture. If they had they might have learned what Barbara Halpern, the anthropologist from Massachusetts, testified to in Krasniqi's criminal trial. The Krasniqis come from "very physically demonstrative culture. Children are universally adored. Until they attain school age and venture beyond the household gates, they are the constant subjects of hugs, caresses and overt displays of affection.""

*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Highly romanticized pederasty still found in latter half of twentieth century [...] [Y]ounger men frequently cultivated passionate, enthusiastic erotic relations with boys (12 to 17); Muslim Albanian custom of “boy-brides” also spread to Albanian Christians. Greenberg (1988); Murray (1997, 2000); Williams (1992)"

== See also ==
*[[Research: Intergenerational Relationships in History]]
*[[Pederasty in Islam]]
*[[Pederasty in Japanese culture]]
* [https://wiki.yesmap.net/wiki/Walter_L._Williams#The_Spirit_and_the_Flesh_%281986%29 The Spirit and the Flesh (1986)] - the book by Walter L. Williams with a broad section on pederasty among non-western societies
* [[Gilbert_Herdt|Gilbert Herdt]] - anthropologist who studied ritualized intergenerational homosexuality in Melanesia

==Excerpt Graphic Library==

The EGL on '''Broader Perspectives''' has some relevant information. Just right click/save and reproduce by uploading in short-form media to bypass character limits.

{{Template:EGLBP}}

==References==

[[Category:Official Encyclopedia]][[Category:Research into effects on Children]][[Category:Research: Broader Perspectives]]

Research: Nonwestern Intergenerational Relationships

2026-07-31T20:32:16Z

Thorn: /* Africa */

__NOTOC__{{research}}Most societies which have not been influenced by the West have less, different, or virtually no sexual taboos. It is worth mentioning that absent modern western influence, anthropologists and historians have found far more societies where [[homosexuality]] is prohibited, than societies in which [[pedosexuality]] suffers similar censure. Many encourage intergenerational sex for various reasons. Due to ongoing Westernisation and cultural imperialism, much of what is listed here may already be consigned to [[Research: Intergenerational Relationships in History|history]] (see, for example, [https://web.archive.org/web/20220225124148/https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/j.chc.2004.02.001 Nieto (2004), for an anthropological review]).

==GUS, a world atlas: Growing Up Sexually==

The range and detail of accounts involved in this page will only serve as a brief demonstration of non-western diversity in intergenerational relationships. Many examples from anthropology involve [[Sexual rites of passage]]. If readers are seeking a broader, more detailed and integrated study, they may find [[Diederik Janssen]]'s [http://www.sexarchive.info/GESUND/ARCHIV/GUS/GUS_MAIN_INDEX.HTM ''Growing Up Sexually''] ([http://www.sexarchive.info/GESUND/ARCHIV/GUS/GROWINGUPSEXUALLY1.ZIP entire Vol 1] in zipped PDF) more appropriate, or ''[https://greek-love.com/ Greek Love: Pederasty throughout the ages]'', re. homosexuality.

==Americas==

===Pirahã (Brazil)===

*'''Daniel Everett (2008). [https://books.feedvu.com/fullbook/dont-sleep-there-are-snakes-life-and-language-in-the-amazonian-jungle-pdf-2.html?page=16&part=1 ''Dont Sleep, There Are Snakes: Life and Language in the Amazonian Jungle'']. Chapter 16 of 34.'''
*:"Relations between men and women and boys and girls, whether married or not, are always cordial and often marked by light to heavy flirting. Sexually it is the same. So long as children are not forced or hurt, there is no prohibition against their participating in sex with adults. I remember once talking to Xisaoxoi, a Pirahã man in his late thirties, when a nine- or ten-year-old girl was standing beside him. As we talked, she rubbed her hands sensually over his chest and back and rubbed his crotch area through his thin, worn nylon shorts. Both were enjoying themselves. “What’s she doing?” I asked superfluously. “Oh, she’s just playing. We play together. When she’s big she will be my wife” was his nonchalant reply—and, indeed, after the girl went through puberty, they were married."

* '''Daniel Everett (2016). ''Dark matter of the mind : the culturally articulated unconscious.'' Chapter 3'''
::"Pirahã young people begin to engage sexually, though apparently not in full intercourse, from early on. Touching and being touched seem to be common for Pirahã boys and girls from about seven years of age on. They are all sexually active by puberty, with older men and women frequently initiating younger girls and boys, respectively. There is no evidence that the children then or as adults find this pedophilia the least bit traumatic."

===Pilagá (Argentina)===

*'''Jules Henry and Zunia Henry (1944). [https://library.lol/main/2C825BAA5B73830492464813AF34FEC4 ''Doll Play of Pilagá Indian Children. An Experimental and Field Analysis of the Behavior of the Pilagá Indian Children'']. (American Orthopsychiatric Association), p. 72.'''
*:'''Note:''' The study explores the use of dolls among Pilagá children, including in a sexual context.
*:"Where children can see the adult sexual act, where sexual conversations and gestures are perfectly open, and child life is untrammeled by sexual taboos, it is reasonable to expect that the children should experiment with their sexual apparatus and attempt to imitate adult sexual behavior. This is the case among the Pilagá. Considering the extent of child knowledge about sex and the age at which this knowledge becomes articulate - 3 years - intercourse in the Pilagá household must not only be visible to the children, but carried on with little if any attempt to conceal the act from them. Absolutely no prohibition is placed on child sexual activity by the adults, so that the children are at liberty to do what they please. Under such circumstances the only limits to the child's sexual activity are his physiological capacities and the tolerance of his companions. [...] [S]ex is a strong and constant interest of Pilagá children."

=== Yucatan ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"In field work, Williams (1992) found pederastic behavior still common in late twentieth century Yucatan."

=== Zapotecs (Mexico) ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Boys entering puberty commonly had sexual relations with men. Source: Williams (1992)"

=== Various Indian tribes (southern Mexico) ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Married men would adopt an adolescent boy, who was proud to have been chosen and saw it an honor to be the man’s lover; the boy would help the wife, her children, and the household, and would take a boy of his own when later an adult and married. Source: Ross (1991)"

==Australia==
===Tiwi===
*'''Davenport, William H. (1992). [https://www.newgon.net/wiki/File:Davenport_chapter.pdf Adult-Child Sexual Relations in Cross-Cultural Perspective], in W. O'Donohue & J. H. Geer (Eds.), ''The sexual abuse of children: Theory and research'' (Vol. 1, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 73-80), pp. 76-77.'''
*:"The best ethnographic description of this type of [gerontocratic] marriage is by Jane Goodale (1971) in her account of the Tiwi who live on Melville Island, North Australia. Betrothals of first marriages of most females are made even before those females are concieved. In fact, such a marriage contract is made when the as-yet-to-be-concieved girl's mother commences menstruation. [...] Once the marriage contract is made, the husband-to-be, who is an adult, works with his future mother and father-in-law as a member of that family, with the expectation that when a daughter is born to them, she will be given to him as a wife. There is no fixed chronological age at which the young girl is given to her designated husband, but it occurs after she is able to take on some household and other economic responsibilities, but well before her first menstruation. For the Tiwi she is still a child, albeit and older child. When her father decides that she is mature enough, the young girl is merely taken to her husband and instructed to reside and sleep with him. This is not an abrupt change [...] for the husband has been a part of the same family camp for some time, and the young wife is still surrounded by those with whom she has always lived. Goodale describes the process:
*::''Soon after the ''alinga'' [young girl] moves to her husband's fire he begins her sexual instruction. From all accounts this appears to be a very gradual process. He begins by deflowering her with his finger, and perhaps only after a year does he have actual intercourse with her. Sexual intercourse is considered by the Tiwi to be the direct and only cause of breast formation, growth of pubic and auxillary hair, menarche, and subsequent menstrual periods. (1971, p. 45)."'' [Jane Carter Goodale (1971) Tiwi wives: a study of the women of Melville Island, North Australia]
*:"versions of this marriage were once found among many Australian Aborigine groups (Berndt & Berndt, 1951; Gale, 1970; Kaberry, 1939; Rose, 1960). From our ethnocentric [i.e. Western] perspective, one of the most notable aspects [...] is the absence of trauma". (p. 77).

*'''Jane C. Goodale (1962) "Marriage Contracts among the Tiwi." ''Ethnology'', Vol. 1, No. 4'''
::"A Tiwi male will rarely acquire a wife through any form of contract before the age of 30. A bestowed wife, one who is promised before birth and becomes a cohabiting wife before puberty, is a valuable prestige symbol, but difficult to acquire. Thus a young man will frequently start his household with the acquisition of a less valuable but more easily obtainable type of wife, i.e., a widow, often of advanced age."
::"[I]t is acknowledged by Tiwi women as an inflexible "rule" governing their first marriage before puberty to a man whom they describe as "the one who grew me up, treated me like a father, and made me a woman." "
::"[O]n the average, the promised daughter will be born ten years from the date of the contract, i.e., when both the mother and the son-in-law are about twenty years old. The young girl will not become a cohabiting wife for approximately another eight or ten years, at which time her promised husband will be at least 28 to 30 years of age. Thus an average difference of twenty years between the ages of a girl and her first husband is to be expected"

*'''Goodale, J. C. (1971). Tiwi wives: A study of the women of Melville Island, North Australia.'''
::“A man will not receive a contract for a wife of any type until he reaches the age of ten to twenty. At this age he may receive a wife who has been previously married”

=== Aranda ===
*'''Ford, C. S., & Beach, F. A. (1951). Patterns of sexual behavior. ''Harper & Brothers.'''''
::"Among many of the aborigines of Australia this type of coitus is a recognized custom between unmarried men and uninitiated boys. Strehlow writes of the Aranda as follows: ''"... Pederasty is a recognized custom.... Commonly a man, who is fully initiated but not yet married, takes a boy ten or twelve years old, who lives with him as a wife for several years, until the older man marries.[...]"''(Strehlow, 1915, p. 98.)"

*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Typically, an unmarried [Aranda] man (late teens) would take a boy from 10 to 12 years old to be his wife and live with him for several years until he (the older partner) got married to a woman. Aside from sex, the man served as the boy’s mentor (e.g., in hunting). Sources: Strehlow (1913–15)"

=== Nambutji ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Every boy became a boy-wife to a man, who circumcised the boy and whose daughter became the boy’s wife when he reached adulthood. In the intervening time, the man and boy were homosexually involved. Source: Roheim (1945)"

==Melanesia==
Melanesian societies have normalized the consumption of semen by prepubescent/pubescent boys. This is thought to be in aid of their maturation and future status as warriors. Semen is received via oral or anal sex with an older adolescent boy or man. Relationships are said to be not only formal but often free-flowing and affectionate (for example among the Sambia of New-Guinea). There are many separate groups with distinct languages in Melanesia (about 1000). There is no evidence of institutional intergenerational sexual practice for most of them, partly due to anthropologists have often avoided studying sexuality because of their own moral constraints. Yet evidence of such practices (that vary greatly in form) has been obtained for at least 29 different Melanesian societies (with additional 19 related groups) described in the comprehensive volume ''Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia''<ref>Herdt, G. H. (Ed.). (1984). Ritualized homosexuality in Melanesia. ''University of California Press.available via [[Help:Research_Resources#Information_Freedom_Companions|option 2]]</ref> (see table 1.1, chapter 1)

::I. Eastern insular Melanesia: Fiji; New Caledonia; New Hebrides: Malekula Island.

::II. Northeastern insular Melanesia: New Britain; Duke-of-Yorks; East Bay.

::III. Western Papua: Lower Fly River: Kiwai Island, including Bugilai; Trans-Fly Delta: Keraki; Suki; Boadzi. (Related social units: Karigare, Yarne, Kaunje, Wekamara.)

::IV. Southeastern Irian Jaya: Kanum; Yéi-anim; Marind-anim; Kimam, Frederik Hendrik Island; Jaquai. (Related social units: Maklew-anim, Yab-anim, Kurkari-anim.)

::V. Northeastern Irian Jaya: Asmat; Casuarina Coast; Humboldt Bay.

::VI. Great Papuan Plateau: Bedamini; Etoro; Kaluli; Onabasalu; Gebusi, Nomad River.

::VII. Anga (Kukukuku): Sambia; Baruya; Jeghuje; Other Highlands Anga groups; Lowlands Anga groups. (Related social units: Usarumpiu, Wantukiu, Aziana, Lohiki, Kapau, Ivori, Mbwei, Yagwoia, Ampale, Langamar, Menya, Katje.)

::VIII. Northern Province: Ai’i.

History/evolution:
*'''[[Gilbert Herdt|Herdt, G. H.]] (Ed.). (1984). Ritualized homosexuality in Melanesia. ''University of California Press.'''''
::"The accumulating evidence indicates that we are not only confronted in these Melanesian cultures with similar cultural and ecological systems; I propose that we are also faced with an ancient ritual complex that diffused through a vast area of lowland and fringe-area Melanesia, perhaps 10,000 years ago or less. [...] Left unchecked by Western pacification or colonialization, what would the long-term evolution of these marginal populations have been? Perhaps homosexual practices might have contributed to their extinction, but we cannot be certain of this possibility: if one accepts the assumption of ancient migrations and ritual practices, these groups had flourished for generations." (pp. 48, 58-59)

::"(RH [Ritualized Homosexuality]) groups tend to use initiation as the social mechanism for recruitment to their ritual cults and to the village-based warriorhood corps as well. Survival and social reproduction of communities depend upon the warriorhood, and initiation means introduction to homosexual activity. It also brings with it adult, masculine socialization, through successive ceremonies and related achievements. Thus homosexuality is linked to what are essentially military and age-graded organizations." (p.60) (this is in line with [[Research: Evolutionary_Perspectives_on_Intergenerational_Sexuality#Mentorship-Bonding/Enculturation-Alliance Hypothesis|Evolutionary Mentorship-Bonding/Enculturation-Alliance Hypothesis]]

Often, when speaking about institutionalized intergenerational sexuality, anthropologists and publicists emphasize that there only adolescents involved in this, but they miss the fact that pedophilia is also institutionalized in many cultures (not only Melanesian):
*'''[[Gilbert Herdt|Herdt, G. H.]] (Ed.). (1984). Ritualized homosexuality in Melanesia. ''University of California Press.'''''
::"An important and ignored aspect of initiation in (RH) [ritualized homosexuality] groups is that it frequently occurs before puberty, often as early as middle to late childhood (e.g., Marind-anim, Sambia, Keraki, etc.). Elsewhere I have argued that this young age is psychologically necessary for the radical resocialization [from the female wing of the society] into, and eventual sex-role dramatization expected of, adult men (Herdt 1981, 1982cf . Mead 1949; Young 1965)." (p.60)

* '''Money, J. (1990). Pedophilia: A Specific Instance of New Phylism Theory as Applied to Paraphilic Lovemaps. In: Feierman, J.R. (eds) [https://libgen.is/book/index.php?md5=3CA15750CD7EC06C3052B55B5E16C76D Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions]. Springer, New York, NY. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_18'''
*:"The cultural tradition of pedophilia may belong not just to a small enclave of a population but also to an entire community, as in the case of various tribal peoples scattered across the Pacific in Melanesia and New Guinea (Herdt, 1984). The Sambia of the New Guinea Highlands (Herdt, 1981) are such a tribe. Their ancient customs as fierce head-hunting warriors survived European contact until after World War II. According to their folklore concerning their children, a boy could not become a warrior if he stayed living with women and children after age 8. So, he was taken into the men's longhouse to remain in the company of males only, there to be subjected to the rituals of indoctrination and initiation. As a baby, he had been nourished by woman's milk. As a juvenile, he would have to be nourished with men's milk so that his body would mature in the way that maturation occurs during puberty. It was an obligation of youths still too young to be married not to waste their semen but to have it sucked out of their penises by the prepubertal boys who, once able to ejaculate themselves, would nourish those still younger. At age 19, the age of marriage, their two-way experience of androphilic pedophilia would cease, and their lives would become heterosexual with an adult partner."
*:"The universal male/male pedophilia of the Sambia demonstrates the sexological plasticity of the human organism and the making of pedophilia into the social norm."

There are societies with girls and women participating in intergenerational sexual practices (but ritualized homosexuality is absent):
*'''Janssen, D.F. (2002). "[http://www.sexarchive.info/GESUND/ARCHIV/GUS/NEW_GUINEAWEB.HTM Papua New Guinea]," ''Growing Up Sexually, Volume I: World Reference Atlas''.'''
*:"Berndt (1962:p91): “As babies and small children their genitalia are fondled”. Mothers caress “the fleshy parts of [the infant's] body [...] and implanting breathy kisses over and over again in the region of its genital organs” (Hogbin, 1943:p298). Genital touching by older people was also noted by among the Marind-anim (Van Baal, 1966; cf. Money and Ehrhardt, 1973 [1996:p132]). Gillison (1993:p176) describes the process of masturbating infants among the Gimi:
*::The mother insists upon continued contact, interrupting her toddler's play repeatedly to offer the breast. Masturbation [...] with a baby girl [occurs when] the mother or amau holds her hand over the vulva and shakes it vigorously. She may kiss the vagina [sic], working her way up the middle of the body to the lips and then inserting her nipple (often when the child has given no sign of discontent). With a boy, she kisses the penis, pulls at it with her fingers and takes it into her mouth to induce an erection. Several women may pass a baby boy back and forth, each one holding him over her head as she takes a turn sucking or holding the penis in her mouth. When the child then pulls at his own organ, the women, greatly amused, offer squeezes and pulls of their own."

The Trobrianders of Papua New Guinea<ref>[http://libgen.is/book/index.php?md5=2E76D290FDCC06180F125CAF7336B2C0 Weiner, Annette B. (1988). ''The Trobrianders of Papua New Guinea.'' United States of America: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. ISBN 9780030119194]</ref> have received attention in the Western Media for sexual customs in infancy and adolescence that confuse morally conflicted Westerners:<ref>[https://medium.com/the-story-in-history/the-culture-where-children-as-young-as-six-years-are-sexualized-d7afef2d2985 The Culture Where Children as Young as Six Years are Sexualized]</ref>
:<blockquote>Popularly referred to as “The Islands of Love”, the Trobriand Islands are a 174-square-miles group of islands on the east coast of New Guinea. The people are indigenous matrilineal people with a population of 12,000. ''[...]'' In the Trobriand culture, children aren’t allowed the chance to be just children. They are groomed to lose their innocence and start acting like adults at a very young age. By the age of six, they start participating in erotic games with each other. They start engaging in seductive activities. Their little girls are expected to start looking and acting sexy to attract little boys as well as older men. Then, by the time they turn 10, they are expected to start having sexual intercourse with as many sexual partners as they will. Since they are a matrilineal culture, the Trobriand woman has the right to have as many sexual partners as she pleases. And their primitive way of dressing doesn’t make it any harder to engage in sexual intercourse at will.</blockquote>

But mostly intergenerational male homosexuality:
*'''Jan N. Bremmer (2021) [https://www.amazon.com/Becoming-Man-Ancient-Greece-Rome/dp/3161590082 Becoming a Man in Ancient Greece and Rome. Essays on Myths and Rituals of Initiation.]'''(available via [[Help:Research_Resources#Information_Freedom_Companions|Option 2]])
::"This description [''see Williams' above''] is confirmed by more recent anthropological studies [See especially the many studies of [[Gilbert Herdt|G. Herdt]]] [...] the following points should be noted as important features: (1) we have here a case of pederasty, which should not be confused with modern homosexuality, as both initiators and novices normally marry afterwards; (2) the active pederasts are the novices of the previous initiation, and it may be of importance to note that it is these novices who usually play a prominent role in upholding discipline during the initiation; finally, (3) copulation, in which the novice is always the passive partner, takes place anally."

*'''Knauft, Bruce M. (1987). "Homosexuality in Melanesia," ''Journal of Psychoanalytic Anthropology'', 10, 155-91.'''
*:Melanesian boys "coquettishly initiated" homosexuality with grown men. Relationships were "grounded in personal affection rather than obligation".

=== Big Nambas (Malekula Island) ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Society had rampant warfare, chiefs had near monopoly on women; father chose man to circumcise his son; this man then became boy’s “husband,” and the boy his “wife;” intercourse believed to strengthen boy’s penis; relationship was very close; boy followed the man everywhere, participating with him in daily chores; man was intensely jealous if other men took interest in the boy; if man or boy died, the other would mourn deeply; some men were so deeply homosexual in affections that they would seldom have intercourse with their wives, preferring the boy; every chief had several boy lovers. Sources: Herdt (1993); Layard (1942)"

=== East Bay Islanders ===
*'''Davenport, William H. (1992). [https://www.newgon.net/wiki/File:Davenport_chapter.pdf Adult-Child Sexual Relations in Cross-Cultural Perspective], in W. O'Donohue & J. H. Geer (Eds.), ''The sexual abuse of children: Theory and research'' (Vol. 1, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 73-80), pp. 76-77.'''
::"[I]n a society called East Bay, where I did some ethnography of sexual behavior (Davenport 1965), formerly, there had been a pattern of male homosexuality in which some older men often took, always with consent from their fathers, nonrelated boys as relatively permanent, passive sexual partners for anal intercourse. From a cultural perspective, the boys were understood to be substitutes for females, not homosexual partners as our culture would define them. In fact, the culture of East Bay did not recognize — that is, had no cultural category for — intimate male homosexual relationships as something separate from those involving women. A boy, rather than a man, was selected, because a boy was a minor, without an independent legal status separate from his father’s, hence he could be told what to do. Women in East Bay society also were minors in this legal sense. But the crux of the matter was that the passive homosexual role was not considered to be in any way damaging to a boy’s psychosexual development. Moreover, such a close association with an elder man, who was expected to be gentle, generous, and indulgent, could have a positive effect on the boy’s development. If, however, the elder man did not fulfill these role expectations, he would find himself accused of mistreatment, that is, abusing the boy, and, therefore, in serious trouble with the boy’s father and other senior male relatives who were responsible for his well-being."

*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Nearly every male engaged in extensive homosex; men had sexual relations with boys (7 to 11); it was obligatory to give boy presents in return; the boys discussed these contacts freely and without shame in presence of parents, friends. Upon marriage, only a few men became exclusive heterosexuals; most continued to have sex with boys as well; only one man in the study preferred exclusively boys. Source: Davenport (1965)"

=== Keraki, Trans-Fly Delta ===
*'''Ford, C. S., & Beach, F. A. (1951). Patterns of sexual behavior. ''Harper & Brothers.'''''
::"Keraki bachelors of New Guinea universally practice sodomy, and in the course of his puberty rites each boy is initiated into anal intercourse by the older males. After his first year of playing the passive role he spends the rest of his bachelorhood sodomizing the newly initiated."

*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"[Keraki] All boys were sodomized for about a year, seen as essential for their development; adult informants repeatedly answered, when asked whether they submitted as boys, “Why yes! Otherwise how should I have grown?” Bachelors saw some boys as more attractive, gave them more attention; they sodomized boys until marriage, then engaged mostly in heterosex, but continued to have relations with boys on occasion. Source: Williams (1936)"

*'''Williams, F.E. (1969) Papuans of the Trans-Fly. ''Oxford'''''
::"It is actually regarded as essential to the growing boy to be sodomized.[...] In the meantime it is enough to note that every male adult in the Morehead district has in his time constantly played both parts in this perversion. The boy is initiated to it at the bull-roarer ceremony [...] When he becomes adolescent his part is reversed and he may then sodomize his juniors, the new initiates to the bull-roarer."
::"Gambadi informants describe the initial occasion more vividly. The father bids his son stoop to drink at a pool and as he does so catches him at a disadvantage. [...] It is to be noted that nowadays boys are not sodomized by their own fathers. The restriction of moiety exogamy is observed in sodomy as it is in marriage [...]"

=== Marind-anim ===
*'''[[Gilbert Herdt|Herdt, G. H.]] (Ed.). (1984). Ritualized homosexuality in Melanesia. ''University of California Press.'''''
::"[R]itualized anal homosexual practices are institutionalized on a widespread scale throughout the entire Marind area. [...]. Homosexual anal intercourse is begun in male initiation for boys between the ages of seven and fourteen years (Van Baal 1966:143-144). Afterward, boys live in the men's clubhouse for some six years, avoiding females and regularly engaging in anal intercourse." (pp. 25-25)
::"This transition happens when the first signs of approaching puberty become apparent. He is then made an aroi-patur, literally a black boy. His body is blackened all over, and a mother's brother is appointed to act as his mentor, his binahor-iather. The meaning of the word binahor is uncertain, but it probably refers to the mentor's main function, that of being the boy's pederast who, by "feeding" the boy anally, contributes to his physical growth." (p. 132)

*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Upon reaching puberty, a boy moved in with a mentor and his wife; he assisted the mentor in gardening, hunting, and other chores; their relation was sexual and lasted about seven years until boy’s later marriage; bond between them was extremely strong; the sexual contacts seemed to contribute to the strength of this bond; insemination was regarded as helpful to boy’s growth. Source: Van Baal (1966)"

=== Kimam / Kolepom papuans: ===
*'''[[Gilbert Herdt|Herdt, G. H.]] (Ed.). (1984). Ritualized homosexuality in Melanesia. ''University of California Press.'''''
::"The age at which [Kimam] boys enter the bachelor's house varies considerably in all villages, since it is dependent upon the simultaneous celebration of the final feast for a dead person. On this occasion a number of boys of varying ages, from about ten to fourteen years, are admitted. (Sometimes the boys are even younger.) [...] At his entry into the cult house, the boy is placed under the charge and guidance of a mentor who is designated as his "adoptive father." This man is supposed to have regular homosexual intercourse with the boy to make him strong with the semen that is inserted into his body through anal intercourse. In the western villages, there is no doubt that the adoptive father is mother's younger brother [...] They help each other in planting and harvesting, and they share food. A sister's son displays a conspicuous lack of respect toward his MB, even when there is a substantial difference in age. They play all sorts of pranks on each other, at which neither of them does or should get angry." (p. 300, 304)

::girls:
::"The first reports of missionaries and government officials mention the custom of "testing" sexually the marriageable [Kimam] girls. According to informants, the intention was to see whether the girls could stand the test. If they felt ill after intercourse, it was proof that they were not yet suited for marriage. It is possible that this trial took place during the promiscuous sexual intercourse of the ndambu festival.[...] When, for instance, an epidemic strikes the village and causes many deaths, as often happens, promiscuous heterosexual intercourse involving as many people as possible is organized in the village to collect large amounts of semen (probably by coitus interruptus). According to the information collected in the village of Bamol, very young girls are preferably selected for this sexual intercourse. [...] The first missionaries were in a better position to estimate the approximate age of the girls. They regularly made mention of schoolgirls who, for days on end, did not attend the mission school because they were sick after intercourse with a number of mature men. In his diary, Father Thieman (n.d.) mentions a number of girls (with names and exact age) who took part in sexual intercourse when they were no older than eight." (pp. 301, 304, 308)

=== Bedamini===
*'''[[Gilbert Herdt|Herdt, G. H.]] (Ed.). (1984). Ritualized homosexuality in Melanesia. ''University of California Press.'''''
::“Bedamini, like the Marind-anim (Van Baal 1966:817), consider semen the essence of life. [...] Immature boys do not possess semen, and they can mature only through the intervention of their seniors. Behind this conception is also the assumption that weakness in males will ensue from too much association with women, in particular through sexual intercourse. Boys have been breast-fed and have spent their first years in a predominantly female sphere of influence. The solution to this dilemma is to supply the boys with semen from the age of eight to ten years. The insemination is managed orally, by having the boys manipulate and suck the penes of young unmarried men, an activity referred to as sibi. The young man who will be a boy's inseminator is selected by the boy's father, and he must belong to the opposite moiety, that is, to a group with whom the boy's clan intermarries.” (pp. 322-323)

=== Etoro ===
*'''[[Gilbert Herdt|Herdt, G. H.]] (Ed.). (1984). Ritualized homosexuality in Melanesia. ''University of California Press.'''''
::"The Etoro achieve this [semen transmission] through oral intercourse, the Kaluli through anal intercourse, and the Onabasulu through masturbation and smearing of the semen over the bodies of the initates [...] The Kaluli are traditional enemies of the Etoro, and the Etoro particularly revile them for their initiatory practices which are regarded as totally disgusting. (The feeling is probably mutual.) [...] Among the Etoro, "a youth is continually inseminated from about age ten until he reaches his early mid-twenties" (Kelly 1976:45). [...] Kaluli initiation and homosexual activities, in contrast, seem more truncated: [...] When a boy is eleven or twelve years old, he is engaged for several months in homosexual intercourse with a healthy older man chosen by his father. [...] (Schieffelin 1976:124)" (pp. 34- 35)

*'''Anitei, Stefan (2007). "[http://news.softpedia.com/news/How-to-Drink-Sperm-to-Become-a-Strong-Man-67804.shtml How to Drink Sperm to Become a Strong Man]," Softpedia, October 6.'''
*:"This power is transmitted between the members of the [Etoro] tribe by means of sex. That's why young boys, even at the age of 12, get it from the sperm of the older males. The boy gets "power" orally by a young man assigned to be his partner. Few years later, the teenager is formally involved in relationships with many male sex partners, after which he turns into an "inseminator" from an "inseminee.""

=== Kaluli ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"[Kaluli] From 8 to 28, males resided in sex-segregated hunting lodge; daily, boys accompanied older males on grueling hunting trips, learning essentials of the practice; at 10 or 11, a boy’s father chose for him an older male to inseminate him for months or years; some boys chose their own inseminator; insemination thought essential for growth. Men looked back on youth in hunting lodge with nostalgic excitement, zest; remembered continual hunting, growth-stimulating insemination, ritual discipline, unity of purpose, vigorous manly ethos as highlight of their lives; whole practice was one of prestige for them. Tradition ended in 1960s by colonial administration and missionaries, who policed against it. Source: Schieffelin (1982)"

===Gebusi===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"[Gebusi] Boys in early adolescence “coquettishly” initiated sexual relations with older, unrelated males. As with the Sambia, the belief was that insemination grew the boys into men. The sexual relations were based on personal affection rather than obligation. Sources: Herdt (1991, 1997)"

=== Sambia ===

*'''[[Gilbert Herdt|Herdt, G. H.]] (Ed.). (1984). Ritualized homosexuality in Melanesia. ''University of California Press.'''''
::"Male development and masculinization after childhood are the responsibility of the men's secret cult and its initiation system. This cult is organized and perpetuated by the confederacy of hamlets. Boys are initiated at seven to ten years of age, when they are separated from their mothers, natal households, and younger siblings. [...] Sambia practice secret homosexual fellatio, which is taught and instituted in first-stage initiation. Boys learn to ingest semen from older youths through oral sexual contacts. First- and second-stage initiates may only serve as fellators; they are forbidden to reverse erotic roles with older partners. Third-stage pubescent bachelors and older youths thus act as fellateds, inseminating prepubescent boys. All males pass through both erotic stages, being first fellators, then fellateds: there are no exceptions since all Sambia males are initiated and pressured to engage in homosexual fellatio." (pp. 172-173)

*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"[Sambia] Boys between 7 and 10 taken into men’s society; until age 14 fellated older bachelors up to age 25; semen viewed necessary for growth to be strong warrior; after age 25, most men stopped being semen “donors” to get married (some men continued who preferred boys); relations were not just duty for the boys, who were often complicit in arousing bachelors through bawdy enthusiasm; as boys matured, they tended to express more desire for insemination, became more aggressive in soliciting it. Sources: Herdt (1991, 1997)"

*'''Review of [[Gilbert Herdt]]'s famous fieldwork on the Sambia (by [[Walter L. Williams]] as quoted in our page on Herdt):'''
*:"Between the ages of about seven and thirteen, boys are taken from the maternal household and placed in a separate boys' house away from the village. For a period of several months to several years, depending on the culture, boys avoid all contact with females as they are prepared for manhood in elaborate initiations. It is the social duty of men to plant sperm in boys in order for them to grow. In some societies this is done by the boy performing oral sex upon the man, in others by him receiving anal intercourse, or in others by having the sperm rubbed on his body. The sexual act must always be with the boy receiving the older male's semen. To reverse roles is considered damaging to the boy's growth."

*'''Davenport, William H. (1992). [https://www.newgon.net/wiki/File:Davenport_chapter.pdf Adult-Child Sexual Relations in Cross-Cultural Perspective], in W. O'Donohue & J. H. Geer (Eds.), ''The sexual abuse of children: Theory and research'' (Vol. 1, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 73-80), pp. 76-77.'''
*:"The best description of these patterns, by Herdt (1982, 1987) is with a people the author calls the Sambia. In brief, the pattern is as follows:
*::''Seven-to-ten-year-old Sambia boys are taken from their mothers when first initiated into the male cult, and thereafter experience the most powerful and seductive homosexual fellatio activities. For some ten to fifteen years, they engage in these practices on a daily basis, first as fellator, and then as fellated. Elders teach that semen is absolutely vital: it should be consumed daily since the creation of biological maleness and the maintenance of masculinity depend upon it. Hence, from middle childhood untul puberty, boys should perform fellatio on older youths.''

:::''Near puberty the same initiates become dominant youths. Ritual helps remake their social and erotic identity, the bachelors becoming the fellated partners for a new crop of ritual novices. ... [editor's quote extension from Herdt, G. H. (1987). "Guardians of the flutes: Idioms of masculinity" : "abundant evidence indicates that most youths also experience them as pleasurable and erotically exciting"] Yet, in spite of this formidable background, the final outcome is exclusive heterosexuality—of a particular form. Youths eventually become sexually attracted to women. At marriage (c. sixteen to twenty-five years of age), they may even act as true bisexuals, for a time. With fatherhood, however, homosexuality should cease; thereafter men should engage only in heterosexual activities. (Herdt 1987, pp. 2-3)''"

*'''Hyena, Hank (1999). "[http://web.archive.org/web/20131002090633/http://gettingit.com/article/56 Semen Warriors Of New Guinea]," Gettingit.com, September 16.'''
*:"Although many boys tremble initially ("I felt afraid... the penises were enormous," recalls Kalutuo, a Sambian from the Eastern Highlands) they all adjust quickly, because they believe semen is an elixir for manhood."

*'''Janssen, D.F. (2002). "[http://www.sexarchive.info/GESUND/ARCHIV/GUS/NEW_GUINEAWEB.HTM Papua New Guinea]," ''Growing Up Sexually, Volume I: World Reference Atlas''.'''
*:"...the “Sambia” value male-virgin contacts (1984:p177), while “sexual partners are perceived as having more “heat” and being more exciting the younger they are. A second factor is reciprocity: the more asymmetrical the sexual partners (youth/boy), the more erotic play seems to culturally define their contact” [sic]. Against the background of an utterly phallocentric ideology on the androtrophic properties of semen, “Sambia” prepubertal boys (7-12, on average 8.5) fellate post-pubertal adolescents to ejaculation in order to grow and turn seminarchic themselves, so that they may reverse roles. The boys do not have orgasms, and might have “vicarious erotic pleasure as indicated by erections” only “near puberty” ([[Gilbert Herdt|Herdt]] and Stoller, 1990:p70-1)."

==Polynesia==

===Marquesas Islands===
For a range of sources on the Marquesas Islands, [[#Excerpt_Graphic_Library | see gallery below]], primarily ''Marquesan sexual behavior'' by Robert C. Suggs.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/marquesansexualb0000sugg/mode/2up Marquesan sexual behavior by Suggs, Robert C.]</ref>

*'''Martinson, Floyd M. (1973). ''[http://www.ipce.info/booksreborn/martinson/infant/InfantAndChildSexuality.html Infant and Child Sexuality: A Sociological Perspective]''. The Book Mark.'''
*:"Sex play was common practice from the earliest ages among the Marquesa and not only tolerated but encouraged. (Kardiner, 1939, p. 205-206). They recognized the erotic impulse in childhood and accorded it the right of free exercise. They eroticized the child by masturbating it to keep it quiet. In the case of the girls, labia were manipulated as a placebo, but also to encourage the growth of large labia, which to the Marquesans was a mark of beauty. Such activity was, no doubt, also erotically stimulating. There was social recognition of all sexual activity in childhood, and there were no restrictions against encouragement to exercise it freely; it was allocated the same place in the child's world that it occupied in the adult's."

*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Adolescent boys frequently had sex with each other. Married men rarely had homosex, but would when conditions prevented heterosexual intercourse; they preferred boys for this purpose, whose bodies they said were soft, like females; contacts with boys were casual, fleeting, and without stigma. Source: Suggs (1966)"

===Hawaii===
*'''Janssen, D.F. (2002). "[http://www.sexarchive.info/GESUND/ARCHIV/GUS/HAWAII.HTM Hawaii]," ''Growing Up Sexually, Volume I: World Reference Atlas''.'''
*:"Karsch-Haack, (1901) stated that according to Richard Neuhauss, Hawai’ian “girls of 12 to 14 years are generally virgins no more and acts of impurity of father with daughter are no rarity[6] [...] For infant females in Hawai’i, “milk was squirted into her vagina, and the labia were pressed together (Diamond, 1990). The mons [veneris] was rubbed with kukui (candlenut) oil and pressed with the palm of the hand to flatten it and make it less prominent. The molding continued until the labia did not separate. This chore usually was done by the mother or by an “aunt” [...]”. The buttocks of infants, males more than females, were molded so that they became “rounded and not flat”, also clearly evolving from an aesthetic motive. A “blower” is designated for each male infant, ostensibly to prepare him for subincision of the foreskin: “the penis was blown into daily starting from birth. The blowing was said to loosen and balloon the foreskin [and] continued daily [...] until the young male was 6 or 7”, when penile subincision takes place. Diamond reports: “Individuals of both sexes were expected to initiate and participate in coitus at puberty, although sexual activity, play, instruction, and so forth occurred much earlier. For instance, as part of exploratory play, the young investigated each other’s genitals, and young males and females might masturbate each other heterosexually or homosexually. This activity occurred without adult disapproval, and it was considered to be an introduction to adulthood. Casual intercourse before adolescence was not an uncommon experience for males (Handy and Pukui, 1958) and females (Pukui, Haertig and Lee, 1972)"

*'''Milton Diamond. (2004 [1990]). [https://www.hawaii.edu/PCSS/biblio/articles/2000to2004/2004-sexual-behavior-in-pre-contact-hawaii.html Sexual Behavior in Pre Contact Hawai'i: A Sexological Ethnography]. Published in: ''Revista Española del Pacifico''. 16: 37-58.'''
*:"Sex training was direct and firsthand. Young individuals learned of coitus and sex play from instruction, direct observation, and practice. As they slept in the family house (hale noa), they observed their parents having coitus. "Public privacy" among the Mangaian Islanders, as it was described by Marshall (1971, p. 108), probably is similar to the "privacy" that was found in Hawai'i and elsewhere in Polynesia: "[A Mangaian may copulate], at any age, in the single room of a hut that contains from five to fifteen family members of all ages — as have his ancestors before him. His daughter may receive and make love with each of her varied nightly suitors in the same room."
*:The young observed dogs, pigs, and other animals mating, and these activities were discussed openly with parents or other adults. Parturition was not a secret event and was well attended by the young and by adults, all of whom observed traditions that included the washing and burying of the placenta and, usually, the disposing of the umbilical cord (Pukui, Haertig and Lee, 1972, p. 16; Handy and Pukui, 1958, p. 78). The young Hawai‘ian also acquired sex education in day-by-day exposure to precepts, practices, and attitudes concerning sex. Traditionally, ... childish curiosity about sex was satisfied, with neither guilt nor shame instilled” (Pukui, Haertig, and Lee, 1972, p. 249). [...] Ellis (1782, Vol. 2, p. 153) wrote of sexual expression in Oceania: "The ladies are very lavish of their favors ... and some of their attachments seemed purely the effects of affection. They are initiated into this way of life at a very early period; we saw some, who could not be more than ten years old."
*:The time considered “right” to start coitus was not so much based on chronological age as on ability or maturity (Pukui, Haertig, and Lee, 1972, p. 78). [...] Suggs (1966) elaborated on the early sexual experiences of pubertal males with married females in their 30s and 40s in the Marquesas Islands, who “take special pains to be pleasing and patient with them ... a source of enjoyment for many Marquesan women” (p. 61). For young females of the Marquesas Islands, the first coital experience reportedly is earlier than it is for young males before menarche —and occurs unplanned with an adult male (Suggs, 1966, p. 63). [...] These adult/nonadult sexual interactions were socially approved behaviors. [...] For adults not to have given such practical education would have been unthinkable - a dereliction of duty.
*:Most important for Hawai‘ian society, the young learned of sexual humor. Among the Hawai‘ians, sex was and remains a rich source of humor and enjoyment. In everyday conversation and in song and story, it was considered to be an “art form” to speak using sexual double entendres (kaona). [...] Suggs (1966, p. 39) considered the early manifestations of infantile and childhood sexual behavior, including sexual behavior with adults, to be among the most distinguishing features of Marquesan sexual behavior. Many of the activities he described, however, are similar to activities that were present in Hawai'i and elsewhere in Oceania. Oliver (1974, pp. 458-459), for example, reported on adult/nonadult sexual behavior in Tahiti and quoted the missionary Orsmond from 1832: “In all Tahitians as well as officers who come in ships there is a cry for little girls,” and older females, when in a position to choose, preferred younger males. Marshall (1971, p. 126) described the routine early sexual encounters of young males and females in Mangaia as being with older, experienced males and females."

==Indonesia==

===Bali===
*'''Martinson, Floyd M. (1973). ''[http://www.ipce.info/booksreborn/martinson/infant/InfantAndChildSexuality.html Infant and Child Sexuality: A Sociological Perspective]''. The Book Mark.'''
*:"Among the Balinese, play and teasing with the genitals is common. A mother will pat her baby girl on the vulva and exclaim, "Pretty! Pretty!" (Bateson and Mead, 1942, p. 26, 32, 131). A boy's penis will be stroked and rubbed. After he has urinated, he will be dried by a flick of his penis. As he grows older, his penis will be pulled and stretched and ruffled, and he will often attempt to keep his balance when learning to walk by holding on to it. Babies are comforted and quieted by manipulating their genital organs. In fact, in Bali, a baby, especially a baby's genital, is a toy with which to play. There is much delight taken in stimulating and playing with the baby to watch him respond."

==South and Southeast Asia ==

=== Philippines ===
*'''[https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy-Claude_Burger Burger, G.C.] (Date unknown). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20230830163437/https://youjo.love/media/8db97b489e84f14e500046445c113066d720c1e691df6cc7934220a7b565483f.pdf The Sexual Mistake of the West].'''''
*:"Enamored of travel, he went to a different country every year, and, that year, he visited the Philippines. Not wanting to stay in the capital, he had taken the bus in order to get closer to the population. He thus found himself next to a mother who had reserved only one seat for herself and her eight-year-old daughter. The child at first amused herself by running in the central aisle and approaching the other passengers, but after three hours on the way, she began to have enough. As she was becoming more and more cranky, the mother put her on her lap and asked our gentlemen from Bordeaux if it would bother him if she put her daughter’s legs on his knees, so that the little one could sleep better. He accepted, of course, when he noticed that the mother began masturbating the child, as if it were the most natural thing in the world. You can imagine him blushing, asking himself what he should do, looking all around him to see how the other passengers would react, feeling that he would be accused of complicity in incest. But all the neighbors watched with big calm smiles, as if it were obvious, and worthy of the greatest discretion. As soon as the little girl reached orgasm, she fell asleep like an angel..."

===Khumbo (Nepal)===
*'''Diemberger, H. (1993). Blood, sperm, soul and the mountain. In T. del Valle (Ed.), [https://library.lol/main/E2340CAF82B58307F2AA3CBD3D1F97C9 ''Gendered Anthropology''] (pp. 88). Routledge.'''
*:"Caili, an energetic and sensual woman, is playing with her youngest son, Migmar. I enter the house. Caili offers me a cup of barley beer and then continues to play with Migmar who does not really want to be disturbed. He drinks some milk from the breast and plays with his erect little penis. He offers it to his mother who sucks it tenderly and then continues to chat with me. Migmar is five years old."

=== Tibet ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Monasteries had a strong reputation for master-novice sexual relations, which participants viewed without shame as they made no attempt to conceal them to Westerners upon early contacts. Prince Peter (1963)"

=== Batak (Northern Sumatra) ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"In late childhood, boys moved into all-male houses with about a dozen other boys and young men. From puberty until marriage, homosexual behavior was prescribed and constant. Pederasty and age-equal sex were both common. Sequestering the sexes ensured girls remained virgins until marriage (premarital sex for girls was highly taboo). With outside cultural contact, the tradition began to change. Money & Ehrhardt (1972)"

=== Java ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"In Ponorogo area, all-male folk dance was a major cultural institution (before 1990s); spectating men admired beauty of dancing youths; boy dancers aged 8–14, called gemblaks, often had culturally approved sex with men; interviewees who had been gemblaks all viewed the sex positively; all got married; some had long-term sexual relationships with the dance troupe directors (the Waroks). Waroks were spiritual guides, valorized by the community. Each Ponorogo village had a formalized male group for unmarried males; the group did socially constructive work for the community; heterosexual sex before marriage was disapproved, so members had sex with gemblaks; this practice was seen as benefiting the gemblaks, who got gifts, the group members, who got a sexual outlet, the community, which got good works. Under Western influence, educated Ponorogo people began seeing all this as an embarrassment (relic from an “uncivilized” past); have since worked to end the practice. Weis (1974); Williams (2011)"

==Africa==

=== Maassai (Kenya, Tanzania) ===
*'''Carles Feixa (2011). Past and present of adolescence in society: The ‘teen brain’ debate in perspective. ''Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews'', Volume 35, Issue 8'''
::"Sexual intercourse with [postpubertal] girls is admitted as long as they do not become pregnant."

=== Azande (South Sudan, Northern Congo)===
*'''Evans-Pritchard, E. E. (1970). [https://sci-hub.st/10.2307/672861 Sexual Inversion among the Azande. American Anthropologist], 72(6), 1428–1434.'''
*: "It was the custom for members of bachelor companies, some of whom would always be living in barracks at court, to take boy-wives. [...] Most young men consequently married late -- well into their twenties and thirties -- and, because girls were engaged (in a legal sense married) very young, often at birth, the only way youths could obtain satisfaction from a woman was in adultery. [...] The boys performed many of the smaller services a woman performs daily for her husband [...] Also, the boywife carried his husband's shield when on a journey. It should be understood that he performed these services lest it might be thought that the relationship was entirely of a sexual nature; it will be appreciated that it had an educational side to it. With regard to the sexual side, at night the boy slept with his lover, who had intercourse with him between his thighs (Azande expressed disgust at the suggestion of anal penetration). The boys got what pleasure they could by friction of their organs on the husband's belly or groin. However, even though there was this side to the relationship, it was clear from Zande accounts that there was also the comfort of a nightly sharing of the bed with a companion."
*: "The word "boy" (kumba gude) must, it would appear, be interpreted liberally, for as far as I could judge from what I was told the lads might have been anywhere between about twelve and twenty years of age"
*: "I have pointedly used the terms "wife,""husband," and "marriage," for, as the texts will make clear, the relationship was, for so long as it lasted, a legal union on the model of a normal marriage. The warrior paid bridewealth (some five spears or more) to the parents of his boy and performed services for them as he would have done had he married their daughter; if he proved to be a good son-in-law they might later replace the son by a daughter. Also, if another man had relations with his boy he could, I was told, sue him at court for adultery."

*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Under polygynous system, women were scarce; warriors married boys aged 12 or older; commanders might have more than one boy-wife; man and boy addressed each other with terms such as my love and my lover; boy performed wifely duties and apprenticed for man; on reaching adulthood, the boy typically joined a military company, taking a boy-wife of his own; tradition faded when practice of military service discontinued under British colonialism. Evans-Pritchard (1971); Murray & Roscoe (1998); Seligman & Seligman (1932)"

===Kadar (Nigeria)===
*'''Harris, M. [http://library.lol/main/98025ADB86EEFAF62B59DF2C3CA21CC7 ''Cultural Anthropology''] (New York: Harper and Row, 1983), p. 94.'''
*:"Among the Kadar of northern Nigeria, as reported by M. G. Smith (1968),<ref>M. G. Smith (1968). 'Secondary Marriage among Kadera and Kagoro.' In ''Marriage, Family, and Residence'', Bohannan, Paul and Middleton, J., eds. pp. 109-130. Garden City, N.Y.: Published for the American Museum of Natural History by the Natural History Press.</ref> most marriages result from infant betrothals. These matches are arranged by the fathers of the bride and groom when the girl is 3 to 6 years old. Ten years or more may elapse before the bride goes to live with her betrothed. During this time, a Kadar girl is not unlikely to become pregnant. This will disturb no one, even if the biological father is a man other than her husband:
*::''Kadar set no value on premarital chastity'' (1968, p. 113)."

=== Mossi (Burkina Faso) ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"All chiefs (ca. late nineteenth century) had large groups of pages, boys aged 8 to 15 chosen for attractiveness (some were thought to be quite beautiful); on Friday nights, because heterosexual intercourse was forbidden, a (W. chief would engage in sex with a boy instead (he could also on other nights). Upon reaching maturity, a boy Africa) was given a wife by the chief. Murray & Roscoe (1998); Tauxier (1912)"

=== Tsonga (Southern Mozambique) ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Common practice in twentieth century among native men, used as miners by colonialists, was taking boys as wives (with wedding feast, brideprice payment); boy performed domestic, sexual duties; was given presents, money in exchange; fidelity was expected; relationships were marked by intense feelings and jealousy; marriage could be terminated in divorce; some men took boy-wives home after mining, where they were accepted by men’s other wives and tribal leaders. Asked if boys desired being wives, an elderly Tsonga man answered, “Yes: for the sake of security, for the acquisition of property and for the fun itself.” A beard indicated the boy was no longer a sex object but a competitor for boys. Murray & Roscoe (1998); Wallace (2006)"

=== Bantu-Speaking Tribes (Central Africa) ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Male peer homosexual behavior was universal from puberty until age 18 or 20, and adult-youth sexual interactions were common as well. The older men disposed to form such relationships were described as bian nku’ma (having a heart for boys). In various Central Bantu groups, boy initiates resided at a sex-segregated lodge during their initiation phase and were required to manipulate the phalluses of the lodge-keeper and other adult male visitors, a practice that was seen as instrumental in helping the boys’ phalluses grow large and strong. Wallace (2006)"

=== Siwans (Libya) ===
*'''Ford, C. S., & Beach, F. A. (1951). Patterns of sexual behavior. ''Harper & Brothers.'''''
::"Among the Siwans of Africa, for example, all men and boys engage in anal intercourse. They adopt the feminine role only in strictly sexual situations and males are singled out as peculiar if they do not indulge in these homosexual activities. Prominent Siwan men lend their sons to each other, and they talk about their masculine love affairs as openly as they discuss their love of women."

*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"(Ages of boys involved 12–18) Pederasty was a well-entrenched custom from antiquity to at least 1950s; matchmakers made marriage-like ; arrangements between men and boys; the boy got a gift larger than brideprice for females; man and boy then entered into alliance with family approval; prominent men lent each other their sons for sex; love affairs and jealousies over boys were common; Robin Maugham said: “They will kill for a boy. Never for a woman.” Adam (1985); Herdt (1997)"

=== Lesotho ===
'''Herdt, G. H. (1997). Same sex, different cultures: Exploring gay and lesbian lives. ''Westview Press.'''''
::"In another contemporary southern African culture, Lesotho, age difference was important in relationships between young women who were attached and became homoerotically bonded. These are the “mummy-baby” relationships studied by anthropologist Judith Gay (1986). [...] Young women engaged in mummy/baby relations when they first entered adolescence. These distinctive bonds involved increasing degrees of intimacy, including open expressions of kissing, and might go on to the deepest sexual and lifelong bonds, though not so far that later marriage with a man was prevented. The roles of the older women were very different from those of the younger one, especially in terms of social obligations. The older woman took on the responsible role in the relationship, and she provided her younger partner with gifts and advice. The latter was important because it prepared the young girl for future relationships with men, most significantly her future husband. A woman might continue this relationship for some time after she was married. But then she would cease seeing her younger partner, who then in turn would find a younger woman of her own."

==India==

===Muria===

*'''Elwin, V. (1947). ''[http://library.lol/main/F416733E30BB1A46214CC9AC38656FDE The Muria and their Ghotul]''. Oxford: Oxford University Press.''' [Childhood of the Muria people of Bastar, in central India, as summarized here in scholarship by [[Tom O'Carroll]] (2018)].<ref>Thomas O'Carroll (2018). [https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-018-9519-1 Childhood ‘Innocence’ is Not Ideal: Virtue Ethics and Child–Adult Sex.] ''Sexuality and Culture'', 22:1230–1262 (pp. 1254-1255).</ref>
*:"Anthropologist Verrier Elwin described the elaborate sexual apprenticeship children have, which takes place principally in a special house for the young, known as the ''ghotul''. Infants and toddlers sleep in their parents' house. There are no locked doors and these little children inevitably see something of their parents' intimacies. By the time the children are six or seven a new domestic arrangement is brought into play. The child goes of to the ghotul, a self-regulated domain with its own boy leader and girl leader. The little children are free to come and go as they please between the ghotul and the parental home. Within the ghotul the children are free to engage in sex rehearsal play. Adolescents are able to have intercourse as they choose, able to experiment with different partners and under no pressure to make a premature commitment (Elwin 1947). Elwin, who spent much of his life in India, thought the arrangement worked very well. [...] In 1982, to the surprise of the academic community, it was reported that the ghotul system was still in existence and even expanding (von Fürer-Haimendorf 1982). [...] Elwin says that in practice [girls becoming pregnant] was a rare occurrence in the ghotul, even in the absence of modern contraceptives."

=== Crow ===
*'''Ford, C. S., & Beach, F. A. (1951). Patterns of sexual behavior. ''Harper & Brothers.'''''
::"A few Crow men adopt women's dress and mannerisms, and live alone. Adolescent boys and occasionally older men visit these ''bate'', as they are called. The bate stimulates the boy's genitals orally. One informant stated that there were four such men in his community and that seventeen of his adolescent friends visited them occasionally."

==The Balkans==

===Albania===

*'''Zimmerman, Ann (1994). "[https://www.dallasobserver.com/news/tell-mama-why-you-cry-part-i-6404797 'Tell Mama Why You Cry' (Part I)]," [https://web.archive.org/web/20100926211411/http://www.dallasobserver.com/1994-11-17/news/tell-mama-why-you-cry-part-i/1 (archive)], ''Dallas Observer'', November 17.'''
*:An Albanian immigrant to the US is arrested for retaining his culture: "This harsh--and irreversible--punishment came at the end of a strange case that began in 1989 when several witnesses reported seeing Krasniqi fondle his daughter during a karate tournament in a Plano high school gymnasium in which his son was competing. Several years after the family court ruling, Krasniqi finally had his day in criminal court. Collin County Judge Nathan White acquitted him of the charge of indecency with a child primarily on the strength of testimony from Massachusetts anthropologist Barbara Halpern--one of the country's foremost authorities on the peasant culture of the Balkans. Halpern explained that Sam Krasniqi's actions were done not with sexual intent, but rather with playful affection--in keeping with his culture, which cherishes children and showers them with physical affection. [...]
*: Shortly after the tournament began, Taylor's attention was drawn to the spectator in front of her. She watched as a 50-year-old man with thinning gray hair repeatedly rubbed the underpants-clad buttocks and bare legs of a little girl who was laid out across his lap. He also slipped his hand under the girl's panties and caressed and squeezed her buttocks. "He lifted her to face him and rubbed her front chest under her little dress. He then put his hand inside her panties from the leg opening and squeezed her vagina," Taylor wrote in a statement she gave police. [...]
*:Wunderlich, who did not retrun calls to the Observer, had to explain to Kathy what molestation meant. "If you mean something sexual like with me and my husband, you are wrong," Kathy responded. "It is not a sexual thing and there is no harm to my children," Kathy told Wunderlich. [...]
*:"According to Wunderlich's case notes, he admitted touching Lima and Tim, that it was acceptable in his country and it was just a big misunderstanding. "He denied it was sexual at all and said that I could kill him if he was lying and if it was sexually gratifying to him." Krasniqi has since insisted that Wunderlich misconstrued what he was telling her. At the karate tournament, Krasniqi insists he was just playing a game with his daughter--touching the parts of her body and asking her to say their names. "I tell Wunderlich, How can you love your children and not touch them?" Krasniqi explains, sitting in his home, surrounded by pictures of his children when they were younger.
*:Nowhere in Wunderlich's case notes does it indicate that anyone in her department tried to research the Krasniqis' culture. If they had they might have learned what Barbara Halpern, the anthropologist from Massachusetts, testified to in Krasniqi's criminal trial. The Krasniqis come from "very physically demonstrative culture. Children are universally adored. Until they attain school age and venture beyond the household gates, they are the constant subjects of hugs, caresses and overt displays of affection.""

*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Highly romanticized pederasty still found in latter half of twentieth century [...] [Y]ounger men frequently cultivated passionate, enthusiastic erotic relations with boys (12 to 17); Muslim Albanian custom of “boy-brides” also spread to Albanian Christians. Greenberg (1988); Murray (1997, 2000); Williams (1992)"

== See also ==
*[[Research: Intergenerational Relationships in History]]
*[[Pederasty in Islam]]
*[[Pederasty in Japanese culture]]
* [https://wiki.yesmap.net/wiki/Walter_L._Williams#The_Spirit_and_the_Flesh_%281986%29 The Spirit and the Flesh (1986)] - the book by Walter L. Williams with a broad section on pederasty among non-western societies
* [[Gilbert_Herdt|Gilbert Herdt]] - anthropologist who studied ritualized intergenerational homosexuality in Melanesia

==Excerpt Graphic Library==

The EGL on '''Broader Perspectives''' has some relevant information. Just right click/save and reproduce by uploading in short-form media to bypass character limits.

{{Template:EGLBP}}

==References==

[[Category:Official Encyclopedia]][[Category:Research into effects on Children]][[Category:Research: Broader Perspectives]]

Gilbert Herdt

2026-07-31T16:59:17Z

Thorn: /* Selected relevant publications */

{{Template:Ac}}[[File:Herdt lecture 2017.jpg|thumb|260px|left|Gilbert Herdt pictured in lecture thumbnail]]'''Gilbert Herdt''' (born February 24, 1949) is Emeritus Professor of Human Sexuality Studies and Anthropology and a Founder of the Department of Sexuality Studies and National Sexuality Resource Center at San Francisco State University. Herdt is the recipient of various awards and research grants, and founded the Summer Institute on Sexuality and Society at the University of Amsterdam (1996), and the PhD Program in Human Sexuality at the California Institute for Integral Studies, San Francisco (2013).

Herdt is best known for conducting long term field work among the Sambia people of Papua New Guinea, where male intergenerational sexual practice was normal in the form of 'ritual insemination rites' which involved the consumption of semen. Males were required to pass through three specific sexual phases in their lives: boys provide sexual service to young men, adolescents then receive oral sex from boys, and finally, males enter adulthood by becoming heterosexual. His publications on the Sambia began in 1981, providing early and highly influential evidence of accepted [[Research:_Nonwestern_Intergenerational_Relationships|homosexuality in non-western society]]. By the late 1990's/early 2000's, Herdt found to his surprise that the Sambia community he had studied, came to abandon the intergenerational ritual insemination rites he had observed 20 years prior. Herdt has written widely on variation in human sexual expression, sex and gender, in Papua New Guinea, Melanesia, and across culture. Easily accessible papers include ''Why the Sambia Initiate Boys before Age 10'' (2000)<ref>Herdt, G. (2000). '[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BzKwnv0D0qIC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false 'Why the Sambia initiate boys before age 10'']. In John Bancroft (Ed.), ''The role of theory in sex research'' (pp. 82–109). Indiana University Press.</ref>, ''The Magical Age of 10'' (2000 - on puberty and adrenarche)<ref>Gilbert Herdt and Martha McClintock, Ph.D, [https://www.ipce.info/sites/ipce.info/files/biblio_attachments/herdt_-_the_magical_age_of_10_2000.pdf ''The Magical Age of 10''], in ''Archives of Sexual Behavior'', Vol. 29, No. 6, 2000. </ref>, and his interview in ''[[Paidika|Paidika: The Journal of Pedophilia]]'' (1994)<ref>As one media article [http://www.come-and-hear.com/editor/ca-wt-04-19-02 wrote]: Herdt "said in an interview with the Dutch pedophilia journal Paidika that "the category 'child' is a rhetorical device for inflaming what is really an irrational set of attitudes" against sex with children." See Joseph Geraci, "Interview: Gilbert Herdt", ''Paidika: The Journal of Pedophilia'', Vol. 3, No. 2 (1994).</ref>.

*'''[[Walter L. Williams]], Review of Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia by Gilbert H. Herdt.<ref>[http://www.jstor.org/stable/3630601 Review of Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia by Gilbert H. Herdt. ''Journal of Anthropological Research'', Vol. 41, No. 3 (Autumn, 1985), pp. 351-354.]</ref> ''Journal of Anthropological Research'', Vol. 41, No. 3 (Autumn, 1985), pp. 351-354.'''

<blockquote>''This is the first published collection of ethnographic studies specifically about homosexual behavior in non-Western cultures. ''[...]'' Herdt challenges that Western stereotype of "a homosexual" or "a heterosexual" as distinct categories of persons. He points out that neither category makes sense in Melanesia, that we cannot properly speak of them in terms of the Western norms of "gay" or "straight."''

''What is instead found, in many areas of southern lowlands New Guinea and on smaller islands, is a strong cultural belief that there are two bodily fluids which bring about human life and growth: female breast milk and male semen. Infants need milk to grow, but in the Melanesian view boys cannot grow to become men without ingesting semen from adult males. Melanesian societies which have this belief institutionalize male homosexual behavior; it is obligatory for all boys as part of their socialization into manhood. Though the authors show the variations of specific beliefs and practices, this pattern usually exists in societies which have a fairly strict separation of the sexes.''

''Between the ages of about seven and thirteen, boys are taken from the maternal household and placed in a separate boys' house away from the village. For a period of several months to several years, depending on the culture, boys avoid all contact with females as they are prepared for manhood in elaborate initiations. It is the social duty of men to plant sperm in boys in order for them to grow. In some societies this is done by the boy performing oral sex upon the man, in others by him receiving anal intercourse, or in others by having the sperm rubbed on his body. The sexual act must always be with the boy receiving the older male's semen. To reverse roles is considered damaging to the boy's growth.''

''The most important homosexual relationship of a boy is with his mentor, assigned by his father and ideally his mother's brother. This mentor is responsible for educating the boy and seeing that he is raised into proper man-hood. They work and sleep together until the boy has matured. This overlay of ritual and male duty makes Melanesian notions of homoeroticism seem quite different from ours. Yet, as Herdt points out, these ritual acts are sexual, with erections and orgasms and close erotic bonding between individuals. It is this male bonding, in fact, which is the book's major concern.''

''These are egalitarian societies with no strong leadership roles but with almost constant warfare. What is crucial for the society is that a strong common bond be created that cements the men together into a close warriorhood. Just as heterosexual intercourse cements a marriage, in Melanesia, homosexual acts cement a warriorhood. Both heterosexual marriage and homosexual relationships are integral to Melanesian social harmony in that they help to widen the network of individuals to whom one is tied by close emotional bonds.''

''This information has enormous implications for our own society. ''[...]'' The Melanesian data, as well as comparable data from other world areas like ancient Greece, the Sudan, and medieval [[Pederasty in Japanese culture|Japan]], demonstrate that a warriorhood in fact can be strengthened by the bonds of homosexuality. Second, these data show that homosexual involvement is not inherently harmful for even young boys and that it can be an integral part of the mentor relationship that aids a boy's education into adulthood. The notion that boys are "recruited" into lifelong homosexual preference by early same-sex experiences is also shown to be false. In Melanesia, just as every boy is expected to be sexual only with other males, at a later time he is expected to be involved with both sexes; and then finally he is expected to marry a woman. In some groups he even is expected to give up sex with boys altogether after his first or second child is born.'' (pp. 351-352). </blockquote>

According to a September 2022 YouTube interview where Herdt discusses his research on the Sambia, he is planning an upcoming book on the topic.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JmFEd1LpQxA The Dissenter, #678 Gilbert Herdt: The Anthropology of Sexual Orientation (Recorded on 30th 2022; uploaded to Youtube Sep 15, 2022).]</ref>

==Selected relevant publications==

*2009 ''Moral Panics, Sex Panics: Fear and the Fight over Sexual Rights'' (Editor and contributor, 2009).<ref>[https://library.lol/main/04A36ECC1A4318C0FDEF2F2A0B73F745 PDF of Moral Panics, Sex Panics on libgen (external link)]</ref> He dedicated this book to "five very special people - my oldest and closest friends from the 1970s to the 90s, whose love has enriched me and changed my life" - including to [[Theo Sandfort]] and Theo van der Meer.
*2006 ''The Sambia: Ritual, Sexuality and Change in Papua New Guinea''. Second Edition. New York: Wadsworth.
*2001 ''Children of Horizons: how gay and lesbian teens are leading a new way out of the closet'', editor with author Andrew Boxer. Beacon Press.
*2001 ''Secrecy and Cultural Reality''. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press
*2000 ''Something to Tell You: The Road Families Travel When a Child Is Gay''. New York: Columbia University Press.
*1999 ''Sambia Sexual Culture: Essays from the Field''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
*1998 ''Rituals of Manhood'', edited by Gilbert Herdt. New edition. New York:Transaction Publishers.
*1997 ''Same Sex, Different Cultures''. New York: Westview Press.
*1994 ''Third Sex, Third Gender''. New York: Zone Books.
*1993 ''Gay Culture In America: Essays From the Field''. Boston: Beacon Press
*1992 ''Children of Horizons: How Gay Youth are Forging a New Way Out of the Closet''. (With Andrew Boxer.) Boston: Beacon Press.
*Gilbert Herdt PhD. (1991). Commentary on Status of Sex Research<ref>[http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J056v04n01_02 Gilbert Herdt PhD. (1991). Commentary on Status of Sex Research, ''Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality'', 4:1, 5-12.]</ref>, ''Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality'', 4:1, 5-12.
*1987 ''The Sambia: Ritual and Gender in New Guinea''. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
*1984 ''Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia'' (Studies in Melanesian Anthropology), editor Gilbert Herdt. Berkeley: University of California Press
*1982 ''Rituals of Manhood''. Berkeley: University of California Press.
*1981 ''Guardians of the Flutes: Idioms of Masculinity''. New York: McGraw-Hill.

==See also==
<div style="column-count:3;-moz-column-count:3;-webkit-column-count:3">
*[[Journal of Homosexuality]]
*[[Ken Plummer]]
*[[John P. De Cecco]]
*[[Vern Bullough]]
*[[Gert Hekma]]
*[[Donald Mader]]
*[[Bruce Rind]]
*[[Philip Tromovitch]]
*[[Edward Brongersma]]
*[[Frits Bernard]]
*[[David Thorstad]]
</div>

==References==

[[Category:Official Encyclopedia]][[Category:People]][[Category:People: American]][[Category:People: Academics]][[Category:Gay]][[Category:Research: Broader Perspectives]]

Gilbert Herdt

2026-07-31T16:58:57Z

Thorn: /* Selected relevant publications */

{{Template:Ac}}[[File:Herdt lecture 2017.jpg|thumb|260px|left|Gilbert Herdt pictured in lecture thumbnail]]'''Gilbert Herdt''' (born February 24, 1949) is Emeritus Professor of Human Sexuality Studies and Anthropology and a Founder of the Department of Sexuality Studies and National Sexuality Resource Center at San Francisco State University. Herdt is the recipient of various awards and research grants, and founded the Summer Institute on Sexuality and Society at the University of Amsterdam (1996), and the PhD Program in Human Sexuality at the California Institute for Integral Studies, San Francisco (2013).

Herdt is best known for conducting long term field work among the Sambia people of Papua New Guinea, where male intergenerational sexual practice was normal in the form of 'ritual insemination rites' which involved the consumption of semen. Males were required to pass through three specific sexual phases in their lives: boys provide sexual service to young men, adolescents then receive oral sex from boys, and finally, males enter adulthood by becoming heterosexual. His publications on the Sambia began in 1981, providing early and highly influential evidence of accepted [[Research:_Nonwestern_Intergenerational_Relationships|homosexuality in non-western society]]. By the late 1990's/early 2000's, Herdt found to his surprise that the Sambia community he had studied, came to abandon the intergenerational ritual insemination rites he had observed 20 years prior. Herdt has written widely on variation in human sexual expression, sex and gender, in Papua New Guinea, Melanesia, and across culture. Easily accessible papers include ''Why the Sambia Initiate Boys before Age 10'' (2000)<ref>Herdt, G. (2000). '[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BzKwnv0D0qIC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false 'Why the Sambia initiate boys before age 10'']. In John Bancroft (Ed.), ''The role of theory in sex research'' (pp. 82–109). Indiana University Press.</ref>, ''The Magical Age of 10'' (2000 - on puberty and adrenarche)<ref>Gilbert Herdt and Martha McClintock, Ph.D, [https://www.ipce.info/sites/ipce.info/files/biblio_attachments/herdt_-_the_magical_age_of_10_2000.pdf ''The Magical Age of 10''], in ''Archives of Sexual Behavior'', Vol. 29, No. 6, 2000. </ref>, and his interview in ''[[Paidika|Paidika: The Journal of Pedophilia]]'' (1994)<ref>As one media article [http://www.come-and-hear.com/editor/ca-wt-04-19-02 wrote]: Herdt "said in an interview with the Dutch pedophilia journal Paidika that "the category 'child' is a rhetorical device for inflaming what is really an irrational set of attitudes" against sex with children." See Joseph Geraci, "Interview: Gilbert Herdt", ''Paidika: The Journal of Pedophilia'', Vol. 3, No. 2 (1994).</ref>.

*'''[[Walter L. Williams]], Review of Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia by Gilbert H. Herdt.<ref>[http://www.jstor.org/stable/3630601 Review of Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia by Gilbert H. Herdt. ''Journal of Anthropological Research'', Vol. 41, No. 3 (Autumn, 1985), pp. 351-354.]</ref> ''Journal of Anthropological Research'', Vol. 41, No. 3 (Autumn, 1985), pp. 351-354.'''

<blockquote>''This is the first published collection of ethnographic studies specifically about homosexual behavior in non-Western cultures. ''[...]'' Herdt challenges that Western stereotype of "a homosexual" or "a heterosexual" as distinct categories of persons. He points out that neither category makes sense in Melanesia, that we cannot properly speak of them in terms of the Western norms of "gay" or "straight."''

''What is instead found, in many areas of southern lowlands New Guinea and on smaller islands, is a strong cultural belief that there are two bodily fluids which bring about human life and growth: female breast milk and male semen. Infants need milk to grow, but in the Melanesian view boys cannot grow to become men without ingesting semen from adult males. Melanesian societies which have this belief institutionalize male homosexual behavior; it is obligatory for all boys as part of their socialization into manhood. Though the authors show the variations of specific beliefs and practices, this pattern usually exists in societies which have a fairly strict separation of the sexes.''

''Between the ages of about seven and thirteen, boys are taken from the maternal household and placed in a separate boys' house away from the village. For a period of several months to several years, depending on the culture, boys avoid all contact with females as they are prepared for manhood in elaborate initiations. It is the social duty of men to plant sperm in boys in order for them to grow. In some societies this is done by the boy performing oral sex upon the man, in others by him receiving anal intercourse, or in others by having the sperm rubbed on his body. The sexual act must always be with the boy receiving the older male's semen. To reverse roles is considered damaging to the boy's growth.''

''The most important homosexual relationship of a boy is with his mentor, assigned by his father and ideally his mother's brother. This mentor is responsible for educating the boy and seeing that he is raised into proper man-hood. They work and sleep together until the boy has matured. This overlay of ritual and male duty makes Melanesian notions of homoeroticism seem quite different from ours. Yet, as Herdt points out, these ritual acts are sexual, with erections and orgasms and close erotic bonding between individuals. It is this male bonding, in fact, which is the book's major concern.''

''These are egalitarian societies with no strong leadership roles but with almost constant warfare. What is crucial for the society is that a strong common bond be created that cements the men together into a close warriorhood. Just as heterosexual intercourse cements a marriage, in Melanesia, homosexual acts cement a warriorhood. Both heterosexual marriage and homosexual relationships are integral to Melanesian social harmony in that they help to widen the network of individuals to whom one is tied by close emotional bonds.''

''This information has enormous implications for our own society. ''[...]'' The Melanesian data, as well as comparable data from other world areas like ancient Greece, the Sudan, and medieval [[Pederasty in Japanese culture|Japan]], demonstrate that a warriorhood in fact can be strengthened by the bonds of homosexuality. Second, these data show that homosexual involvement is not inherently harmful for even young boys and that it can be an integral part of the mentor relationship that aids a boy's education into adulthood. The notion that boys are "recruited" into lifelong homosexual preference by early same-sex experiences is also shown to be false. In Melanesia, just as every boy is expected to be sexual only with other males, at a later time he is expected to be involved with both sexes; and then finally he is expected to marry a woman. In some groups he even is expected to give up sex with boys altogether after his first or second child is born.'' (pp. 351-352). </blockquote>

According to a September 2022 YouTube interview where Herdt discusses his research on the Sambia, he is planning an upcoming book on the topic.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JmFEd1LpQxA The Dissenter, #678 Gilbert Herdt: The Anthropology of Sexual Orientation (Recorded on 30th 2022; uploaded to Youtube Sep 15, 2022).]</ref>

==Selected relevant publications==

*2009''Moral Panics, Sex Panics: Fear and the Fight over Sexual Rights'' (Editor and contributor, 2009).<ref>[https://library.lol/main/04A36ECC1A4318C0FDEF2F2A0B73F745 PDF of Moral Panics, Sex Panics on libgen (external link)]</ref> He dedicated this book to "five very special people - my oldest and closest friends from the 1970s to the 90s, whose love has enriched me and changed my life" - including to [[Theo Sandfort]] and Theo van der Meer.
*2006*''The Sambia: Ritual, Sexuality and Change in Papua New Guinea''. Second Edition. New York: Wadsworth.
*2001 ''Children of Horizons: how gay and lesbian teens are leading a new way out of the closet'', editor with author Andrew Boxer. Beacon Press.
*2001 ''Secrecy and Cultural Reality''. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press
*2000 ''Something to Tell You: The Road Families Travel When a Child Is Gay''. New York: Columbia University Press.
*1999 ''Sambia Sexual Culture: Essays from the Field''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
*1998 ''Rituals of Manhood'', edited by Gilbert Herdt. New edition. New York:Transaction Publishers.
*1997 ''Same Sex, Different Cultures''. New York: Westview Press.
*1994 ''Third Sex, Third Gender''. New York: Zone Books.
*1993 ''Gay Culture In America: Essays From the Field''. Boston: Beacon Press
*1992 ''Children of Horizons: How Gay Youth are Forging a New Way Out of the Closet''. (With Andrew Boxer.) Boston: Beacon Press.
*Gilbert Herdt PhD. (1991). Commentary on Status of Sex Research<ref>[http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J056v04n01_02 Gilbert Herdt PhD. (1991). Commentary on Status of Sex Research, ''Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality'', 4:1, 5-12.]</ref>, ''Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality'', 4:1, 5-12.
*1987 ''The Sambia: Ritual and Gender in New Guinea''. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
*1984 ''Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia'' (Studies in Melanesian Anthropology), editor Gilbert Herdt. Berkeley: University of California Press
*1982 ''Rituals of Manhood''. Berkeley: University of California Press.
*1981 ''Guardians of the Flutes: Idioms of Masculinity''. New York: McGraw-Hill.

==See also==
<div style="column-count:3;-moz-column-count:3;-webkit-column-count:3">
*[[Journal of Homosexuality]]
*[[Ken Plummer]]
*[[John P. De Cecco]]
*[[Vern Bullough]]
*[[Gert Hekma]]
*[[Donald Mader]]
*[[Bruce Rind]]
*[[Philip Tromovitch]]
*[[Edward Brongersma]]
*[[Frits Bernard]]
*[[David Thorstad]]
</div>

==References==

[[Category:Official Encyclopedia]][[Category:People]][[Category:People: American]][[Category:People: Academics]][[Category:Gay]][[Category:Research: Broader Perspectives]]

Research: Evolutionary Perspectives on Intergenerational Sexuality

2026-07-30T19:10:49Z

Thorn: /* Complementary behavior among minors */

<div style="margin-right: 25px; float: left;">__TOC__</div>
:''This article has been written in standard format mixed with an anthology.''

While the [[Debate_Guide:_Evolutionary_logic|evolutionary logic]] of intergenerational sexual behaviour and [[Hebephilia|hebephilic]] attraction towards pubertal [[Adolescence|adolescents]] of the opposite sex is easily explained by fertility potential of such behaviour ([[Research: Pedophilia as a sexual/erotic orientation|see mentions of hebephilia)]], the explanation of intergenerational attractions toward prepubertal children ([[pedophilia]]/pedosexuality), or adolescent homosexual partners ([[Pederasty|pederastic]] inclination), or the very existence of prepubertal [[child]] sexuality, is less obvious.

The emergence of such sexuality has several [[Wikipedia:Darwinism|evolutionary explanations]] with varying degrees of evidence, which come from [[Wikipedia:Ethology|ethology]] and [[Wikipedia:Neuroscience|neuroscience]]. There are suggestions that, in our evolutionary past, pedosexual behaviors could have had some evolutionary functions or been an evolutionary by-product of human sexuality development. These explanations may have pragmatic implications for the [[Research: A "cure" for pedophilia?#Psychological wellbeing for MAPs|well-being]] of both MAPs and minors. "Evolutionary scenarios are not just interesting explanatory “stories,” but can illuminate limits as well as opportunities for intervention" (Del Giudice M., 2014). Here is an attempt to categorize these hypotheses, although they overlap greatly and can hardly be considered separately. Rather, they describe different aspects of a complex evolutionary process.

== Adaptation to the lack of success in sexual competition ==
One hypothesis is that if a male is unsuccessful in sexual competition for fertile females, and he chronically feels inferior to others and is afraid of other adults, then his sexuality towards adults may be suppressed and redirected towards children, because children do not cause fear, and next to them the male feels his strength and superiority. Male's sexuality is more associated with dominance and this may explain the greater prevalence of attraction to children among men than among women.<ref>[https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_5 Medicus, G., Hopf, S. (1990). The Phylogeny of Male/Female Differences in Sexual Behavior.] In: Feierman, J.R. (eds) [https://libgen.is/book/index.php?md5=3CA15750CD7EC06C3052B55B5E16C76D Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions] Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_5</ref>

Excerpts:
* '''Medicus, G., Hopf, S. (1990). [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_5 The Phylogeny of Male/Female Differences in Sexual Behavior.] In: Feierman, J.R. (eds) [https://libgen.is/book/index.php?md5=3CA15750CD7EC06C3052B55B5E16C76D Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions] Springer, New York, NY. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_5'''
*:"As has been pointed out, adult human sexual behavior with children and adolescents can be understood within the context of dimorphism. Male/ female differences in sexual behavior result at least in part from the different amounts of energy and time each sex expends for reproduction (see Table 4.1). This initial difference produces a difference in the functional proximity of the moods of fear and aggression to sexual mood (see Table 4.11), as well as a difference in the likelihood for active pursuit of sexual opportunities"
*:"One of the most consistent psychological correlates that has been identified is that many adult males who are sexually attracted to children and adolescents show manifestations of (real or self-perceived) social inadequacy with peers. Such males may suffer from feelings of anxiety when they consider sexual behavior with an adult partner (Johnston and Johnston, 1986; Panton, 1979; Segal and Marshall, 1985). Because sex and fear are such functionally distant moods in males, many human adult males cannot perform sexual actions when they feel inferior to their sexual partner or when they feel anxious (e.g., Bancroft, 1985; Eicher, 1980). This explanation is in accordance with the previously mentioned male/female dimorphism in the relationship of mood and behavior (see Table 4.11). Because of their small size, lack of experience, and sense of insecurity, children and adolescents of either sex do not arouse feelings of inferiority, fear, and anxiety in adult males. Thus, children and adolescents can become "sexual objects" for males who in sociosexual relations with adults feel inferior or anxious."

* '''Glenn D. Wilson and David N. Cox. 1983. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130410124803/http://snifferdogonline.com/reports/Child%20Abuse,%20Sexuality%20and%20Violence/The%20Child-Lovers%20-%20A%20Study%20of%20Paedophiles%20in%20Society.pdf The Child-Lovers: A Study of Paedophiles in Society.] By London: Peter Owen. Pp 132. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1983;143(4):430-430. doi:10.1192/S0007125000200780'''
*: "Examination of the characteristics of children that the paedophiles found most attractive points to the conclusion that the ability to achieve social dominance over the child may be the key to understanding the paedophile’s choice of sex target."
*: "Viewed in this way, paedophilia would seem to be one of several alternative adaptations to the problem of lack of success (or perceived inability to succeed) in intermale competition for access to females. It has been often noted by ethologists that the males of any species are thrown into strong Darwinian competition with one another. Those that are most successful monopolise an unequal share of female resources, and the others have to make do with various substitute sexual outlets. Following this model, we would not expect to find any genetic predisposition toward paedophilia per se, but as with homosexuality and certain other sex deviations, some degree of heritability would be mediated by the constitutional basis of dominance versus submissiveness. In other words, paedophiles may inherit their submissive nature, which in turn makes for difficulties in establishing normal sexual roles."

*'''Connie M. Anderson (1990). "Adolescent/Adult Copulatory Behavior in Nonhuman Primates." In: Jay R. Feierman (Ed.), [https://libgen.is/book/index.php?md5=3CA15750CD7EC06C3052B55B5E16C76D Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions] (pp. 324–337). Springer, New York. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_13'''
*: "Adult, subadult, and adolescent females are monopolized by adult male harem-holders, leaving a few adult and all subadult males without adult sexual partners. Under these conditions, males without harems choose a particular juvenile female to follow and display intense parental-like behavior towards her. Eventually, she becomes the first individual in the male's harem, and he begins mating with her at her first estrous swelling. Thus, both parental-like and copulatory motor patterns are directed at the same individual over the course of time and, for a brief period, even simultaneously."

*'''Bixler, R. H. (1992). "Do we/should we behave like animals?" In: W. T. O’Donohue & J. H. Geer (Eds.), The sexual abuse of children: Volume I—Theory and research (pp. 81–107). ''Routledge''. doi: 10.4324/9781315799698-7'''
::"Neither very young mature females nor males are desirable mates. [...] On the other hand, the lowest ranking, and therefore unattractive adult males and females do seek matings with adolescents. Low-status females are especially prone to seducing the almost always eager and obliging young males. It is quite likely that these inferior adults are making the best of a bad draw; any available mate is better than none at all in the harsh world of reproductive competition."

== Reproductive value pressure ==
Another close explanation is that the total reproductive potential is highest at the point far before fertility maximum, namely closely to the beginning of puberty. And along with selective pressure toward fully fertile partners, there is selective pressure toward maximum reproductive value, that may become stronger if long term mating strategies are more adaptive in a given evolutionary circumstances.

*'''Seto, M. C. (2017). The puzzle of male chronophilias. ''Archives of Sexual Behavior'', 46(1), 3-22.'''
::"Evolutionary theories about human mating strategies distinguish between reproductive value and fertility (Buss, 1989). Reproductive value refers to the potential number of offspring that could be produced over time, and thus focusing on reproductive value represents a longer-term strategy, as in the case of marriage to pubescent or even prepubescent girls. [...] Fertility, on the other hand, means maximizing the chances of reproduction, and thus would represent a shorter-term strategy focusing on young adult women (e.g., in their early to mid-20s). This is reflected in male-typical age preferences for casual sex partners, pornography actors, and models(Kenrick & Keefe,1992; Ogas & Gaddam, 2011; Rudder, 2014). Though preferences for other than sexually mature,fertile partners would probably be suboptimal, variations from heterosexual teleiophilia might be maintained in the human population — at a low frequency — as a result of opposing selection pressures (e.g., frequency-dependent selection) or as a byproduct of other adaptations."

== "Nest helper" hypothesis ==
{{research}}
The concept of "nest helper", is an explanation of a few individuals within a group being nonreproductive, yet aiding their group's survival. They may be affectionately disposed and caring towards others without reproducing, since this promotes the reproduction of peers who share some of the same genes due to being genetic relatives in the group. Due to sexual competition and the costs of human reproduction, not every individual ''can'' reproduce, hence there are indirect genetic benefits of "nest helping" that may overcome benefits of direct reproductive efforts for some individuals. This evolutionary hypothesis applies to both exclusive homosexuality and exclusive pedophilia, although due to a lack of investigation, there is at present little evidence for it (Feierman, 1990<ref name=":5">[https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_23 Feierman, Jay R. (1990). Human Erotic Age Orientation: A Conclusion.] In: Jay R. Feierman (Ed.), [https://libgen.is/book/index.php?md5=3CA15750CD7EC06C3052B55B5E16C76D Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions] (pp. 552–566). Springer, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_23</ref>).

Excerpts:
* '''Feierman, Jay R. (1990). [https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_23 Human Erotic Age Orientation: A Conclusion.] In: Jay R. Feierman (Ed.), [https://libgen.is/book/index.php?md5=3CA15750CD7EC06C3052B55B5E16C76D Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions] (pp. 552–566). Springer, New York. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_23'''
*:"Whereas a similar challenge has been met somewhat reasonably in terms of the "nest helper" concept of adult homosexuality, hypothesizing that another type of nest helper would have to erotically love and sexually interact with the children for whom he was caring"

== Help in developing sexual ability ==

Sex play between immature mammals is widespread, and among primates it is nearly universal. Sexual play functions as learning adequate mating skills. Sexual play mostly occurs among immature peers, but adults also often engage in sexual play with juveniles and help them develop sexual skills too.<ref>Bixler, R. H. (1992). "Do we/should we behave like animals?" In: W. T. O’Donohue & J. H. Geer (Eds.), The sexual abuse of children: Volume I—Theory and research (pp. 81–107). ''Routledge''. doi: 10.4324/9781315799698-7</ref> In addition, sex can trigger the onset of fertility. Such a function could have played a role in the human evolutionary past (Dienske, 1990<ref name=":0">Dienske, Herman (1990). The Concept of Function in the Behavioral Sciences with Specific Reference to Pedophilia and Pedosexual Behavior: A Biophilosophical Perspective. In: Jay R. Feierman (Ed.), [https://libgen.is/book/index.php?md5=3CA15750CD7EC06C3052B55B5E16C76D Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions] (pp. 324–337). Springer, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_13</ref>). In some species, this function has built in to that extent that without early sexual experience with an adult an individual grows up unable to conceive.<ref name=":7">Feierman, Jay R. (1990). A Biosocial Overview of Adult Human Sexual Behavior with Children and Adolescents. In: Jay R. Feierman (Ed.), [https://libgen.is/book/index.php?md5=3CA15750CD7EC06C3052B55B5E16C76D Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions] (pp. 8–68). Springer, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_2</ref>

* '''Connie M. Anderson (1990). "Adolescent/Adult Copulatory Behavior in Nonhuman Primates". In: Jay R. Feierman (Ed.), [https://libgen.is/book/index.php?md5=3CA15750CD7EC06C3052B55B5E16C76D Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions] (pp. 324–337). Springer, New York. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_13'''
*: "Among nonhuman primates, then, sexual interaction between adult females and immature males is universal [...] Adult females do interact sexually with males of all ages, including infants too young to be capable of intromission or ejaculation. Females have little to lose by doing so, since they do not deplete their egg supply by unsuccessful matings and since they are unlikely to be seriously injured in the process. They may also help their immature male relatives by allowing them access to experienced females to practice sexual behavior so that they can perform successfully from the time spermatogenesis begins."

* '''Feierman, Jay R. (1990). A Biosocial Overview of Adult Human Sexual Behavior with Children and Adolescents. In: Jay R. Feierman (Ed.), [https://libgen.is/book/index.php?md5=3CA15750CD7EC06C3052B55B5E16C76D Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions] (pp. 8–68). Springer, New York. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_2'''
*: "In the squirrel monkey (Saimin), captivity-raised individuals of both sexes in mixed-sex peer groups were not even able to conceive unless they had been allowed, when they were juveniles, to have sexual contact with opposite-sex adults (Hopf, 1979, personal communication)."

*'''De Waal, Frans B. M. (1990). [https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_15 Sociosexual behavior used for tension regulation in all age and sex combinations among bonobos.] In: Jay R. Feierman (Ed.), [https://libgen.is/book/index.php?md5=3CA15750CD7EC06C3052B55B5E16C76D Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions] (pp. 378–393). Springer, New York. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_15'''
*: "Thus, juvenile male chimpanzees are attracted to females in estrus, and pubertal females begin to explore sexual contact with older males as soon as their genital swellings develop (van der Weel, 1978; de Waal, 1982; Goodall, 1986). Such intergenerational experience undoubtedly contributes to the development of adequate sexual skills."

*'''Bixler, R. H. (1992). "Do we/should we behave like animals?" In: W. T. O’Donohue & J. H. Geer (Eds.), The sexual abuse of children: Volume I—Theory and research (pp. 81–107). ''Routledge''. doi: 10.4324/9781315799698-7'''
::"Any behavior that is indisputably essential to survival, adaptation, or reproductive success develops in many different forms in different species, and often even varies in the same species in different environments. ‘The evolution of sex and sexual behavior is certainly no exception (Margulis & Sagan, 1986). It is, therefore, not surprising to find that mature and immature conspecifics engage each other in myriad sexual practices (Crews & Moore, 1986). [...] It is certainly no accident that species in which the immature play are also the ones most involved in preadolescent sex. Of those warmblooded, slowly maturing organisms that play (mostly mammals), an undetermined, but probably very large, number engage in sexual ventures. On the other hand, young animals that metamorphize into adult form and those with an exceedingly brief immaturity are obviously poor candidates for sexual participation with adults."
::"The fascinating evolutionary component is the appearance of play; sexual encounters of mature with immature animals that do not play differ sharply from the sexual interactions of those that do. [...] Sexual activity of young mammals is a clear aid to their performing adequately and sex play is probably essential to the development of normal adult primate copulation (Harlow, 1962; Wallen, Goldfoot, & Goy, 1981)."
::"[T]he mere fact that sex play with adults is so widespread in polygamous (i.e., multimale—multifemale mating) species supports speculation that encounters with adults provide the winning edge. "

== Advantage in sexual competition ==
The emergence of nonexclusive pedophilic interest could be due to males experiencing selection pressure to display affiliative behavior towards minors. Such a display aims to convince fertile females that the male is ready for paternal investment, thus giving advantages in access to the fertile female (Taub, 1990<ref>Taub, David M. (1990). The Functions of Primate Paternalism: A Cross-Species Review. In: Jay R. Feierman (Ed.), [https://libgen.is/book/index.php?md5=3CA15750CD7EC06C3052B55B5E16C76D Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions] (pp. 338–377). Springer, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_14</ref>).

Excerpts:
*'''Taub, David M. (1990). The Functions of Primate Paternalism: A Cross-Species Review. In: Jay R. Feierman (Ed.), [https://libgen.is/book/index.php?md5=3CA15750CD7EC06C3052B55B5E16C76D Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions] (pp. 338–377). Springer, New York. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_14'''
*: "Why then are these unrelated males forming special affiliations with and investing in these infants? Proponents of this view suggest that males form special relationships with infants as a means whereby they may develop a closer and stronger affiliative relationship with the infant's mother. This enhanced, or special, relationship with the mother, in turn, enhances the male's chances of mating with this female in the future."

== Sex as a buffer against aggression ==
Ethologist Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt suggested that the interconnection between sex and dominance is the basic ("reptilian") way of vertebrate sexuality organization. Aggression and dominance acquired a functional connection with male sexuality due to the fact that aggressive and dominant males tended to win in sexual competition. In contrast, submission was embedded in female sexuality. The submissive posture of the female ready for mating is a stimulus to transform male’s aggressive drive to the sexual drive. This prevents injuries and allows mating to occur. Thus aggression, dominance and submission were sexualized, and sexuality acquired the ability to buffer aggression in hierarchical relationships. (The manifestation of that ability is that the appeasing posture of a defeated enemy in animals often resembles the posture of a female ready to mate). Eibl-Eibesfeldt supposed that it is possible that this function could be partly transferred into the adult-juvenile hierarchical relationship (Eibl-Eibesfeldt, 1990<ref name=":1">[https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_6 Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Irenäus (1990). Dominance, Submission, and Love: Sexual Pathologies from the Perspective of Ethology.] In: Jay R. Feierman (Ed.), [https://libgen.is/book/index.php?md5=3CA15750CD7EC06C3052B55B5E16C76D Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions] (pp. 150–175). Springer, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_6</ref>).

Excerpts:
* '''Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Irenäus (1990). [https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_6 Dominance, Submission, and Love: Sexual Pathologies from the Perspective of Ethology.] In: Jay R. Feierman (Ed.), [https://libgen.is/book/index.php?md5=3CA15750CD7EC06C3052B55B5E16C76D Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions] (pp. 150–175). Springer, New York. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_6'''
*: “Dominance between group members is also expressed by ritualized mounting, and submission, in turn, is expressed by female-type presenting. From these kinds of greeting rituals have evolved behaviors such as those of hamadryas baboons, in which males approaching high-ranking individuals present as if they, the presenters, were females. Their buttocks are hairless and red in mimicry of the female buttocks, thus enhancing the signal value of presenting (Wiclder, 1966, 1967b). The high-ranking individual may mount or just perform the intention to mount in response to the other's presenting. This use by primates of sexual motor patterns to acknowledge dominance rank order has often been interpreted as being equivalent to human homosexuality. This interpretation is an oversimplification. These sexual motor patterns are derived from copulatory behaviors but, then, have acquired a new function related to social hierarchies: mounting serves as an indication of dominance, and presenting serves as an indication of submission, an agonistic buffer in a greeting context”
*:“Children have characteristics, such as small size, that facilitate adult males' feeling dominant to them, as occurs in pedosexual behavior.”

== Sex for reconciliation and food sharing ==
The reduction of social tension mediated by sociosexual contact is widespread in the communities of human closest relatives, the [[Research: Intergenerational Sexual Behaviors in Animals|Bonobos]]. The tension arises in situations of competition or inequality referring to any kind of resources such as food, access to reproduction or any interesting stimulus matter. In addition to the reconciliation effect, sexual contacts allow them to willingly share resources with one another. Ethologist Frans de Waal pointed that this mechanism works for individuals of any status, sex and age, including contacts between adults and infants. Via this mechanism, adults share food with juveniles who are not their descendants and are not of reproductive interest. The emergence of this mechanism presumably occurred as a result of an evolutionary shift in relationships between males and females towards the more tolerant and equal in the case of Bonobos (de Waal, 1990<ref>[https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_15 De Waal, Frans B. M. (1990). Sociosexual behavior used for tension regulation in all age and sex combinations among bonobos.] In: Jay R. Feierman (Ed.), [https://libgen.is/book/index.php?md5=3CA15750CD7EC06C3052B55B5E16C76D Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions] (pp. 378–393). Springer, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_15</ref>). Among most other primates except for humans, cases of adults, especially males, sharing food with another's offspring are quite rare (Mackey, 1990<ref name=":6">Mackey, Wade C. (1990). Adult·Male/Juvenile Association as a Species-Characteristic Human Trait: A Comparative Field Approach. In: Jay R. Feierman (Ed.), [https://libgen.is/book/index.php?md5=3CA15750CD7EC06C3052B55B5E16C76D Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions] (pp. 299–323). Springer, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_12</ref>).

Frans de Waal suggests that our ancestor’s sexual behavior may have been similar to Bonobo's. This sex-for-food mechanism then allowed females to exchange sex for male commitment and paternal investment, thus giving rise to the human nuclear family. And subsequently, the very development of the nuclear family led to an increasing restriction of sex functions to heterosexual reproductive bonding only (de Waal, 2006<ref> [https://sci-hub.se/10.1038/scientificamerican0606-14sp de Waal, Frans B. M. (2006). Bonobo Sex and Society. Scientific American, 16, 14-21], doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0606-14sp</ref>).

Excerpts:
*'''De Waal, Frans B. M. (1990). [https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_15 Sociosexual behavior used for tension regulation in all age and sex combinations among bonobos.] In: Jay R. Feierman (Ed.), [https://libgen.is/book/index.php?md5=3CA15750CD7EC06C3052B55B5E16C76D Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions] (pp. 378–393). Springer, New York. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_15'''
*: "Typically, upon the introduction of food, the bonobos would become very active, engaging in aggressive competition but also inviting one another for sociosexual contact These contacts appeared to reduce the tension and to allow for food sharing. Thus, it could be demonstrated that subordinate group members more often asserted themselves toward dominant food possessors following a sociosexual contact than without such prior contact (de Waal, 1987). The interaction could even take the form of an exchange, e.g., a female presents to a male who is holding a large bundle of branches and leaves and takes the entire bundle out of his hands immediately following sexual intercourse. On other occasions, sociosexual behavior was used as a reconciliation. The majority of instances of genital massage, for instance, followed aggressive incidents in which the adult male had chased one of the adolescent males. After a couple of minutes, the younger male would return to the aggressor to present his genitals."
*:“Sociosexual behavior occurred with equal frequency and equal intensity in all age and sex combinations possible. Intergenerational sex was part of this general pattern. The bonobo's sexual reconciliation and reassurance patterns were described and contrasted with the behavior of the chimpanzee, which virtually lacks this nonreproductive function of sexual behavior. The evolutionary origin of this difference was sought in heterosexual bonding among bonohos in their natural habitat. [...] Coexistence of plural males and females without agonistic competition in mating could be guaranteed by changing the character of sexual behavior into affiliative behavior in which all individuals can participate, and by decreasing the reproductive meaning (Mori, 1984, p.277).[...] This possible evolutionary background of the phenomena observed in bonobos is of relevance in connection with human sexuality, both because of the shared biological ancestry and the fact that heterosexual bonding is characteristic of the human species as well."
*:"[T]he most logical pathway by which sexual behavior evolved into a general reassurance mechanism is that this mechanism was first established in the adult male/female relationship, after which it was adopted in other age and sex combinations. In other words, the widespread application of sexual behavior patterns in the bonobo' s social life has its origin in an emphasis on heterosexual bonding (de Waal, 1987). Field research supports this view in that male/female relationships seem closer and more tolerant in bonobos than in chimpanzees."

*'''de Waal, Frans B. M. (2006). [https://sci-hub.se/10.1038/scientificamerican0606-14sp Bonobo Sex and Society.] Scientific American, 16, 14-21, doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0606-14sp'''
*:"Ocasionally, the role of sex in relation to food is taken one step further, bringing bonobos very close to humans in their behavior. It has been speculated by anthropologists--including C. Owen Lovejoy of Kent State University and Helen Fisher of Rutgers University--that sex is partially separated from reproduction in our species because it serves to cement mutually profitable relationships between men and women. The human females capacity to mate throughout her cycle and her strong sex drive allow her to exchange sex for male commitment and paternal care, thus giving rise to the nuclear family."
*:"This arrangement is thought to be favored by natural selection because it allows women to raise more offspring than they could if they were on their own."
*:"Given its peacemaking and appeasement functions, it is not surprising that sex among bonobos occurs in so many different partner combinations, including between juveniles and adults. The need for peaceful coexistence is obviously not restricted to adult heterosexual pairs."
*:“In fact, nuclear families are probably incompatible with the diverse use of sex found in bonobos. If our ancestors started out with a sex life similar to that of bonobos, the evolution of the family would have required dramatic change.
*: Human family life implies paternal investment, which is unlikely to develop unless males can be reasonably certain that they are caring for their own, not someone elses, offspring. Bonobo society lacks any such guarantee, but humans protect the integrity of their family units through all kinds of moral restrictions and taboos. Thus, although our species is characterized by an extraordinary interest in sex, there are no societies in which people engage in it at the drop of a hat (or a cardboard box, as the case may be). A sense of shame and a desire for domestic privacy are typical human concepts related to the evolution and cultural bolstering of the family."

* '''Mackey, Wade C. (1990). Adult·Male/Juvenile Association as a Species-Characteristic Human Trait: A Comparative Field Approach. In: Jay R. Feierman (Ed.), [https://libgen.is/book/index.php?md5=3CA15750CD7EC06C3052B55B5E16C76D Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions] (pp. 299–323). Springer, New York. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_12'''
*: "As pointed out earlier, human adult males share food/provisions with their young, and this sharing by adult males is relatively rare across the zoological kingdom. It is reasonable that the sharing of a most valuable commodity -- food -- is much easier emotionally for the provisioner if the provisioner "likes" the recipient, and conversely, a recipient tends to like someone who feeds him or her, especially during the dependency of preadulthood. Accordingly, the behavioral enhancement of any neurohormonal mechanisms (subtended by the relevant genetic material) that resulted in greater affiliative feelings, toward juveniles, for example, would facilitate food sharing. The facilitation might be further sensitized by the stimulus of those young who are provisioned showing outward signs of affiliation towards the provisioner. Across generations, the increased provisioning of juveniles by adult males would marginally increase those juveniles' viability, thereby increasing those adult males' chances of having descendants. Thus, the alleles in adult males and juveniles that canalized reciprocal adult-male/juvenile affiliative behavior, in general, and the resultant specific adult-male/juvenile association, in particular, would gradually and systematically displace competing alleles that did not facilitate the development of affiliation between adult males and juveniles. In the 20th century, food sharing from human adult males to juveniles has been found to be a universal practice"

*'''Woods, Vanessa; Hare, Brian (2011-04-01). "Bonobo but not chimpanzee infants use socio-sexual contact with peers". Primates. 52 (2): 111–116. doi:10.1007/s10329-010-0229-z.'''
::"Even as infants, bonobos use socio-sexual behaviour, whereas the same behaviour is completely absent in chimpanzee infants. Findings suggest that sociosexual behaviour in infant bonobos serves functions during social feeding that is not closely tied to reproduction."

== Nonconceptive sociosexual behavior as a result of self-domestication ==
It has been suggested that nonconceptive sociosexual behaviour, which include homosexual and intergenerational sexual contacts, consistently accompanies both natural and artificial selection against aggression ("domestication") being embedded in general pattern of juvenilization (like mammalian juvenile sex play).
*'''Hare, B., Wobber, V., & Wrangham, R. (2012). [https://evolutionaryanthropology.duke.edu/sites/evolutionaryanthropology.duke.edu/files/site-images/hare-et-al-2012-self-domestication.original.pdf The self-domestication hypothesis: Evolution of bonobo psychology is due to selection against aggression.] ''Animal Behaviour'', 83(3), 573–585. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.12.007'''
::"Experiments indicate that selection against aggression in mammals can have multiple effects on their morphology, physiology, behaviour and psychology, and that these results resemble a syndrome of changes observed in domestic animals. [...] In domesticated species, the characteristic down-regulation of aggressiveness and increased tolerance is accompanied by other differences, [...] behavioural changes include [...] increased pro-social behaviours, particularly play, nonconceptive sexual behaviour and grooming (Hemmer 1990; Clutton-Brock 1992; Coppinger & Coppinger 1998; Kunzl & Sachser 1999; Gariépy et al. 2001)."

::examples:
::"[Compared with chimpanzees:] Bonobos show more play and sociosexual behaviour as adults"
::"[Compared with wolves:] Dogs show more play and sociosexual behaviour as adults"
::"[Compared with wild guinea pigs:] Guinea pigs are more playful and show more sexual behaviour than cavies"

::"Typically, a new bonobo, even as an infant, can be introduced without incident; and two groups, including multiple adult males separated for weeks, months or years, can be reintegrated with little more than play and sexual contact as a result (B. Hare, V. Wobber & R. Wrangham, personal observations)."

::"Behaviourally, bonobos are similar to many domesticates (e.g. Kunzl & Sachser 1999) in showing intensified sexual behaviour. [...] they also display a substantial emancipation of sexual behaviour into nonconceptive functions that often involve same-sex partners (Savage-Rumbaugh & Wilkerson 1978; Kuroda 1984; Thompson-Handler et al. 1984; de Waal 1987, 1995; Kano 1989, 1992; Enomoto 1990; Dixson 1998; Hohmann & Fruth 2000; Furuichi & Hashimoto 2004; Paoli et al. 2007; Clay & Zuberbühler 2011; Woods & Hare 2011)."

::"selection for juvenile levels of aggression could explain the cascade of behavioural, physiological and morphological traits typical of juveniles that tend to be retained in adults of the descendant domesticated species (Trut 2001)."

::"The self-domestication hypothesis is therefore a potentially powerful tool for understanding the processes by which selection shapes both psychological and other seemingly unrelated traits, including those in humans (e.g. Leach et al. 2003; Dorus et al. 2004)."

== Sex as an attachment promoter. Development of paternal investment==
In addition to the “reptilian” connection between sex and dominance, Eibl-Eibesfeldt described another way of sexuality organization. That evolutionary later way is the interweaving of sex and attachment, which is typical for birds and some mammals forming long-term reproductive alliances. The ability of males to form attachment and exhibit caring behavior to a sexual partner is highly beneficial for females. Human evolution went through an increase in the maturation time of offspring, which led to huge reproductive costs for females. Thus, there was a particularly strong sexual selection of males, in which sexual desire was accompanied by consistent caring behavior towards the female and her offspring. This attachment to a sexual partner may be evolutionarily linked to child-parent attachment (in some species, this connection is manifested in the features of sexual courtship rituals containing signs of childish behavior, which function to induce caring behavior and affection in a sexual partner). So according to this theory, the functional system of parental care and the functional system of mating became interconnected. Eibl-Eibesfeldt wrote that romantic love occurs through the fusion of parental care and sexual desire, and this fusion is an antecedent for children and adolescents to evoke romantic feelings in some adults (Eibl-Eibesfeldt, 1990 <ref name=":1" />).

In line with Eibl-Eibesfeldt, ethologist Herman Dienske argues that, in the course of evolution, due to the ability of human females to conceal ovulation and to be continuously sexually receptive, male sexual interest has evolved in turn to foster consistent male proximity (to invest in offspring that take so long to mature), and subsequently could promote male proximity with the infant (Dienske, 1990<ref name=":0" />). Indeed, the repertoire of pedosexual behavior observed in humans, besides sexual actions, may also include caring behavior: comforting/caressing, feeding, grooming (body care such as washing or massage), protecting, teaching (Feierman, 1990<ref name=":7" />).

Excerpts:
* '''Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Irenäus (1990). [https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_6 Dominance, Submission, and Love: Sexual Pathologies from the Perspective of Ethology.] In: Jay R. Feierman (Ed.), [https://libgen.is/book/index.php?md5=3CA15750CD7EC06C3052B55B5E16C76D Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions] (pp. 150–175). Springer, New York. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_6'''
*: “If one observes courtship and greeting rituals in birds and mammals, one soon becomes aware that the patterns by which a friendly affiliation is established, upheld, or strengthened are basically derived from maternal behaviors and infantile appeals that trigger these patterns.”
*: “In human sexual behavior, strata of different phylogenetic origins can be distinguished. Sexuality based upon the mechanisms of male dominance and female submission, which characterizes the reptiles, also constitutes the basic layer of human sexuality. This reptilian heritage is superimposed, however, by a more recently acquired sexuality characterized by affiliation and love. The new potentiality to act in a friendly manner evolved with the development of parental care independently in birds and in mammals. In normal human sexual behavior, the archaic agonal sexuality is controlled by affiliative sexuality and, therefore, is characterized by love. Agonal sexuality is still with us, however, as indicated, among other features, by the phallic male-dominance displays, by a male hormonal response linked to dominance achievement, and by the sexual fantasies of submission that are experienced by females. Agonal sexuality normally is under the control of affiliative sexuality, and therefore, humans correctly associate sex with love. Certain forms of sexuality, such as sadomasochism and a particular form of male homosexuality, are explained as being a regression to the archaic agonal sexuality. Pedophilia and pedosexual behavior are explained within the regression context, too. Children have characteristics, such as small size, that facilitate adult males' feeling dominant to them, as occurs in pedosexual behavior. Since human adult/adult romantic love is derived by phylogeny from parental caregiving behavior, it is easily seen how, in some adult humans, the feeling of love toward children has been retained and eroticized, which is the true meaning of the term "pedophilia.”

*'''Dienske, Herman (1990). The Concept of Function in the Behavioral Sciences with Specific Reference to Pedophilia and Pedosexual Behavior: A Biophilosophical Perspective. In: Jay R. Feierman (Ed.), [https://libgen.is/book/index.php?md5=3CA15750CD7EC06C3052B55B5E16C76D Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions] (pp. 324–337). Springer, New York. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_13'''
*:"it was pointed out that the continuous sexual activity of humans promotes the coherence of the adult-male/adult-female pair and that it encourages the male parent to participate in rearing his offspring. This assumption requires (1) that sex induces affiliation (i.e., the maintenance of proximity and the extension of favors) and (2) that this affiliation is continued after offspring are born and (3) is accompanied by male paternal care. The associations among sex, affiliation, and paternal care seem to be common in humans. This situation does not imply, however, a simple causal relationship. Infrequent or absent sex may precede divorce. It cannot be decided whether infrequent sex reduces affiliation or whether the decreased affiliation reduces sex. It is likely that sex and affiliation mutually enhance each other and that the absence of one of the two leads to a declining spiral that eventually results in separation or disinterest."
*: “the associations among sex, affiliation, and paternal care are not compelling in that alternative functional solutions exist. Nevertheless, the affiliation-promoting effect of sex seems apparent.”
*: “Human females, in contrast, lack such signals and thus have what is called "concealed ovulation" (Alexander and Noonan, 1979); in fact, the timing of human ovulation was not known until recently. Uncertainty concerning the time at which ovulation occurs would promote frequent copulations. It is possible that continuous sexual behavior in human females is their afflliation-promoting strategy, since it can induce more consistent male proximity (Daniels, 1983).”
*:“[P]edophilic and homosexual nonprocreative sexual contacts could be considered functional, since favors resulting from the affiliation, which is maintained in part by sexual behavior, can be considerable.”

*'''Feierman, Jay R. (1990). A Biosocial Overview of Adult Human Sexual Behavior with Children and Adolescents. In: Jay R. Feierman (Ed.), [https://libgen.is/book/index.php?md5=3CA15750CD7EC06C3052B55B5E16C76D Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions] (pp. 8–68). Springer, New York. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_2'''
*: "some of the components of parental investment, collectively called "nurturing behavior", are seen in both pedo-and ephebophilia and can be considered and discussed as (1) comforting and contact, (2) feeding, (3) grooming, (4) protecting, and (5) teaching."

* '''Money, J. (1990). Pedophilia: A Specific Instance of New Phylism Theory as Applied to Paraphilic Lovemaps. In: Feierman, J.R. (eds) [https://libgen.is/book/index.php?md5=3CA15750CD7EC06C3052B55B5E16C76D Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions]. Springer, New York, NY. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_18'''
*:"This author's way of circumventing the debate is to say that there are in the human species phylogenetic building blocks, or phylisms, that in the course of individual sexuoerotic development are capable of being diverted from their usual expression, so as to become entrained to sexuoerotic arousal. In the case of pedophilia, the phylism of parent/child pairbonding becomes diverted and entrained to sexuoerotic, lover /lover pairbonding. The pedophile's attachment to a child represents a merger of parental and erotic love."
*:"The universal male/male pedophilia of the Sambia demonstrates the sexological plasticity of the human organism and the making of pedophilia into the social norm."

This hypothesis is also mentioned in modern scientific encyclopedias:

* '''Klapilová, K., Bártová, K. (2017). [https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_3382-1 Sexual Pathology.] In: Shackelford, T., Weekes-Shackelford, V. (eds) [https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19650-3_1717 Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science.] (pp. 7439 - 7445). Springer, Cham. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_3382-1'''
*:“the evolutionary explanation behind the origin of pedophilia refers to the fusion of two evolutionarily ancient adaptive systems – reproduction and nurturing. Money (1990) states that a pedophile’s relationship to a child qualitatively, and also neurologically, resembles a blend between parental and erotic love. Likewise, it can be linked to the close cohesion between these two systems that can be observed also between phylogenetically close species.”.
*:”The founder of the human ethnology field, Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt (1973), directly warns about the type of affiliative-erotic relationship that connects to the composition of long-term partnership, which was developed both in mammals and birds together with nurturing behavior, and therefore it is not surprising that they are occasionally mixed in humans.”

* '''Klapilová, K., Bártová, K. "Male Sexual Disorders" In: Todd K. Shackelford (ed.), 2022, [https://annas-archive.org/md5/2d84ebccbbaafc78b4516ef6b129e5a2 The Cambridge Handbook of Evolutionary Perspectives on Sexual Psychology. Vol 4.] ''Cambridge University Press (Virtual Publishing)''.'''
:: "A phylogenetic explanation of pedophilia refers to the fusion of two evolutionarily old systems– reproduction and nurturing (Money, 1990). It is also in line with the results of neuroimaging studies in which pedophilic men could be distinguished from controls by their increased fMRI activity in reaction to child versus adult faces (Ponseti et al., 2016) and increased brain responses to not only human but also animal infants in pedophiles (Ponseti et al., 2018), interpreted as an over-responsive nurturing system. This view agrees with older ethological theories that sees pedophilia as a mixture of parental and erotic love indicated by behavioral displays of both (Money, 2012)."

* '''Stevens, A., & Price, J. (2016). [https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315740577 Evolutionary Psychiatry: A new beginning] (Classic Ed.) (pp. 206-218) Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group. doi:10.4324/9781315740577'''
*: “We would entertain the hypothesis proposed separately by Eibl-Eibesfeldt (1990) and by Money (1990) that two innate biosocial propensities – caregiving and sex-mating – have become fused in the course of ontogeny in those who display the paedophilic orientation.”
*:“[A]ffiliative erotic love, as Eibl-Eibesfeldt points out, itself evolved in birds and mammals together with the development of parental care-giving behaviour. ‘Since human adult/adult romantic love is derived by phylogeny from parent care-giving behaviour,’ asserts EiblEibesfeldt, ‘it is easily seen how, in some adult humans, the feeling of love toward children has been retained and eroticised, which is the true meaning of the term “pedophilia”.“.

Cross-species research indicate that the sexuality-attachment fusion in intergenerational relationships is widespread in nature and not restricted to humans:
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Thomas K Hubbard, Beert Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research: The Debate over Male Intergenerational Relations]]. (pp. 1-90) New York: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315432458'''
::"Intense sexually based friendships or consort relationships between older and younger animals have been documented in various species, including gorillas, orangutans, macaques (crab-eating, Japanese, rhesus, stumptail), Hamadryas baboons, and squirrel monkeys. Takenoshita (1998) observed consort relationships between adult and juvenile male Japanese macaques, where these pairs, in addition to engaging in homosexual interactions, foraged together, groomed one another, and attacked other monkeys together. Chevalier-Skolnikoff (1976) described intensely affectionate relationships between mature and immature stumptail male macaques, in which both older and younger partners responded with sexual excitement to the sexual interactions. Zuckerman (1932) observed a three-year sexual relationship between an adult and an immature male Hamadryas baboon. Redican, Gomber, and Mitchell (1974) observed an intense attachment between an adult male rhesus macaque and a much younger male, in which the latter took strong initiative in establishing the relationship and sexual interaction. Hamilton (1914), also studying rhesus macaques, reported that he “found that friendships between immature males and mature males are of frequent occurrence, and that they seem to have a sexual basis” (p. 308). In one illustrative case, Hamilton reported, when a separated mature-immature pair was allowed to reunite, the two rushed into an embrace, smacking their lips. Both animals showed marked sexual excitement, and the older mounted the younger, who rotated his head to achieve lip contact with the older partner."

=== Neurological, endocrinological and psychological evidence ===

Human sexuality researchers have confirmed the neurobiological interconnection of sexual and attachment systems. The release of oxytocin, vasopressin and prolactin, hormones associated with parental behavior, during sex and orgasm stimulates the formation of attachment, altruistic behavior and care for a partner. The reverse is also true: trusting and caring relationships can evoke sexual interest (Dewitte & Marieke, 2012 <ref> [https://sci-hub.se/10.1080/00224499.2011.576351 Dewitte, Marieke (2012). Different Perspectives on the Sex-Attachment Link: Towards an Emotion-Motivational Account.] The Journal of Sex Research, 49, 105–124. https://doi=10.1080/00224499.2011.576351</ref>; Fleischman, 2021 <ref> [https://www.dianafleischman.com/_files/ugd/cb1e47_2914fac5806e4843a8544c1cdee5a69a.pdf Fleischman, D. (2021). Sex as Bonding Mechanisms.] In: Shackelford, T.K., Weekes-Shackelford, V.A. (eds) [https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19650-3_1717 Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science.] Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19650-3_1717</ref>).

Two decades after Eibl-Eibesfeldt suggested that the neural systems of sex and care are relatively more connected in people who are sexually attracted to children, neuroscientists have found some experimental evidence for that. Brain structures responsible for social connections, altruistic and parental motivation (such as the left anterior insula), in people with pedophilic interest, respond to infant stimuli more intensively, receiving reinforcement from the neural circuits responsible for mating. In addition, a greater connection between parental and mating systems is characteristic of males, which is explained by evolutionarily different ways of forming maternal and paternal investments (Ponseti et al., (2018). <ref>[https://sci-hub.se/10.3389/fnhum.2017.00645 Ponseti J, Bruhn D, Nolting J, Gerwinn H, Pohl A, Stirn A, Granert O, Laufs H, Deuschl G, Wolff S, Jansen O, Siebner H, Briken P, Mohnke S, Amelung T, Kneer J, Schiffer B, Walter H, Kruger THC. Decoding Pedophilia: Increased Anterior Insula Response to Infant Animal Pictures.] Front Hum Neurosci. 2018 Jan 23;11:645. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2017.00645. PMID: 29403367; PMCID: PMC5778266.</ref>).

Excerpts:
*'''Ponseti et al., (2018). "[https://sci-hub.se/10.3389/fnhum.2017.00645 Decoding Pedophilia: Increased Anterior Insula Response to Infant Animal Pictures".] Front Hum Neurosci.'''
*: “This gives rise to the assumption that increased brain responses to infant stimuli in pedophilia are rather a consequence of an over-active nurturing system than of an over-active sexual system.”
*: “The left anterior insula, being a crucial area of nurturing processing, was also frequently found to be activated in sexual brain studies (Stoleru et al., 2012). Furthermore, the left anterior insula (as well as the SMA) is a constituent of the human attachment system, thereby enabling both nurturing and pair-bonding (Feldman, 2016). Based on both observations, (i) the over-responding to nurturing stimuli in various motivational areas and (ii) the functional overlap of nurturing and sexual processing of the involved left anterior insula a tentative and simple model of pedophilia could be as follows: Nurturing stimuli receive additional processing resources by mating-circuits. In case of human infant stimuli this leads to a sexual connotation of infant stimuli. This idea is supported by the suggestion that nurturing and pair-bonding are two closely inter-related domains in humans at the level of physiological functions, brain processing, and involved neuropeptides”
*: "In any case, from an evolutionary perspective, paternal nurturing is an unusual and probably more recently evolved male behavior. Phylogenetically speaking, male brains are not “geared” to handle infant stimuli. This may explain why the “parental caregiving” network of males and females displays differences (Abraham et al., 2014).
*: It might be hypothesized that, in contrast to ancient maternal infant stimulus processing, human male brains process infant stimuli with brain areas that might not be associated primarily with caregiving. If so, it is conceivable that the involvement of brain areas not “geared” to the paternal nurturing aspects associated with infant stimuli makes male brains vulnerable to not maintaining the functional division between the domains of nurturing and mating behavior."

*'''Schuler, M. et al (2019). "[https://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/features/abn-abn0000412.pdf Empathy in pedophilia and sexual offending against children: A multifaceted approach]," ''Journal of Abnormal Psychology'', 128(5), 453–464.'''
*:"Participants included 85 pedophilic men who committed hands-on child sexual offenses (P+CSO), 72 pedophilic men who never committed hands-on child sexual offenses (P−CSO), and 128 nonoffending teleiophilic male controls (TC). Several affective and cognitive aspects of empathy were assessed using the Multifaceted Empathy Test (MET) and the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI). Whereas in self-reports (IRI) P+CSO scored lower than TC (P−CSO intermediate) in cognitive perspective-taking abilities, a performance-based measure (MET) revealed evidence for a better differentiation of emotional states in P−CSO as compared with P+CSO (TC intermediate). In addition, P+CSO and P−CSO showed significantly higher affective resonance while observing children (MET), which was paralleled by higher self-reported levels of personal distress in social situations (IRI). The results indicate evidence for higher general affective empathic resonance to children in pedophilic men but superior cognitive empathy abilities in nonoffending pedophiles only, which may act as a protective factor in the prevention of sexual offending."

=== Sex and attachment in general ===
*'''Fletcher, G. J. O.; Simpson, J. A.; Campbell, L.; Overall, N. C. . (2015). [https://pismin.com/10.1177/1745691614561683 Pair-Bonding, Romantic Love, and Evolution: The Curious Case of Homo sapiens.] Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(1), 20–36. doi:10.1177/1745691614561683'''
*:"Factor analytic studies of perceptions of romantic love in Western samples support these models, typically revealing three components (e.g., Aron & Westbay, 1996). The labels assigned to each factor vary across studies, but they reflect passion (sexual attraction), emotional bonding (intimacy), and commitment (caregiving)."
*:"romantic love provides a potent motivational push toward the kind of devotion and commitment required for the huge investment needed to support a mate and raise children successfully."
*:"romantic love is an adaptation — a commitment device — that facilitated longterm pair-bonding"
*:"The striking similarity between the behavioral manifestations of parent–infant love and romantic love suggests that evolution may have borrowed these ancient bonding mechanisms, originally evolved in mammals to bond mothers to their offspring, and applied them to men and women in the context of romantic pair-bonding."
*:"Using phylogenetic comparative methods with 230 different species, Opie et al. (2013) found that the evolution of monogamy is strongly related to paternal care of offspring"

== Evolutionary (by)product of human neotenization ==
Another factor of pedosexual attraction emergence is a human neotenization. The evolutionary advantage of retaining neotenic (childish) traits which elicit nurturing responses from adults, results in the retention of neotenic genetic traits due to sexual competition. Therefore such traits become sexually attractive. That leads to the observable progressive neotenization of humans in comparison with ancestors and subsequently increases likelihood of juveniles being sexually attractive. Since fertile females retained juvenile traits into their fertile years, the line between fertile and infertile female age became blurred. Thus, some males become oriented toward females who are too young for reproduction (Feierman, 1990<ref name=":5" />).

Excerpts:
* '''Feierman, Jay R. (1990). [https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_23 Human Erotic Age Orientation: A Conclusion.] In: Jay R. Feierman (Ed.), [https://libgen.is/book/index.php?md5=3CA15750CD7EC06C3052B55B5E16C76D Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions] (pp. 552–566). Springer, New York. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_23'''
*:“All of these genetically and culturally transmitted processes blur the distinction between reproductively competent adults and children and adolescents. Therefore, all of these processes must be considered to be determinants, at some level, of pedo- and ephebophilia.”
*:“pedo-and ephebophiles, like chins and spandrels, may have no primary adaptive function in themselves but, instead, may be rank-ordered by-products of selection for more adaptive attributes in their kin.”

*'''Lievesley, R. and Harper, C.A. (2024) “[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19419899.2024.2321149#d1e314 The interaction between perceived chronological age and physical sexual development in attractiveness judgments made by people who are attracted to children]”, ''Psychology and Sexuality'', DOI:10.1080/19419899.2024.2321149'''
*:"From an evolutionary perspective, men typically perceive more youthful faces as more attractive due to these indicating a greater degree of fertility (Gallup & Frederick, Citation2010, Little, Citation2015, Thornhill & Grammer, Citation1999). [...] [A]n increased degree of closeness of facial features appears to be encoded as indicating youth (Albert et al., Citation2007), and in turn, this youthfulness is associated with beauty (Sutherland et al., Citation2013)."

*'''Bogin, B. (1997). [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/%28SICI%291096-8644%281997%2925%20%3C63%3A%3AAID-AJPA3%3E3.0.CO%3B2-8 Evolutionary hypotheses for human childhood]. ''Yearbook of Physical Anthropology'', 40, 63–89.'''
*:"Taken together, these studies indicate that adults are more likely to protect or nuture individuals with ‘‘neotenous’’ facial features. McCabe defines such features as having a relatively large ratio of cranium size to lower face size."

*'''Bixler, R. H. (1992). "Do we/should we behave like animals?" In: W. T. O’Donohue & J. H. Geer (Eds.), The sexual abuse of children: Volume I—Theory and research (pp. 81–107). ''Routledge''. doi: 10.4324/9781315799698-7'''
::"Our ability to imagine young children as sexual partners is probably increased substantially by two other unusual characteristics: neoteny and hidden estrus. Neoteny, the retention of juvenile traits in adulthood, is far more extensive in Homo sapiens than in any other primate (Bonner, 1980; Gould, 1977). Human adults resemble their small children a great deal more than adult primates do their immature offspring. [...] Moreover, many adolescent boys and young adults are beardless and they often have a complexion similar to that of young women and children. To confuse our senses further and muddle our minds, one- to two-fifths of young adolescent boys experience breast enlargement for a year or more (Katchadourian, 1977; Tanner, 1978). A similar case can be made for behavior. When we find in other animals the behavioral or physical traits of the young to be similar to adult female patterns we often find males courting the immature."
::"A concealed estrus combined with continuous female sexual receptivity and neoteny ought to increase the likelihood that men will find young girls sexually attractive, especially since males are not known anyway for making subtle differentiations between appropriate and inappropriate sex partners. Since women are more discriminating and, furthermore, would not be as confused by the facial resemblance of potential immature and adult sexual partners or by the conundrum of hidden estrus, female pedophilia should be much less common. Male homosexual pedophilia should fall somewhere in between."

The common hypothesis about pedosexuality is that it is merely a by-product of human neotenization. However, there are also arguments that diverse sexuality in adults (including homosexuality and pedosexuality, as seen, for example, in bonobos) in itself is a form of adaptive neoteny. Juvenile bisexual play is widespread among mammals and serves to acquire reproductive skills. Retaining this ability in adulthood may serve a range of sociosexual functions.

* '''Poiani, A. (2010). [https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/animal-homosexuality/0352ED7E7645EE35B14FAAF3AE3A127B Animal homosexuality: A biosocial perspective.] ''Cambridge University Press''. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511762192'''
::"Indeed, under various potential selective mechanisms, canalisation of neotenic traits may favour the expression of a great diversity of sexual behaviours that are characteristic of the juvenile stages of development. That is, although from an ontogenetic perspective juvenile homosexual play is a route to efficient heterosexuality in most species, from a phylogenetic perspective neotenic processes, by retaining those juvenile traits past the period of sexual maturation throughout evolution, may produce adult homosexuals or bisexuals. In the adult, homosexual behaviours may then undergo further adaptations related to social life. A potential example of this process may be found in the bonobo, where juvenile same-sex sexual behaviours are as common as they are in the congeneric chimpanzee, but in adults they occur much more frequently than in chimpanzees, being expressed in specific socio-sexual contexts."
::Note: Although the authors make this claim about homosexuality only, there is no obstacle to extending the same conclusion to pedosexuality as well.

== Mentorship-Bonding/Enculturation-Alliance Hypothesis ==
On the basis of previously available evolutionary explanations (Mackey, 1990 <ref name=":6" />; Muscarella, 2000 <ref>[https://sci-hub.se/10.1300/j082v40n01_03 Muscarella, F. (2000). The evolution of homoerotic behavior in humans.] Journal of Homosexuality, 40, 51–77.</ref>; Kirkpatrick, 2000 <ref>[https://sci-hub.se/10.1086/300145 Kirkpatrick, R. C. (2000). The evolution of human homosexual behavior.] Current Anthropology, 41, 385–413</ref>; Neil, 2009<ref>[http://humanbehaviors.free.fr/Livre%20-%20Human%20bisexuality%20-%20The%20Origins%20and%20Role%20of%20Same-Sex%20Relations%20in%20Human%20Societies%202009.pdf Neill, J. (2009). The origins and role of same-sex relations in human societies.] Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company.</ref>), [[Bruce Rind]] developed a hypothesis explaining the most widely documented type of male homosexuality in human history, namely [[pederasty]] (the relationship between a man and a peripubertal/[[Adolescence|adolescent]] boy) (Rind, 2013 <ref name=":4" />).

It is assumed that the evolutionary function of man-boy sexual relationships comes from our evolutionary past, when the environment was very different from the modern one. Humans have had a long evolutionary history as [[Wikipedia:Hunter-gatherer|hunter-gatherers]]. This time was characterized by intergroup warfare and the hunting of large animals. To do this, it was necessary to form close-knit same-sex male groups, to form specific male skills of war and hunting, and to maintain the specific masculine culture of this group. This created a selection pressure to create a mechanism to facilitate such rallying, recruitment and enculturation of new members, which is a long-term and labor-intensive undertaking. It is hypothesized that the sexual attraction between a boy and a man became such a mechanism, through the ability to form a strong emotional connection, prompting the mentor to teach and care, and the boy to seek training and a role model.<ref name=":4" />

The evolutionary benefit of such a mechanism is assumed both at the individual level (for the junior this is training, protection, and promotion in the male hierarchy, for the adult this is the expansion of the network of alliances) and at the group level (the clan received a reliable replenishment of group members, well-prepared, enculturated and committed to the culture of the group, which gave a competitive advantage).<ref name=":4" />

This hypothesis is supported by [[Research: Nonwestern Intergenerational Relationships|cross-cultural]] and [[Research: Intergenerational Relationships in History|historical studies]], where a variety of independent cultures demonstrate the prevalence of institutionalized sexual relations between men and boys of peripubertal age. In many instances boys begin sexual practices with older boys and men long before the beginning of puberty (e.g. at age of 7), so in such cases this can't be called [[Pederasty|pederasty]] in the narrow sense, rather [[Pedophilia|pedophilia]].

These relationships are built into these cultures and are part of growing up and becoming a man. The readiness, desire and initiative for sexual contact comes not only from adult men, but also from boys, and this is recorded as a typical phenomenon in these cultures (see Table III in Rind, 2013 <ref name=":4" />). This also confirms the existence of an evolutionary benefit for younger participants.<ref name=":4" />

Moreover, this attraction is not associated with reproductive losses, unlike exclusive homosexuality. It is typical of all these cultures that, upon reaching adulthood, men get wives and at the same time have sexual relations with boys themselves. It is assumed that this ability of the average heterosexual male to experience pederastic attraction is specific to our species.<ref name=":4" />

But this ability is optional (facultative). That is, unlike obligate heterosexual attraction, pederastic interest is to a large extent activated or suppressed by the social environment. This explains the fact that there is a sharp difference in the prevalence of pederastic behavior and attraction between cultures, and the fact that in modern Western cultures it does not manifest itself widely.<ref name=":4" />

Excerpts:
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Thomas K Hubbard, Beert Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research: The Debate over Male Intergenerational Relations]]. (pp. 1-90) New York: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315432458'''
*:“Formally, this hypothesis holds that pederasty evolved in the early human hunter-gatherer EEA [Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness] as an adaptation (i.e., exaptation), whose function it was to reproduce the male group by facilitating the mentoring and enculturation of boys from peripubescence through adolescence, as well as their emotional and psychological binding with the group. This function was a solution to the recurring adaptive problems in the EEA of surviving and exploiting an extremely dangerous and competitive social and physical environment”
*:“In short, the ages of boys sought out as recruits in male groups, the period in which they are mentored and enculturated, the ages of boys that men in such societies (and our own) find erotically appealing, the ages at which boys are especially open to being mentored (and capable as well, owing to an emergent adult-cognitive capacity), and the ages at which they are open to pederastic relations appear to be part of a single package, in which each of these characteristics seems to be a design feature and element of a larger design, whose function is reproducing the male group.”
*:“It is important to emphasize that pederasty’s relatively infrequent expression in societies such as ours does not imply that it is not an adaptation. In our society, developmental inputs have traditionally been intensely hostile toward homosexual behavior, often accompanied by severe social sanctions, including public disgrace and punishment, which can be expected to have had a significant dampening effect on the emergence and activation of pederastic desire and the expression of pederastic behavior.”
*:“Thus, even though adaptive in the EEA , pederasty, being a facultative trait, is nevertheless rare in our environment. On the other hand, in cultures with cultural ideologies and social structures facilitative of pederastic desire and expression, its occurrence has been widespread across the male population, which is consistent with the assumptions that most males have at least a moderate potential for the behavior and that such potential is sufficient for the behavior to emerge, provided other factors are not inhibitory.”

* '''Schiefenhövel, W. (1990). Ritualized Adult-Male/Adolescent-Male Sexual Behavior in Melanesia: An Anthropological and Ethological Perspective. In: Feierman, J.R. (eds) Pedophilia. Springer, New York, NY. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_16'''
*: "Men are expected to plan, work, fight, and sometimes, die together. The necessary altruistic behavior and effective cooperation of the warriors as well as the acceptance of a male hierarchy would have been fostered by the institution of prescribed homosexuality."

* '''Riegel, D. L. (2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20130425190309/http://snifferdogonline.com/reports/Child%20Abuse,%20Sexuality%20and%20Violence/The%20Role%20of%20Androphilia%20in%20the%20Psychosexual%20Development%20of%20Boys.pdf The role of androphilia in the psychosexual development of boys.] ''International Journal of Sexual Health'', 23(1), 2–13. doi:10.1080/19317611.2010.509696'''
*:"Proceeding from Feierman's (1990) thesis, it can be postulated that in prehistoric times it is likely that many children, due to violence, disease, poor nutrition, and life spans that were considerably shorter than what we have considered normal for the past couple of centuries, found themselves without either parents or other adults who would be willing to take on the burden of looking after and feeding a not yet productive child. However, a boy who was sexually androphilic (Vanggaard, 1969) would have the potential advantage of closely bonding with an older male whose sexuality included a male-directed pedosexual component, and who would preferentially protect, provide for, and teach the boy the skills necessary to survive and prosper. Studies have identified such secondary boy-attracted pedosexual tendencies in 20% to 30% of self-identified heterosexual adult males (Freund, 1970; cf. Briere & Runtz, 1989, Quinsey, 1984, West, 1980), and these tendencies would not be selected against so long as the bearers were primarily heterosexual and only secondarily male-oriented pedosexual. There is no reason to believe that these percentages were not similar in prehistoric times; there is some evidence for familial transmission (Gaffney, Lurie, & Berlin, 1984). In the absence of our modern-day taboos, such adaptive and beneficial boy/older male relationships could proceed unimpeded, the boy's juvenile androphilic sexuality would typically be supplanted by heterosexuality as he matured (Sandfort, 1987), he would then pass on his genes, and thus both of these traits would be maintained in the gene pool."

* '''Rind, Bruce. (2014). [https://pismin.com/10.1080/19317611.2014.956853 Trends in evolutionary explanations for human male same-sex eroticism: a commentary on Riegel (2011).] ''International Journal of Sexual Health'', (), 1–11. doi:10.1080/19317611.2014.956853'''
*:"In this commentary, I discuss his social critique and focus on his evolutionary hypothesis, reviewing seven earlier hypotheses for comparison. "
*:"Werner (2006) focused exclusively on the evolution of male homosexual behavior. Based on selected cross-species data, he posited that male homosexual behavior evolved in stages over eons of time. In the first, involving primitive species (e.g., reptiles), single adult males controlled territories, where they waited for females for mating. Adolescent or transvestite males, who resembled adult females in form and/or behavior, gained entry to these territories because of their female mimicry and they were tolerated once there because they submitted homosexually to the adult resident. Their benefit for this submission was mating opportunities with visiting females, which otherwise would not have been available to them. In the second stage, male homosexual behavior changed function (i.e., was an exaptation) in various more complex descendent species with greater cognitive capacities (so that deception via female mimicry no longer worked) and in which adult males lived together in groups rather than as isolates. Here, the changed function of homosexual submission was to elicit tolerance from the dominant male, which served to uphold the dominance hierarchy, which in turn facilitated multi-male group living. The third and final phase occurred when multiple males did not simply live together but cooperated on common tasks. Here, male homosexual behavior changed function once again, in which it facilitated alliance formation, which in turn enabled pursuit of common tasks. He called his explanation the hierarchy/cooperation theory for human male homosexual behavior. Werner claimed that pathic (i.e., transgenderal) homosexuality was the most common form of male homosexual behavior cross-culturally, followed by transgenerational homosexuality. He speculated that different social structures produce different strategies for male/male cooperation, which in turn determine the form by which male homoeroticism is expressed."

* '''Jaroslava Varella Valentova, Andreone Teles Medrado, and Marco Antonio Correa Varella “Male Bisexuality”. In: Todd K. Shackelford (ed.), 2022, [https://annas-archive.org/md5/2d84ebccbbaafc78b4516ef6b129e5a2 The Cambridge Handbook of Evolutionary Perspectives on Sexual Psychology. Vol 4.] ''Cambridge University Press (Virtual Publishing)''.'''
::"The alternative sneaking tactic can apply to transitory bisexual men, who would pursue predominantly same-sex relationships early in life when they do not possess status and/or resources to attract females, and create and maintain a family. In the younger age, they might have same-sex tutors or they might sexually serve to dominant males possessing resources. However, they might also sneak among the female partners of the dominant male, and gain at least some copulations and a nonzero reproductive success. Later in life they might switch to predominantly other-sex mating."

==Childhood as a target for sexual selection==

Some authors have suggested that not only adolescence but also middle childhood are involved in sexual selection process, and evolved as a stage at which individuals not only could but should take responsibilities. This appears to contradict how childhood is constructed in modern society (see also [[Research:_Cognitive_ability#Competence|research on childhood competence]]). According to such theories, in middle childhood, individuals become "nest helpers", helping in nurturing for younger siblings, foraging, and chores. This is a fine tuning stage of later social and sexual life-history strategies. First sexual or romantic attractions, sexual play, separation in gender roles typically emerge several years before puberty reflecting the fact that children are drawn into the evolutionary process of sexual selection much earlier than they become fertile. At this stage they actively learn sociosexual behavior and receive feedback about their sociosexual success from peer and adults, adapting their sexual competitive strategy to the environmental input. They engage in sexual and romantic relationship along with adults benefiting from learning, resources and social status they gain. This contributes to their sexual success in later life stages.

*'''Del Giudice M. (2014) [https://iris.unito.it/retrieve/handle/2318/1853338/974935/DelGiudice_2018_middle-childhood_chapter_pre.pdf Middle childhood: an evolutionary-developmental synthesis.]; 8:193–200. doi:10.1111/cdep.12084. in: Halfon N, Forrest CB, Lerner RM, et al., editors. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK543707/ Handbook of Life Course Health Development]. ''Cham (CH): Springer''; 2018. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-47143-3'''
*:"In summary, the life stage of juvenility/middle childhood has two major interlocking functions: social learning and social integration in a system of roles, norms, activities, and shared knowledge. While children are still receiving sustained investment from parents and other relatives—in the form of food, protection, knowledge, and so forth—they also start to actively contribute to their family economy. By providing resources and sharing the burden of child care, juveniles can boost their parents’ reproductive potential. The dual nature of juveniles as both receivers and providers explains many psychological features of middle childhood and has likely played a major role in the evolution of human life history (Kramer, 2011)."
*:"Middle childhood is one of the main stages of human development, marked by the eruption of the first permanent molars around age 6 and the onset of androgen secretion by the adrenal glands at about 6-8 years (Bogin, 1997)."
*:"The transition to middle childhood is typically associated with a strong separation in gender roles, even in societies where tasks are not rigidly assigned by sex."
*:"The stress response system plays a major role in gathering and storing information about environmental safety, predictability, and availability of resources; adrenarche contributes by translating that information into adaptive, sexually differentiated patterns of behavior (Del Giudice et al., 2011; Ellis & Del Giudice, 2014). Consistent with this view, both early relational stress and early nutrition have been found to modulate the timing of adrenarche (Ellis & Essex, 2007; Hochberg, 2008). It is no coincidence that the first sexual and romantic attractions typically develop in middle childhood, in tandem with the intensification of sexual play (Bancroft, 2003; Herdt & McClintock, 2000). By interacting with peers and adults, juveniles receive feedback about the effectiveness of their nascent behavioral strategies. The information collected during middle childhood feeds into the next developmental switch point, that of gonadarche (Ellis, 2013)"
*:"By determining children’s initial place in social networks and hierarchies, competition in middle childhood indirectly affects their ability to attract sexual and romantic partners later. In other words, middle childhood is a likely target for sexual selection — that is, natural selection arising from the processes of choosing mates (mate choice) and competing for mates (mating competition). My colleagues and I (Del Giudice et al., 2009) argued that sexual selection is one reason why sex differences emerge and intensify in middle childhood."

== Complementary behavior among minors ==
The hypothesis of pedophilic/pederastic attraction as a promoter of affection, care, and reproductive benefits in general on the side of youth is confirmed by the very existence of complementary behavior of minors, who [[Testimony: CSA (Children's Sexual Advances)|often show initiative and willingness for sexual relations with adults]]<ref>[https://ia802202.us.archive.org/16/items/rind-2022-reactions-to-minor-older-and-minor-peer-sex-in-finnish-survey/Rind%202022%20-%20Reactions%20to%20Minor-Older%20and%20Minor-Peer%20Sex%20in%20Finnish%20survey.pdf Rind, B. Reactions to Minor-Older and Minor-Peer Sex as a Function of Personal and Situational Variables in a Finnish Nationally Representative Student Sample. Arch Sex Behav 51, 961–985 (2022).], see also [https://www.newgon.net/wiki/images/Rindbasics.pdf Yesmap Primer] and [https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-021-02224-0 DOI.org].</ref>. It’s assumed that such a behavior could function to receive affection and extra resources not available from the child's default caregiver, or as a way to indirect reproductive value (for example, through group survival by successful [[Research: Evolutionary Perspectives on Intergenerational Sexuality#Mentorship-Bonding/Enculturation-Alliance Hypothesis|bonding to mentors]] during male warfare recruiting), or just as an attempt to develop sexual skills. This testifies to the evolutionarily beneficial and reciprocal essence of intergenerational attraction (Klapilová & Bártová, 2017; Stevens & Price, 2016; Rind, 2013 <ref name=":4"> [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Rind, B. (2013). Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Thomas K Hubbard, Beert Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research: The Debate over Male Intergenerational Relations]]. (pp. 1-90) ''New York: Routledge.'' doi:10.4324/9781315432458</ref>).

* '''Klapilová, K., Bártová, K. (2017). [https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_3382-1 Sexual Pathology.] In: Shackelford, T., Weekes-Shackelford, V. (eds) [https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19650-3_1717 Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science.] (pp. 7439 - 7445). Springer, Cham. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_3382-1'''
*:“The child’s adaptive behavioral function to demand nurture from adults and his prospective urge to perform sexual activities is not mentioned too often. Still, it is a rather widespread behavior across cultures and historical periods that can help the child receive extra resources not available from their own parents. It would therefore be a complementary strategy – from the pedophile’s side, there is the eroticization of nurturing behavior and attraction to signalization that encourages caretaking, whereas from the child’s side, it is a functional, environmentally conditioned strategy that brings benefits in the form of resources and possibly even acquisition of sexual experience and calibration of child sexuality”.

* '''Stevens, A., & Price, J. (2016). [https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315740577 Evolutionary Psychiatry: A new beginning] (Classic Ed.) (pp. 206-218) Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group. doi:10.4324/9781315740577'''
*:“it is undeniable that many children in our society – especially those in boarding schools and childrens’ homes – suffer from ‘parent hunger’. They are what Mia Kellmer-Pringle has called ‘touch-hungry children’. It is possible that the care-eliciting ‘phylism’ in these children may become eroticized just as the care-giving phylism may be eroticized in adult paedophiles. Thus, children starved of parental affection may compete for the love and attention of adults in their environment by using erotic solicitation as a strategy for survival. To suggest this possibility is not to excuse adults who exploit the emotional needs of children for their personal gratification but to provide an evolutionary explanation as to how and why erotic bonds between adults and juveniles may occur. We would propose that both care-eliciting and care-giving phylisms can be eroticized.”

[[Bruce Rind]] gathered evidence of widespread minors' positive reactions, even in our restrictive culture, in his research. (Also, some relevant excerpts are in [[Research: Prevalence of Harm and Negative Outcomes#Simple or informed consent as predictive of positive reactions?|this section]]).

Here is some evidence from [[Research: Nonwestern Intergenerational Relationships|Nonwestern cultures]]:
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Thomas K Hubbard, Beert Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research: The Debate over Male Intergenerational Relations]]. (pp. 1-90) New York: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315432458'''
::"Anthropological studies on preindustrial societies with culturally institutionalized or widespread pederasty provide reports on how the younger males responded to sexual contacts with older males (see Table III ). Among the Javanese, men remembered their boyhood pederastic experiences entirely positively, despite the researcher’s probing to uncover negative cases (Williams, 2011). Sambian boys showed much initiative in these contacts, especially at older ages (Herdt, 1991, 1997). Keraki men believed that they could not have developed properly without these relations as boys (Williams, 1936). Kaluli men looked back on the complex of grueling hunting, living in a sex-segregated men’s lodge, ritual discipline, unity of purpose, vigorous manly ethos, and growth-stimulating insemination by older males as the highlight of their lives (Schieffelin, 1982). East Bay boys discussed their sexual experiences with men freely and without shame in the presence of their parents and friends (Davenport, 1965). Gebusi boys aged 11 to 14 initiated sexual relations with older males based on personal affection rather than obligation (Herdt, 1991). The bond between Marind-Anim boys and their adult male partners was extremely strong, which was apparently facilitated by the sexual interactions (Van Baal, 1966). Likewise, pederastic relations were extremely close among the Big Nambas (Layard, 1942). Among the Kiman, pederastic behavior would stop after adolescence, but “nevertheless, a lifelong emotional relationship often” resulted (Serpenti, 1984, p. 305). In various southern Mexican Indian tribes, adolescent boys were proud to have been chosen for pederastic relationships, seeing it as an honor to be their men’s lovers (Ross, 1991). And being a Tsongan boy-wife was not just good for security, but for the “fun” it afforded (Murray & Roscoe, 1998)."

And from [[Research: Intergenerational Sexual Behaviors in Animals|cross-species]] studies:
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Thomas K Hubbard, Beert Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research: The Debate over Male Intergenerational Relations]]. (pp. 1-90) New York: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315432458'''
::"In many species, the younger animals involved in age-discrepant homosex were frequently observed not simply assenting to the sexual interactions but actually initiating them (e.g., bonobos, chimps, gorillas, gibbons, Hanuman and Nilgiri langurs, crab-eating macaques, rhesus macaques, Tibetan macaques, patas monkeys). Specific examples include juvenile Tibetan macaques jumping up to the faces of adult males to be fellated (Ogawa, 1995), an adolescent gibbon repeatedly soliciting sex from his father (Edwards & Todd, 1991), and juvenile rhesus macaques fiercely competing to be the one mounted by an adult male (Kempf, 1917). In a number of species, the researchers noted the sexual excitement exhibited by the immature partners in age-discrepant homosex (e.g., rhesus, stumptail, and Tibetan macaques). In several species, sometimes immature males were assenting and sometimes not (e.g., siamangs, proboscis monkeys, crab-eating macaques, and squirrel monkeys)."

::"In humans’ closest relatives, bonobos and chimps, juvenile males frequently and preferentially solicit adult females and attempt to copulate with them. In most cases, they show sexual arousal with erections. Adult females are usually tolerant and even cooperative, but when they are not, the juvenile males frequently protest with whimpering or tantrums (Bagemihl, 1999; Hashimoto, 1997; Kano, 1980; Kollar, Beckwith, & Edgerton, 1968). Similar patterns have been observed in many other primate species (Bagemihl, 1999). Anderson and Bielert (1990) noted that “Among nonhuman primates . . . sexual interaction between adult females and immature males is universal” (p. 192). It may be that primate patterns do not extend to humans, but the similarity of the observed human and primate patterns in juvenile male-adult female sex suggests a phylogenetic continuum (cf. Ford & Beach, 1951)."

== Other relevant information ==

=== Ontogenetic plasticity ===

Here's an explanation for why, if a minor attraction was adaptive, it may not be ubiquitous today.
*'''Alanko K, Salo B, Mokros A, Santtila P, (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235369954_Evidence_for_Heritability_of_Adult_Men's_Sexual_Interest_in_Youth_under_Age_16_from_a_Population-Based_Extended_Twin_Design "Evidence for heritability of adult men's sexual interest in youth under age 16 from a population-based extended twin design."] ''J Sex Med,'' 10(4):1090-9.'''
*:"Adult men's sexual interest in youthfulness‐related cues may be genetically influenced. [...] The amount of variance attributable to nonadditive genetic influences (heritability) was estimated at 14.6%.[...] Compared with the variance attributable to nonshared environmental effects (plus measurement error), the contribution of any genetic factors seems comparatively weak."
*::'''Editor''': Note, that a heritability coefficient close to zero does not mean the weakness/absence of genetic control over the trait, counter wise may point to high genetic consistency among population, in which case the trait variance is naturally more dependent on the environment. ("Traits such as walking and breathing have low heritability, because these are usually universal traits with slight variations. [...] as heredity becomes more similar, the environment becomes the primary explanation for differences."<ref>[https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanations/psychology/biological-bases-of-behavior/heritability/ Studysmarter.co.uk: Explanation on heritability]</ref>) This finding of low heritability may be interpreted to mean that the genetic ability to develop minor attraction is highly pervasive among humans and modified by nurture and other environments. This goes along with the [[Research:_Evolutionary_Perspectives_on_Intergenerational_Sexuality#Mentorship-Bonding%2FEnculturation-Alliance_Hypothesis|Rind's conclusion]] on pederasty as evolutionary determined but a facultative trait.

*'''Bhugra, D. (2000). [https://sci-hub.ru/10.1080/14681990050001574 Disturbances in objects of desire: Cross-cultural issues.] Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 15(1), 67–78. doi:10.1080/14681990050001574'''
*:"Paraphilias are defined as sexual attractions to objects or individuals not normally found attractive. [...] It is argued that, in some types of individual deviance, cultural factors are more likely to play an important role. Some cultures are seen as sex-positive and others as sex-negative but, within each cultural setting, attitudes towards sex and the function of sexual activity are a key to understanding the development of sexual deviance. In cultures where sex is seen as an attraction-led phenomenon rather than a purely procreative one, individuals are more likely to be attracted to 'objects'."

===Undesirable traits as adaptations===

Both pedohebephilic attraction and childhood sexuality are likely influenced somewhat by environmental factors. For example, there exist theories of [[Research:_Psychopathy_and_abnormal_psychology#Adverse_childhood|adverse childhood in pedohebephiles]] and [[Research:_Youth_sexuality#Factors_of_earlier_sexual_development|factors of earlier sexual development]] in youth sexuality. These are unproven and causality is hard to infer. It has been speculated that these are [[Research:_Evolutionary_Perspectives_on_Intergenerational_Sexuality#Complementary_behavior_among_minors|complementary]] adaptations to difficult circumstances.

From a layman's point of view, undesirable traits that arise as a result of adverse environment are mental breakdowns. From an evolutionary perspective, these may be ways to adapt in a harsh, primordial context. It is worth keeping this perspective in mind.

*'''Belsky, J., Steinberg, L., & Draper, P. (1991). Childhood experience, interpersonal development, and reproductive strategy: An evolutionary theory of socialization. Child Development, 62, 647–670.'''
*:"The concept of "reproductive strategy" drawn from the field of behavioral ecology is applied to the study of childhood experience and interpersonal development in order to develop an evolutionary theory of socialization. The theory is presented in terms of 2 divergent development pathways considered to promote reproductive success in the contexts in which they have arisen. One is characterized, in childhood, by a stressful rearing environment and the development of insecure attachments to parents and subsequent behavior problems; in adolescence by early pubertal development and precocious sexuality; and, in adulthood, by unstable pair bonds and limited investment in child rearing, whereas the other is characterized by the opposite."

*'''Del Giudice, M. (2014b). [https://iris.unito.it/retrieve/e27ce435-4226-2581-e053-d805fe0acbaa/DelGiudice_2014_early-stress_jdohad_pre.pdf Early stress and human behavioral development: Emerging evolutionary perspectives.] Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease, 5, 270-280.'''
*:“Stress experienced early in life exerts a powerful, lasting influence on development. Converging empirical findings show that stressful experiences become deeply embedded in the child's neurobiology, with an astonishing range of long-term effects on cognition, emotion, and behavior. In contrast with the prevailing view that such effects are the maladaptive outcomes of 'toxic' stress, adaptive models regard them as manifestations of evolved developmental plasticity.”
*:“Building on the concept of developmental plasticity, researchers have been increasingly advancing alternative models in which early stress does not primarily impair or dysregulate children’s developmental trajectories, but rather shifts them toward behavioral strategies that have proven biologically adaptive in harsh or unpredictable conditions”
*:“Exposure to stress works as a cue to local environmental conditions, and feeds into plasticity mechanisms that coordinate the development of alternative phenotypes.”
*:“In this perspective, many putative maladaptive traits such as anxiety, aggression, and impulsivity can be reframed as costly but adaptive phenotypes that improve an individual’s survival and reproduction prospects in hostile, unpredictable contexts. For example, increased vigilance and anxiety can be regarded as defensive reactions to potential threats, whereas aggression and impulsivity can be effective competitive strategies in harsh, unstable social environments. Furthermore, there is evidence that high levels of physiological and emotional reactivity increase an individual’s sensitivity to context, making him/her more open to both negative and positive social influences. Of course, some of these adaptive traits are going to have undesirable consequences for the individual and/or the social group, and may even be diagnosed as symptoms of psychopathology (e.g., conduct disorders). According to adaptive models, children exposed to early stress should exhibit patterns of impaired cognitive and emotional functioning when tested in safe, stress-free contexts and/or with tasks that mimic the demands of those contexts; but they should often perform better than their peers on tasks that reproduce key features of the dangerous, unpredictable environments they are adapted to. The initial evidence suggests that this may be the case.“

=== Response to critique of evolutionary explanations ===

*'''Karen Franklin. (2010). [https://pismin.com/10.1007/s10508-010-9616-1 Why the Rush to Create Dubious New Sexual Disorders?]. , 39(4), 819–820. doi:10.1007/s10508-010-9616-1'''
*:"As all students of Darwin know, evolutionary success strategies must be understood on a population-wide basis, not an individual level. Moreover, social scientists generally agree that biological evolution is rarely sufficient to understand human behavior in modern, complex social systems. Thus, to say that a trait may have emerged as evolutionarily adaptive in prehistoric times implies nothing of its presence or function on an individual level in contemporary society."

== See also ==

*[[Debate_Guide: Evolutionary logic|Debate Guide: Evolutionary logic]]
*[[Research: Intergenerational Relationships in_History|Intergenerational Relationships in History]]
*[[Research: Intergenerational Sexual Behaviors in Animals|Intergenerational Sexual Behaviors in Animals]]

[[Category:Official Encyclopedia]][[Category: Research: Broader Perspectives]]

== References ==

Research: Evolutionary Perspectives on Intergenerational Sexuality

2026-07-30T19:10:01Z

Thorn:

<div style="margin-right: 25px; float: left;">__TOC__</div>
:''This article has been written in standard format mixed with an anthology.''

While the [[Debate_Guide:_Evolutionary_logic|evolutionary logic]] of intergenerational sexual behaviour and [[Hebephilia|hebephilic]] attraction towards pubertal [[Adolescence|adolescents]] of the opposite sex is easily explained by fertility potential of such behaviour ([[Research: Pedophilia as a sexual/erotic orientation|see mentions of hebephilia)]], the explanation of intergenerational attractions toward prepubertal children ([[pedophilia]]/pedosexuality), or adolescent homosexual partners ([[Pederasty|pederastic]] inclination), or the very existence of prepubertal [[child]] sexuality, is less obvious.

The emergence of such sexuality has several [[Wikipedia:Darwinism|evolutionary explanations]] with varying degrees of evidence, which come from [[Wikipedia:Ethology|ethology]] and [[Wikipedia:Neuroscience|neuroscience]]. There are suggestions that, in our evolutionary past, pedosexual behaviors could have had some evolutionary functions or been an evolutionary by-product of human sexuality development. These explanations may have pragmatic implications for the [[Research: A "cure" for pedophilia?#Psychological wellbeing for MAPs|well-being]] of both MAPs and minors. "Evolutionary scenarios are not just interesting explanatory “stories,” but can illuminate limits as well as opportunities for intervention" (Del Giudice M., 2014). Here is an attempt to categorize these hypotheses, although they overlap greatly and can hardly be considered separately. Rather, they describe different aspects of a complex evolutionary process.

== Adaptation to the lack of success in sexual competition ==
One hypothesis is that if a male is unsuccessful in sexual competition for fertile females, and he chronically feels inferior to others and is afraid of other adults, then his sexuality towards adults may be suppressed and redirected towards children, because children do not cause fear, and next to them the male feels his strength and superiority. Male's sexuality is more associated with dominance and this may explain the greater prevalence of attraction to children among men than among women.<ref>[https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_5 Medicus, G., Hopf, S. (1990). The Phylogeny of Male/Female Differences in Sexual Behavior.] In: Feierman, J.R. (eds) [https://libgen.is/book/index.php?md5=3CA15750CD7EC06C3052B55B5E16C76D Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions] Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_5</ref>

Excerpts:
* '''Medicus, G., Hopf, S. (1990). [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_5 The Phylogeny of Male/Female Differences in Sexual Behavior.] In: Feierman, J.R. (eds) [https://libgen.is/book/index.php?md5=3CA15750CD7EC06C3052B55B5E16C76D Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions] Springer, New York, NY. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_5'''
*:"As has been pointed out, adult human sexual behavior with children and adolescents can be understood within the context of dimorphism. Male/ female differences in sexual behavior result at least in part from the different amounts of energy and time each sex expends for reproduction (see Table 4.1). This initial difference produces a difference in the functional proximity of the moods of fear and aggression to sexual mood (see Table 4.11), as well as a difference in the likelihood for active pursuit of sexual opportunities"
*:"One of the most consistent psychological correlates that has been identified is that many adult males who are sexually attracted to children and adolescents show manifestations of (real or self-perceived) social inadequacy with peers. Such males may suffer from feelings of anxiety when they consider sexual behavior with an adult partner (Johnston and Johnston, 1986; Panton, 1979; Segal and Marshall, 1985). Because sex and fear are such functionally distant moods in males, many human adult males cannot perform sexual actions when they feel inferior to their sexual partner or when they feel anxious (e.g., Bancroft, 1985; Eicher, 1980). This explanation is in accordance with the previously mentioned male/female dimorphism in the relationship of mood and behavior (see Table 4.11). Because of their small size, lack of experience, and sense of insecurity, children and adolescents of either sex do not arouse feelings of inferiority, fear, and anxiety in adult males. Thus, children and adolescents can become "sexual objects" for males who in sociosexual relations with adults feel inferior or anxious."

* '''Glenn D. Wilson and David N. Cox. 1983. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130410124803/http://snifferdogonline.com/reports/Child%20Abuse,%20Sexuality%20and%20Violence/The%20Child-Lovers%20-%20A%20Study%20of%20Paedophiles%20in%20Society.pdf The Child-Lovers: A Study of Paedophiles in Society.] By London: Peter Owen. Pp 132. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1983;143(4):430-430. doi:10.1192/S0007125000200780'''
*: "Examination of the characteristics of children that the paedophiles found most attractive points to the conclusion that the ability to achieve social dominance over the child may be the key to understanding the paedophile’s choice of sex target."
*: "Viewed in this way, paedophilia would seem to be one of several alternative adaptations to the problem of lack of success (or perceived inability to succeed) in intermale competition for access to females. It has been often noted by ethologists that the males of any species are thrown into strong Darwinian competition with one another. Those that are most successful monopolise an unequal share of female resources, and the others have to make do with various substitute sexual outlets. Following this model, we would not expect to find any genetic predisposition toward paedophilia per se, but as with homosexuality and certain other sex deviations, some degree of heritability would be mediated by the constitutional basis of dominance versus submissiveness. In other words, paedophiles may inherit their submissive nature, which in turn makes for difficulties in establishing normal sexual roles."

*'''Connie M. Anderson (1990). "Adolescent/Adult Copulatory Behavior in Nonhuman Primates." In: Jay R. Feierman (Ed.), [https://libgen.is/book/index.php?md5=3CA15750CD7EC06C3052B55B5E16C76D Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions] (pp. 324–337). Springer, New York. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_13'''
*: "Adult, subadult, and adolescent females are monopolized by adult male harem-holders, leaving a few adult and all subadult males without adult sexual partners. Under these conditions, males without harems choose a particular juvenile female to follow and display intense parental-like behavior towards her. Eventually, she becomes the first individual in the male's harem, and he begins mating with her at her first estrous swelling. Thus, both parental-like and copulatory motor patterns are directed at the same individual over the course of time and, for a brief period, even simultaneously."

*'''Bixler, R. H. (1992). "Do we/should we behave like animals?" In: W. T. O’Donohue & J. H. Geer (Eds.), The sexual abuse of children: Volume I—Theory and research (pp. 81–107). ''Routledge''. doi: 10.4324/9781315799698-7'''
::"Neither very young mature females nor males are desirable mates. [...] On the other hand, the lowest ranking, and therefore unattractive adult males and females do seek matings with adolescents. Low-status females are especially prone to seducing the almost always eager and obliging young males. It is quite likely that these inferior adults are making the best of a bad draw; any available mate is better than none at all in the harsh world of reproductive competition."

== Reproductive value pressure ==
Another close explanation is that the total reproductive potential is highest at the point far before fertility maximum, namely closely to the beginning of puberty. And along with selective pressure toward fully fertile partners, there is selective pressure toward maximum reproductive value, that may become stronger if long term mating strategies are more adaptive in a given evolutionary circumstances.

*'''Seto, M. C. (2017). The puzzle of male chronophilias. ''Archives of Sexual Behavior'', 46(1), 3-22.'''
::"Evolutionary theories about human mating strategies distinguish between reproductive value and fertility (Buss, 1989). Reproductive value refers to the potential number of offspring that could be produced over time, and thus focusing on reproductive value represents a longer-term strategy, as in the case of marriage to pubescent or even prepubescent girls. [...] Fertility, on the other hand, means maximizing the chances of reproduction, and thus would represent a shorter-term strategy focusing on young adult women (e.g., in their early to mid-20s). This is reflected in male-typical age preferences for casual sex partners, pornography actors, and models(Kenrick & Keefe,1992; Ogas & Gaddam, 2011; Rudder, 2014). Though preferences for other than sexually mature,fertile partners would probably be suboptimal, variations from heterosexual teleiophilia might be maintained in the human population — at a low frequency — as a result of opposing selection pressures (e.g., frequency-dependent selection) or as a byproduct of other adaptations."

== "Nest helper" hypothesis ==
{{research}}
The concept of "nest helper", is an explanation of a few individuals within a group being nonreproductive, yet aiding their group's survival. They may be affectionately disposed and caring towards others without reproducing, since this promotes the reproduction of peers who share some of the same genes due to being genetic relatives in the group. Due to sexual competition and the costs of human reproduction, not every individual ''can'' reproduce, hence there are indirect genetic benefits of "nest helping" that may overcome benefits of direct reproductive efforts for some individuals. This evolutionary hypothesis applies to both exclusive homosexuality and exclusive pedophilia, although due to a lack of investigation, there is at present little evidence for it (Feierman, 1990<ref name=":5">[https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_23 Feierman, Jay R. (1990). Human Erotic Age Orientation: A Conclusion.] In: Jay R. Feierman (Ed.), [https://libgen.is/book/index.php?md5=3CA15750CD7EC06C3052B55B5E16C76D Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions] (pp. 552–566). Springer, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_23</ref>).

Excerpts:
* '''Feierman, Jay R. (1990). [https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_23 Human Erotic Age Orientation: A Conclusion.] In: Jay R. Feierman (Ed.), [https://libgen.is/book/index.php?md5=3CA15750CD7EC06C3052B55B5E16C76D Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions] (pp. 552–566). Springer, New York. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_23'''
*:"Whereas a similar challenge has been met somewhat reasonably in terms of the "nest helper" concept of adult homosexuality, hypothesizing that another type of nest helper would have to erotically love and sexually interact with the children for whom he was caring"

== Help in developing sexual ability ==

Sex play between immature mammals is widespread, and among primates it is nearly universal. Sexual play functions as learning adequate mating skills. Sexual play mostly occurs among immature peers, but adults also often engage in sexual play with juveniles and help them develop sexual skills too.<ref>Bixler, R. H. (1992). "Do we/should we behave like animals?" In: W. T. O’Donohue & J. H. Geer (Eds.), The sexual abuse of children: Volume I—Theory and research (pp. 81–107). ''Routledge''. doi: 10.4324/9781315799698-7</ref> In addition, sex can trigger the onset of fertility. Such a function could have played a role in the human evolutionary past (Dienske, 1990<ref name=":0">Dienske, Herman (1990). The Concept of Function in the Behavioral Sciences with Specific Reference to Pedophilia and Pedosexual Behavior: A Biophilosophical Perspective. In: Jay R. Feierman (Ed.), [https://libgen.is/book/index.php?md5=3CA15750CD7EC06C3052B55B5E16C76D Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions] (pp. 324–337). Springer, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_13</ref>). In some species, this function has built in to that extent that without early sexual experience with an adult an individual grows up unable to conceive.<ref name=":7">Feierman, Jay R. (1990). A Biosocial Overview of Adult Human Sexual Behavior with Children and Adolescents. In: Jay R. Feierman (Ed.), [https://libgen.is/book/index.php?md5=3CA15750CD7EC06C3052B55B5E16C76D Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions] (pp. 8–68). Springer, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_2</ref>

* '''Connie M. Anderson (1990). "Adolescent/Adult Copulatory Behavior in Nonhuman Primates". In: Jay R. Feierman (Ed.), [https://libgen.is/book/index.php?md5=3CA15750CD7EC06C3052B55B5E16C76D Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions] (pp. 324–337). Springer, New York. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_13'''
*: "Among nonhuman primates, then, sexual interaction between adult females and immature males is universal [...] Adult females do interact sexually with males of all ages, including infants too young to be capable of intromission or ejaculation. Females have little to lose by doing so, since they do not deplete their egg supply by unsuccessful matings and since they are unlikely to be seriously injured in the process. They may also help their immature male relatives by allowing them access to experienced females to practice sexual behavior so that they can perform successfully from the time spermatogenesis begins."

* '''Feierman, Jay R. (1990). A Biosocial Overview of Adult Human Sexual Behavior with Children and Adolescents. In: Jay R. Feierman (Ed.), [https://libgen.is/book/index.php?md5=3CA15750CD7EC06C3052B55B5E16C76D Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions] (pp. 8–68). Springer, New York. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_2'''
*: "In the squirrel monkey (Saimin), captivity-raised individuals of both sexes in mixed-sex peer groups were not even able to conceive unless they had been allowed, when they were juveniles, to have sexual contact with opposite-sex adults (Hopf, 1979, personal communication)."

*'''De Waal, Frans B. M. (1990). [https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_15 Sociosexual behavior used for tension regulation in all age and sex combinations among bonobos.] In: Jay R. Feierman (Ed.), [https://libgen.is/book/index.php?md5=3CA15750CD7EC06C3052B55B5E16C76D Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions] (pp. 378–393). Springer, New York. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_15'''
*: "Thus, juvenile male chimpanzees are attracted to females in estrus, and pubertal females begin to explore sexual contact with older males as soon as their genital swellings develop (van der Weel, 1978; de Waal, 1982; Goodall, 1986). Such intergenerational experience undoubtedly contributes to the development of adequate sexual skills."

*'''Bixler, R. H. (1992). "Do we/should we behave like animals?" In: W. T. O’Donohue & J. H. Geer (Eds.), The sexual abuse of children: Volume I—Theory and research (pp. 81–107). ''Routledge''. doi: 10.4324/9781315799698-7'''
::"Any behavior that is indisputably essential to survival, adaptation, or reproductive success develops in many different forms in different species, and often even varies in the same species in different environments. ‘The evolution of sex and sexual behavior is certainly no exception (Margulis & Sagan, 1986). It is, therefore, not surprising to find that mature and immature conspecifics engage each other in myriad sexual practices (Crews & Moore, 1986). [...] It is certainly no accident that species in which the immature play are also the ones most involved in preadolescent sex. Of those warmblooded, slowly maturing organisms that play (mostly mammals), an undetermined, but probably very large, number engage in sexual ventures. On the other hand, young animals that metamorphize into adult form and those with an exceedingly brief immaturity are obviously poor candidates for sexual participation with adults."
::"The fascinating evolutionary component is the appearance of play; sexual encounters of mature with immature animals that do not play differ sharply from the sexual interactions of those that do. [...] Sexual activity of young mammals is a clear aid to their performing adequately and sex play is probably essential to the development of normal adult primate copulation (Harlow, 1962; Wallen, Goldfoot, & Goy, 1981)."
::"[T]he mere fact that sex play with adults is so widespread in polygamous (i.e., multimale—multifemale mating) species supports speculation that encounters with adults provide the winning edge. "

== Advantage in sexual competition ==
The emergence of nonexclusive pedophilic interest could be due to males experiencing selection pressure to display affiliative behavior towards minors. Such a display aims to convince fertile females that the male is ready for paternal investment, thus giving advantages in access to the fertile female (Taub, 1990<ref>Taub, David M. (1990). The Functions of Primate Paternalism: A Cross-Species Review. In: Jay R. Feierman (Ed.), [https://libgen.is/book/index.php?md5=3CA15750CD7EC06C3052B55B5E16C76D Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions] (pp. 338–377). Springer, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_14</ref>).

Excerpts:
*'''Taub, David M. (1990). The Functions of Primate Paternalism: A Cross-Species Review. In: Jay R. Feierman (Ed.), [https://libgen.is/book/index.php?md5=3CA15750CD7EC06C3052B55B5E16C76D Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions] (pp. 338–377). Springer, New York. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_14'''
*: "Why then are these unrelated males forming special affiliations with and investing in these infants? Proponents of this view suggest that males form special relationships with infants as a means whereby they may develop a closer and stronger affiliative relationship with the infant's mother. This enhanced, or special, relationship with the mother, in turn, enhances the male's chances of mating with this female in the future."

== Sex as a buffer against aggression ==
Ethologist Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt suggested that the interconnection between sex and dominance is the basic ("reptilian") way of vertebrate sexuality organization. Aggression and dominance acquired a functional connection with male sexuality due to the fact that aggressive and dominant males tended to win in sexual competition. In contrast, submission was embedded in female sexuality. The submissive posture of the female ready for mating is a stimulus to transform male’s aggressive drive to the sexual drive. This prevents injuries and allows mating to occur. Thus aggression, dominance and submission were sexualized, and sexuality acquired the ability to buffer aggression in hierarchical relationships. (The manifestation of that ability is that the appeasing posture of a defeated enemy in animals often resembles the posture of a female ready to mate). Eibl-Eibesfeldt supposed that it is possible that this function could be partly transferred into the adult-juvenile hierarchical relationship (Eibl-Eibesfeldt, 1990<ref name=":1">[https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_6 Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Irenäus (1990). Dominance, Submission, and Love: Sexual Pathologies from the Perspective of Ethology.] In: Jay R. Feierman (Ed.), [https://libgen.is/book/index.php?md5=3CA15750CD7EC06C3052B55B5E16C76D Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions] (pp. 150–175). Springer, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_6</ref>).

Excerpts:
* '''Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Irenäus (1990). [https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_6 Dominance, Submission, and Love: Sexual Pathologies from the Perspective of Ethology.] In: Jay R. Feierman (Ed.), [https://libgen.is/book/index.php?md5=3CA15750CD7EC06C3052B55B5E16C76D Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions] (pp. 150–175). Springer, New York. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_6'''
*: “Dominance between group members is also expressed by ritualized mounting, and submission, in turn, is expressed by female-type presenting. From these kinds of greeting rituals have evolved behaviors such as those of hamadryas baboons, in which males approaching high-ranking individuals present as if they, the presenters, were females. Their buttocks are hairless and red in mimicry of the female buttocks, thus enhancing the signal value of presenting (Wiclder, 1966, 1967b). The high-ranking individual may mount or just perform the intention to mount in response to the other's presenting. This use by primates of sexual motor patterns to acknowledge dominance rank order has often been interpreted as being equivalent to human homosexuality. This interpretation is an oversimplification. These sexual motor patterns are derived from copulatory behaviors but, then, have acquired a new function related to social hierarchies: mounting serves as an indication of dominance, and presenting serves as an indication of submission, an agonistic buffer in a greeting context”
*:“Children have characteristics, such as small size, that facilitate adult males' feeling dominant to them, as occurs in pedosexual behavior.”

== Sex for reconciliation and food sharing ==
The reduction of social tension mediated by sociosexual contact is widespread in the communities of human closest relatives, the [[Research: Intergenerational Sexual Behaviors in Animals|Bonobos]]. The tension arises in situations of competition or inequality referring to any kind of resources such as food, access to reproduction or any interesting stimulus matter. In addition to the reconciliation effect, sexual contacts allow them to willingly share resources with one another. Ethologist Frans de Waal pointed that this mechanism works for individuals of any status, sex and age, including contacts between adults and infants. Via this mechanism, adults share food with juveniles who are not their descendants and are not of reproductive interest. The emergence of this mechanism presumably occurred as a result of an evolutionary shift in relationships between males and females towards the more tolerant and equal in the case of Bonobos (de Waal, 1990<ref>[https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_15 De Waal, Frans B. M. (1990). Sociosexual behavior used for tension regulation in all age and sex combinations among bonobos.] In: Jay R. Feierman (Ed.), [https://libgen.is/book/index.php?md5=3CA15750CD7EC06C3052B55B5E16C76D Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions] (pp. 378–393). Springer, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_15</ref>). Among most other primates except for humans, cases of adults, especially males, sharing food with another's offspring are quite rare (Mackey, 1990<ref name=":6">Mackey, Wade C. (1990). Adult·Male/Juvenile Association as a Species-Characteristic Human Trait: A Comparative Field Approach. In: Jay R. Feierman (Ed.), [https://libgen.is/book/index.php?md5=3CA15750CD7EC06C3052B55B5E16C76D Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions] (pp. 299–323). Springer, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_12</ref>).

Frans de Waal suggests that our ancestor’s sexual behavior may have been similar to Bonobo's. This sex-for-food mechanism then allowed females to exchange sex for male commitment and paternal investment, thus giving rise to the human nuclear family. And subsequently, the very development of the nuclear family led to an increasing restriction of sex functions to heterosexual reproductive bonding only (de Waal, 2006<ref> [https://sci-hub.se/10.1038/scientificamerican0606-14sp de Waal, Frans B. M. (2006). Bonobo Sex and Society. Scientific American, 16, 14-21], doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0606-14sp</ref>).

Excerpts:
*'''De Waal, Frans B. M. (1990). [https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_15 Sociosexual behavior used for tension regulation in all age and sex combinations among bonobos.] In: Jay R. Feierman (Ed.), [https://libgen.is/book/index.php?md5=3CA15750CD7EC06C3052B55B5E16C76D Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions] (pp. 378–393). Springer, New York. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_15'''
*: "Typically, upon the introduction of food, the bonobos would become very active, engaging in aggressive competition but also inviting one another for sociosexual contact These contacts appeared to reduce the tension and to allow for food sharing. Thus, it could be demonstrated that subordinate group members more often asserted themselves toward dominant food possessors following a sociosexual contact than without such prior contact (de Waal, 1987). The interaction could even take the form of an exchange, e.g., a female presents to a male who is holding a large bundle of branches and leaves and takes the entire bundle out of his hands immediately following sexual intercourse. On other occasions, sociosexual behavior was used as a reconciliation. The majority of instances of genital massage, for instance, followed aggressive incidents in which the adult male had chased one of the adolescent males. After a couple of minutes, the younger male would return to the aggressor to present his genitals."
*:“Sociosexual behavior occurred with equal frequency and equal intensity in all age and sex combinations possible. Intergenerational sex was part of this general pattern. The bonobo's sexual reconciliation and reassurance patterns were described and contrasted with the behavior of the chimpanzee, which virtually lacks this nonreproductive function of sexual behavior. The evolutionary origin of this difference was sought in heterosexual bonding among bonohos in their natural habitat. [...] Coexistence of plural males and females without agonistic competition in mating could be guaranteed by changing the character of sexual behavior into affiliative behavior in which all individuals can participate, and by decreasing the reproductive meaning (Mori, 1984, p.277).[...] This possible evolutionary background of the phenomena observed in bonobos is of relevance in connection with human sexuality, both because of the shared biological ancestry and the fact that heterosexual bonding is characteristic of the human species as well."
*:"[T]he most logical pathway by which sexual behavior evolved into a general reassurance mechanism is that this mechanism was first established in the adult male/female relationship, after which it was adopted in other age and sex combinations. In other words, the widespread application of sexual behavior patterns in the bonobo' s social life has its origin in an emphasis on heterosexual bonding (de Waal, 1987). Field research supports this view in that male/female relationships seem closer and more tolerant in bonobos than in chimpanzees."

*'''de Waal, Frans B. M. (2006). [https://sci-hub.se/10.1038/scientificamerican0606-14sp Bonobo Sex and Society.] Scientific American, 16, 14-21, doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0606-14sp'''
*:"Ocasionally, the role of sex in relation to food is taken one step further, bringing bonobos very close to humans in their behavior. It has been speculated by anthropologists--including C. Owen Lovejoy of Kent State University and Helen Fisher of Rutgers University--that sex is partially separated from reproduction in our species because it serves to cement mutually profitable relationships between men and women. The human females capacity to mate throughout her cycle and her strong sex drive allow her to exchange sex for male commitment and paternal care, thus giving rise to the nuclear family."
*:"This arrangement is thought to be favored by natural selection because it allows women to raise more offspring than they could if they were on their own."
*:"Given its peacemaking and appeasement functions, it is not surprising that sex among bonobos occurs in so many different partner combinations, including between juveniles and adults. The need for peaceful coexistence is obviously not restricted to adult heterosexual pairs."
*:“In fact, nuclear families are probably incompatible with the diverse use of sex found in bonobos. If our ancestors started out with a sex life similar to that of bonobos, the evolution of the family would have required dramatic change.
*: Human family life implies paternal investment, which is unlikely to develop unless males can be reasonably certain that they are caring for their own, not someone elses, offspring. Bonobo society lacks any such guarantee, but humans protect the integrity of their family units through all kinds of moral restrictions and taboos. Thus, although our species is characterized by an extraordinary interest in sex, there are no societies in which people engage in it at the drop of a hat (or a cardboard box, as the case may be). A sense of shame and a desire for domestic privacy are typical human concepts related to the evolution and cultural bolstering of the family."

* '''Mackey, Wade C. (1990). Adult·Male/Juvenile Association as a Species-Characteristic Human Trait: A Comparative Field Approach. In: Jay R. Feierman (Ed.), [https://libgen.is/book/index.php?md5=3CA15750CD7EC06C3052B55B5E16C76D Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions] (pp. 299–323). Springer, New York. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_12'''
*: "As pointed out earlier, human adult males share food/provisions with their young, and this sharing by adult males is relatively rare across the zoological kingdom. It is reasonable that the sharing of a most valuable commodity -- food -- is much easier emotionally for the provisioner if the provisioner "likes" the recipient, and conversely, a recipient tends to like someone who feeds him or her, especially during the dependency of preadulthood. Accordingly, the behavioral enhancement of any neurohormonal mechanisms (subtended by the relevant genetic material) that resulted in greater affiliative feelings, toward juveniles, for example, would facilitate food sharing. The facilitation might be further sensitized by the stimulus of those young who are provisioned showing outward signs of affiliation towards the provisioner. Across generations, the increased provisioning of juveniles by adult males would marginally increase those juveniles' viability, thereby increasing those adult males' chances of having descendants. Thus, the alleles in adult males and juveniles that canalized reciprocal adult-male/juvenile affiliative behavior, in general, and the resultant specific adult-male/juvenile association, in particular, would gradually and systematically displace competing alleles that did not facilitate the development of affiliation between adult males and juveniles. In the 20th century, food sharing from human adult males to juveniles has been found to be a universal practice"

*'''Woods, Vanessa; Hare, Brian (2011-04-01). "Bonobo but not chimpanzee infants use socio-sexual contact with peers". Primates. 52 (2): 111–116. doi:10.1007/s10329-010-0229-z.'''
::"Even as infants, bonobos use socio-sexual behaviour, whereas the same behaviour is completely absent in chimpanzee infants. Findings suggest that sociosexual behaviour in infant bonobos serves functions during social feeding that is not closely tied to reproduction."

== Nonconceptive sociosexual behavior as a result of self-domestication ==
It has been suggested that nonconceptive sociosexual behaviour, which include homosexual and intergenerational sexual contacts, consistently accompanies both natural and artificial selection against aggression ("domestication") being embedded in general pattern of juvenilization (like mammalian juvenile sex play).
*'''Hare, B., Wobber, V., & Wrangham, R. (2012). [https://evolutionaryanthropology.duke.edu/sites/evolutionaryanthropology.duke.edu/files/site-images/hare-et-al-2012-self-domestication.original.pdf The self-domestication hypothesis: Evolution of bonobo psychology is due to selection against aggression.] ''Animal Behaviour'', 83(3), 573–585. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.12.007'''
::"Experiments indicate that selection against aggression in mammals can have multiple effects on their morphology, physiology, behaviour and psychology, and that these results resemble a syndrome of changes observed in domestic animals. [...] In domesticated species, the characteristic down-regulation of aggressiveness and increased tolerance is accompanied by other differences, [...] behavioural changes include [...] increased pro-social behaviours, particularly play, nonconceptive sexual behaviour and grooming (Hemmer 1990; Clutton-Brock 1992; Coppinger & Coppinger 1998; Kunzl & Sachser 1999; Gariépy et al. 2001)."

::examples:
::"[Compared with chimpanzees:] Bonobos show more play and sociosexual behaviour as adults"
::"[Compared with wolves:] Dogs show more play and sociosexual behaviour as adults"
::"[Compared with wild guinea pigs:] Guinea pigs are more playful and show more sexual behaviour than cavies"

::"Typically, a new bonobo, even as an infant, can be introduced without incident; and two groups, including multiple adult males separated for weeks, months or years, can be reintegrated with little more than play and sexual contact as a result (B. Hare, V. Wobber & R. Wrangham, personal observations)."

::"Behaviourally, bonobos are similar to many domesticates (e.g. Kunzl & Sachser 1999) in showing intensified sexual behaviour. [...] they also display a substantial emancipation of sexual behaviour into nonconceptive functions that often involve same-sex partners (Savage-Rumbaugh & Wilkerson 1978; Kuroda 1984; Thompson-Handler et al. 1984; de Waal 1987, 1995; Kano 1989, 1992; Enomoto 1990; Dixson 1998; Hohmann & Fruth 2000; Furuichi & Hashimoto 2004; Paoli et al. 2007; Clay & Zuberbühler 2011; Woods & Hare 2011)."

::"selection for juvenile levels of aggression could explain the cascade of behavioural, physiological and morphological traits typical of juveniles that tend to be retained in adults of the descendant domesticated species (Trut 2001)."

::"The self-domestication hypothesis is therefore a potentially powerful tool for understanding the processes by which selection shapes both psychological and other seemingly unrelated traits, including those in humans (e.g. Leach et al. 2003; Dorus et al. 2004)."

== Sex as an attachment promoter. Development of paternal investment==
In addition to the “reptilian” connection between sex and dominance, Eibl-Eibesfeldt described another way of sexuality organization. That evolutionary later way is the interweaving of sex and attachment, which is typical for birds and some mammals forming long-term reproductive alliances. The ability of males to form attachment and exhibit caring behavior to a sexual partner is highly beneficial for females. Human evolution went through an increase in the maturation time of offspring, which led to huge reproductive costs for females. Thus, there was a particularly strong sexual selection of males, in which sexual desire was accompanied by consistent caring behavior towards the female and her offspring. This attachment to a sexual partner may be evolutionarily linked to child-parent attachment (in some species, this connection is manifested in the features of sexual courtship rituals containing signs of childish behavior, which function to induce caring behavior and affection in a sexual partner). So according to this theory, the functional system of parental care and the functional system of mating became interconnected. Eibl-Eibesfeldt wrote that romantic love occurs through the fusion of parental care and sexual desire, and this fusion is an antecedent for children and adolescents to evoke romantic feelings in some adults (Eibl-Eibesfeldt, 1990 <ref name=":1" />).

In line with Eibl-Eibesfeldt, ethologist Herman Dienske argues that, in the course of evolution, due to the ability of human females to conceal ovulation and to be continuously sexually receptive, male sexual interest has evolved in turn to foster consistent male proximity (to invest in offspring that take so long to mature), and subsequently could promote male proximity with the infant (Dienske, 1990<ref name=":0" />). Indeed, the repertoire of pedosexual behavior observed in humans, besides sexual actions, may also include caring behavior: comforting/caressing, feeding, grooming (body care such as washing or massage), protecting, teaching (Feierman, 1990<ref name=":7" />).

Excerpts:
* '''Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Irenäus (1990). [https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_6 Dominance, Submission, and Love: Sexual Pathologies from the Perspective of Ethology.] In: Jay R. Feierman (Ed.), [https://libgen.is/book/index.php?md5=3CA15750CD7EC06C3052B55B5E16C76D Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions] (pp. 150–175). Springer, New York. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_6'''
*: “If one observes courtship and greeting rituals in birds and mammals, one soon becomes aware that the patterns by which a friendly affiliation is established, upheld, or strengthened are basically derived from maternal behaviors and infantile appeals that trigger these patterns.”
*: “In human sexual behavior, strata of different phylogenetic origins can be distinguished. Sexuality based upon the mechanisms of male dominance and female submission, which characterizes the reptiles, also constitutes the basic layer of human sexuality. This reptilian heritage is superimposed, however, by a more recently acquired sexuality characterized by affiliation and love. The new potentiality to act in a friendly manner evolved with the development of parental care independently in birds and in mammals. In normal human sexual behavior, the archaic agonal sexuality is controlled by affiliative sexuality and, therefore, is characterized by love. Agonal sexuality is still with us, however, as indicated, among other features, by the phallic male-dominance displays, by a male hormonal response linked to dominance achievement, and by the sexual fantasies of submission that are experienced by females. Agonal sexuality normally is under the control of affiliative sexuality, and therefore, humans correctly associate sex with love. Certain forms of sexuality, such as sadomasochism and a particular form of male homosexuality, are explained as being a regression to the archaic agonal sexuality. Pedophilia and pedosexual behavior are explained within the regression context, too. Children have characteristics, such as small size, that facilitate adult males' feeling dominant to them, as occurs in pedosexual behavior. Since human adult/adult romantic love is derived by phylogeny from parental caregiving behavior, it is easily seen how, in some adult humans, the feeling of love toward children has been retained and eroticized, which is the true meaning of the term "pedophilia.”

*'''Dienske, Herman (1990). The Concept of Function in the Behavioral Sciences with Specific Reference to Pedophilia and Pedosexual Behavior: A Biophilosophical Perspective. In: Jay R. Feierman (Ed.), [https://libgen.is/book/index.php?md5=3CA15750CD7EC06C3052B55B5E16C76D Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions] (pp. 324–337). Springer, New York. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_13'''
*:"it was pointed out that the continuous sexual activity of humans promotes the coherence of the adult-male/adult-female pair and that it encourages the male parent to participate in rearing his offspring. This assumption requires (1) that sex induces affiliation (i.e., the maintenance of proximity and the extension of favors) and (2) that this affiliation is continued after offspring are born and (3) is accompanied by male paternal care. The associations among sex, affiliation, and paternal care seem to be common in humans. This situation does not imply, however, a simple causal relationship. Infrequent or absent sex may precede divorce. It cannot be decided whether infrequent sex reduces affiliation or whether the decreased affiliation reduces sex. It is likely that sex and affiliation mutually enhance each other and that the absence of one of the two leads to a declining spiral that eventually results in separation or disinterest."
*: “the associations among sex, affiliation, and paternal care are not compelling in that alternative functional solutions exist. Nevertheless, the affiliation-promoting effect of sex seems apparent.”
*: “Human females, in contrast, lack such signals and thus have what is called "concealed ovulation" (Alexander and Noonan, 1979); in fact, the timing of human ovulation was not known until recently. Uncertainty concerning the time at which ovulation occurs would promote frequent copulations. It is possible that continuous sexual behavior in human females is their afflliation-promoting strategy, since it can induce more consistent male proximity (Daniels, 1983).”
*:“[P]edophilic and homosexual nonprocreative sexual contacts could be considered functional, since favors resulting from the affiliation, which is maintained in part by sexual behavior, can be considerable.”

*'''Feierman, Jay R. (1990). A Biosocial Overview of Adult Human Sexual Behavior with Children and Adolescents. In: Jay R. Feierman (Ed.), [https://libgen.is/book/index.php?md5=3CA15750CD7EC06C3052B55B5E16C76D Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions] (pp. 8–68). Springer, New York. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_2'''
*: "some of the components of parental investment, collectively called "nurturing behavior", are seen in both pedo-and ephebophilia and can be considered and discussed as (1) comforting and contact, (2) feeding, (3) grooming, (4) protecting, and (5) teaching."

* '''Money, J. (1990). Pedophilia: A Specific Instance of New Phylism Theory as Applied to Paraphilic Lovemaps. In: Feierman, J.R. (eds) [https://libgen.is/book/index.php?md5=3CA15750CD7EC06C3052B55B5E16C76D Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions]. Springer, New York, NY. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_18'''
*:"This author's way of circumventing the debate is to say that there are in the human species phylogenetic building blocks, or phylisms, that in the course of individual sexuoerotic development are capable of being diverted from their usual expression, so as to become entrained to sexuoerotic arousal. In the case of pedophilia, the phylism of parent/child pairbonding becomes diverted and entrained to sexuoerotic, lover /lover pairbonding. The pedophile's attachment to a child represents a merger of parental and erotic love."
*:"The universal male/male pedophilia of the Sambia demonstrates the sexological plasticity of the human organism and the making of pedophilia into the social norm."

This hypothesis is also mentioned in modern scientific encyclopedias:

* '''Klapilová, K., Bártová, K. (2017). [https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_3382-1 Sexual Pathology.] In: Shackelford, T., Weekes-Shackelford, V. (eds) [https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19650-3_1717 Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science.] (pp. 7439 - 7445). Springer, Cham. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_3382-1'''
*:“the evolutionary explanation behind the origin of pedophilia refers to the fusion of two evolutionarily ancient adaptive systems – reproduction and nurturing. Money (1990) states that a pedophile’s relationship to a child qualitatively, and also neurologically, resembles a blend between parental and erotic love. Likewise, it can be linked to the close cohesion between these two systems that can be observed also between phylogenetically close species.”.
*:”The founder of the human ethnology field, Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt (1973), directly warns about the type of affiliative-erotic relationship that connects to the composition of long-term partnership, which was developed both in mammals and birds together with nurturing behavior, and therefore it is not surprising that they are occasionally mixed in humans.”

* '''Klapilová, K., Bártová, K. "Male Sexual Disorders" In: Todd K. Shackelford (ed.), 2022, [https://annas-archive.org/md5/2d84ebccbbaafc78b4516ef6b129e5a2 The Cambridge Handbook of Evolutionary Perspectives on Sexual Psychology. Vol 4.] ''Cambridge University Press (Virtual Publishing)''.'''
:: "A phylogenetic explanation of pedophilia refers to the fusion of two evolutionarily old systems– reproduction and nurturing (Money, 1990). It is also in line with the results of neuroimaging studies in which pedophilic men could be distinguished from controls by their increased fMRI activity in reaction to child versus adult faces (Ponseti et al., 2016) and increased brain responses to not only human but also animal infants in pedophiles (Ponseti et al., 2018), interpreted as an over-responsive nurturing system. This view agrees with older ethological theories that sees pedophilia as a mixture of parental and erotic love indicated by behavioral displays of both (Money, 2012)."

* '''Stevens, A., & Price, J. (2016). [https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315740577 Evolutionary Psychiatry: A new beginning] (Classic Ed.) (pp. 206-218) Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group. doi:10.4324/9781315740577'''
*: “We would entertain the hypothesis proposed separately by Eibl-Eibesfeldt (1990) and by Money (1990) that two innate biosocial propensities – caregiving and sex-mating – have become fused in the course of ontogeny in those who display the paedophilic orientation.”
*:“[A]ffiliative erotic love, as Eibl-Eibesfeldt points out, itself evolved in birds and mammals together with the development of parental care-giving behaviour. ‘Since human adult/adult romantic love is derived by phylogeny from parent care-giving behaviour,’ asserts EiblEibesfeldt, ‘it is easily seen how, in some adult humans, the feeling of love toward children has been retained and eroticised, which is the true meaning of the term “pedophilia”.“.

Cross-species research indicate that the sexuality-attachment fusion in intergenerational relationships is widespread in nature and not restricted to humans:
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Thomas K Hubbard, Beert Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research: The Debate over Male Intergenerational Relations]]. (pp. 1-90) New York: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315432458'''
::"Intense sexually based friendships or consort relationships between older and younger animals have been documented in various species, including gorillas, orangutans, macaques (crab-eating, Japanese, rhesus, stumptail), Hamadryas baboons, and squirrel monkeys. Takenoshita (1998) observed consort relationships between adult and juvenile male Japanese macaques, where these pairs, in addition to engaging in homosexual interactions, foraged together, groomed one another, and attacked other monkeys together. Chevalier-Skolnikoff (1976) described intensely affectionate relationships between mature and immature stumptail male macaques, in which both older and younger partners responded with sexual excitement to the sexual interactions. Zuckerman (1932) observed a three-year sexual relationship between an adult and an immature male Hamadryas baboon. Redican, Gomber, and Mitchell (1974) observed an intense attachment between an adult male rhesus macaque and a much younger male, in which the latter took strong initiative in establishing the relationship and sexual interaction. Hamilton (1914), also studying rhesus macaques, reported that he “found that friendships between immature males and mature males are of frequent occurrence, and that they seem to have a sexual basis” (p. 308). In one illustrative case, Hamilton reported, when a separated mature-immature pair was allowed to reunite, the two rushed into an embrace, smacking their lips. Both animals showed marked sexual excitement, and the older mounted the younger, who rotated his head to achieve lip contact with the older partner."

=== Neurological, endocrinological and psychological evidence ===

Human sexuality researchers have confirmed the neurobiological interconnection of sexual and attachment systems. The release of oxytocin, vasopressin and prolactin, hormones associated with parental behavior, during sex and orgasm stimulates the formation of attachment, altruistic behavior and care for a partner. The reverse is also true: trusting and caring relationships can evoke sexual interest (Dewitte & Marieke, 2012 <ref> [https://sci-hub.se/10.1080/00224499.2011.576351 Dewitte, Marieke (2012). Different Perspectives on the Sex-Attachment Link: Towards an Emotion-Motivational Account.] The Journal of Sex Research, 49, 105–124. https://doi=10.1080/00224499.2011.576351</ref>; Fleischman, 2021 <ref> [https://www.dianafleischman.com/_files/ugd/cb1e47_2914fac5806e4843a8544c1cdee5a69a.pdf Fleischman, D. (2021). Sex as Bonding Mechanisms.] In: Shackelford, T.K., Weekes-Shackelford, V.A. (eds) [https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19650-3_1717 Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science.] Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19650-3_1717</ref>).

Two decades after Eibl-Eibesfeldt suggested that the neural systems of sex and care are relatively more connected in people who are sexually attracted to children, neuroscientists have found some experimental evidence for that. Brain structures responsible for social connections, altruistic and parental motivation (such as the left anterior insula), in people with pedophilic interest, respond to infant stimuli more intensively, receiving reinforcement from the neural circuits responsible for mating. In addition, a greater connection between parental and mating systems is characteristic of males, which is explained by evolutionarily different ways of forming maternal and paternal investments (Ponseti et al., (2018). <ref>[https://sci-hub.se/10.3389/fnhum.2017.00645 Ponseti J, Bruhn D, Nolting J, Gerwinn H, Pohl A, Stirn A, Granert O, Laufs H, Deuschl G, Wolff S, Jansen O, Siebner H, Briken P, Mohnke S, Amelung T, Kneer J, Schiffer B, Walter H, Kruger THC. Decoding Pedophilia: Increased Anterior Insula Response to Infant Animal Pictures.] Front Hum Neurosci. 2018 Jan 23;11:645. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2017.00645. PMID: 29403367; PMCID: PMC5778266.</ref>).

Excerpts:
*'''Ponseti et al., (2018). "[https://sci-hub.se/10.3389/fnhum.2017.00645 Decoding Pedophilia: Increased Anterior Insula Response to Infant Animal Pictures".] Front Hum Neurosci.'''
*: “This gives rise to the assumption that increased brain responses to infant stimuli in pedophilia are rather a consequence of an over-active nurturing system than of an over-active sexual system.”
*: “The left anterior insula, being a crucial area of nurturing processing, was also frequently found to be activated in sexual brain studies (Stoleru et al., 2012). Furthermore, the left anterior insula (as well as the SMA) is a constituent of the human attachment system, thereby enabling both nurturing and pair-bonding (Feldman, 2016). Based on both observations, (i) the over-responding to nurturing stimuli in various motivational areas and (ii) the functional overlap of nurturing and sexual processing of the involved left anterior insula a tentative and simple model of pedophilia could be as follows: Nurturing stimuli receive additional processing resources by mating-circuits. In case of human infant stimuli this leads to a sexual connotation of infant stimuli. This idea is supported by the suggestion that nurturing and pair-bonding are two closely inter-related domains in humans at the level of physiological functions, brain processing, and involved neuropeptides”
*: "In any case, from an evolutionary perspective, paternal nurturing is an unusual and probably more recently evolved male behavior. Phylogenetically speaking, male brains are not “geared” to handle infant stimuli. This may explain why the “parental caregiving” network of males and females displays differences (Abraham et al., 2014).
*: It might be hypothesized that, in contrast to ancient maternal infant stimulus processing, human male brains process infant stimuli with brain areas that might not be associated primarily with caregiving. If so, it is conceivable that the involvement of brain areas not “geared” to the paternal nurturing aspects associated with infant stimuli makes male brains vulnerable to not maintaining the functional division between the domains of nurturing and mating behavior."

*'''Schuler, M. et al (2019). "[https://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/features/abn-abn0000412.pdf Empathy in pedophilia and sexual offending against children: A multifaceted approach]," ''Journal of Abnormal Psychology'', 128(5), 453–464.'''
*:"Participants included 85 pedophilic men who committed hands-on child sexual offenses (P+CSO), 72 pedophilic men who never committed hands-on child sexual offenses (P−CSO), and 128 nonoffending teleiophilic male controls (TC). Several affective and cognitive aspects of empathy were assessed using the Multifaceted Empathy Test (MET) and the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI). Whereas in self-reports (IRI) P+CSO scored lower than TC (P−CSO intermediate) in cognitive perspective-taking abilities, a performance-based measure (MET) revealed evidence for a better differentiation of emotional states in P−CSO as compared with P+CSO (TC intermediate). In addition, P+CSO and P−CSO showed significantly higher affective resonance while observing children (MET), which was paralleled by higher self-reported levels of personal distress in social situations (IRI). The results indicate evidence for higher general affective empathic resonance to children in pedophilic men but superior cognitive empathy abilities in nonoffending pedophiles only, which may act as a protective factor in the prevention of sexual offending."

=== Sex and attachment in general ===
*'''Fletcher, G. J. O.; Simpson, J. A.; Campbell, L.; Overall, N. C. . (2015). [https://pismin.com/10.1177/1745691614561683 Pair-Bonding, Romantic Love, and Evolution: The Curious Case of Homo sapiens.] Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(1), 20–36. doi:10.1177/1745691614561683'''
*:"Factor analytic studies of perceptions of romantic love in Western samples support these models, typically revealing three components (e.g., Aron & Westbay, 1996). The labels assigned to each factor vary across studies, but they reflect passion (sexual attraction), emotional bonding (intimacy), and commitment (caregiving)."
*:"romantic love provides a potent motivational push toward the kind of devotion and commitment required for the huge investment needed to support a mate and raise children successfully."
*:"romantic love is an adaptation — a commitment device — that facilitated longterm pair-bonding"
*:"The striking similarity between the behavioral manifestations of parent–infant love and romantic love suggests that evolution may have borrowed these ancient bonding mechanisms, originally evolved in mammals to bond mothers to their offspring, and applied them to men and women in the context of romantic pair-bonding."
*:"Using phylogenetic comparative methods with 230 different species, Opie et al. (2013) found that the evolution of monogamy is strongly related to paternal care of offspring"

== Evolutionary (by)product of human neotenization ==
Another factor of pedosexual attraction emergence is a human neotenization. The evolutionary advantage of retaining neotenic (childish) traits which elicit nurturing responses from adults, results in the retention of neotenic genetic traits due to sexual competition. Therefore such traits become sexually attractive. That leads to the observable progressive neotenization of humans in comparison with ancestors and subsequently increases likelihood of juveniles being sexually attractive. Since fertile females retained juvenile traits into their fertile years, the line between fertile and infertile female age became blurred. Thus, some males become oriented toward females who are too young for reproduction (Feierman, 1990<ref name=":5" />).

Excerpts:
* '''Feierman, Jay R. (1990). [https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_23 Human Erotic Age Orientation: A Conclusion.] In: Jay R. Feierman (Ed.), [https://libgen.is/book/index.php?md5=3CA15750CD7EC06C3052B55B5E16C76D Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions] (pp. 552–566). Springer, New York. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_23'''
*:“All of these genetically and culturally transmitted processes blur the distinction between reproductively competent adults and children and adolescents. Therefore, all of these processes must be considered to be determinants, at some level, of pedo- and ephebophilia.”
*:“pedo-and ephebophiles, like chins and spandrels, may have no primary adaptive function in themselves but, instead, may be rank-ordered by-products of selection for more adaptive attributes in their kin.”

*'''Lievesley, R. and Harper, C.A. (2024) “[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19419899.2024.2321149#d1e314 The interaction between perceived chronological age and physical sexual development in attractiveness judgments made by people who are attracted to children]”, ''Psychology and Sexuality'', DOI:10.1080/19419899.2024.2321149'''
*:"From an evolutionary perspective, men typically perceive more youthful faces as more attractive due to these indicating a greater degree of fertility (Gallup & Frederick, Citation2010, Little, Citation2015, Thornhill & Grammer, Citation1999). [...] [A]n increased degree of closeness of facial features appears to be encoded as indicating youth (Albert et al., Citation2007), and in turn, this youthfulness is associated with beauty (Sutherland et al., Citation2013)."

*'''Bogin, B. (1997). [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/%28SICI%291096-8644%281997%2925%20%3C63%3A%3AAID-AJPA3%3E3.0.CO%3B2-8 Evolutionary hypotheses for human childhood]. ''Yearbook of Physical Anthropology'', 40, 63–89.'''
*:"Taken together, these studies indicate that adults are more likely to protect or nuture individuals with ‘‘neotenous’’ facial features. McCabe defines such features as having a relatively large ratio of cranium size to lower face size."

*'''Bixler, R. H. (1992). "Do we/should we behave like animals?" In: W. T. O’Donohue & J. H. Geer (Eds.), The sexual abuse of children: Volume I—Theory and research (pp. 81–107). ''Routledge''. doi: 10.4324/9781315799698-7'''
::"Our ability to imagine young children as sexual partners is probably increased substantially by two other unusual characteristics: neoteny and hidden estrus. Neoteny, the retention of juvenile traits in adulthood, is far more extensive in Homo sapiens than in any other primate (Bonner, 1980; Gould, 1977). Human adults resemble their small children a great deal more than adult primates do their immature offspring. [...] Moreover, many adolescent boys and young adults are beardless and they often have a complexion similar to that of young women and children. To confuse our senses further and muddle our minds, one- to two-fifths of young adolescent boys experience breast enlargement for a year or more (Katchadourian, 1977; Tanner, 1978). A similar case can be made for behavior. When we find in other animals the behavioral or physical traits of the young to be similar to adult female patterns we often find males courting the immature."
::"A concealed estrus combined with continuous female sexual receptivity and neoteny ought to increase the likelihood that men will find young girls sexually attractive, especially since males are not known anyway for making subtle differentiations between appropriate and inappropriate sex partners. Since women are more discriminating and, furthermore, would not be as confused by the facial resemblance of potential immature and adult sexual partners or by the conundrum of hidden estrus, female pedophilia should be much less common. Male homosexual pedophilia should fall somewhere in between."

The common hypothesis about pedosexuality is that it is merely a by-product of human neotenization. However, there are also arguments that diverse sexuality in adults (including homosexuality and pedosexuality, as seen, for example, in bonobos) in itself is a form of adaptive neoteny. Juvenile bisexual play is widespread among mammals and serves to acquire reproductive skills. Retaining this ability in adulthood may serve a range of sociosexual functions.

* '''Poiani, A. (2010). [https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/animal-homosexuality/0352ED7E7645EE35B14FAAF3AE3A127B Animal homosexuality: A biosocial perspective.] ''Cambridge University Press''. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511762192'''
::"Indeed, under various potential selective mechanisms, canalisation of neotenic traits may favour the expression of a great diversity of sexual behaviours that are characteristic of the juvenile stages of development. That is, although from an ontogenetic perspective juvenile homosexual play is a route to efficient heterosexuality in most species, from a phylogenetic perspective neotenic processes, by retaining those juvenile traits past the period of sexual maturation throughout evolution, may produce adult homosexuals or bisexuals. In the adult, homosexual behaviours may then undergo further adaptations related to social life. A potential example of this process may be found in the bonobo, where juvenile same-sex sexual behaviours are as common as they are in the congeneric chimpanzee, but in adults they occur much more frequently than in chimpanzees, being expressed in specific socio-sexual contexts."
::Note: Although the authors make this claim about homosexuality only, there is no obstacle to extending the same conclusion to pedosexuality as well.

== Mentorship-Bonding/Enculturation-Alliance Hypothesis ==
On the basis of previously available evolutionary explanations (Mackey, 1990 <ref name=":6" />; Muscarella, 2000 <ref>[https://sci-hub.se/10.1300/j082v40n01_03 Muscarella, F. (2000). The evolution of homoerotic behavior in humans.] Journal of Homosexuality, 40, 51–77.</ref>; Kirkpatrick, 2000 <ref>[https://sci-hub.se/10.1086/300145 Kirkpatrick, R. C. (2000). The evolution of human homosexual behavior.] Current Anthropology, 41, 385–413</ref>; Neil, 2009<ref>[http://humanbehaviors.free.fr/Livre%20-%20Human%20bisexuality%20-%20The%20Origins%20and%20Role%20of%20Same-Sex%20Relations%20in%20Human%20Societies%202009.pdf Neill, J. (2009). The origins and role of same-sex relations in human societies.] Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company.</ref>), [[Bruce Rind]] developed a hypothesis explaining the most widely documented type of male homosexuality in human history, namely [[pederasty]] (the relationship between a man and a peripubertal/[[Adolescence|adolescent]] boy) (Rind, 2013 <ref name=":4" />).

It is assumed that the evolutionary function of man-boy sexual relationships comes from our evolutionary past, when the environment was very different from the modern one. Humans have had a long evolutionary history as [[Wikipedia:Hunter-gatherer|hunter-gatherers]]. This time was characterized by intergroup warfare and the hunting of large animals. To do this, it was necessary to form close-knit same-sex male groups, to form specific male skills of war and hunting, and to maintain the specific masculine culture of this group. This created a selection pressure to create a mechanism to facilitate such rallying, recruitment and enculturation of new members, which is a long-term and labor-intensive undertaking. It is hypothesized that the sexual attraction between a boy and a man became such a mechanism, through the ability to form a strong emotional connection, prompting the mentor to teach and care, and the boy to seek training and a role model.<ref name=":4" />

The evolutionary benefit of such a mechanism is assumed both at the individual level (for the junior this is training, protection, and promotion in the male hierarchy, for the adult this is the expansion of the network of alliances) and at the group level (the clan received a reliable replenishment of group members, well-prepared, enculturated and committed to the culture of the group, which gave a competitive advantage).<ref name=":4" />

This hypothesis is supported by [[Research: Nonwestern Intergenerational Relationships|cross-cultural]] and [[Research: Intergenerational Relationships in History|historical studies]], where a variety of independent cultures demonstrate the prevalence of institutionalized sexual relations between men and boys of peripubertal age. In many instances boys begin sexual practices with older boys and men long before the beginning of puberty (e.g. at age of 7), so in such cases this can't be called [[Pederasty|pederasty]] in the narrow sense, rather [[Pedophilia|pedophilia]].

These relationships are built into these cultures and are part of growing up and becoming a man. The readiness, desire and initiative for sexual contact comes not only from adult men, but also from boys, and this is recorded as a typical phenomenon in these cultures (see Table III in Rind, 2013 <ref name=":4" />). This also confirms the existence of an evolutionary benefit for younger participants.<ref name=":4" />

Moreover, this attraction is not associated with reproductive losses, unlike exclusive homosexuality. It is typical of all these cultures that, upon reaching adulthood, men get wives and at the same time have sexual relations with boys themselves. It is assumed that this ability of the average heterosexual male to experience pederastic attraction is specific to our species.<ref name=":4" />

But this ability is optional (facultative). That is, unlike obligate heterosexual attraction, pederastic interest is to a large extent activated or suppressed by the social environment. This explains the fact that there is a sharp difference in the prevalence of pederastic behavior and attraction between cultures, and the fact that in modern Western cultures it does not manifest itself widely.<ref name=":4" />

Excerpts:
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Thomas K Hubbard, Beert Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research: The Debate over Male Intergenerational Relations]]. (pp. 1-90) New York: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315432458'''
*:“Formally, this hypothesis holds that pederasty evolved in the early human hunter-gatherer EEA [Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness] as an adaptation (i.e., exaptation), whose function it was to reproduce the male group by facilitating the mentoring and enculturation of boys from peripubescence through adolescence, as well as their emotional and psychological binding with the group. This function was a solution to the recurring adaptive problems in the EEA of surviving and exploiting an extremely dangerous and competitive social and physical environment”
*:“In short, the ages of boys sought out as recruits in male groups, the period in which they are mentored and enculturated, the ages of boys that men in such societies (and our own) find erotically appealing, the ages at which boys are especially open to being mentored (and capable as well, owing to an emergent adult-cognitive capacity), and the ages at which they are open to pederastic relations appear to be part of a single package, in which each of these characteristics seems to be a design feature and element of a larger design, whose function is reproducing the male group.”
*:“It is important to emphasize that pederasty’s relatively infrequent expression in societies such as ours does not imply that it is not an adaptation. In our society, developmental inputs have traditionally been intensely hostile toward homosexual behavior, often accompanied by severe social sanctions, including public disgrace and punishment, which can be expected to have had a significant dampening effect on the emergence and activation of pederastic desire and the expression of pederastic behavior.”
*:“Thus, even though adaptive in the EEA , pederasty, being a facultative trait, is nevertheless rare in our environment. On the other hand, in cultures with cultural ideologies and social structures facilitative of pederastic desire and expression, its occurrence has been widespread across the male population, which is consistent with the assumptions that most males have at least a moderate potential for the behavior and that such potential is sufficient for the behavior to emerge, provided other factors are not inhibitory.”

* '''Schiefenhövel, W. (1990). Ritualized Adult-Male/Adolescent-Male Sexual Behavior in Melanesia: An Anthropological and Ethological Perspective. In: Feierman, J.R. (eds) Pedophilia. Springer, New York, NY. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_16'''
*: "Men are expected to plan, work, fight, and sometimes, die together. The necessary altruistic behavior and effective cooperation of the warriors as well as the acceptance of a male hierarchy would have been fostered by the institution of prescribed homosexuality."

* '''Riegel, D. L. (2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20130425190309/http://snifferdogonline.com/reports/Child%20Abuse,%20Sexuality%20and%20Violence/The%20Role%20of%20Androphilia%20in%20the%20Psychosexual%20Development%20of%20Boys.pdf The role of androphilia in the psychosexual development of boys.] ''International Journal of Sexual Health'', 23(1), 2–13. doi:10.1080/19317611.2010.509696'''
*:"Proceeding from Feierman's (1990) thesis, it can be postulated that in prehistoric times it is likely that many children, due to violence, disease, poor nutrition, and life spans that were considerably shorter than what we have considered normal for the past couple of centuries, found themselves without either parents or other adults who would be willing to take on the burden of looking after and feeding a not yet productive child. However, a boy who was sexually androphilic (Vanggaard, 1969) would have the potential advantage of closely bonding with an older male whose sexuality included a male-directed pedosexual component, and who would preferentially protect, provide for, and teach the boy the skills necessary to survive and prosper. Studies have identified such secondary boy-attracted pedosexual tendencies in 20% to 30% of self-identified heterosexual adult males (Freund, 1970; cf. Briere & Runtz, 1989, Quinsey, 1984, West, 1980), and these tendencies would not be selected against so long as the bearers were primarily heterosexual and only secondarily male-oriented pedosexual. There is no reason to believe that these percentages were not similar in prehistoric times; there is some evidence for familial transmission (Gaffney, Lurie, & Berlin, 1984). In the absence of our modern-day taboos, such adaptive and beneficial boy/older male relationships could proceed unimpeded, the boy's juvenile androphilic sexuality would typically be supplanted by heterosexuality as he matured (Sandfort, 1987), he would then pass on his genes, and thus both of these traits would be maintained in the gene pool."

* '''Rind, Bruce. (2014). [https://pismin.com/10.1080/19317611.2014.956853 Trends in evolutionary explanations for human male same-sex eroticism: a commentary on Riegel (2011).] ''International Journal of Sexual Health'', (), 1–11. doi:10.1080/19317611.2014.956853'''
*:"In this commentary, I discuss his social critique and focus on his evolutionary hypothesis, reviewing seven earlier hypotheses for comparison. "
*:"Werner (2006) focused exclusively on the evolution of male homosexual behavior. Based on selected cross-species data, he posited that male homosexual behavior evolved in stages over eons of time. In the first, involving primitive species (e.g., reptiles), single adult males controlled territories, where they waited for females for mating. Adolescent or transvestite males, who resembled adult females in form and/or behavior, gained entry to these territories because of their female mimicry and they were tolerated once there because they submitted homosexually to the adult resident. Their benefit for this submission was mating opportunities with visiting females, which otherwise would not have been available to them. In the second stage, male homosexual behavior changed function (i.e., was an exaptation) in various more complex descendent species with greater cognitive capacities (so that deception via female mimicry no longer worked) and in which adult males lived together in groups rather than as isolates. Here, the changed function of homosexual submission was to elicit tolerance from the dominant male, which served to uphold the dominance hierarchy, which in turn facilitated multi-male group living. The third and final phase occurred when multiple males did not simply live together but cooperated on common tasks. Here, male homosexual behavior changed function once again, in which it facilitated alliance formation, which in turn enabled pursuit of common tasks. He called his explanation the hierarchy/cooperation theory for human male homosexual behavior. Werner claimed that pathic (i.e., transgenderal) homosexuality was the most common form of male homosexual behavior cross-culturally, followed by transgenerational homosexuality. He speculated that different social structures produce different strategies for male/male cooperation, which in turn determine the form by which male homoeroticism is expressed."

* '''Jaroslava Varella Valentova, Andreone Teles Medrado, and Marco Antonio Correa Varella “Male Bisexuality”. In: Todd K. Shackelford (ed.), 2022, [https://annas-archive.org/md5/2d84ebccbbaafc78b4516ef6b129e5a2 The Cambridge Handbook of Evolutionary Perspectives on Sexual Psychology. Vol 4.] ''Cambridge University Press (Virtual Publishing)''.'''
::"The alternative sneaking tactic can apply to transitory bisexual men, who would pursue predominantly same-sex relationships early in life when they do not possess status and/or resources to attract females, and create and maintain a family. In the younger age, they might have same-sex tutors or they might sexually serve to dominant males possessing resources. However, they might also sneak among the female partners of the dominant male, and gain at least some copulations and a nonzero reproductive success. Later in life they might switch to predominantly other-sex mating."

==Childhood as a target for sexual selection==

Some authors have suggested that not only adolescence but also middle childhood are involved in sexual selection process, and evolved as a stage at which individuals not only could but should take responsibilities. This appears to contradict how childhood is constructed in modern society (see also [[Research:_Cognitive_ability#Competence|research on childhood competence]]). According to such theories, in middle childhood, individuals become "nest helpers", helping in nurturing for younger siblings, foraging, and chores. This is a fine tuning stage of later social and sexual life-history strategies. First sexual or romantic attractions, sexual play, separation in gender roles typically emerge several years before puberty reflecting the fact that children are drawn into the evolutionary process of sexual selection much earlier than they become fertile. At this stage they actively learn sociosexual behavior and receive feedback about their sociosexual success from peer and adults, adapting their sexual competitive strategy to the environmental input. They engage in sexual and romantic relationship along with adults benefiting from learning, resources and social status they gain. This contributes to their sexual success in later life stages.

*'''Del Giudice M. (2014) [https://iris.unito.it/retrieve/handle/2318/1853338/974935/DelGiudice_2018_middle-childhood_chapter_pre.pdf Middle childhood: an evolutionary-developmental synthesis.]; 8:193–200. doi:10.1111/cdep.12084. in: Halfon N, Forrest CB, Lerner RM, et al., editors. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK543707/ Handbook of Life Course Health Development]. ''Cham (CH): Springer''; 2018. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-47143-3'''
*:"In summary, the life stage of juvenility/middle childhood has two major interlocking functions: social learning and social integration in a system of roles, norms, activities, and shared knowledge. While children are still receiving sustained investment from parents and other relatives—in the form of food, protection, knowledge, and so forth—they also start to actively contribute to their family economy. By providing resources and sharing the burden of child care, juveniles can boost their parents’ reproductive potential. The dual nature of juveniles as both receivers and providers explains many psychological features of middle childhood and has likely played a major role in the evolution of human life history (Kramer, 2011)."
*:"Middle childhood is one of the main stages of human development, marked by the eruption of the first permanent molars around age 6 and the onset of androgen secretion by the adrenal glands at about 6-8 years (Bogin, 1997)."
*:"The transition to middle childhood is typically associated with a strong separation in gender roles, even in societies where tasks are not rigidly assigned by sex."
*:"The stress response system plays a major role in gathering and storing information about environmental safety, predictability, and availability of resources; adrenarche contributes by translating that information into adaptive, sexually differentiated patterns of behavior (Del Giudice et al., 2011; Ellis & Del Giudice, 2014). Consistent with this view, both early relational stress and early nutrition have been found to modulate the timing of adrenarche (Ellis & Essex, 2007; Hochberg, 2008). It is no coincidence that the first sexual and romantic attractions typically develop in middle childhood, in tandem with the intensification of sexual play (Bancroft, 2003; Herdt & McClintock, 2000). By interacting with peers and adults, juveniles receive feedback about the effectiveness of their nascent behavioral strategies. The information collected during middle childhood feeds into the next developmental switch point, that of gonadarche (Ellis, 2013)"
*:"By determining children’s initial place in social networks and hierarchies, competition in middle childhood indirectly affects their ability to attract sexual and romantic partners later. In other words, middle childhood is a likely target for sexual selection — that is, natural selection arising from the processes of choosing mates (mate choice) and competing for mates (mating competition). My colleagues and I (Del Giudice et al., 2009) argued that sexual selection is one reason why sex differences emerge and intensify in middle childhood."

== Complementary behavior among minors ==
The hypothesis of pedophilic/pederastic attraction as a promoter of affection, care, and reproductive benefits in general on the side of youth is confirmed by the very existence of complementary behavior of minors, who [[Testimony: CSA (Children's Sexual Advances)|often show initiative and willingness for sexual relations with adults]]<ref>[https://ia802202.us.archive.org/16/items/rind-2022-reactions-to-minor-older-and-minor-peer-sex-in-finnish-survey/Rind%202022%20-%20Reactions%20to%20Minor-Older%20and%20Minor-Peer%20Sex%20in%20Finnish%20survey.pdf Rind, B. Reactions to Minor-Older and Minor-Peer Sex as a Function of Personal and Situational Variables in a Finnish Nationally Representative Student Sample. Arch Sex Behav 51, 961–985 (2022).], see also [https://www.newgon.net/wiki/images/Rindbasics.pdf Yesmap Primer] and [https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-021-02224-0 DOI.org].</ref>. It’s assumed that such a behavior could function to receive affection and extra resources not available from the child's default caregiver, or as a way to indirect reproductive value (for example, through group survival by successful [[Research: Evolutionary Perspectives on Intergenerational Sexuality#Mentorship-Bonding/Enculturation-Alliance Hypothesis|bonding to mentors]] during male warfare recruiting), or just as an attempt to develop sexual skills. This testifies to the evolutionarily beneficial and reciprocal essence of intergenerational attraction (Klapilová & Bártová, 2017; Stevens & Price, 2016; Rind, 2013 <ref name=":4"> [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Rind, B. (2013). Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Thomas K Hubbard, Beert Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research: The Debate over Male Intergenerational Relations]]. (pp. 1-90) ''New York: Routledge.'' doi:10.4324/9781315432458</ref>).

* '''Klapilová, K., Bártová, K. (2017). [https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_3382-1 Sexual Pathology.] In: Shackelford, T., Weekes-Shackelford, V. (eds) [https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19650-3_1717 Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science.] (pp. 7439 - 7445). Springer, Cham. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_3382-1'''
*:“The child’s adaptive behavioral function to demand nurture from adults and his prospective urge to perform sexual activities is not mentioned too often. Still, it is a rather widespread behavior across cultures and historical periods that can help the child receive extra resources not available from their own parents. It would therefore be a complementary strategy – from the pedophile’s side, there is the eroticization of nurturing behavior and attraction to signalization that encourages caretaking, whereas from the child’s side, it is a functional, environmentally conditioned strategy that brings benefits in the form of resources and possibly even acquisition of sexual experience and calibration of child sexuality”.

* '''Stevens, A., & Price, J. (2016). [https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315740577 Evolutionary Psychiatry: A new beginning] (Classic Ed.) (pp. 206-218) Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group. doi:10.4324/9781315740577'''
*:“it is undeniable that many children in our society – especially those in boarding schools and childrens’ homes – suffer from ‘parent hunger’. They are what Mia Kellmer-Pringle has called ‘touch-hungry children’. It is possible that the care-eliciting ‘phylism’ in these children may become eroticized just as the care-giving phylism may be eroticized in adult paedophiles. Thus, children starved of parental affection may compete for the love and attention of adults in their environment by using erotic solicitation as a strategy for survival. To suggest this possibility is not to excuse adults who exploit the emotional needs of children for their personal gratification but to provide an evolutionary explanation as to how and why erotic bonds between adults and juveniles may occur. We would propose that both care-eliciting and care-giving phylisms can be eroticized.”

[[Bruce Rind]] gathered evidence of widespread minors' positive reactions, even in our restrictive culture, in his research. (Also, some relevant excerpts are in [[Research: Prevalence of Harm and Negative Outcomes#Simple or informed consent as predictive of positive reactions?|this section]].

Here is some evidence from [[Research: Nonwestern Intergenerational Relationships|Nonwestern cultures]]:
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Thomas K Hubbard, Beert Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research: The Debate over Male Intergenerational Relations]]. (pp. 1-90) New York: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315432458'''
::"Anthropological studies on preindustrial societies with culturally institutionalized or widespread pederasty provide reports on how the younger males responded to sexual contacts with older males (see Table III ). Among the Javanese, men remembered their boyhood pederastic experiences entirely positively, despite the researcher’s probing to uncover negative cases (Williams, 2011). Sambian boys showed much initiative in these contacts, especially at older ages (Herdt, 1991, 1997). Keraki men believed that they could not have developed properly without these relations as boys (Williams, 1936). Kaluli men looked back on the complex of grueling hunting, living in a sex-segregated men’s lodge, ritual discipline, unity of purpose, vigorous manly ethos, and growth-stimulating insemination by older males as the highlight of their lives (Schieffelin, 1982). East Bay boys discussed their sexual experiences with men freely and without shame in the presence of their parents and friends (Davenport, 1965). Gebusi boys aged 11 to 14 initiated sexual relations with older males based on personal affection rather than obligation (Herdt, 1991). The bond between Marind-Anim boys and their adult male partners was extremely strong, which was apparently facilitated by the sexual interactions (Van Baal, 1966). Likewise, pederastic relations were extremely close among the Big Nambas (Layard, 1942). Among the Kiman, pederastic behavior would stop after adolescence, but “nevertheless, a lifelong emotional relationship often” resulted (Serpenti, 1984, p. 305). In various southern Mexican Indian tribes, adolescent boys were proud to have been chosen for pederastic relationships, seeing it as an honor to be their men’s lovers (Ross, 1991). And being a Tsongan boy-wife was not just good for security, but for the “fun” it afforded (Murray & Roscoe, 1998)."

And from [[Research: Intergenerational Sexual Behaviors in Animals|cross-species]] studies:
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Thomas K Hubbard, Beert Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research: The Debate over Male Intergenerational Relations]]. (pp. 1-90) New York: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315432458'''
::"In many species, the younger animals involved in age-discrepant homosex were frequently observed not simply assenting to the sexual interactions but actually initiating them (e.g., bonobos, chimps, gorillas, gibbons, Hanuman and Nilgiri langurs, crab-eating macaques, rhesus macaques, Tibetan macaques, patas monkeys). Specific examples include juvenile Tibetan macaques jumping up to the faces of adult males to be fellated (Ogawa, 1995), an adolescent gibbon repeatedly soliciting sex from his father (Edwards & Todd, 1991), and juvenile rhesus macaques fiercely competing to be the one mounted by an adult male (Kempf, 1917). In a number of species, the researchers noted the sexual excitement exhibited by the immature partners in age-discrepant homosex (e.g., rhesus, stumptail, and Tibetan macaques). In several species, sometimes immature males were assenting and sometimes not (e.g., siamangs, proboscis monkeys, crab-eating macaques, and squirrel monkeys)."

::"In humans’ closest relatives, bonobos and chimps, juvenile males frequently and preferentially solicit adult females and attempt to copulate with them. In most cases, they show sexual arousal with erections. Adult females are usually tolerant and even cooperative, but when they are not, the juvenile males frequently protest with whimpering or tantrums (Bagemihl, 1999; Hashimoto, 1997; Kano, 1980; Kollar, Beckwith, & Edgerton, 1968). Similar patterns have been observed in many other primate species (Bagemihl, 1999). Anderson and Bielert (1990) noted that “Among nonhuman primates . . . sexual interaction between adult females and immature males is universal” (p. 192). It may be that primate patterns do not extend to humans, but the similarity of the observed human and primate patterns in juvenile male-adult female sex suggests a phylogenetic continuum (cf. Ford & Beach, 1951)."

== Other relevant information ==

=== Ontogenetic plasticity ===

Here's an explanation for why, if a minor attraction was adaptive, it may not be ubiquitous today.
*'''Alanko K, Salo B, Mokros A, Santtila P, (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235369954_Evidence_for_Heritability_of_Adult_Men's_Sexual_Interest_in_Youth_under_Age_16_from_a_Population-Based_Extended_Twin_Design "Evidence for heritability of adult men's sexual interest in youth under age 16 from a population-based extended twin design."] ''J Sex Med,'' 10(4):1090-9.'''
*:"Adult men's sexual interest in youthfulness‐related cues may be genetically influenced. [...] The amount of variance attributable to nonadditive genetic influences (heritability) was estimated at 14.6%.[...] Compared with the variance attributable to nonshared environmental effects (plus measurement error), the contribution of any genetic factors seems comparatively weak."
*::'''Editor''': Note, that a heritability coefficient close to zero does not mean the weakness/absence of genetic control over the trait, counter wise may point to high genetic consistency among population, in which case the trait variance is naturally more dependent on the environment. ("Traits such as walking and breathing have low heritability, because these are usually universal traits with slight variations. [...] as heredity becomes more similar, the environment becomes the primary explanation for differences."<ref>[https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanations/psychology/biological-bases-of-behavior/heritability/ Studysmarter.co.uk: Explanation on heritability]</ref>) This finding of low heritability may be interpreted to mean that the genetic ability to develop minor attraction is highly pervasive among humans and modified by nurture and other environments. This goes along with the [[Research:_Evolutionary_Perspectives_on_Intergenerational_Sexuality#Mentorship-Bonding%2FEnculturation-Alliance_Hypothesis|Rind's conclusion]] on pederasty as evolutionary determined but a facultative trait.

*'''Bhugra, D. (2000). [https://sci-hub.ru/10.1080/14681990050001574 Disturbances in objects of desire: Cross-cultural issues.] Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 15(1), 67–78. doi:10.1080/14681990050001574'''
*:"Paraphilias are defined as sexual attractions to objects or individuals not normally found attractive. [...] It is argued that, in some types of individual deviance, cultural factors are more likely to play an important role. Some cultures are seen as sex-positive and others as sex-negative but, within each cultural setting, attitudes towards sex and the function of sexual activity are a key to understanding the development of sexual deviance. In cultures where sex is seen as an attraction-led phenomenon rather than a purely procreative one, individuals are more likely to be attracted to 'objects'."

===Undesirable traits as adaptations===

Both pedohebephilic attraction and childhood sexuality are likely influenced somewhat by environmental factors. For example, there exist theories of [[Research:_Psychopathy_and_abnormal_psychology#Adverse_childhood|adverse childhood in pedohebephiles]] and [[Research:_Youth_sexuality#Factors_of_earlier_sexual_development|factors of earlier sexual development]] in youth sexuality. These are unproven and causality is hard to infer. It has been speculated that these are [[Research:_Evolutionary_Perspectives_on_Intergenerational_Sexuality#Complementary_behavior_among_minors|complementary]] adaptations to difficult circumstances.

From a layman's point of view, undesirable traits that arise as a result of adverse environment are mental breakdowns. From an evolutionary perspective, these may be ways to adapt in a harsh, primordial context. It is worth keeping this perspective in mind.

*'''Belsky, J., Steinberg, L., & Draper, P. (1991). Childhood experience, interpersonal development, and reproductive strategy: An evolutionary theory of socialization. Child Development, 62, 647–670.'''
*:"The concept of "reproductive strategy" drawn from the field of behavioral ecology is applied to the study of childhood experience and interpersonal development in order to develop an evolutionary theory of socialization. The theory is presented in terms of 2 divergent development pathways considered to promote reproductive success in the contexts in which they have arisen. One is characterized, in childhood, by a stressful rearing environment and the development of insecure attachments to parents and subsequent behavior problems; in adolescence by early pubertal development and precocious sexuality; and, in adulthood, by unstable pair bonds and limited investment in child rearing, whereas the other is characterized by the opposite."

*'''Del Giudice, M. (2014b). [https://iris.unito.it/retrieve/e27ce435-4226-2581-e053-d805fe0acbaa/DelGiudice_2014_early-stress_jdohad_pre.pdf Early stress and human behavioral development: Emerging evolutionary perspectives.] Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease, 5, 270-280.'''
*:“Stress experienced early in life exerts a powerful, lasting influence on development. Converging empirical findings show that stressful experiences become deeply embedded in the child's neurobiology, with an astonishing range of long-term effects on cognition, emotion, and behavior. In contrast with the prevailing view that such effects are the maladaptive outcomes of 'toxic' stress, adaptive models regard them as manifestations of evolved developmental plasticity.”
*:“Building on the concept of developmental plasticity, researchers have been increasingly advancing alternative models in which early stress does not primarily impair or dysregulate children’s developmental trajectories, but rather shifts them toward behavioral strategies that have proven biologically adaptive in harsh or unpredictable conditions”
*:“Exposure to stress works as a cue to local environmental conditions, and feeds into plasticity mechanisms that coordinate the development of alternative phenotypes.”
*:“In this perspective, many putative maladaptive traits such as anxiety, aggression, and impulsivity can be reframed as costly but adaptive phenotypes that improve an individual’s survival and reproduction prospects in hostile, unpredictable contexts. For example, increased vigilance and anxiety can be regarded as defensive reactions to potential threats, whereas aggression and impulsivity can be effective competitive strategies in harsh, unstable social environments. Furthermore, there is evidence that high levels of physiological and emotional reactivity increase an individual’s sensitivity to context, making him/her more open to both negative and positive social influences. Of course, some of these adaptive traits are going to have undesirable consequences for the individual and/or the social group, and may even be diagnosed as symptoms of psychopathology (e.g., conduct disorders). According to adaptive models, children exposed to early stress should exhibit patterns of impaired cognitive and emotional functioning when tested in safe, stress-free contexts and/or with tasks that mimic the demands of those contexts; but they should often perform better than their peers on tasks that reproduce key features of the dangerous, unpredictable environments they are adapted to. The initial evidence suggests that this may be the case.“

=== Response to critique of evolutionary explanations ===

*'''Karen Franklin. (2010). [https://pismin.com/10.1007/s10508-010-9616-1 Why the Rush to Create Dubious New Sexual Disorders?]. , 39(4), 819–820. doi:10.1007/s10508-010-9616-1'''
*:"As all students of Darwin know, evolutionary success strategies must be understood on a population-wide basis, not an individual level. Moreover, social scientists generally agree that biological evolution is rarely sufficient to understand human behavior in modern, complex social systems. Thus, to say that a trait may have emerged as evolutionarily adaptive in prehistoric times implies nothing of its presence or function on an individual level in contemporary society."

== See also ==

*[[Debate_Guide: Evolutionary logic|Debate Guide: Evolutionary logic]]
*[[Research: Intergenerational Relationships in_History|Intergenerational Relationships in History]]
*[[Research: Intergenerational Sexual Behaviors in Animals|Intergenerational Sexual Behaviors in Animals]]

[[Category:Official Encyclopedia]][[Category: Research: Broader Perspectives]]

== References ==

Research: Intergenerational Sexual Behaviors in Animals

2026-07-29T13:02:40Z

Thorn: /* Rind's cross-species summary */

{{research}}<div style="margin-right: 25px; float: left;">__TOC__</div>
Intergenerational sexual activity has been documented in numerous species, particularly closely related primates. Bonobos are one example - see, nature documentaries and home movies: [https://av.tib.eu/media/22174 (1)], [https://fstube.net/w/jhRL37NdsWTscpPr5dkTsS (Backup)]

While this should not be interpreted as an instruction on how humans should behave, it does cast doubt on the biological necessity of arbitrary, morality-based prohibitions against age-discrepant behavior.

==Biological Exuberance==

The following are excerpted from ''[https://libgen.vg/edition.php?id=136630482 Biological Exuberance - Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity]'' by Bruce Bagemihl (2000).

===Heterosexual===

*'''Bonobo''': "Both adult males and females interact sexually with adolescents and juveniles (three-to-nine-year-olds). In fact, young females go through a five-to-six-year period sometimes referred to as ADOLESCENT STERILITY (although no pathology is involved) during which they actively participate in heterosexual mating (often with adults) but never get pregnant. Sexual behavior between adults and infants of both sexes is common - about a third of the time it is initiated by the infant and may involve genital rubbing and full copulatory postures (including penetration of an adult female by a male infant). (''Biological Exuberance - 274'')

*'''Chimpanzee''': Although incestuous matings between adults are not common, mothers engage in sexual activity with their infant son fairly often. Young females typically experience a one-to-three-year period of ADOLESCENT STERILITY after their first menstruation, during which time they mate heterosexually without conceiving. (''Biological Exuberance - 278'')

*'''Gorilla''': "Both males and females also engage in masturbation, and younger animals frequently participate in nonpenetrative sexual activity. Mountings of the latter type are usually incestuous, involving siblings, half siblings, or (more rarely) parents and their offspring (or their siblings' offspring)." (''Biological Exuberance - 283'')

*'''Orangutan''': "Mothers frequently engage in incestuous contact with their infants, manually or orally stimulation the penis or clitoris (or being stimulated by the infant), and may even mount the infants." (''Biological Exuberance - 287'')

*'''Gibbons (White-handed gibbon and Siamang)''': "In one case, a Siamang father was observed fondling his adolescent daughter's vulva with his fingers while her younger brother licked her clitoris. Mothers may invite their juvenile sons - as young as four to five years - to lick and groom their genitals (usually with no hostile reaction from the father)." (''Biological Exuberance - 291'')

*'''Langur and Nilgiri Langur (Presbytis entellus and Presbytis johnii)''': "Females also occasionally mount males, while adult-juvenile heterosexual interactions also occur." (''Biological Exuberance - 296'')

*'''Japanese Macaque''': "Females in some troops frequently form consortships with sexually immature (preadolescent) males;..." [...] "In some troops, a unique form of "baby-sitting" has developed. Although males in this species do not typically participate in parenting, high-ranking males in some populations take care of infants that are not their own for short periods. They groom, carry, embrace, and protect the infants, usually with the consent of their mothers. [...] ,a few male caretakers interact sexually with infants (usually females), masturbating themselves while carrying them or even thrusting against them. (''Biological Exuberance - 305'')

*'''Rhesus Macaque''': "In some cases, though, "aunts" engage in aggressive or sexual interactions with the infants as well and may even try to "kidnap" another female's baby." (''Biological Exuberance - 310'')

*'''Crested-Black Macaque (Macaca Nigra)''': "Infant and very young male Crested Blacks often mount adult females, performing pelvic thrusts and even achieving penetration. " (''Biological Exuberance - 322'')

*'''Savanna Baboon, Hamadryas Baboon:''' "Sexual activity in Baboons also sometimes includes copulation with partners that are not optimal for breeding: adult male Savanna Baboons and adult female Hamadryas Baboons may mate with juvenile animals, incestous matings are common in inbred troops [...]" (''Biological Exuberance - 327'')

*'''Tamarin and Marmosets''': "Both male and female Lion Tamarins (Leontophitecus rosalia) sometimes mount their own offspring of both sexes, including adolescent and younger individuals. Approximately 1 percent of mounting activity in Common Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) occurs among adolescent and younger males." (''Biological Exuberance - 334'')

*'''Dolphin''': "Young dolphins are sexually precocious, and incestuous copulation have been observed between males a few months and their mothers." (p. 346) [...] "In captivity, "baby-sitting" males have been observed harassing mothers, trying to "kidnap" their calves, and even behaving sexually towards the infants "including trying to mate with them). (''Biological Exuberance - 347'')

*'''Orca''': "[...] while heterosexual interactions also occur between adults and adolescents (of both sexes) and youngsters (juveniles as well as calves)." (''Biological Exuberance - 351'')

*'''Northern Elephant Seal (Mirounga angustirostris)''': "As noted above, some male Northern Elephant Seals routinely try to copulate with weaned pups - about half of all pups are subjected to such forced mating or rape attempts, which they usually violently resist. In some cases the pups are severely injured by the bulls, with deep gashes and punctures from neck bites. Aggressive sexual behavior by bulls is the leading cause of mortality among pups on the breeding grounds, accounting for the deaths of about 1 in 200 pups each year." (''Biological Exuberance - 363'')

*'''Northen Fur Seal (Callorhinus Ursinus)''': "[...] male Northern Fur Seals have also been known to attempt forcible copulations with pups of their own species." (''Biological Exuberance - 369'')

*'''White-tailed Dear (Odocoileus virginianus) and Mule or Black-Tailed Deer''': "Incestuous activity - including fawns mounting their mothers - also occurs in these species." (''Biological Exuberance - 381'')

*'''Wapiti, Elk, or Red Deer and Barasingha (Cervus elaphus) or Swamp Deer (Cervus duvauceli)''': "Sexual behavior by calves - including adult-calf interactions - also occurs in these species. Wapiti/Red Deer calves sometimes mount adults (including their mothers, in Red Deer), while female Red Deer occasionally mount calves." (''Biological Exuberance - 385'')

*'''Caribou or Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) and Moose (Alces Alces)''': "Males of booth species sometimes try to mount calves [...]" (''Biological Exuberance - 389'')

*'''Giraffe''': "Giraffes engage in a few forms of nonprocreative heterosexual activity as well: younger females in heat occasionally mount male calves, while calves sometimes mount their mothers." (''Biological Exuberance - 393'')

*'''Blackbuck (Gazelle, Antilope cervicapra)''': "Female Blackbucks sometimes engage in nonreproductive mounts of fawns or young animals." (''Biological Exuberance - 404'')

*'''Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis), Thinhorn or Dall's Sheep (Ovis dalli) and Asiatic Mouflon or Urial (Ovis orientalis)''': "Rams also sometimes mount lambs [...]" (''Biological Exuberance - 408'')

*'''Musk-Ox and Mountain Goat''': "Even during breeding years, some heterosexual courtship activity in both Muskoxen and Mountain Goats may be directed by males toward nonprocreating individuals such as yearlings and calves. [...] Females in this species have been observed mounting adult males and courting, mounting, or being mounted by their own yearlings or kids." (''Biological Exuberance - 412'')

*'''Plains Zebra (Equus quagga) and Takhi or Przewalski's horse (Equus przewalskii)''': "In addition, male Plains Zebras often try to mate with unrelated juvenile females that are not yet sexually mature. In fact, stallions - alone or in groups of up to 18 at a time - may "abduct" adolescent females by separating and chasing them from their family groups, after which they will try to copulate with the young mares. Interestingly, the female shows the behavioral signs of being "in heat" before she reaches the age when she can actually conceive; usually an "abducted" mare returns to her family group after her period of "heat" is finished. [...] Although Takhi males are not as involved in parenting as mares, a stallion may act as a "surrogate mother" to his own foal if it has lost its mother, even allowing the foal to "suckle" on his penis sheath." (''Biological Exuberance - 420'')

*'''Llama''': "Adult males occasionally copulate with yearling females, who are probably not old enough to breed." (''Biological Exuberance - 426'')

*'''Elephant (Afrikanska and Asiatiska)''': "In addition, males sometimes try to mount juvenile animals, who squeal in protest until a female intervenes." (''Biological Exuberance - 430'')

*'''Laughing Hyena''': "Some males, unable to copulate, engage in a form of "masturbation" in which they thrust their penis in the air and spontaneously ejaculate; others have been seen mounting cubs." (''Biological Exuberance - 447'')

*'''Rufous Bettong or Rat Kangaroo (Aepyprymnus rufescens)''': "For example, adult males generally make more sexual approaches to juvenile females than to sexually adult females." (''Biological Exuberance - 454'')

*'''Fat-Tailed Dunnart (Sminthopsis Crassicadudata)''': "Adult male Fat-Tailed Dunnarts sometimes display sexual interest in juvenile females, and incestuous matings have also been recorded." (''Biological Exuberance - 459'')

*'''Red Squirrel (Tamaiasciuris hudsonicus) and Gray Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis)''': "Juveniles, of both species often participate in mounting or sexual chases, for example, including incestuous activity between siblings or mothers being mounted by their offspring." (''Biological Exuberance - 463'')

*'''Hoary Marmot (Marmot caligata)''': "Sexual activity also occurs among juveniles, including mounting of adults." (''Biological Exuberance - 466'')

*'''Dwarf Cavy (Microcavia australis), Cui (Galea musteloides) and Aperea (Cavia aperea)''': "As mentioned above, sexual behavior between adults and juveniles is widespread in these species. About a quarter of all courtship and sexual interactions in Dwarf Cavies involve adult males and juveniles, while adult male Cuis also chin-rump follow juvenile females as young as two weeks old. In addition, juvenile Cuis of both sexes sometimes mount both adult males and females, including their own mothers. [...] Adult males in two other species of Cavies, the Mocó or Rock Cavy (Kerodon Rupestris) and the Préa (Galea Spixii), also sometimes court juvenile males, and youngsters mount adults of both sexes as well." (''Biological Exuberance - 469'')

*'''European Shag (Phalacrocorax Aristotelis)''': "In a few cases, adult male Shags have been observed mating with their own chicks [...]" (''Biological Exuberance - 507'')

*'''Tasmanian Native Hen (tribonyx mortierii)''': "[...] about 10 percent of copulation involve parents mounting their own offspring, including young chicks." (''Biological Exuberance - 521'')

*'''Ring-Billed Gull (Larus delawarensis) and Common or Mew Gull (Larus canus)''': "[...] and about 5 percent of adults court and mount chicks. Most of this activity involves females behaving incestuously with their own offspring, including full copulatory REVERSE MOUNTS of young birds. Mounted chicks may be as young as two weeks old, and they usually collapse under the weight of the adult mounting them and cry out in distress. Some individuals appear to be "habitual molesters" in that they repeatedly interact sexually with chicks, including their own." (''Biological Exuberance - 547'')

*'''Herring Gull (Larus Arentatus)''': "Several forms of heterosexual family abuse and adult-juvenile violence have also been documented in Herring Gulls. Males sometimes incestuously mount their own chicks and have even been seen breaking and eating their own eggs." (''Biological Exuberance - 555'')

*'''Black-Headed Gull (Larus Ridibundus)''': "In addition, males occasionally try to mate with chicks (including their own), who may be only a few days old; juveniles also mount each other)." (''Biological Exuberance - 559'')

===Homosexual===
*"And in the majority of cases, male and female homosexualities present their own unique blends of behaviors and characteristics that defy any simplistic categorization - such as Bonobos, where sexual penetration occurs in female rather than male same-sex activity, where sexual interactions between adults and adolescents are a prominent feature of female interactions, and where males do not form strongly bonded relationships with each other the way females do, but engage in less homosexual activity overall and more affectionate activity such as openmouthed kissing." (''Biological Exuberance - 30'')

*'''Bonobo''': "GG-rubbing occurs among females of all ages, from adolescent to very old, but if an older and a younger female are interacting, often the younger female will be on top. (p. 271) [...] In addition, when new females (usually adolescents) join a troop, they often pair up with an older female with whom they have most of their sexual and affectionate interactions. These bond need not be exclusive - either party may have sex with other females or males - but such mentorlike pairings can last for a year or more until the newcomer is fully integrated into the troop. [...] Manual stimulation of the genitals by a partner also occurs: typically an adolescent male spreads his legs and presents his erect penis to an adult male, who takes the shaft in his hand and caresses it with up-and-down movements." (''Biological Exuberance - 273'')

*'''Gorilla''': "There is often intense competition among the males for "preferred" partners - often the younger males - and older, higher ranking males frequently "guard" their favorite males and fight to protect them from the advances of other males." (''Biological Exuberance - 281'')

*'''White-Handed Gibbon (Hylobates lar) and Siamang (Hylobates syndactylus)''': "Within their nuclear family groups, male Gibbons sometimes engage in homosexual activities with each other. This incestuous activity often takes place between adolescent or younger male and his father (or stepfather, if his parents have divorced and re-paired); in Siamangs it may also occur between brothers." (''Biological Exuberance - 289'')

*'''Hanuman Langur (Presbytis entellus) and Nilgiri Langur (Presbytis Langur)''': "All females participate freely in homosexual mounting, including lactating, pregnant, menstruating, ovulating, and nonovulating females. This behavior is especially common among mothers, who have developed a special "baby-sitting" system: they transfer their young to other individuals in the troop (usually other females but sometimes males) for a short time (a similar pattern is found in Nilgiri Langurs). This allows them to engage in homosexual (and other) activites. Most mounting between females occurs among adults, through some involves adults with juveniles (up to four years old), usually with the younger female mounting the older one. Altough most homosexual participants are unrelated, some mountings are incestous, mostly between half sisters (about 27 percent of all lesbian mounts) and more rarely, between mother and daughter (about 1 percent of mounts); heterosexual matings are virtually never incestuous." (''Biological Exuberance - 294-295'')

*'''Japanese Macaque (Macaca fuscata)''': "Homosexual pairings occur among females of all ages, from adolescents to the very old, and sometimes an adult female will pair with a pubescent female. Interestingly, an incest taboo is in effect for homosexual but not heterosexual courtships: females never choose close relatives (mothers, sisters, daughters, granddaugthers, first cousins) as partners, whereas brother-sister and mother-son consorts do occasionally occur. Aunts and nieces, however, do not generally recognize each other as kin in this species, and so they sometimes consort together." (''Biological Exuberance - 303'')

*'''Crab-Eating Macaque (Macata fascicularis)''': "Males can also develop intense sexual relationships with one another, especially between older and younger males. In one such pair observed in captivity, affectionate embraces frequently led to sexual arousal and homosexual mounting, often accompanied by excited lip-smacking or crooning sounds; the male being mounted sometimes even turned his head to kiss his partner during a mount." (''Biological Exuberance - 317'')

*'''Pig Tailed Macaque (Macaca nemestrina)''': "Some same-sex mountings is incestuous, e.g., between mother and daughter or siblings of either sex." (''Biological Exuberance - 321'')

*'''Crested Black Macaque (Macaca nigra)''': "Younger males often mount older ones in this species." (''Biological Exuberance - 321'')

*'''"Baboon" (other species)''': "Among the Patas Monkeys (Erythrocebus patas), adolescent and younger males often fondle and nuzzles the scrotum and genitals of adult males." (''Biological Exuberance - 328'')

*'''(Common) Squirrel Monkey (Saimiri sciureus)''': "Homosexual mounting sometimes occurs between male Squirrel Monkeys, especially younger individuals or between an older and younger (adult) partner; adult males also perform the genital display to each other." (''Biological Exuberance - 332'')

*'''Lion Tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia) and White-fronted Capuchin Monkeys (Cebus Albifrons)''': "Both male and female Lion Tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia) sometimes mount their own offspring of both sexes, including adolescents and younger individuals. Approximately 1 percent of mounting activity in Common Mamosets (Callithrix Jacchus) occurs among adolescent and younger males (brother living in the same family group). In White-fronted Capuchin Monkeys (Cebus Albifrons), young males occasionally suck and fondle the scrotum of older males, while homosexual activity among females (including mounting) also occurs in Brown Capuchins (C. apella) and Weeper Capuchins (C. olivaceous)." (''Biological Exuberance - 334'')

*'''Verreaux's Sifaka (Propithecus Verreauxi)''': "Male Verreaux's Sifakas sometimes mount other males during the mating season. The mounted animal - usually a younger adult or adolescent male - often snaps at the mounter and tries to wriggle free (as do females trying to escape from unwelcome heterosexual advances)." (''Biological Exuberance - 336'')

*'''Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) and Spinner Dolphin (Stenella lingirostris)''': "If there is an age difference between male partners, either may penetrate the other, and Bottlenose adolescents have even been observed penetrating much older males." (''Biological Exuberance - 343'')

*'''Orca (Orcinus orca)''': "Altough males of all ages participate in homosexual activities, this behaviour is most prevalent among "adolescent" Orcas (sexually mature individuals 12-25 years old) More than three quarters of all sessions involve males who are more than five years apart in age, altough age-mates also interact together (especially among adolescents)." (''Biological Exuberance - 350'')

*'''Gray Seal (Halichoerus grypus) and Northern Elephant Seal (Mirounga angustirostris)''': "Those males who have completed their molt often roll around in pairs near the water and mount each other; bulls of all ages participate in this activity. Both adolescent and younger adult Northern Elephant Seal bulls also engage in homosexual mounting during the molt period. This occurs in shallow waters near the shore, often as part of extended bouts of harmless playfighting among clusters of males. [...] Adult males do not participate in this activity. However, they do sometimes mount younger adolescent and juvenile males (two to four years old). Typically the older male approaches the younger male at rest, moving up alongside him and sometimes placing his front flipper over his back in the position characteristic of heterosexual copulations. Usually the younger male struggles to escape, and the mounter may try to subdue him by pressing or bouncing his neck down on top of him or biting his neck. The older male may have an erection and attempt to penetrate the younger male, but he rarely succeeds. Altough they prefer juveniles or adolescents, a few bulls also try to copulate with much younger animals, such as weaned pups of both sexes (who strongly resist their advances)." (''Biological Exuberance - 361'')

*'''Australian Sea Lion (Neophoca cinerea) and New zealand Sea Lion (Phocarctos hookeri)''': "All age groups participate, altough there is often an age difference between the two males, with the younger male typically mounting the older one (especially in New Zealand Sea Lions)." (''Biological Exuberance - 367 - 368'')

*'''Walrus (Odobenus Rosmarus)''': "Typically a younger male displays to an older one, and courting males often situate themselves in the water near a favorite cliff face, boulder, or rock formation at the water's edge. The spectacular display consists of inflation of the throat pouches - often preceded by head bowing - interspersed with dives by one or both males, and an incredible series of vocalizations that form a courtship "song". (p. 371) [...] Although most homosexual behaviour is confined to the summer haul-outs, younger males sometimes also mount adults or other younger males during the breeding season. Groups of younger Walruses may crowd around an older male and roll on top of him; in addition, an adult male occasionally sings his courtship songs to a group of younger males or is accompanied by a younger attendant male while he sings. Often, his companion surfaces and dives in synchrony with him. This behavior, known as SHADOWING, occurs regardless of whether the adult is courting a female. [...] During breeding season, up to a third of mounting activity may take place between younger males or between adult and younger males, and 2-19 percent of singing males have a younger male companion "shadowing" them." (''Biological Exuberance - 372'')

*'''White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus)''': "Adult male White-tailed Deer sometimes mount each other, as do yearling males (especially during the nonbreeding season); occasionally a younger male mounts an older one during this activity." (''Biological Exuberance - 379'')

*'''Wapiti, Elk, or Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) and Barasingha or Swamp Deer (Cervus duvauceli)''': "Usually the two animals engaging in same-sex activity are fully grown adults, but in male Wapiti homosexual mounting may occur between adult bulls and spikehorns (yearlings whose antlers are spikes, having yet to develop prongs). Red Deer yearlings also participate in same-sex activity including occasional incestuous homosexual mountings by females of their mothers." (''Biological Exuberance - 383 - 384'')

*'''Caribou or Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) and Moose (Alces alces)''': "Caribou sometimes mount each other, as do younger males, while yearling Moose have been observed trying to mount adult bulls. In addition, bull Moose sometimes associate with younger male companions." (''Biological Exuberance - 388'')

*'''Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana)''': "Males of all age groups participate in homosexual courtship and mounting, although adult males usually direct their attentions to adolescent males. Mounting between males sometimes occurs during sparring or play-fighting as well." (''Biological Exuberance - 394'')

*'''Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis) and Thinhorn or Dall's Sheep (Ovis dalli)''': "Typically an older, higher ranking male will court a male younger than him, using a sequence of stylized movements." (''Biological Exuberance - 406'')

*'''Mountain Goat (Oreamnos americanus)''': "Adult male Mountain Goats court younger (yearling) males, again using the species typical heterosexual behavior patterns: the courting male approaches the other in a crouching position, creeping on his stomach with his head stretched forward (a posture referred to as the LOW-STRETCH). He may also flick his tongue in and out of his mouth while making soft bussing sound, jerk his head sideways, and attempt to lick the other male's flanks. Typically the yearling male responds aggressively to the courting adult. Adult males occasionally perform this display toward other adults as well. In addition, yearling females sometimes mount their own mothers. [...] In contrast, yearling Mountain Goats that are courted by older males are primarily heterosexuals, since they reject most same-sex advances." (''Biological Exuberance - 411'')

*'''African Elephant (Loxodonta africana) and Asiatic Elephant (Elephas maximas)''': "Homosexual mating lasts about the same lenght as heterosexual mating, generally less than a minute, altough one male may mount another several times in succession. Both older bulls and younger males participate in this activity. [...] Male Elephants also form "companionships" usually composed of an older bull and an attendant younger male (in contrast, there are no long-lasting heterosexual bonds in these species). In African Elephants, the younger male often helps the older one by guarding him or pulling down branches for him; in other cases, the older bull may help a younger male (or vice versa) who is injured or suffering from blindness of paralysis. The two males are constant companions and generally isolated from other Elephants; occasionally, an older bull will have two attendants. Among Asiatic Elephants, such male companionships appear not to be as long-lasting as in African Elephants. Younger attendant males in African Elephants are sometimes reported to have enlarged genitalia." (''Biological Exuberance - 428 -429'')

*'''Spotted Hyena (Crocuta crocuta)''': "Homosexual mounting between females also occur in this species; in some cases an adolescent or younger adult mounts an older one." (''Biological Exuberance - 446'')

*'''Rufous Bettongs or Rat Kangaroo (Aepyprymnus rufescens)''': "Some homosexual interactions in Rufous Bettongs involve adult females courting and mounting juvenile females and vice versa." (''Biological Exuberance - 454'')

*'''Gray Squirell (Sciurus carolinensis)''': "Gray Squirells are sequentially or chronologically bisexual: juveniles, adolescents, and young adults (up to one and a half years old) show a preference for homosexual activity, while older adults generally exhibit much less same-sex mountings." (''Biological Exuberance - 463'')

*'''Dwarf Cavy (Microcavia australis), Cui or Yellow-Toothed Cavy (Galea musteloides) and Aperea or Wild Cavy (Cavia Aperea)''': "In Dwarf Cavies, adult males are sexually attracted to juveniles of both sexes. A typical homosexual courtship begins with the adult and the younger male sitting quietly together - often right in front of the youngster's mother, who is not visibly disturbed. The two males may kiss and nuzzle their noses together, after which the adult begins to gently nibble on the juvenile's rump. This is often followed by a courtship behavior known as CHIN-RUMP FOLLOWING, in which the adult male places his chin on the youngster's rump, as they move together in circles or figure-eight patterns. If the male is especially aroused, he will stop to pat his paws against the juvenile's rump, sometimes even licking, sniffing, and nuzzling the anus and perineal region while lifting up the youngster's hindquarters with his nose. Adult males frequently have favorite males that they prefer to court and interact sexually with, actively seeking them out while ignoring others. (p. 467) [...] Adult male Apereas sometimes court younger males by RUMPING, in which the adult throws one or both hind legs over the rump of the youngsters. [...] Adult males occasionally also have an adolescent companion; the two males sit and feed together, as well as kiss one another. Sometimes the adult male will permit his companion to mount a female that he is courting. (p. 468) [...] Adult males in two other species of Cavies, the Mocó or Rock Cavy (Kerodon rupestris) and the Preá (Galea spixii), also sometimes court juvenile males, and youngsters mount adults of both sexes as well." (''Biological Exuberance - 469'')

*'''Ring-Billed Gull (Larus delawarensis)''': "For example, one or both partners in a homosexual pair are often younger females: couples in which there is an age difference between the two females - one an adult, the other an adolescent or younger adult - are particularly common in some populations." (''Biological Exuberance - 545'')

*'''Guianan Cock-of-the-rock (Rupicola rupicola)''': "Homosexual activity between adult and adolescent males, as well as among adolescent males, is a routine occurence in Guianan Cock-of-the-Rock. Males court and display to each other, as well as engage in homosexual mounting. (p. 567) [...] If an adolescent male approaches an adult who is courting a female, the female usally leaves (or is chased away), and the two males turn their attentions to each other." (''Biological Exuberance - 568'')

*'''Swallow-Tailed Manakin (Chiroxiphia caudata)''': "Male Swallow-tailed Manakins perform an elaborate group courtship ritual, the JUMP DISPLAY. Sometimes this display is directed toward females, sometimes toward yearling or younger adult males (the latter resembling females in their green plumage, but distinct because of their red-orange caps), and less commonly toward another adult male." (''Biological Exuberance - 572'')

*'''Bicolored Antbird (Gymnopithys bicolor) and Ocellated Antbird (Phaenostictus mcleannani)''': "Homosexual pair-bonds are sometimes long-lasting associations, persisting for many years. Partners may both be adults, or an older bird may pair with a younger one. In Ocellated Antbirds, father-son courtship-feedings also sometimes occur when a younger male remains within the clan structure." (''Biological Exuberance - 576'')

== Rind's cross-species summary==
[[Bruce Rind]]'s article on ''Pederasty(2013)'' <ref>Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''</ref> contains excellent cross-cultural (see also [[Research: Nonwestern Intergenerational Relationships|Nonwestern]] and [[Research: Intergenerational Relationships in History|Historical]] sections) and cross-species summary tables of intergenerational male homosexuality (the tables are also in the Excerpt Graphic Library below). Here is the exact quotation of the tables on animals, which is partly based on the Bagemihl, B. (1999). ''Biological exuberance''<ref>Bagemihl, B. (1999). Biological exuberance: Animal homosexuality and natural diversity. ''New York: St. Martin’s Press''. available via [[Help:Research_Resources#Information_Freedom_Companions|option 2]]</ref> (see above), but with many important details.

=== Table IV: Homosexual Behavior Between Mature and Immature Males in Primates. ===
In this table Rind also provided rating of species' typical receptiveness to sexual encounters coded as : 1 = mostly unwilling with resistance or aggression; 2 = mix of receptive and non-receptive encounters; 3 = mostly receptive with no or little aggression.
==== Great Apes ====

*'''Bonobos (Pan paniscus)''' 3: Mature males frequently performed thrusts on much younger males who might actively solicit the mounting (Kano, 1980). Common also is an adult male masturbating an adolescent male lying on his back with legs spread apart. Sex serves to reduce social tension (de Waal, 1997).

*'''Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)''' 3: Male homosex varies considerably across and within chimp populations (Bagemihl, 1999). Kollar et al. (1968) described multiple age-gap encounters (e.g., a young juvenile male interrupted copulation of an adolescent male and female, then presented to the older male, who mounted him).

*'''Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla)''' 3: In all-male groups, adults are most attracted to adolescents; mounting can be initiated by either (Harcourt, 1979; Yamagiwa, 1987, 2006). Courtship and copulation occur daily (Bagemihl, 1999). Age-gap sex may help group cohesiveness (Harcourt, 1979).

*'''Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus)''' 3: Homosex is often consensual (heterosex often not), often occurs within a special friendship (Bagemihl, 1999). Example: An adolescent male that received fellatio from a young adult male became very attached to him, and followed him wherever he went (Rijksen, 1978).

==== Lesser Apes ====

*'''White-handed gibbons (Hylobates lar)''' 3: Homosex occurs sometimes in father-son pairs (Bagemihl, 1999). Edwards and Todd (1991) observed fifty-five episodes between father and adolescent son, always without tension or aggression, initiated by both; seemed to provide reassurance to the adolescent.

*'''Siamangs (Hylobates syndactylus)''' 2: Father-son sex occurs (like gibbons), but is sometimes accompanied by threats, when the younger partner wants to end it before the older one does (unlike gibbons) (Bagemihl, 1999).

==== Old World Monkeys ====

*'''Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus)''' 3: Immature males frequently engage in mounting, often with like-aged males, but also with mature males (Sommer et al., 2006). Immature males increase their touching, mounting, and embracing of adult males as they mature (Jay, 1965). Weber (1973) found that male-male age-gap mounting was usually initiated by the immature partner, with apparent function of securing social acceptance (juveniles are no longer protected by mothers and turn to other adults; mounting and other physical contact are mechanisms to achieve social integration).

*'''Nilgiri langurs (Presbytis johnii)''' 3: Dominant males (alphas) mount subordinate males (juveniles, adolescents, younger adults) in dominance displays, which the subordinates may initiate by presenting. Mounts are brief, with several thrusts but no penetration, and are part of a communication matrix that maintains troop harmony (Hohmann, 1989; Poirier, 1970).

*'''Proboscis monkeys (Nasalis larvatus)''' 2: Homosexual mounting occurs in younger males (adolescents and juveniles); it tends to stem from play wrestling. It is resisted by the younger male in some cases (as females sometimes also do in heterosexual mounting). Its frequency is low, as is heterosexual sex (Bagemihl, 1999; Yeager, 1990).

*'''Bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata)''' 3: Males of all ages are frequently involved in a wide variety of homosex. Younger males often masturbate other males to orgasm, sometimes eating the semen. Some do only a little homosex, others a great deal (Bagemihl, 1999).

*'''Crab-eating macaques (Macaca fascicularis)''' 2: Males can develop intense sexual friendships, especially between older and younger males (with affection, arousal, mounting). Homosexual mounting is both consensual (54%) and nonconsensual (46%). In the former, the mountee fully cooperates and may initiate the mounting (Bagemihl, 1999).

*'''Crested black macaques (Macaca nigra)''' 3: Younger males often mount older ones (Bagemihl, 1999). Dixson (1977) frequently observed the oldest male in one troop presenting to younger males, who invariably responded by mounting him, often with erections. Also, ritualized “greeting” gestures (e.g., penis-grabbing), especially by younger males, are common practice (Bagemihl, 1999).

*'''Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata)''' 3: All adult and juvenile males were seen presenting to another male (aggression was rare, <3%) (Hanby & Brown, 1974). Takenoshita (1998) observed free-ranging adult-juvenile consort relationships (adults ejaculated, juveniles erected; they foraged, groomed, and attacked others together).

*'''Pig-tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina)''' 3: Age-equal and age-gap male-male mounting (juveniles, adolescents, adults) occurs frequently, is not associated with force (as heterosexual mounting sometimes is), and makes up from 8% to 67% of individual males’ overall mounts (Bagemihl, 1999). Dominants invite subordinates to mount them as an elaborate display of tolerance toward subordinates (Oi, 1990) or mount subordinates as a rank maintenance mechanism (Tokuda et al., 1968).

*'''Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)''' 3: Age-gap consort relationships occur, highly affectionate (Bagemihl, 1999). Kempf (1917) observed two juvenile males competing to be mounted by an adult male. Homosex helps juveniles get protection, integrate into group (Carpenter, 1942). Older, younger both show sexual excitement; mature-immature relationships are frequent, seem to have sexual basis (Hamilton, 1914). Redican et al. (1974) observed an immature male taking the sexual initiative with an adult male in an intensive relationship.

*'''Stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides)''' 3: Chevalier-Skolnikoff (1976) reported mutual excitement and affection in several intense friendship-based mature-immature sexual relationships. These were “rewarding” to all participants (e.g., protection for younger partner). Homosex seemed to foster greater social cohesion.

*'''Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana)''' 3: Ogawa (1995) found that male adult-juvenile homosex occurs on a regular basis; either may initiate oral sex on the juvenile; it is never aggressive; both are excited; context is friendly. It seems to serve to reduce tension.

*'''Savanna baboons (Papio cynocephalus)''' 3: All males, from juvenile to adult, greet one another via ritualized sexual behaviors. These behaviors (presenting, mounting, fondling) occur briefly (a few seconds), constitute “greetings,” and appear to serve in part formation of coalitions (Bagemihl, 1999; Smuts & Watanabe, 1990).

*'''Hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas)''' 3: Zuckerman (1932) observed a three-year sexual relationship between an adult and immature male. Whenever the immature was threatened, the adult immediately rescued it.

*'''Gelada baboons (Theropithecus gelada)''' 3: Bernstein (1975) found that mounting occurs between bachelors and immature males in the all-male group. When a bachelor successfully challenges a harem leader, he switches entirely to heterosex (the deposed leader switches to homosex).

*'''Mona monkeys (Cercopithecus mona)''' 3: Glenn, Ramsier, and Benson (2006) found that homosex, with oral sex (often with orgasm), is universal in all-male groups, where males spend most of their lives. It involves all combinations from juveniles to adults; aggression is extremely rare. It seems to function to help younger males’ immigration and social skills, as well as the groups’ social cohesion.

*'''Patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas)''' 3: Adolescent or younger males often fondle and nuzzle the genitals and scrotum of adult males (Bagemihl, 1999).

==== New World Monkeys ====

*'''Squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus)''' 3: Denniston (1980) frequently observed male homosexual behavior, the commonest form being between adults and adolescents. Baldwin (1969) frequently observed sexual mounting and sometimes consortships between older adolescents and much younger juveniles (of both sexes); older adolescents, unlike younger adolescents, were gentle with their younger partners, who consequently allowed the interactions to take place (by contrast, they tended to resist the much rougher initiatives from younger adolescents).

==== Prosimians ====

*'''Verreaux’s sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi)''' 1: Homosexual behavior is rare in prosimians. In this lemur species, adult males sometimes mount younger adults or adolescents, who often snap and struggle to wriggle free (Bagemihl, 1999).

=== Table V: Homosexual Behavior Between Mature and Immature Males in Subprimate Mammals ===
All descriptions based on Bagemihl (1999) unless primary sources are indicated.

==== Marine Mammals ====

===== Dolphins and whales =====

*'''Boto or Amazon River dolphin (Inia geoffrensis)''': Males participate in a wide variety of homosexual behavior, including various kinds of intercourse. When there is an age difference typically the older penetrates the younger. Pairs interacting sexually display a great deal of mutual affection, which Bagemihl (1999, p. 341) illustrates in a photo, in which an adult and immature partner are touching while swimming side by side.

*'''Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)''': Homosexual behavior largely exceeds heterosexual behavior. Adolescents and younger males typically live in all-male groups, where homosexual behavior is common and exclusive. Only as full adults do they attempt to father calves via heterosexual contact. Younger adolescents form homosexual pair-bonds with like-age males, which often last throughout life. When there is an age difference in homosexual sex, either party may penetrate the other—adolescents have been observed penetrating adults (Bagemihl, 1999). McBride and Hebb (1948) observed adult males repeatedly interacting sexually with younger males and described an intense, affectionate bond in one pair. In an extensive ten-year field study, young immature males were found to be the most sexual (most often with male peers, but also with all other age-sex classes); most of adult males’ sexual interactions were with immature males (Mann, 2006).

*'''Orca or killer whales (Orcinus orca)''': Orcas are the largest in the dolphin family. Homosexual behavior is integral to male social life. During salmon feasting, males of all ages spend afternoons courting, being affectionate, and engaging in overt homosexual behaviors, with 90% being reciprocated. Sessions last an hour on average. Most involve adolescents and an age difference of at least five years. At least half of all males get involved.

*'''Sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus)''': 3–5% of males may be homosexually bonded, with couples consisting of two adults or an older and younger male. Sexual interactions leading to orgasm can take place in groups of primarily younger males.

*'''Bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus)''': Intensive male homosexual sessions lasting up to forty minutes occur, involving mainly groups of adolescents and young adults.

===== Seals and Manatees =====

*'''Gray seals (Halichoerus grypus)''': Male homosexual behavior is common; males of all ages mount each other on shore after molting.

*'''Harbor seals (Phoca vitulina)''': Male homosexual behavior is common, involving males of all ages, but mainly adolescents and adults.

*'''Northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris)''': Adolescent and young adult males do same-sex mounting during the molting season. Adult males sometimes mount younger adolescent or juvenile males, but the younger males usually struggle to escape.

*'''Australian sea lions (Neophoca cinerea) & New Zealand sea lions (Phocarctos hookeri)''': Male homosexual mounting is common. All ages may be involved, but usually a younger partner mounts an older one. As mating is polygynous, many males never mate heterosexually.

*'''West Indian manatees (Trichechus manatus)''': Males can form bachelor herds. Males of all ages intensively interact homosexually, involving embracing, kissing, mouthing, caressing, genital rubbing, and frequent ejaculation.

*'''Walruses (Odobenus rosmarus)''': Males are segregated during the nonbreeding summer months. Here, homosexual courtship, affection, and sex are common. Typically, a younger male will display to an older one, and each may mount the other. Groups of younger males may crowd an adult male, making body contact. An adult may sing a courtship song to a group of younger males or a specific younger male companion that accompanies him. Younger and older males also pursue each other during the breeding season. Homosexual behavior is very common if not universal among male Walruses, even during the breeding season, where up to a third of mounting is between younger males or between an adult and a younger male.

==== Hoofed Mammals ====

===== Deer and Moose =====

*'''White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)''': Males are sex-segregated most of year. Mounting sometimes occurs between two adults, two yearlings, or an older-younger pair, where the younger mounts the older one (Bagemihl, 1999). Most commonly, it is young males that mount others. Mounting is not based on dominance; no specific function is apparent. Mountees generally do not oppose being mounted if age-discrepant, but do so more if two immature males are involved (Bartós & Holeckova, 2006).

*'''Wapiti (Cervus elaphus)''': They are sex-segregated most of year. Mounting occasionally occurs between two adult or adult-yearling males. Male pairs may form companionships, either older-younger or age-equal.

*'''Père David’s deer (Elaphurus davidianus)''': Males sometimes mount each other, with the younger mounting the older one.

*'''Moose (Alces alces)''': They are often solitary. Yearling males sometimes mount adult males. Sometimes adult males associate with younger male companions called satellites.

===== Antelopes and Gazelles =====

*'''Pronghorns (Antilocapra americana)''': Some males get territories and breed. The rest live in bachelor herds, where homosexual mounting occurs to a moderate degree. Males of all ages participate, but adult males usually direct their attentions to adolescents. Mounting is preceded by courting. Most males (70%) never breed.

*'''Blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra)''': Males with territories mate with females. The rest live in bachelor herds, where most engage in mounting. This follows friendly sparring. Adult males often perform courtship displays to adolescent males before mounting them. Blackbuck males are predominantly homosexual, leaving the group only once or twice in their lives attempting to breed.

*'''Grant’s gazelles (Gazella granti)''': They live in mixed or all-male groups. Homosexual behavior is rare. Adult males usually attack other males trying to mount them.

===== Wild Sheep, Goats, Buffalo =====

*'''Bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) & Thinhorn sheep (Ovis dalli)''': Males live in homosexual societies in sex-segregated bands. Only during the rutting season do they meet females. Older males court younger, smaller males and mount them. The mountee facilitates by assuming lordosis. Interactions are non-aggressive; the younger male is usually willing. So pervasive is this, that females will mimic younger males to attract older males. Geist (1975) views older-younger male homosex as an adaptation, allowing the younger males to live in the group.

*'''Musk-oxen (Ovibos moschatus)''': They are in mixed or all-male groups. Adult males court and mount adolescent and juvenile males. Younger males do the same with each other. Mountees sometimes resist (as females do), but sometimes assent. About 40% of courting and 10% of mounting are homosexual.

*'''Mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus)''': They are often sex-segregated. Adult males court younger males, using the species-typical approach used in courting females. Typically, the yearling male reacts aggressively. Almost one-fifth of courtships during the breeding season occur between adult and yearling males.

*'''American bison males (Bison bison)''': Male bison spend most of their time alone or in bachelor herds. In these herds, homosexual mounting, including full penetration, is prevalent, especially among younger males (i.e., adolescents), and exceeds heterosexual mounting in frequency. The mounted animal often facilitates the mounting. Younger males also sometimes form tending bonds with other males, involving following, defending, and mounting or being mounted by their partners (Bagemihl, 1999). Homosexual behavior is not based on dominance, but may serve a bonding function (Vervaecke & Rodin, 2006).

===== Other Hoofed Mammals =====

*'''Giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis)''': They are often in all-male groups. Sparring between males is almost always gentle, begins as calves and juveniles, and is most common among adolescents. Participants are often of different sizes, with the smaller, younger one usually initiating. Mounting sometimes accompanies sparring, and mostly involves older adolescents mounting younger ones. These behaviors are not associated with dominance. Homosexual behavior occurs mainly among the young (Pratt & Anderson, 1985).

*'''African elephants (Loxodonta africana) & Asiatic elephants (Elephas maximus)''': African and Asiatic male elephants often form all-male herds. Breeding males associate only temporarily with females. Male homosexual mounting occurs regularly, especially among younger males. In African elephants, homosexual mounting may be preceded by extensive affectionate interaction, and both adult and younger males participate. Males also form long-lasting bonds called companionships, mainly between older and younger “attendants”—heterosexual couples do not form long-lasting bonds. The attendant male and adult male often help each other in various ways, and they are constant companions. Sometimes an older male will have two attendant males. In Asiatic male elephants, almost a fifth have a male companion.

==== Other Mammals ====

*'''Dwarf cavies (Microcavia australis)''': Dwarf cavies are small rodents that live in colonies of twenty to fifty individuals. Adult males are sexually attracted to juveniles of both sexes. A typical homosexual encounter begins with an adult male and juvenile male sitting together quietly, often in front of the juvenile’s mother, who is not visibly bothered. The two males then engage in affectionate contact, which eventually escalates to sexual behavior. Adult males often have favorite younger males, and will actively seek them out while ignoring other juvenile males. More than half of adult male-juvenile sexual interactions are same-sex. Most males are homosexually involved. Occasionally, an adult male will have an adolescent male companion, who feeds with him and is physically affectionate with him. The adult may allow the adolescent to mount a female he is courting. Adult males in two other species, mocó or rock cavies (Kerodon rupestris) and préa (Galea spixii), sometimes also court juvenile males.

*'''Feral cats (Felis catus)''': In an extensive field study, a quarter of males did homosexual mounting, but only occasionally. It always occurred in the presence of estrus females. Mounters were adults, and mountees were adolescents, smaller in size, comparable to adult female size. Mounters bit the backs of mountees’ necks, as they do when mounting females. Older-younger male homosexual mounting appears to be an outlet for heterosexual mountings that were recently frustrated (Yamane, 2006).

=== Table VI: Homosexual Behavior Between Mature and Immature Males in Birds ===
All descriptions based on Bagemihl (1999)
==== Aquatic and shore birds ====

*'''Canada geese (Branta canadensis)''': 18 % of adult males form homosexual bonds with partners, who may be other adults or juveniles.

*'''Ruffs (Philomachus pugnax)''': About half of males are involved predominantly in same-sex sex. Certain adult males acquire a territory called a lek, where they display to potential sex partners, male as well as female. Male visitors may be those without leks or younger males, who have not yet developed adult plumage. The younger males rarely are heterosexually involved, but instead do mounting with each other and with adult lek residents.

==== Perching and song birds ====

*'''Guianan cock-of-the-rock (Rupicola rupicola)''': Male homosexual mounting between two adolescents and between an adult and adolescent is routine, accounting for about half of all copulations and involving about 40 % of the total male population and 64 % of the adolescent male population. Certain adult males acquire leks, which females and young males visit to see whether they want to mate. In a typical homosexual encounter, while an adult male is displaying his colorful plumage, an adolescent male will land nearby. The adult keeps his back to the adolescent, showing off his plumage and inviting the adolescent to mount him. The adolescent climbs onto the adult’s back, achieves genital contact, and then mounts several times in succession. Adolescents usually visit the display courts of numerous other adult males and may have relations with up to seven adults in a season, including some adults without leks. Adult males who avoid heterosexual contacts are the ones most often mounted by adolescent males.

*'''Swallow-tailed manakins (Chiroxiphia caudata)''': Several adult males will form long-term associations and display together on their leks to attract both females and adolescent males. When a young male arrives, the adult males perform a group courtship ritual, in which they take turns jumping up and hovering in front of him. The young male sits motionless as he watches the spectacle. Same-sex sexual behavior likely makes up a sizable proportion of all sexual activity.

*'''Blue-backed manakins (Chiroxiphia pareola)''': Pairs of adult males behave similarly to swallow-tailed manakins, displaying to a third male, which is sometimes an adolescent, performing leapfrogging and cartwheels to impress the other male.

*'''Bicolored antbirds (Gymnopithys bicolor)''': Male homosexual pair-bonds make up 4–6% of all pair-bonds; partners may be two adults or an older and younger bird. The bonds are initiated by courtship-feeds, in which one offers the other a spider or an insect. The receiving male, unlike a female, then passes it back. Once paired, they become constant companions.

*'''Red bishop birds (Euplectes orix)''': In their nesting territories, adult males court both females and males, the latter being younger males who look like females in terms of their plumage coloring. When a younger male approaches, the adult male performs a distinct bumble-flight and displays his plumage to attract the comer.

*'''Orange bishop birds (Euplectes franciscanus)''': In captivity, both adult and younger males attempt to mount young males, who usually reject the attempt or react indifferently at most.

*'''Red-shouldered widowbirds (Euplectes axillaris)''': Adult males sometimes court younger males.

*'''Black-billed magpies (Pica pica)''': Homosexual behavior involving adult males with adolescent or juvenile males occurs occasionally. A typical courtship begins with one male ritually begging the other, followed by the second hopping around the first. Afterward, the two might form a pair-bond, in which they stay near one another, preen one another, and cooperate in evicting intruders.

*'''Gray-breasted jays (Aphelocoma ultramarina)''': Adult males have been observed to courtship-feed younger males.

*'''Victoria’s riflebirds (Ptiloris victoriae)''': Adult males sometimes court younger males, using spectacular displays that are also used in heterosexual interactions. Male-male courtships occur frequently, although mounting is rarer and is likely to drive the mountee away.

*'''Regent bowerbirds (Sericulus chrysocephalus)''': Males build bowers, tunnels of twigs decorated with a variety of colors (e.g., from berries). Adult males display in their bowers to both females and younger males, sometimes ritually offering gifts to their guests. Juvenile males also build bowers and court males and females. When an adult male arrives, the juvenile male behaves in a ritual manner to attract the adult into the bower. Adult males spend 15% of their time displaying to other males, and juvenile males spend 28% of their time doing the same.

*'''Satin bowerbirds (Ptilonorhynchus violaceus)''': Adult males have been observed to court younger males.

*'''Superb lyrebirds (Menura novaehollandiae)''': Adult males often court adolescent males upon encountering them alone or in groups. The adult may closely follow the adolescent, even for hours, periodically performing a wing display accompanied by serenading the younger male with a variety of vocalizations. Adults will occasionally mount the adolescents, but genital contact may not occur because the younger male does not facilitate the interaction. Adolescent males also court and mount one another, behavior that is usually mutual. Occasionally an adult and adolescent male will engage in a mutual display to one another. Adult males approach groups of adolescents fairly often during breeding season and twice as often outside of it. They spend more than half their time away from their display mounds associating with adolescent males. Most males are bisexual, courting both females and adolescent males. Adolescent males appear to be exclusively homosexual in their behaviour and often form companionships with like-aged males. Male and female lyrebirds live largely separate lives aside from brief encounters during breeding season.

==== Other birds ====

*'''Anna’s hummingbirds (Calypte anna)''': Both females and juvenile males visit an adult male’s territory to feed on his supply of currant and blossoms. If a juvenile male visits, the adult male will perform a dive display several times, in which he climbs 150 feet, dives toward the visitor, and makes loud shrieking sounds. After the display, the visitor will usually fly off, with the adult in pursuit, singing at him. If the adult succeeds in attempting to mount the younger male, the latter usually strongly resists, and the adult may attempt to use force. About 25% of sex in this species is between males.

*'''Acorn woodpeckers (Melanerpes formicivorus)''': A ritualized group display occurs involving courtship and sex. At dusk, the members of a group gather and begin mounting one another in all combinations. Males mount females and other males, females mount males and other females, young woodpeckers mount older ones, and older woodpeckers mount younger ones. Reciprocal mounting is common. This mounting display is a regular feature in this species, occurring daily all year around.

==Other sources==
*'''Green, Richard (2002). [https://www.ipce.info/library_2/files/green_asb_2002.html "Is pedophilia a mental disorder?"], ''Archives of Sexual Behavior'', 31 (6), 467-471. Citing: De Waal, F. (1990). "Sociosexual behavior used for tension regulation in all age and sex combinations among Bonobos." In J. Feierman (Ed.), ''[https://library.lol/main/3CA15750CD7EC06C3052B55B5E16C76D Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions]'' (Jay R. Feierman, ed, pp. 379–393). '''
*:"Observations concern a near relative of Man, the bonobo, where these “pigmy chimps” are allowed free access to any other bonobo for sexual contact at the San Diego Zoo. Nonfertile combinations (same-sex or juvenile–adult combinations) were as frequent as potentially fertile, adult male–female combinations. Further, one third of sociosexual contacts by an adult with an infant were initiated by the infant (De Waal, 1990)."
* '''[[Steven Angelides]] (2004) [https://sci-hub.ru/10.1215/10642684-10-2-141 Feminism, Child Sexual Abuse, and the Erasure of Child Sexuality]''' ''GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies'', Volume 10, Number 2, pp. 141-177 ; a copy on [https://web.archive.org/web/20130420133540/http://snifferdogonline.com/reports/Child%20Abuse,%20Sexuality%20and%20Violence/Feminism,%20Child%20Sexual%20Abuse,%20and%20the%20Erasure%20of%20Child%20Sexuality.pdf webarchive]
*:"They were often justified as well by cross-species comparisons, which emphasized the naturalness of adult-child sex in other mammals. In Sex Offenders Paul H. Gebhard et al. claimed that "sexual activity between adult and immature animals is common and appears to be biologically normal." Indeed, it "is precisely what we see in various animals, particularly monkeys." This fact lessened "the horror with which society views the adult who has sexual relations with young children."<sup>21</sup> As Robert S. De Ropp summed up, in a more matter-of-fact articulation of the underlying masculinist assumptions: "The craving of the elderly male for the young female is not necessarily confined to the human species. Old stags are always after little ones and the young does are always willing."<sup>22</sup> [...] 21. Paul H. Gebhard et al., Sex Offenders: An Analysis of Types (New York: Harper and Row, 1965), 54, 276, 54. 22. Robert S. De Ropp, Sex Energy: The Sexual Force in Man and Animals (New York: Delacorte, 1969), 111-12."
*'''deMause, Lloyd (2002). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20120224062853/http://psychohistory.com/htm/eln08_childrearing.html The Emotional Life of Nations]'', chapter 8.'''
*:"Primate mothers are widely reported as copulating with their children; indeed, many cannot learn to reproduce unless they have had sex with adults when they were children. Many immature primates "copulate with their mothers...explore adult genitalia and experience manipulation of their own." Our closest ancestors, the bonobo chimps-termed "the erotic champions" of primates-spend much of their time sucking and masturbating the genitals and "genitogenital rubbing" of both male and female juveniles, "to reduce tensions." Primate children are regularly observed being taught to thrust against their mothers' genitals. This "sexualization of the infant" was likely extended when human infants grew much larger heads, since it meant in order to get through the narrow birth canal before the head grew too large human infants had to be "born fetal," extremely immature and increasingly helpless, so that in early humans "maternal attention was not sufficient to care for more helpless infants..."This in turn meant a selection for those babies who could most satisfy the mother's erotic needs-for instance through the extension of non-hairy, erotic skin areas-for they would be best nursed and cared for as an erotic, tension-reducing object. Likewise, those human mothers were selected who had evolved the largest and most erotic breasts and who had genitals shifted around to the front, where they could rub them against their children."
*'''Rind, B., Bauserman, R. and Tromovitch, P. (2000). ''[http://www.ipce.info/library_2/rbt/science_frame.htm Science versus orthodoxy: Anatomy of the congressional condemnation of a scientific article and reflections on remedies for future ideological attacks]''.'''
*:"Ford and Beach (1951), in their seminal review of cross-cultural and cross-species data, observed that "[a]s long as the adult members of a society permit them to do so, immature males and females engage in practically every type of sexual behavior found in grown men and women" (p, 197) They also observed that juvenile sexual activity in monkeys and apes is "no less natural for the young primate than are the chasing, wrestling, and mock fighting that consume so much of his waking life" (p. 255). Psychologists have all but ignored these perspectives in favor of fitting their descriptions and explanations of juvenile sexuality to current Western values."

*'''Rind, Bruce (2009). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20111122131235/https://www.inter-disciplinary.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/gsbs1rind.pdf Social Response to Age-Gap Sex Involving Minors: Empirical, Historical, Cross-Cultural, and Cross-Species Considerations]." Paper presented at the "Good sex, bad sex: Sex law, crime and ethics" conference in Budapest, Hungary, May 4 to 6, 2009.
*:"If age-gap sex involving non-adults is, by nature, as disturbing as most contemporary authorities believe it is, then should we not see evidence for this elsewhere in nature—for example, in our close primate relatives? Age-gap sex in primates is commonplace but shows no evidence of the trauma many think is so [[intrinsic harm|intrinsic]] to these contacts.
*:Bonobos and chimpanzees are our closest animal relatives. Immature males in these two species are highly sexual, much more than immature females. They behave sexually with other immatures and with adults of both sexes, but prefer mature females, with whom they often attempt to initiate sex. In most cases, they show sexual arousal, with erections. The mature females are quite tolerant of the young males and usually allow them to attempt copulation. When immature male chimps are rebuffed by mature females, they typically whimper and throw tantrums. Researchers have concluded that male chimps in early puberty actually need copulatory practice with older females, else their adult copulating behavior will be inept.
*:In bonobos, when a female reaches adolescence, she transfers into a new group, where she pairs up with one adult female in particular, who acts as her “mentor.” This relationship, which is sexually based and lasts about a year, helps the adolescent female integrate into the new group and eventually be accepted by all the other females.
*:Age-gap homosexual relations among males are also quite common in apes and Old World monkeys. Pederasty in gorillas, for example, is pervasive. In this species, while one male dominates a group of females in a harem, the remaining males form an all-male group for many years at a time, in which courtship and copulation occur on a daily basis between adult and adolescent males. Several researchers directly observing this behavior have concluded that it serves to maintain group cohesiveness. In rhesus macaques, sexual relations between mature and immature males are frequent. They often occur despite the presence of receptive females. Young males tend to welcome these contacts and may even compete for older males’ attentions. The relations can be highly affectionate and appear to be functional for the immature males’ development of sexual and gregarious behaviors. Similarly affectionate age-gap male homosexual relations have been observed in various other species, such as orangutans, Hanuman langurs, and stumptail macaques. Among Tibetan macaques, oral-genital contact between adult and juvenile males occurs on a regular basis. Sometimes the younger partner jumps onto the adult’s face to initiate it; other times the adult begins the contact by turning the juvenile upside down. Both younger and older participants generally seem excited. These behaviors are never aggressive and appear to reduce tension between the them. Similar age-gap relations occur daily and universally in Mona monkeys; the sexual interactions are almost never aggressive and appear to help the younger males integrate into the male group and to maintain group cohesion.
*:When it comes to human age-gap sexual relations, the stereotype is that they are, by nature, aggressive encounters, where the older person imposes his will on an unwilling younger partner, who is traumatized and psychologically ruined. It is striking, then, that we find just the opposite in the primate data, where researchers document that eagerness and even initiative on the part of the younger animal are commonplace,26 and they repeatedly describe positive developmental and social functions that these relations appear to serve—just as historians and anthropologists also have also done with regard to other times and cultures."

*'''Rind, Bruce (2024). "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/383699408_Same-Sex_Sexual_Behavior_Age-Class_and_Coalitions_in_Male_Rhesus_Macaques_Macaca_mulatta Same‑Sex Sexual Behavior, Age‑Class, and Coalitions in Male Rhesus Macaques]". ''Archives of Sexual Behavior''. 1-20. 10.1007/s10508-024-02983-6.
*:"In the present study, relations between same-sex sexual behavior (SSB), age-class, and coalitional behavior in male rhesus macaques were examined in a re-analysis of data ﬁrst analyzed and reported by Clive et al. (2023). [...] Most dyads contained at least one non-adult (76%). Young and prime adult mounters most often selected non-adults to mount. Mounters were often sexually motivated: most for adolescents (72%); equally for juveniles (57%) and adults (56%). Finally, the highest rate of SSB with coalitional context appeared in adolescent–adult dyads involved in multiple repeated mounts. SSB, age-class, special friendships, bonding, and coalitions were linked, as reported in some other primate species and human societies cross-culturally. Employing age-class in male SSB analysis improved description and explanation."

* '''Jaroslava Varella Valentova, Andreone Teles Medrado, and Marco Antonio Correa Varella “Male Bisexuality”. In: Todd K. Shackelford (ed.), 2022, [https://annas-archive.org/md5/2d84ebccbbaafc78b4516ef6b129e5a2 The Cambridge Handbook of Evolutionary Perspectives on Sexual Psychology. Vol 4.] ''Cambridge University Press (Virtual Publishing)''.'''
::"Lilley et al. (2020) and Wrangham (1993) complement by describing that nonconceptual sex between individuals of the same sex among nonhuman primates may have been an exaptation of reproductive behavior, which acquired other diverse functions, such as: establishment of dominance, practice by immatures for a future successful copulation, reduce tensions, and help with reconciliations, in addition to facilitating the formation of alliances and reducing the reproductive success of other individuals."

* '''Zanna Clay, Liza R. Moscovice, and Thibaud Gruber “Bonobo Sexual Behavior and Psychology” In: Todd K. Shackelford (ed.), 2022, [https://annas-archive.org/md5/2d84ebccbbaafc78b4516ef6b129e5a2 The Cambridge Handbook of Evolutionary Perspectives on Sexual Psychology. Vol 4.] ''Cambridge University Press (Virtual Publishing)''.'''
::"As bonobos reach juvenility, their sexual behavior becomes more frequent and elaborated, including both participating as third parties as well as actively engaging in sex themselves (Hashimoto, 1997). Excerpts from Kano’s observations of the Wamba bonobos paint an informative picture: ''adults are generally cooperative in awakening the erotic impulses of these juveniles. A female that has finished copulating and GG rubbing will stop and wait when a male juvenile clings to her behind; the female will grasp the juvenile’s hips and insert his penis. [...] The female does her best to accommodate the partners, one by one, without much ado. [...] Adult males are also enthusiastic about “sex education.” After copulation, they mount and thrust at juveniles, either male or female, that approach and present. Without inserting their penis, the adult males rub against the top of the hips and the thigh. Often, instead of thrusts, an adult male raises one ankle in the air and lightly scratches the side of the juvenile’s chest.'' (Kano, 1992, p. 196)"

*''' Joseph H. Manson "Capuchin Sexual Behavior" In: Todd K. Shackelford (ed.), 2022, [https://annas-archive.org/md5/2d84ebccbbaafc78b4516ef6b129e5a2 The Cambridge Handbook of Evolutionary Perspectives on Sexual Psychology. Vol 4.] ''Cambridge University Press (Virtual Publishing)''.'''
::"Cebus subordinate adult males [(Capuchin monkeys comprise a subfamily, Cebinae)] , compared to alpha males, carry and play with infants more frequently, and they direct these behaviors toward male infants much more than toward female infants (Perry, 2012). Because subordinate males are unlikely to be these infants’ fathers (see below), these relationships are not a form of paternal investment but may function as a means of long-term recruitment of allies for male–male competition (Perry, 2012)."
::"Nonconceptive sexual behavior includes copulations by noncycling (i.e., pregnant or lactating) females, sexual behavior in which one or both partners are juveniles, nonconceptive sexual postures (e.g., females mounting males), and same-sex sexual interactions between adults. All four of these phenomena have been observed in capuchins (Fragaszy et al., 2004). Male-male pseudo-copulations in C. capucinus are particularly noteworthy (Manson et al., 1997). [...] As a conspicuous form of intimate contact, these interactions might function to build or test trust (Smuts & Watanabe, 1990; Zahavi, 1977) or to display social bonds to third parties (Wrangham, 1993)."

* '''Jackson R. Ham et al. (2022) [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0376635722001127 The emergence and early development of socio-sexual behavior in beluga calves (Delphinapterus leucas)], ''Behavioural Processes, Volume 200'', doi: 10.1016/j.beproc.2022.104695'''
::"Highlights: • Juvenile socio-sexual behaviors were more frequent when adult males were present. • The sexual repertoire of immature males, but not females, changes with age. • Immature belugas prefer to interact with older belugas. • Social partner preferences change with age."
::"The emergence of socio-sexual behaviors was relatively consistent among immature animals. [...] The presence of an adult male significantly predicted if immature belugas would initiate and participate in socio-sexual behavior. However, partner preferences changed with age. In the first year of life, belugas engaged in sexual behavior with their mother most frequently but preferred to play with older males if given a choice. By the third year of life, belugas engaged in socio-sexual behavior most frequently with other immature animals."

*'''Sommer, V., & Vasey, P. L. (Eds.). (2006). [https://books.google.com/books/about/Homosexual_Behaviour_in_Animals.html?id=KXM3F59y1jkC Homosexual behaviour in animals: An evolutionary perspective]. ''Cambridge University Press.''''' (no e-book, only preview on google books is available)

:: “[An] adolescent [gibbon] was observed soliciting sexual contact with the adult male in his family group. As Edwards and Todd (1991) suggest, the youth may have needed ‘reassurance’ that he was still welcome in the family.” (''see'' Edwards, A.-M. A. R., and Todd, J. D. (1991). Homosexual behavior in wild white-handed gibbons (Hylobates lar). Primates 32: 231–236. DOI: 10.1007/BF02381180)

::“Genital stimulation occurs in context of play in all of the African great apes (Tutin, 1979; Tutin and McGinnis, 1981; Harcourt et al., 1981; Nadler, 1986; Enomoto, 1990; Kano, 1992; Hashimoto, 1997). Frequent genital stimulation behaviour may be a common feature of the African great apes in the early stage of development. During the first year of life, male infant chimpanzees show an interest in the sexual swellings of adult females, and successfully achieve intromission before reaching two years old (Tutin and McGinnis, 1981). Male infant bonobos begin to show sexual behaviour at less than one year of age and have been observed trying to copulate with their mothers (Kano, 1992). Immature gorillas started to show genital stimulation behaviour during the period of infancy (Nadler, 1986; this study).”

:: “Homosexual activity, particularly during immature play, could facilitate social and motor development. Indeed, among macaques, adequate opportunity to engage in mounting when young is necessary for competent performance of heterosexual copulation in adulthood, and the actual sex of mounting partners is irrelevant (Goy and Wallen, 1979).

::Immature langurs, as young as three months, frequently engage in mounting, with both immature and mature partners of either sex. The combination juvenile female–juvenile female and juvenile male–juvenile male is the most frequent (Srivastava et al., 1991).”

::gorillas:
::“[...] even adult male gorillas occasionally exhibit interest in genital stimulation with immatures, and solicit them in the absence of females. Since the genital stimulation behaviour of gorillas has no socio-sexual functions, adult males show such behaviour in a purely sexual context. Frequent courtship and chest-beating displays by the two silverbacks around the young partners and intensive fights between them observed in the all-male group show that homosexual behaviour did not have tension-reduction role but, instead, resulted in increased competition between silverbacks over same-sex partners.

::It is likely that the homosexual behaviour of immature gorillas is a developmental by-product, which may increase the potential of adult males to engage in homosexual behaviour in the context of skewed sex ratios. [...] The formation of all-male groups and homosexual behaviour may possibly contribute to the survival of younger males for future reproduction."

::“…silverbacks may erupt if same-sex partners do not target a single silverback with solicitations to mount them. In such instances, silverbacks may be uncertain as to who has priority of access to a particular same-sex partner. This appeared to be the case for Pt and Ht, both sub-adults, who did not solicit either silverback. The silverbacks subsequently engaged in severe competition for access to these sub-adult male sexual partners. In contrast, when Ts, another sub-adult, and Si, a blackback, showed solicitation to one of the silverbacks, competition for these sexual partners did not erupt. Neither silverback showed intensive courtship to another silverback’s partner. There appeared to be a kind of respect for ‘ownership’ of other’s same-sex partners, as observed in heterosexual copulation (Harcourt, 1978, 1981; Watts, 1996). These observations suggest that homosexual interactions involving silverbacks may be purely sexual in character, because they parallel heterosexual interactions."

::"Another difference in homosexual interactions between silverbacks and immatures was the fixed role in mounting for the former. The two silverbacks always mounted the younger individuals, while both blackbacks and sub-adults took the roles of both mounter and mountee."

:: ''note'': Silverback: a fully mature adult male gorilla often dominant in the group. Blackback: a younger, not yet fully mature male gorilla; typically an adolescent or young adult stage.)

*'''Bixler, R. H. (1992). "Do we/should we behave like animals?" In: W. T. O’Donohue & J. H. Geer (Eds.), The sexual abuse of children: Volume I—Theory and research (pp. 81–107). ''Routledge''. doi: 10.4324/9781315799698-7'''
::drosophila
::"Adult males of many drosophila species court the immature and essentially in the same manner in which they court females (McRobert & Tompkins, 1983). Young males, as well as immature females, excite their adult counterparts with both visual and pheromonal stimuli (Gailey, Hall, & Siegel, 1985; Gailey, Jackson, & Siegel, 1985; Siegel, Hall, Gailey, & Kyriacou, 1984; Tompkins, 1984; Zawistowski & Richmond, 1985). Within hours after they have emerged from their pupal cases (eclosed) males begin to lose their homosexual appeal because they start to synthesize a courtship-inhibiting pheromone. Their attractiveness to adult males declines sharply, but does not evaporate entirely, as the courtship-stimulating pheromone that misled adult males is produced in steadily diminishing quantities. [...] Finally, the courted immature males when placed later with mature females mate significantly faster (p 0.001) than do inexperienced males (McRobert & Tompkins, 1988). [...] The same males that court immature conspecifics also court and copulate with mature females. [...] it is likely that it has committed a recognition error (Aiken, 1981; Colgan, 1983; Tompkins, 1989). However, the immature male clearly benefited from its being mistaken for a female and courted."

::rats
::"Moore and Morelli (1979) found that rat mothers spend more time licking the anogenital region of male pups than that of their sisters. The role of genital stimulation in developing efficient excretory habits is well established; perhaps the differential treatment of the sexes is explicable solely by the greater complexity of male excretory morphology. It is also possible that this difference in treatment affects the eventual sexual behavior of the male or even of its mother."

::mammals in general
::"There also is a common pattern of adult-young sex “play” among mammals in normal settings, much of which is initiated by the immature males and some by females (Byers, 1984; Geist, 1971; Grubb, 1974; Hoffman, 1985; Lent, 1979; Schaller & Mirza, 1974; de Waal, 1990; also see Klemm, Sherry, Schake, & Sis, 1983/1984; Tennessen, Price, & Berg, 1985, for homosexual abuse of young by peers and Lott, 1983/1984, for evidence that homosexual mounting and anal penetration occurs in the wild). Parallels to this mammalian pattern are not found in species that do not play, such as ectotherms, most birds, and some mammals (Smith, Pt. 1, 1984; Wilson, 1975)."

::primates in general
::"Immature primates are confronted by and, even more frequently, seek participation in sexual behavior with adults. The young watch adults or harass them when they copulate and do so with obvious interest (Colvin, 1985; Goodall, 1986; Hrdy, 1977; Thierry, 1986; Tutin, 1979; de Waal, 1982). They explore adult genitalia and experience manipulation of their own (Chevalier-Skolnikoff, 1976; Estrada, Estrada, & Ervin, 1977; Goodall, 1968; Nadler, 1985; Schaller, 1963; Thierry, 1986; de Waal, 1982, 1990); they court and are courted (Cheney, 1978; Hayaki, 1985; Hrdy, 1977; Kummer, 1968). Immature males mount and may copulate with their mothers (Bixler, 1981b; Harlow, Joslyn, Senko, & Dopp, 1966; Missakian, 1973; Sugiyama & Koman, 1979); with other mature females (Cheney, 1978; Chevalier-Skolnikoff, 1976; Colvin, 1985; Estrada, Estrada, & Ervin, 1977; Fossey, 1979; Goodall, 1968, 1986; Harcourt, Fossey, Stewart, & Watts, 1980; Hayaki, 1985; Kummer, 1968; Kummer & Kurt, 1963; Sugiyama & Koman, 1979; Takasaki, 1985; Tardif, 1983; Thierry, 1986), and adult males (Chevalier-Skolnikoff, 1974, 1976; Dunbar, 1984). Immature females are less likely to be involved in copulatory-like behavior with adults but it is by no means rare (Abegglen, 1986; Chevalier-Skolnikoff, 1976; Dunbar, 1984; Kummer & Kurt, 1963; Nadler, 1985; Tardif, 1983; de Waal, 1990)."

==Excerpt Graphic Library==

The EGL on '''Broader Perspectives''' has some relevant information. Just right click/save and reproduce by uploading in short-form media to bypass character limits.

{{Template:EGLBP}}

==External links==

*[https://www.greek-love.com/index.php/general-history/pederasty-amongst-primates/pederasty-japanese-macaques-minoo-leca-gunst-vasey-2014 Male Homosexual Behavior in a Free-Ranging All-Male Group of Japanese Macaques at Minoo, Japan] - Jean-Baptiste Leca et al.
*[https://www.greek-love.com/index.php/general-history/pederasty-amongst-primates/pederasty-mountain-gorillas-yamagiwa Intra- and inter-group interactions of an all-male group of virunga mountain gorillas] - Juichi Yamagiwa.

==References==

[[Category:Official Encyclopedia]][[Category:Research: Broader Perspectives]]

Research: Intergenerational Sexual Behaviors in Animals

2026-07-29T12:54:13Z

Thorn: /* Table IV: Homosexual Behavior Between Mature and Immature Males in Primates. */

{{research}}<div style="margin-right: 25px; float: left;">__TOC__</div>
Intergenerational sexual activity has been documented in numerous species, particularly closely related primates. Bonobos are one example - see, nature documentaries and home movies: [https://av.tib.eu/media/22174 (1)], [https://fstube.net/w/jhRL37NdsWTscpPr5dkTsS (Backup)]

While this should not be interpreted as an instruction on how humans should behave, it does cast doubt on the biological necessity of arbitrary, morality-based prohibitions against age-discrepant behavior.

==Biological Exuberance==

The following are excerpted from ''[https://libgen.vg/edition.php?id=136630482 Biological Exuberance - Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity]'' by Bruce Bagemihl (2000).

===Heterosexual===

*'''Bonobo''': "Both adult males and females interact sexually with adolescents and juveniles (three-to-nine-year-olds). In fact, young females go through a five-to-six-year period sometimes referred to as ADOLESCENT STERILITY (although no pathology is involved) during which they actively participate in heterosexual mating (often with adults) but never get pregnant. Sexual behavior between adults and infants of both sexes is common - about a third of the time it is initiated by the infant and may involve genital rubbing and full copulatory postures (including penetration of an adult female by a male infant). (''Biological Exuberance - 274'')

*'''Chimpanzee''': Although incestuous matings between adults are not common, mothers engage in sexual activity with their infant son fairly often. Young females typically experience a one-to-three-year period of ADOLESCENT STERILITY after their first menstruation, during which time they mate heterosexually without conceiving. (''Biological Exuberance - 278'')

*'''Gorilla''': "Both males and females also engage in masturbation, and younger animals frequently participate in nonpenetrative sexual activity. Mountings of the latter type are usually incestuous, involving siblings, half siblings, or (more rarely) parents and their offspring (or their siblings' offspring)." (''Biological Exuberance - 283'')

*'''Orangutan''': "Mothers frequently engage in incestuous contact with their infants, manually or orally stimulation the penis or clitoris (or being stimulated by the infant), and may even mount the infants." (''Biological Exuberance - 287'')

*'''Gibbons (White-handed gibbon and Siamang)''': "In one case, a Siamang father was observed fondling his adolescent daughter's vulva with his fingers while her younger brother licked her clitoris. Mothers may invite their juvenile sons - as young as four to five years - to lick and groom their genitals (usually with no hostile reaction from the father)." (''Biological Exuberance - 291'')

*'''Langur and Nilgiri Langur (Presbytis entellus and Presbytis johnii)''': "Females also occasionally mount males, while adult-juvenile heterosexual interactions also occur." (''Biological Exuberance - 296'')

*'''Japanese Macaque''': "Females in some troops frequently form consortships with sexually immature (preadolescent) males;..." [...] "In some troops, a unique form of "baby-sitting" has developed. Although males in this species do not typically participate in parenting, high-ranking males in some populations take care of infants that are not their own for short periods. They groom, carry, embrace, and protect the infants, usually with the consent of their mothers. [...] ,a few male caretakers interact sexually with infants (usually females), masturbating themselves while carrying them or even thrusting against them. (''Biological Exuberance - 305'')

*'''Rhesus Macaque''': "In some cases, though, "aunts" engage in aggressive or sexual interactions with the infants as well and may even try to "kidnap" another female's baby." (''Biological Exuberance - 310'')

*'''Crested-Black Macaque (Macaca Nigra)''': "Infant and very young male Crested Blacks often mount adult females, performing pelvic thrusts and even achieving penetration. " (''Biological Exuberance - 322'')

*'''Savanna Baboon, Hamadryas Baboon:''' "Sexual activity in Baboons also sometimes includes copulation with partners that are not optimal for breeding: adult male Savanna Baboons and adult female Hamadryas Baboons may mate with juvenile animals, incestous matings are common in inbred troops [...]" (''Biological Exuberance - 327'')

*'''Tamarin and Marmosets''': "Both male and female Lion Tamarins (Leontophitecus rosalia) sometimes mount their own offspring of both sexes, including adolescent and younger individuals. Approximately 1 percent of mounting activity in Common Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) occurs among adolescent and younger males." (''Biological Exuberance - 334'')

*'''Dolphin''': "Young dolphins are sexually precocious, and incestuous copulation have been observed between males a few months and their mothers." (p. 346) [...] "In captivity, "baby-sitting" males have been observed harassing mothers, trying to "kidnap" their calves, and even behaving sexually towards the infants "including trying to mate with them). (''Biological Exuberance - 347'')

*'''Orca''': "[...] while heterosexual interactions also occur between adults and adolescents (of both sexes) and youngsters (juveniles as well as calves)." (''Biological Exuberance - 351'')

*'''Northern Elephant Seal (Mirounga angustirostris)''': "As noted above, some male Northern Elephant Seals routinely try to copulate with weaned pups - about half of all pups are subjected to such forced mating or rape attempts, which they usually violently resist. In some cases the pups are severely injured by the bulls, with deep gashes and punctures from neck bites. Aggressive sexual behavior by bulls is the leading cause of mortality among pups on the breeding grounds, accounting for the deaths of about 1 in 200 pups each year." (''Biological Exuberance - 363'')

*'''Northen Fur Seal (Callorhinus Ursinus)''': "[...] male Northern Fur Seals have also been known to attempt forcible copulations with pups of their own species." (''Biological Exuberance - 369'')

*'''White-tailed Dear (Odocoileus virginianus) and Mule or Black-Tailed Deer''': "Incestuous activity - including fawns mounting their mothers - also occurs in these species." (''Biological Exuberance - 381'')

*'''Wapiti, Elk, or Red Deer and Barasingha (Cervus elaphus) or Swamp Deer (Cervus duvauceli)''': "Sexual behavior by calves - including adult-calf interactions - also occurs in these species. Wapiti/Red Deer calves sometimes mount adults (including their mothers, in Red Deer), while female Red Deer occasionally mount calves." (''Biological Exuberance - 385'')

*'''Caribou or Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) and Moose (Alces Alces)''': "Males of booth species sometimes try to mount calves [...]" (''Biological Exuberance - 389'')

*'''Giraffe''': "Giraffes engage in a few forms of nonprocreative heterosexual activity as well: younger females in heat occasionally mount male calves, while calves sometimes mount their mothers." (''Biological Exuberance - 393'')

*'''Blackbuck (Gazelle, Antilope cervicapra)''': "Female Blackbucks sometimes engage in nonreproductive mounts of fawns or young animals." (''Biological Exuberance - 404'')

*'''Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis), Thinhorn or Dall's Sheep (Ovis dalli) and Asiatic Mouflon or Urial (Ovis orientalis)''': "Rams also sometimes mount lambs [...]" (''Biological Exuberance - 408'')

*'''Musk-Ox and Mountain Goat''': "Even during breeding years, some heterosexual courtship activity in both Muskoxen and Mountain Goats may be directed by males toward nonprocreating individuals such as yearlings and calves. [...] Females in this species have been observed mounting adult males and courting, mounting, or being mounted by their own yearlings or kids." (''Biological Exuberance - 412'')

*'''Plains Zebra (Equus quagga) and Takhi or Przewalski's horse (Equus przewalskii)''': "In addition, male Plains Zebras often try to mate with unrelated juvenile females that are not yet sexually mature. In fact, stallions - alone or in groups of up to 18 at a time - may "abduct" adolescent females by separating and chasing them from their family groups, after which they will try to copulate with the young mares. Interestingly, the female shows the behavioral signs of being "in heat" before she reaches the age when she can actually conceive; usually an "abducted" mare returns to her family group after her period of "heat" is finished. [...] Although Takhi males are not as involved in parenting as mares, a stallion may act as a "surrogate mother" to his own foal if it has lost its mother, even allowing the foal to "suckle" on his penis sheath." (''Biological Exuberance - 420'')

*'''Llama''': "Adult males occasionally copulate with yearling females, who are probably not old enough to breed." (''Biological Exuberance - 426'')

*'''Elephant (Afrikanska and Asiatiska)''': "In addition, males sometimes try to mount juvenile animals, who squeal in protest until a female intervenes." (''Biological Exuberance - 430'')

*'''Laughing Hyena''': "Some males, unable to copulate, engage in a form of "masturbation" in which they thrust their penis in the air and spontaneously ejaculate; others have been seen mounting cubs." (''Biological Exuberance - 447'')

*'''Rufous Bettong or Rat Kangaroo (Aepyprymnus rufescens)''': "For example, adult males generally make more sexual approaches to juvenile females than to sexually adult females." (''Biological Exuberance - 454'')

*'''Fat-Tailed Dunnart (Sminthopsis Crassicadudata)''': "Adult male Fat-Tailed Dunnarts sometimes display sexual interest in juvenile females, and incestuous matings have also been recorded." (''Biological Exuberance - 459'')

*'''Red Squirrel (Tamaiasciuris hudsonicus) and Gray Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis)''': "Juveniles, of both species often participate in mounting or sexual chases, for example, including incestuous activity between siblings or mothers being mounted by their offspring." (''Biological Exuberance - 463'')

*'''Hoary Marmot (Marmot caligata)''': "Sexual activity also occurs among juveniles, including mounting of adults." (''Biological Exuberance - 466'')

*'''Dwarf Cavy (Microcavia australis), Cui (Galea musteloides) and Aperea (Cavia aperea)''': "As mentioned above, sexual behavior between adults and juveniles is widespread in these species. About a quarter of all courtship and sexual interactions in Dwarf Cavies involve adult males and juveniles, while adult male Cuis also chin-rump follow juvenile females as young as two weeks old. In addition, juvenile Cuis of both sexes sometimes mount both adult males and females, including their own mothers. [...] Adult males in two other species of Cavies, the Mocó or Rock Cavy (Kerodon Rupestris) and the Préa (Galea Spixii), also sometimes court juvenile males, and youngsters mount adults of both sexes as well." (''Biological Exuberance - 469'')

*'''European Shag (Phalacrocorax Aristotelis)''': "In a few cases, adult male Shags have been observed mating with their own chicks [...]" (''Biological Exuberance - 507'')

*'''Tasmanian Native Hen (tribonyx mortierii)''': "[...] about 10 percent of copulation involve parents mounting their own offspring, including young chicks." (''Biological Exuberance - 521'')

*'''Ring-Billed Gull (Larus delawarensis) and Common or Mew Gull (Larus canus)''': "[...] and about 5 percent of adults court and mount chicks. Most of this activity involves females behaving incestuously with their own offspring, including full copulatory REVERSE MOUNTS of young birds. Mounted chicks may be as young as two weeks old, and they usually collapse under the weight of the adult mounting them and cry out in distress. Some individuals appear to be "habitual molesters" in that they repeatedly interact sexually with chicks, including their own." (''Biological Exuberance - 547'')

*'''Herring Gull (Larus Arentatus)''': "Several forms of heterosexual family abuse and adult-juvenile violence have also been documented in Herring Gulls. Males sometimes incestuously mount their own chicks and have even been seen breaking and eating their own eggs." (''Biological Exuberance - 555'')

*'''Black-Headed Gull (Larus Ridibundus)''': "In addition, males occasionally try to mate with chicks (including their own), who may be only a few days old; juveniles also mount each other)." (''Biological Exuberance - 559'')

===Homosexual===
*"And in the majority of cases, male and female homosexualities present their own unique blends of behaviors and characteristics that defy any simplistic categorization - such as Bonobos, where sexual penetration occurs in female rather than male same-sex activity, where sexual interactions between adults and adolescents are a prominent feature of female interactions, and where males do not form strongly bonded relationships with each other the way females do, but engage in less homosexual activity overall and more affectionate activity such as openmouthed kissing." (''Biological Exuberance - 30'')

*'''Bonobo''': "GG-rubbing occurs among females of all ages, from adolescent to very old, but if an older and a younger female are interacting, often the younger female will be on top. (p. 271) [...] In addition, when new females (usually adolescents) join a troop, they often pair up with an older female with whom they have most of their sexual and affectionate interactions. These bond need not be exclusive - either party may have sex with other females or males - but such mentorlike pairings can last for a year or more until the newcomer is fully integrated into the troop. [...] Manual stimulation of the genitals by a partner also occurs: typically an adolescent male spreads his legs and presents his erect penis to an adult male, who takes the shaft in his hand and caresses it with up-and-down movements." (''Biological Exuberance - 273'')

*'''Gorilla''': "There is often intense competition among the males for "preferred" partners - often the younger males - and older, higher ranking males frequently "guard" their favorite males and fight to protect them from the advances of other males." (''Biological Exuberance - 281'')

*'''White-Handed Gibbon (Hylobates lar) and Siamang (Hylobates syndactylus)''': "Within their nuclear family groups, male Gibbons sometimes engage in homosexual activities with each other. This incestuous activity often takes place between adolescent or younger male and his father (or stepfather, if his parents have divorced and re-paired); in Siamangs it may also occur between brothers." (''Biological Exuberance - 289'')

*'''Hanuman Langur (Presbytis entellus) and Nilgiri Langur (Presbytis Langur)''': "All females participate freely in homosexual mounting, including lactating, pregnant, menstruating, ovulating, and nonovulating females. This behavior is especially common among mothers, who have developed a special "baby-sitting" system: they transfer their young to other individuals in the troop (usually other females but sometimes males) for a short time (a similar pattern is found in Nilgiri Langurs). This allows them to engage in homosexual (and other) activites. Most mounting between females occurs among adults, through some involves adults with juveniles (up to four years old), usually with the younger female mounting the older one. Altough most homosexual participants are unrelated, some mountings are incestous, mostly between half sisters (about 27 percent of all lesbian mounts) and more rarely, between mother and daughter (about 1 percent of mounts); heterosexual matings are virtually never incestuous." (''Biological Exuberance - 294-295'')

*'''Japanese Macaque (Macaca fuscata)''': "Homosexual pairings occur among females of all ages, from adolescents to the very old, and sometimes an adult female will pair with a pubescent female. Interestingly, an incest taboo is in effect for homosexual but not heterosexual courtships: females never choose close relatives (mothers, sisters, daughters, granddaugthers, first cousins) as partners, whereas brother-sister and mother-son consorts do occasionally occur. Aunts and nieces, however, do not generally recognize each other as kin in this species, and so they sometimes consort together." (''Biological Exuberance - 303'')

*'''Crab-Eating Macaque (Macata fascicularis)''': "Males can also develop intense sexual relationships with one another, especially between older and younger males. In one such pair observed in captivity, affectionate embraces frequently led to sexual arousal and homosexual mounting, often accompanied by excited lip-smacking or crooning sounds; the male being mounted sometimes even turned his head to kiss his partner during a mount." (''Biological Exuberance - 317'')

*'''Pig Tailed Macaque (Macaca nemestrina)''': "Some same-sex mountings is incestuous, e.g., between mother and daughter or siblings of either sex." (''Biological Exuberance - 321'')

*'''Crested Black Macaque (Macaca nigra)''': "Younger males often mount older ones in this species." (''Biological Exuberance - 321'')

*'''"Baboon" (other species)''': "Among the Patas Monkeys (Erythrocebus patas), adolescent and younger males often fondle and nuzzles the scrotum and genitals of adult males." (''Biological Exuberance - 328'')

*'''(Common) Squirrel Monkey (Saimiri sciureus)''': "Homosexual mounting sometimes occurs between male Squirrel Monkeys, especially younger individuals or between an older and younger (adult) partner; adult males also perform the genital display to each other." (''Biological Exuberance - 332'')

*'''Lion Tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia) and White-fronted Capuchin Monkeys (Cebus Albifrons)''': "Both male and female Lion Tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia) sometimes mount their own offspring of both sexes, including adolescents and younger individuals. Approximately 1 percent of mounting activity in Common Mamosets (Callithrix Jacchus) occurs among adolescent and younger males (brother living in the same family group). In White-fronted Capuchin Monkeys (Cebus Albifrons), young males occasionally suck and fondle the scrotum of older males, while homosexual activity among females (including mounting) also occurs in Brown Capuchins (C. apella) and Weeper Capuchins (C. olivaceous)." (''Biological Exuberance - 334'')

*'''Verreaux's Sifaka (Propithecus Verreauxi)''': "Male Verreaux's Sifakas sometimes mount other males during the mating season. The mounted animal - usually a younger adult or adolescent male - often snaps at the mounter and tries to wriggle free (as do females trying to escape from unwelcome heterosexual advances)." (''Biological Exuberance - 336'')

*'''Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) and Spinner Dolphin (Stenella lingirostris)''': "If there is an age difference between male partners, either may penetrate the other, and Bottlenose adolescents have even been observed penetrating much older males." (''Biological Exuberance - 343'')

*'''Orca (Orcinus orca)''': "Altough males of all ages participate in homosexual activities, this behaviour is most prevalent among "adolescent" Orcas (sexually mature individuals 12-25 years old) More than three quarters of all sessions involve males who are more than five years apart in age, altough age-mates also interact together (especially among adolescents)." (''Biological Exuberance - 350'')

*'''Gray Seal (Halichoerus grypus) and Northern Elephant Seal (Mirounga angustirostris)''': "Those males who have completed their molt often roll around in pairs near the water and mount each other; bulls of all ages participate in this activity. Both adolescent and younger adult Northern Elephant Seal bulls also engage in homosexual mounting during the molt period. This occurs in shallow waters near the shore, often as part of extended bouts of harmless playfighting among clusters of males. [...] Adult males do not participate in this activity. However, they do sometimes mount younger adolescent and juvenile males (two to four years old). Typically the older male approaches the younger male at rest, moving up alongside him and sometimes placing his front flipper over his back in the position characteristic of heterosexual copulations. Usually the younger male struggles to escape, and the mounter may try to subdue him by pressing or bouncing his neck down on top of him or biting his neck. The older male may have an erection and attempt to penetrate the younger male, but he rarely succeeds. Altough they prefer juveniles or adolescents, a few bulls also try to copulate with much younger animals, such as weaned pups of both sexes (who strongly resist their advances)." (''Biological Exuberance - 361'')

*'''Australian Sea Lion (Neophoca cinerea) and New zealand Sea Lion (Phocarctos hookeri)''': "All age groups participate, altough there is often an age difference between the two males, with the younger male typically mounting the older one (especially in New Zealand Sea Lions)." (''Biological Exuberance - 367 - 368'')

*'''Walrus (Odobenus Rosmarus)''': "Typically a younger male displays to an older one, and courting males often situate themselves in the water near a favorite cliff face, boulder, or rock formation at the water's edge. The spectacular display consists of inflation of the throat pouches - often preceded by head bowing - interspersed with dives by one or both males, and an incredible series of vocalizations that form a courtship "song". (p. 371) [...] Although most homosexual behaviour is confined to the summer haul-outs, younger males sometimes also mount adults or other younger males during the breeding season. Groups of younger Walruses may crowd around an older male and roll on top of him; in addition, an adult male occasionally sings his courtship songs to a group of younger males or is accompanied by a younger attendant male while he sings. Often, his companion surfaces and dives in synchrony with him. This behavior, known as SHADOWING, occurs regardless of whether the adult is courting a female. [...] During breeding season, up to a third of mounting activity may take place between younger males or between adult and younger males, and 2-19 percent of singing males have a younger male companion "shadowing" them." (''Biological Exuberance - 372'')

*'''White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus)''': "Adult male White-tailed Deer sometimes mount each other, as do yearling males (especially during the nonbreeding season); occasionally a younger male mounts an older one during this activity." (''Biological Exuberance - 379'')

*'''Wapiti, Elk, or Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) and Barasingha or Swamp Deer (Cervus duvauceli)''': "Usually the two animals engaging in same-sex activity are fully grown adults, but in male Wapiti homosexual mounting may occur between adult bulls and spikehorns (yearlings whose antlers are spikes, having yet to develop prongs). Red Deer yearlings also participate in same-sex activity including occasional incestuous homosexual mountings by females of their mothers." (''Biological Exuberance - 383 - 384'')

*'''Caribou or Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) and Moose (Alces alces)''': "Caribou sometimes mount each other, as do younger males, while yearling Moose have been observed trying to mount adult bulls. In addition, bull Moose sometimes associate with younger male companions." (''Biological Exuberance - 388'')

*'''Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana)''': "Males of all age groups participate in homosexual courtship and mounting, although adult males usually direct their attentions to adolescent males. Mounting between males sometimes occurs during sparring or play-fighting as well." (''Biological Exuberance - 394'')

*'''Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis) and Thinhorn or Dall's Sheep (Ovis dalli)''': "Typically an older, higher ranking male will court a male younger than him, using a sequence of stylized movements." (''Biological Exuberance - 406'')

*'''Mountain Goat (Oreamnos americanus)''': "Adult male Mountain Goats court younger (yearling) males, again using the species typical heterosexual behavior patterns: the courting male approaches the other in a crouching position, creeping on his stomach with his head stretched forward (a posture referred to as the LOW-STRETCH). He may also flick his tongue in and out of his mouth while making soft bussing sound, jerk his head sideways, and attempt to lick the other male's flanks. Typically the yearling male responds aggressively to the courting adult. Adult males occasionally perform this display toward other adults as well. In addition, yearling females sometimes mount their own mothers. [...] In contrast, yearling Mountain Goats that are courted by older males are primarily heterosexuals, since they reject most same-sex advances." (''Biological Exuberance - 411'')

*'''African Elephant (Loxodonta africana) and Asiatic Elephant (Elephas maximas)''': "Homosexual mating lasts about the same lenght as heterosexual mating, generally less than a minute, altough one male may mount another several times in succession. Both older bulls and younger males participate in this activity. [...] Male Elephants also form "companionships" usually composed of an older bull and an attendant younger male (in contrast, there are no long-lasting heterosexual bonds in these species). In African Elephants, the younger male often helps the older one by guarding him or pulling down branches for him; in other cases, the older bull may help a younger male (or vice versa) who is injured or suffering from blindness of paralysis. The two males are constant companions and generally isolated from other Elephants; occasionally, an older bull will have two attendants. Among Asiatic Elephants, such male companionships appear not to be as long-lasting as in African Elephants. Younger attendant males in African Elephants are sometimes reported to have enlarged genitalia." (''Biological Exuberance - 428 -429'')

*'''Spotted Hyena (Crocuta crocuta)''': "Homosexual mounting between females also occur in this species; in some cases an adolescent or younger adult mounts an older one." (''Biological Exuberance - 446'')

*'''Rufous Bettongs or Rat Kangaroo (Aepyprymnus rufescens)''': "Some homosexual interactions in Rufous Bettongs involve adult females courting and mounting juvenile females and vice versa." (''Biological Exuberance - 454'')

*'''Gray Squirell (Sciurus carolinensis)''': "Gray Squirells are sequentially or chronologically bisexual: juveniles, adolescents, and young adults (up to one and a half years old) show a preference for homosexual activity, while older adults generally exhibit much less same-sex mountings." (''Biological Exuberance - 463'')

*'''Dwarf Cavy (Microcavia australis), Cui or Yellow-Toothed Cavy (Galea musteloides) and Aperea or Wild Cavy (Cavia Aperea)''': "In Dwarf Cavies, adult males are sexually attracted to juveniles of both sexes. A typical homosexual courtship begins with the adult and the younger male sitting quietly together - often right in front of the youngster's mother, who is not visibly disturbed. The two males may kiss and nuzzle their noses together, after which the adult begins to gently nibble on the juvenile's rump. This is often followed by a courtship behavior known as CHIN-RUMP FOLLOWING, in which the adult male places his chin on the youngster's rump, as they move together in circles or figure-eight patterns. If the male is especially aroused, he will stop to pat his paws against the juvenile's rump, sometimes even licking, sniffing, and nuzzling the anus and perineal region while lifting up the youngster's hindquarters with his nose. Adult males frequently have favorite males that they prefer to court and interact sexually with, actively seeking them out while ignoring others. (p. 467) [...] Adult male Apereas sometimes court younger males by RUMPING, in which the adult throws one or both hind legs over the rump of the youngsters. [...] Adult males occasionally also have an adolescent companion; the two males sit and feed together, as well as kiss one another. Sometimes the adult male will permit his companion to mount a female that he is courting. (p. 468) [...] Adult males in two other species of Cavies, the Mocó or Rock Cavy (Kerodon rupestris) and the Preá (Galea spixii), also sometimes court juvenile males, and youngsters mount adults of both sexes as well." (''Biological Exuberance - 469'')

*'''Ring-Billed Gull (Larus delawarensis)''': "For example, one or both partners in a homosexual pair are often younger females: couples in which there is an age difference between the two females - one an adult, the other an adolescent or younger adult - are particularly common in some populations." (''Biological Exuberance - 545'')

*'''Guianan Cock-of-the-rock (Rupicola rupicola)''': "Homosexual activity between adult and adolescent males, as well as among adolescent males, is a routine occurence in Guianan Cock-of-the-Rock. Males court and display to each other, as well as engage in homosexual mounting. (p. 567) [...] If an adolescent male approaches an adult who is courting a female, the female usally leaves (or is chased away), and the two males turn their attentions to each other." (''Biological Exuberance - 568'')

*'''Swallow-Tailed Manakin (Chiroxiphia caudata)''': "Male Swallow-tailed Manakins perform an elaborate group courtship ritual, the JUMP DISPLAY. Sometimes this display is directed toward females, sometimes toward yearling or younger adult males (the latter resembling females in their green plumage, but distinct because of their red-orange caps), and less commonly toward another adult male." (''Biological Exuberance - 572'')

*'''Bicolored Antbird (Gymnopithys bicolor) and Ocellated Antbird (Phaenostictus mcleannani)''': "Homosexual pair-bonds are sometimes long-lasting associations, persisting for many years. Partners may both be adults, or an older bird may pair with a younger one. In Ocellated Antbirds, father-son courtship-feedings also sometimes occur when a younger male remains within the clan structure." (''Biological Exuberance - 576'')

== Rind's cross-species summary==
[[Bruce Rind]]'s article on ''Pederasty(2013)'' <ref>Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''</ref> contains excellent cross-cultural and cross-species summary tables of intergenerational male homosexuality (the tables are also in the Excerpt Graphic Library below). Here is the exact quotation of the tables on animals, which is partly based on the Bagemihl, B. (1999). ''Biological exuberance''<ref>Bagemihl, B. (1999). Biological exuberance: Animal homosexuality and natural diversity. ''New York: St. Martin’s Press''. available via [[Help:Research_Resources#Information_Freedom_Companions|option 2]]</ref> (see above), but with many important details.

=== Table IV: Homosexual Behavior Between Mature and Immature Males in Primates. ===
In this table Rind also provided rating of species' typical receptiveness to sexual encounters coded as : 1 = mostly unwilling with resistance or aggression; 2 = mix of receptive and non-receptive encounters; 3 = mostly receptive with no or little aggression.
==== Great Apes ====

'''Bonobos (Pan paniscus)''' 3: Mature males frequently performed thrusts on much younger males who might actively solicit the mounting (Kano, 1980). Common also is an adult male masturbating an adolescent male lying on his back with legs spread apart. Sex serves to reduce social tension (de Waal, 1997).

'''Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)''' 3: Male homosex varies considerably across and within chimp populations (Bagemihl, 1999). Kollar et al. (1968) described multiple age-gap encounters (e.g., a young juvenile male interrupted copulation of an adolescent male and female, then presented to the older male, who mounted him).

'''Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla)''' 3: In all-male groups, adults are most attracted to adolescents; mounting can be initiated by either (Harcourt, 1979; Yamagiwa, 1987, 2006). Courtship and copulation occur daily (Bagemihl, 1999). Age-gap sex may help group cohesiveness (Harcourt, 1979).

'''Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus)''' 3: Homosex is often consensual (heterosex often not), often occurs within a special friendship (Bagemihl, 1999). Example: An adolescent male that received fellatio from a young adult male became very attached to him, and followed him wherever he went (Rijksen, 1978).

==== Lesser Apes ====

'''White-handed gibbons (Hylobates lar)''' 3: Homosex occurs sometimes in father-son pairs (Bagemihl, 1999). Edwards and Todd (1991) observed fifty-five episodes between father and adolescent son, always without tension or aggression, initiated by both; seemed to provide reassurance to the adolescent.

'''Siamangs (Hylobates syndactylus)''' 2: Father-son sex occurs (like gibbons), but is sometimes accompanied by threats, when the younger partner wants to end it before the older one does (unlike gibbons) (Bagemihl, 1999).

Old World Monkeys

'''Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus)''' 3: Immature males frequently engage in mounting, often with like-aged males, but also with mature males (Sommer et al., 2006). Immature males increase their touching, mounting, and embracing of adult males as they mature (Jay, 1965). Weber (1973) found that male-male age-gap mounting was usually initiated by the immature partner, with apparent function of securing social acceptance (juveniles are no longer protected by mothers and turn to other adults; mounting and other physical contact are mechanisms to achieve social integration).

'''Nilgiri langurs (Presbytis johnii)''' 3: Dominant males (alphas) mount subordinate males (juveniles, adolescents, younger adults) in dominance displays, which the subordinates may initiate by presenting. Mounts are brief, with several thrusts but no penetration, and are part of a communication matrix that maintains troop harmony (Hohmann, 1989; Poirier, 1970).

'''Proboscis monkeys (Nasalis larvatus)''' 2: Homosexual mounting occurs in younger males (adolescents and juveniles); it tends to stem from play wrestling. It is resisted by the younger male in some cases (as females sometimes also do in heterosexual mounting). Its frequency is low, as is heterosexual sex (Bagemihl, 1999; Yeager, 1990).

'''Bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata)''' 3: Males of all ages are frequently involved in a wide variety of homosex. Younger males often masturbate other males to orgasm, sometimes eating the semen. Some do only a little homosex, others a great deal (Bagemihl, 1999).

'''Crab-eating macaques (Macaca fascicularis)''' 2: Males can develop intense sexual friendships, especially between older and younger males (with affection, arousal, mounting). Homosexual mounting is both consensual (54%) and nonconsensual (46%). In the former, the mountee fully cooperates and may initiate the mounting (Bagemihl, 1999).

'''Crested black macaques (Macaca nigra)''' 3: Younger males often mount older ones (Bagemihl, 1999). Dixson (1977) frequently observed the oldest male in one troop presenting to younger males, who invariably responded by mounting him, often with erections. Also, ritualized “greeting” gestures (e.g., penis-grabbing), especially by younger males, are common practice (Bagemihl, 1999).

'''Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata)''' 3: All adult and juvenile males were seen presenting to another male (aggression was rare, <3%) (Hanby & Brown, 1974). Takenoshita (1998) observed free-ranging adult-juvenile consort relationships (adults ejaculated, juveniles erected; they foraged, groomed, and attacked others together).

'''Pig-tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina)''' 3: Age-equal and age-gap male-male mounting (juveniles, adolescents, adults) occurs frequently, is not associated with force (as heterosexual mounting sometimes is), and makes up from 8% to 67% of individual males’ overall mounts (Bagemihl, 1999). Dominants invite subordinates to mount them as an elaborate display of tolerance toward subordinates (Oi, 1990) or mount subordinates as a rank maintenance mechanism (Tokuda et al., 1968).

'''Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)''' 3: Age-gap consort relationships occur, highly affectionate (Bagemihl, 1999). Kempf (1917) observed two juvenile males competing to be mounted by an adult male. Homosex helps juveniles get protection, integrate into group (Carpenter, 1942). Older, younger both show sexual excitement; mature-immature relationships are frequent, seem to have sexual basis (Hamilton, 1914). Redican et al. (1974) observed an immature male taking the sexual initiative with an adult male in an intensive relationship.

'''Stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides)''' 3: Chevalier-Skolnikoff (1976) reported mutual excitement and affection in several intense friendship-based mature-immature sexual relationships. These were “rewarding” to all participants (e.g., protection for younger partner). Homosex seemed to foster greater social cohesion.

'''Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana)''' 3: Ogawa (1995) found that male adult-juvenile homosex occurs on a regular basis; either may initiate oral sex on the juvenile; it is never aggressive; both are excited; context is friendly. It seems to serve to reduce tension.

'''Savanna baboons (Papio cynocephalus)''' 3: All males, from juvenile to adult, greet one another via ritualized sexual behaviors. These behaviors (presenting, mounting, fondling) occur briefly (a few seconds), constitute “greetings,” and appear to serve in part formation of coalitions (Bagemihl, 1999; Smuts & Watanabe, 1990).

'''Hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas)''' 3: Zuckerman (1932) observed a three-year sexual relationship between an adult and immature male. Whenever the immature was threatened, the adult immediately rescued it.

'''Gelada baboons (Theropithecus gelada)''' 3: Bernstein (1975) found that mounting occurs between bachelors and immature males in the all-male group. When a bachelor successfully challenges a harem leader, he switches entirely to heterosex (the deposed leader switches to homosex).

'''Mona monkeys (Cercopithecus mona)''' 3: Glenn, Ramsier, and Benson (2006) found that homosex, with oral sex (often with orgasm), is universal in all-male groups, where males spend most of their lives. It involves all combinations from juveniles to adults; aggression is extremely rare. It seems to function to help younger males’ immigration and social skills, as well as the groups’ social cohesion.

'''Patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas)''' 3: Adolescent or younger males often fondle and nuzzle the genitals and scrotum of adult males (Bagemihl, 1999).

==== New World Monkeys ====

'''Squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus)''' 3: Denniston (1980) frequently observed male homosexual behavior, the commonest form being between adults and adolescents. Baldwin (1969) frequently observed sexual mounting and sometimes consortships between older adolescents and much younger juveniles (of both sexes); older adolescents, unlike younger adolescents, were gentle with their younger partners, who consequently allowed the interactions to take place (by contrast, they tended to resist the much rougher initiatives from younger adolescents).

==== Prosimians ====

'''Verreaux’s sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi)''' 1: Homosexual behavior is rare in prosimians. In this lemur species, adult males sometimes mount younger adults or adolescents, who often snap and struggle to wriggle free (Bagemihl, 1999).

=== Table V: Homosexual Behavior Between Mature and Immature Males in Subprimate Mammals ===
All descriptions based on Bagemihl (1999) unless primary sources are indicated.

==== Marine Mammals ====

===== Dolphins and whales =====

'''Boto or Amazon River dolphin (Inia geoffrensis)''': Males participate in a wide variety of homosexual behavior, including various kinds of intercourse. When there is an age difference typically the older penetrates the younger. Pairs interacting sexually display a great deal of mutual affection, which Bagemihl (1999, p. 341) illustrates in a photo, in which an adult and immature partner are touching while swimming side by side.

'''Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)''': Homosexual behavior largely exceeds heterosexual behavior. Adolescents and younger males typically live in all-male groups, where homosexual behavior is common and exclusive. Only as full adults do they attempt to father calves via heterosexual contact. Younger adolescents form homosexual pair-bonds with like-age males, which often last throughout life. When there is an age difference in homosexual sex, either party may penetrate the other—adolescents have been observed penetrating adults (Bagemihl, 1999). McBride and Hebb (1948) observed adult males repeatedly interacting sexually with younger males and described an intense, affectionate bond in one pair. In an extensive ten-year field study, young immature males were found to be the most sexual (most often with male peers, but also with all other age-sex classes); most of adult males’ sexual interactions were with immature males (Mann, 2006).

'''Orca or killer whales (Orcinus orca)''': Orcas are the largest in the dolphin family. Homosexual behavior is integral to male social life. During salmon feasting, males of all ages spend afternoons courting, being affectionate, and engaging in overt homosexual behaviors, with 90% being reciprocated. Sessions last an hour on average. Most involve adolescents and an age difference of at least five years. At least half of all males get involved.

'''Sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus)''': 3–5% of males may be homosexually bonded, with couples consisting of two adults or an older and younger male. Sexual interactions leading to orgasm can take place in groups of primarily younger males.

'''Bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus)''': Intensive male homosexual sessions lasting up to forty minutes occur, involving mainly groups of adolescents and young adults.

===== Seals and Manatees =====

'''Gray seals (Halichoerus grypus)''': Male homosexual behavior is common; males of all ages mount each other on shore after molting.

'''Harbor seals (Phoca vitulina)''': Male homosexual behavior is common, involving males of all ages, but mainly adolescents and adults.

'''Northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris)''': Adolescent and young adult males do same-sex mounting during the molting season. Adult males sometimes mount younger adolescent or juvenile males, but the younger males usually struggle to escape.

'''Australian sea lions (Neophoca cinerea) & New Zealand sea lions (Phocarctos hookeri)''': Male homosexual mounting is common. All ages may be involved, but usually a younger partner mounts an older one. As mating is polygynous, many males never mate heterosexually.

'''West Indian manatees (Trichechus manatus)''': Males can form bachelor herds. Males of all ages intensively interact homosexually, involving embracing, kissing, mouthing, caressing, genital rubbing, and frequent ejaculation.

'''Walruses (Odobenus rosmarus)''': Males are segregated during the nonbreeding summer months. Here, homosexual courtship, affection, and sex are common. Typically, a younger male will display to an older one, and each may mount the other. Groups of younger males may crowd an adult male, making body contact. An adult may sing a courtship song to a group of younger males or a specific younger male companion that accompanies him. Younger and older males also pursue each other during the breeding season. Homosexual behavior is very common if not universal among male Walruses, even during the breeding season, where up to a third of mounting is between younger males or between an adult and a younger male.

==== Hoofed Mammals ====

===== Deer and Moose =====

'''White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)''': Males are sex-segregated most of year. Mounting sometimes occurs between two adults, two yearlings, or an older-younger pair, where the younger mounts the older one (Bagemihl, 1999). Most commonly, it is young males that mount others. Mounting is not based on dominance; no specific function is apparent. Mountees generally do not oppose being mounted if age-discrepant, but do so more if two immature males are involved (Bartós & Holeckova, 2006).

'''Wapiti (Cervus elaphus)''': They are sex-segregated most of year. Mounting occasionally occurs between two adult or adult-yearling males. Male pairs may form companionships, either older-younger or age-equal.

'''Père David’s deer (Elaphurus davidianus)''': Males sometimes mount each other, with the younger mounting the older one.

'''Moose (Alces alces)''': They are often solitary. Yearling males sometimes mount adult males. Sometimes adult males associate with younger male companions called satellites.

===== Antelopes and Gazelles =====

'''Pronghorns (Antilocapra americana)''': Some males get territories and breed. The rest live in bachelor herds, where homosexual mounting occurs to a moderate degree. Males of all ages participate, but adult males usually direct their attentions to adolescents. Mounting is preceded by courting. Most males (70%) never breed.

'''Blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra)''': Males with territories mate with females. The rest live in bachelor herds, where most engage in mounting. This follows friendly sparring. Adult males often perform courtship displays to adolescent males before mounting them. Blackbuck males are predominantly homosexual, leaving the group only once or twice in their lives attempting to breed.

'''Grant’s gazelles (Gazella granti)''': They live in mixed or all-male groups. Homosexual behavior is rare. Adult males usually attack other males trying to mount them.

===== Wild Sheep, Goats, Buffalo =====

'''Bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) & Thinhorn sheep (Ovis dalli)''': Males live in homosexual societies in sex-segregated bands. Only during the rutting season do they meet females. Older males court younger, smaller males and mount them. The mountee facilitates by assuming lordosis. Interactions are non-aggressive; the younger male is usually willing. So pervasive is this, that females will mimic younger males to attract older males. Geist (1975) views older-younger male homosex as an adaptation, allowing the younger males to live in the group.

'''Musk-oxen (Ovibos moschatus)''': They are in mixed or all-male groups. Adult males court and mount adolescent and juvenile males. Younger males do the same with each other. Mountees sometimes resist (as females do), but sometimes assent. About 40% of courting and 10% of mounting are homosexual.

'''Mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus)''': They are often sex-segregated. Adult males court younger males, using the species-typical approach used in courting females. Typically, the yearling male reacts aggressively. Almost one-fifth of courtships during the breeding season occur between adult and yearling males.

'''American bison males (Bison bison)''': Male bison spend most of their time alone or in bachelor herds. In these herds, homosexual mounting, including full penetration, is prevalent, especially among younger males (i.e., adolescents), and exceeds heterosexual mounting in frequency. The mounted animal often facilitates the mounting. Younger males also sometimes form tending bonds with other males, involving following, defending, and mounting or being mounted by their partners (Bagemihl, 1999). Homosexual behavior is not based on dominance, but may serve a bonding function (Vervaecke & Rodin, 2006).

===== Other Hoofed Mammals =====

'''Giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis)''': They are often in all-male groups. Sparring between males is almost always gentle, begins as calves and juveniles, and is most common among adolescents. Participants are often of different sizes, with the smaller, younger one usually initiating. Mounting sometimes accompanies sparring, and mostly involves older adolescents mounting younger ones. These behaviors are not associated with dominance. Homosexual behavior occurs mainly among the young (Pratt & Anderson, 1985).

'''African elephants (Loxodonta africana) & Asiatic elephants (Elephas maximus)''': African and Asiatic male elephants often form all-male herds. Breeding males associate only temporarily with females. Male homosexual mounting occurs regularly, especially among younger males. In African elephants, homosexual mounting may be preceded by extensive affectionate interaction, and both adult and younger males participate. Males also form long-lasting bonds called companionships, mainly between older and younger “attendants”—heterosexual couples do not form long-lasting bonds. The attendant male and adult male often help each other in various ways, and they are constant companions. Sometimes an older male will have two attendant males. In Asiatic male elephants, almost a fifth have a male companion.

==== Other Mammals ====

'''Dwarf cavies (Microcavia australis)''': Dwarf cavies are small rodents that live in colonies of twenty to fifty individuals. Adult males are sexually attracted to juveniles of both sexes. A typical homosexual encounter begins with an adult male and juvenile male sitting together quietly, often in front of the juvenile’s mother, who is not visibly bothered. The two males then engage in affectionate contact, which eventually escalates to sexual behavior. Adult males often have favorite younger males, and will actively seek them out while ignoring other juvenile males. More than half of adult male-juvenile sexual interactions are same-sex. Most males are homosexually involved. Occasionally, an adult male will have an adolescent male companion, who feeds with him and is physically affectionate with him. The adult may allow the adolescent to mount a female he is courting. Adult males in two other species, mocó or rock cavies (Kerodon rupestris) and préa (Galea spixii), sometimes also court juvenile males.

'''Feral cats (Felis catus)''': In an extensive field study, a quarter of males did homosexual mounting, but only occasionally. It always occurred in the presence of estrus females. Mounters were adults, and mountees were adolescents, smaller in size, comparable to adult female size. Mounters bit the backs of mountees’ necks, as they do when mounting females. Older-younger male homosexual mounting appears to be an outlet for heterosexual mountings that were recently frustrated (Yamane, 2006).

=== Table VI: Homosexual Behavior Between Mature and Immature Males in Birds ===
All descriptions based on Bagemihl (1999)
==== Aquatic and shore birds ====

'''Canada geese (Branta canadensis)''': 18 % of adult males form homosexual bonds with partners, who may be other adults or juveniles.

'''Ruffs (Philomachus pugnax)''': About half of males are involved predominantly in same-sex sex. Certain adult males acquire a territory called a lek, where they display to potential sex partners, male as well as female. Male visitors may be those without leks or younger males, who have not yet developed adult plumage. The younger males rarely are heterosexually involved, but instead do mounting with each other and with adult lek residents.

==== Perching and song birds ====

'''Guianan cock-of-the-rock (Rupicola rupicola)''': Male homosexual mounting between two adolescents and between an adult and adolescent is routine, accounting for about half of all copulations and involving about 40 % of the total male population and 64 % of the adolescent male population. Certain adult males acquire leks, which females and young males visit to see whether they want to mate. In a typical homosexual encounter, while an adult male is displaying his colorful plumage, an adolescent male will land nearby. The adult keeps his back to the adolescent, showing off his plumage and inviting the adolescent to mount him. The adolescent climbs onto the adult’s back, achieves genital contact, and then mounts several times in succession. Adolescents usually visit the display courts of numerous other adult males and may have relations with up to seven adults in a season, including some adults without leks. Adult males who avoid heterosexual contacts are the ones most often mounted by adolescent males.

'''Swallow-tailed manakins (Chiroxiphia caudata)''': Several adult males will form long-term associations and display together on their leks to attract both females and adolescent males. When a young male arrives, the adult males perform a group courtship ritual, in which they take turns jumping up and hovering in front of him. The young male sits motionless as he watches the spectacle. Same-sex sexual behavior likely makes up a sizable proportion of all sexual activity.

'''Blue-backed manakins (Chiroxiphia pareola)''': Pairs of adult males behave similarly to swallow-tailed manakins, displaying to a third male, which is sometimes an adolescent, performing leapfrogging and cartwheels to impress the other male.

'''Bicolored antbirds (Gymnopithys bicolor)''': Male homosexual pair-bonds make up 4–6% of all pair-bonds; partners may be two adults or an older and younger bird. The bonds are initiated by courtship-feeds, in which one offers the other a spider or an insect. The receiving male, unlike a female, then passes it back. Once paired, they become constant companions.

'''Red bishop birds (Euplectes orix)''': In their nesting territories, adult males court both females and males, the latter being younger males who look like females in terms of their plumage coloring. When a younger male approaches, the adult male performs a distinct bumble-flight and displays his plumage to attract the comer.

'''Orange bishop birds (Euplectes franciscanus)''': In captivity, both adult and younger males attempt to mount young males, who usually reject the attempt or react indifferently at most.

'''Red-shouldered widowbirds (Euplectes axillaris)''': Adult males sometimes court younger males.

'''Black-billed magpies (Pica pica)''': Homosexual behavior involving adult males with adolescent or juvenile males occurs occasionally. A typical courtship begins with one male ritually begging the other, followed by the second hopping around the first. Afterward, the two might form a pair-bond, in which they stay near one another, preen one another, and cooperate in evicting intruders.

'''Gray-breasted jays (Aphelocoma ultramarina)''': Adult males have been observed to courtship-feed younger males.

'''Victoria’s riflebirds (Ptiloris victoriae)''': Adult males sometimes court younger males, using spectacular displays that are also used in heterosexual interactions. Male-male courtships occur frequently, although mounting is rarer and is likely to drive the mountee away.

'''Regent bowerbirds (Sericulus chrysocephalus)''': Males build bowers, tunnels of twigs decorated with a variety of colors (e.g., from berries). Adult males display in their bowers to both females and younger males, sometimes ritually offering gifts to their guests. Juvenile males also build bowers and court males and females. When an adult male arrives, the juvenile male behaves in a ritual manner to attract the adult into the bower. Adult males spend 15% of their time displaying to other males, and juvenile males spend 28% of their time doing the same.

'''Satin bowerbirds (Ptilonorhynchus violaceus)''': Adult males have been observed to court younger males.

'''Superb lyrebirds (Menura novaehollandiae)''': Adult males often court adolescent males upon encountering them alone or in groups. The adult may closely follow the adolescent, even for hours, periodically performing a wing display accompanied by serenading the younger male with a variety of vocalizations. Adults will occasionally mount the adolescents, but genital contact may not occur because the younger male does not facilitate the interaction. Adolescent males also court and mount one another, behavior that is usually mutual. Occasionally an adult and adolescent male will engage in a mutual display to one another. Adult males approach groups of adolescents fairly often during breeding season and twice as often outside of it. They spend more than half their time away from their display mounds associating with adolescent males. Most males are bisexual, courting both females and adolescent males. Adolescent males appear to be exclusively homosexual in their behaviour and often form companionships with like-aged males. Male and female lyrebirds live largely separate lives aside from brief encounters during breeding season.

==== Other birds ====

'''Anna’s hummingbirds (Calypte anna)''': Both females and juvenile males visit an adult male’s territory to feed on his supply of currant and blossoms. If a juvenile male visits, the adult male will perform a dive display several times, in which he climbs 150 feet, dives toward the visitor, and makes loud shrieking sounds. After the display, the visitor will usually fly off, with the adult in pursuit, singing at him. If the adult succeeds in attempting to mount the younger male, the latter usually strongly resists, and the adult may attempt to use force. About 25% of sex in this species is between males.

'''Acorn woodpeckers (Melanerpes formicivorus)''': A ritualized group display occurs involving courtship and sex. At dusk, the members of a group gather and begin mounting one another in all combinations. Males mount females and other males, females mount males and other females, young woodpeckers mount older ones, and older woodpeckers mount younger ones. Reciprocal mounting is common. This mounting display is a regular feature in this species, occurring daily all year around.

==Other sources==
*'''Green, Richard (2002). [https://www.ipce.info/library_2/files/green_asb_2002.html "Is pedophilia a mental disorder?"], ''Archives of Sexual Behavior'', 31 (6), 467-471. Citing: De Waal, F. (1990). "Sociosexual behavior used for tension regulation in all age and sex combinations among Bonobos." In J. Feierman (Ed.), ''[https://library.lol/main/3CA15750CD7EC06C3052B55B5E16C76D Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions]'' (Jay R. Feierman, ed, pp. 379–393). '''
*:"Observations concern a near relative of Man, the bonobo, where these “pigmy chimps” are allowed free access to any other bonobo for sexual contact at the San Diego Zoo. Nonfertile combinations (same-sex or juvenile–adult combinations) were as frequent as potentially fertile, adult male–female combinations. Further, one third of sociosexual contacts by an adult with an infant were initiated by the infant (De Waal, 1990)."
* '''[[Steven Angelides]] (2004) [https://sci-hub.ru/10.1215/10642684-10-2-141 Feminism, Child Sexual Abuse, and the Erasure of Child Sexuality]''' ''GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies'', Volume 10, Number 2, pp. 141-177 ; a copy on [https://web.archive.org/web/20130420133540/http://snifferdogonline.com/reports/Child%20Abuse,%20Sexuality%20and%20Violence/Feminism,%20Child%20Sexual%20Abuse,%20and%20the%20Erasure%20of%20Child%20Sexuality.pdf webarchive]
*:"They were often justified as well by cross-species comparisons, which emphasized the naturalness of adult-child sex in other mammals. In Sex Offenders Paul H. Gebhard et al. claimed that "sexual activity between adult and immature animals is common and appears to be biologically normal." Indeed, it "is precisely what we see in various animals, particularly monkeys." This fact lessened "the horror with which society views the adult who has sexual relations with young children."<sup>21</sup> As Robert S. De Ropp summed up, in a more matter-of-fact articulation of the underlying masculinist assumptions: "The craving of the elderly male for the young female is not necessarily confined to the human species. Old stags are always after little ones and the young does are always willing."<sup>22</sup> [...] 21. Paul H. Gebhard et al., Sex Offenders: An Analysis of Types (New York: Harper and Row, 1965), 54, 276, 54. 22. Robert S. De Ropp, Sex Energy: The Sexual Force in Man and Animals (New York: Delacorte, 1969), 111-12."
*'''deMause, Lloyd (2002). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20120224062853/http://psychohistory.com/htm/eln08_childrearing.html The Emotional Life of Nations]'', chapter 8.'''
*:"Primate mothers are widely reported as copulating with their children; indeed, many cannot learn to reproduce unless they have had sex with adults when they were children. Many immature primates "copulate with their mothers...explore adult genitalia and experience manipulation of their own." Our closest ancestors, the bonobo chimps-termed "the erotic champions" of primates-spend much of their time sucking and masturbating the genitals and "genitogenital rubbing" of both male and female juveniles, "to reduce tensions." Primate children are regularly observed being taught to thrust against their mothers' genitals. This "sexualization of the infant" was likely extended when human infants grew much larger heads, since it meant in order to get through the narrow birth canal before the head grew too large human infants had to be "born fetal," extremely immature and increasingly helpless, so that in early humans "maternal attention was not sufficient to care for more helpless infants..."This in turn meant a selection for those babies who could most satisfy the mother's erotic needs-for instance through the extension of non-hairy, erotic skin areas-for they would be best nursed and cared for as an erotic, tension-reducing object. Likewise, those human mothers were selected who had evolved the largest and most erotic breasts and who had genitals shifted around to the front, where they could rub them against their children."
*'''Rind, B., Bauserman, R. and Tromovitch, P. (2000). ''[http://www.ipce.info/library_2/rbt/science_frame.htm Science versus orthodoxy: Anatomy of the congressional condemnation of a scientific article and reflections on remedies for future ideological attacks]''.'''
*:"Ford and Beach (1951), in their seminal review of cross-cultural and cross-species data, observed that "[a]s long as the adult members of a society permit them to do so, immature males and females engage in practically every type of sexual behavior found in grown men and women" (p, 197) They also observed that juvenile sexual activity in monkeys and apes is "no less natural for the young primate than are the chasing, wrestling, and mock fighting that consume so much of his waking life" (p. 255). Psychologists have all but ignored these perspectives in favor of fitting their descriptions and explanations of juvenile sexuality to current Western values."

*'''Rind, Bruce (2009). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20111122131235/https://www.inter-disciplinary.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/gsbs1rind.pdf Social Response to Age-Gap Sex Involving Minors: Empirical, Historical, Cross-Cultural, and Cross-Species Considerations]." Paper presented at the "Good sex, bad sex: Sex law, crime and ethics" conference in Budapest, Hungary, May 4 to 6, 2009.
*:"If age-gap sex involving non-adults is, by nature, as disturbing as most contemporary authorities believe it is, then should we not see evidence for this elsewhere in nature—for example, in our close primate relatives? Age-gap sex in primates is commonplace but shows no evidence of the trauma many think is so [[intrinsic harm|intrinsic]] to these contacts.
*:Bonobos and chimpanzees are our closest animal relatives. Immature males in these two species are highly sexual, much more than immature females. They behave sexually with other immatures and with adults of both sexes, but prefer mature females, with whom they often attempt to initiate sex. In most cases, they show sexual arousal, with erections. The mature females are quite tolerant of the young males and usually allow them to attempt copulation. When immature male chimps are rebuffed by mature females, they typically whimper and throw tantrums. Researchers have concluded that male chimps in early puberty actually need copulatory practice with older females, else their adult copulating behavior will be inept.
*:In bonobos, when a female reaches adolescence, she transfers into a new group, where she pairs up with one adult female in particular, who acts as her “mentor.” This relationship, which is sexually based and lasts about a year, helps the adolescent female integrate into the new group and eventually be accepted by all the other females.
*:Age-gap homosexual relations among males are also quite common in apes and Old World monkeys. Pederasty in gorillas, for example, is pervasive. In this species, while one male dominates a group of females in a harem, the remaining males form an all-male group for many years at a time, in which courtship and copulation occur on a daily basis between adult and adolescent males. Several researchers directly observing this behavior have concluded that it serves to maintain group cohesiveness. In rhesus macaques, sexual relations between mature and immature males are frequent. They often occur despite the presence of receptive females. Young males tend to welcome these contacts and may even compete for older males’ attentions. The relations can be highly affectionate and appear to be functional for the immature males’ development of sexual and gregarious behaviors. Similarly affectionate age-gap male homosexual relations have been observed in various other species, such as orangutans, Hanuman langurs, and stumptail macaques. Among Tibetan macaques, oral-genital contact between adult and juvenile males occurs on a regular basis. Sometimes the younger partner jumps onto the adult’s face to initiate it; other times the adult begins the contact by turning the juvenile upside down. Both younger and older participants generally seem excited. These behaviors are never aggressive and appear to reduce tension between the them. Similar age-gap relations occur daily and universally in Mona monkeys; the sexual interactions are almost never aggressive and appear to help the younger males integrate into the male group and to maintain group cohesion.
*:When it comes to human age-gap sexual relations, the stereotype is that they are, by nature, aggressive encounters, where the older person imposes his will on an unwilling younger partner, who is traumatized and psychologically ruined. It is striking, then, that we find just the opposite in the primate data, where researchers document that eagerness and even initiative on the part of the younger animal are commonplace,26 and they repeatedly describe positive developmental and social functions that these relations appear to serve—just as historians and anthropologists also have also done with regard to other times and cultures."

*'''Rind, Bruce (2024). "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/383699408_Same-Sex_Sexual_Behavior_Age-Class_and_Coalitions_in_Male_Rhesus_Macaques_Macaca_mulatta Same‑Sex Sexual Behavior, Age‑Class, and Coalitions in Male Rhesus Macaques]". ''Archives of Sexual Behavior''. 1-20. 10.1007/s10508-024-02983-6.
*:"In the present study, relations between same-sex sexual behavior (SSB), age-class, and coalitional behavior in male rhesus macaques were examined in a re-analysis of data ﬁrst analyzed and reported by Clive et al. (2023). [...] Most dyads contained at least one non-adult (76%). Young and prime adult mounters most often selected non-adults to mount. Mounters were often sexually motivated: most for adolescents (72%); equally for juveniles (57%) and adults (56%). Finally, the highest rate of SSB with coalitional context appeared in adolescent–adult dyads involved in multiple repeated mounts. SSB, age-class, special friendships, bonding, and coalitions were linked, as reported in some other primate species and human societies cross-culturally. Employing age-class in male SSB analysis improved description and explanation."

* '''Jaroslava Varella Valentova, Andreone Teles Medrado, and Marco Antonio Correa Varella “Male Bisexuality”. In: Todd K. Shackelford (ed.), 2022, [https://annas-archive.org/md5/2d84ebccbbaafc78b4516ef6b129e5a2 The Cambridge Handbook of Evolutionary Perspectives on Sexual Psychology. Vol 4.] ''Cambridge University Press (Virtual Publishing)''.'''
::"Lilley et al. (2020) and Wrangham (1993) complement by describing that nonconceptual sex between individuals of the same sex among nonhuman primates may have been an exaptation of reproductive behavior, which acquired other diverse functions, such as: establishment of dominance, practice by immatures for a future successful copulation, reduce tensions, and help with reconciliations, in addition to facilitating the formation of alliances and reducing the reproductive success of other individuals."

* '''Zanna Clay, Liza R. Moscovice, and Thibaud Gruber “Bonobo Sexual Behavior and Psychology” In: Todd K. Shackelford (ed.), 2022, [https://annas-archive.org/md5/2d84ebccbbaafc78b4516ef6b129e5a2 The Cambridge Handbook of Evolutionary Perspectives on Sexual Psychology. Vol 4.] ''Cambridge University Press (Virtual Publishing)''.'''
::"As bonobos reach juvenility, their sexual behavior becomes more frequent and elaborated, including both participating as third parties as well as actively engaging in sex themselves (Hashimoto, 1997). Excerpts from Kano’s observations of the Wamba bonobos paint an informative picture: ''adults are generally cooperative in awakening the erotic impulses of these juveniles. A female that has finished copulating and GG rubbing will stop and wait when a male juvenile clings to her behind; the female will grasp the juvenile’s hips and insert his penis. [...] The female does her best to accommodate the partners, one by one, without much ado. [...] Adult males are also enthusiastic about “sex education.” After copulation, they mount and thrust at juveniles, either male or female, that approach and present. Without inserting their penis, the adult males rub against the top of the hips and the thigh. Often, instead of thrusts, an adult male raises one ankle in the air and lightly scratches the side of the juvenile’s chest.'' (Kano, 1992, p. 196)"

*''' Joseph H. Manson "Capuchin Sexual Behavior" In: Todd K. Shackelford (ed.), 2022, [https://annas-archive.org/md5/2d84ebccbbaafc78b4516ef6b129e5a2 The Cambridge Handbook of Evolutionary Perspectives on Sexual Psychology. Vol 4.] ''Cambridge University Press (Virtual Publishing)''.'''
::"Cebus subordinate adult males [(Capuchin monkeys comprise a subfamily, Cebinae)] , compared to alpha males, carry and play with infants more frequently, and they direct these behaviors toward male infants much more than toward female infants (Perry, 2012). Because subordinate males are unlikely to be these infants’ fathers (see below), these relationships are not a form of paternal investment but may function as a means of long-term recruitment of allies for male–male competition (Perry, 2012)."
::"Nonconceptive sexual behavior includes copulations by noncycling (i.e., pregnant or lactating) females, sexual behavior in which one or both partners are juveniles, nonconceptive sexual postures (e.g., females mounting males), and same-sex sexual interactions between adults. All four of these phenomena have been observed in capuchins (Fragaszy et al., 2004). Male-male pseudo-copulations in C. capucinus are particularly noteworthy (Manson et al., 1997). [...] As a conspicuous form of intimate contact, these interactions might function to build or test trust (Smuts & Watanabe, 1990; Zahavi, 1977) or to display social bonds to third parties (Wrangham, 1993)."

* '''Jackson R. Ham et al. (2022) [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0376635722001127 The emergence and early development of socio-sexual behavior in beluga calves (Delphinapterus leucas)], ''Behavioural Processes, Volume 200'', doi: 10.1016/j.beproc.2022.104695'''
::"Highlights: • Juvenile socio-sexual behaviors were more frequent when adult males were present. • The sexual repertoire of immature males, but not females, changes with age. • Immature belugas prefer to interact with older belugas. • Social partner preferences change with age."
::"The emergence of socio-sexual behaviors was relatively consistent among immature animals. [...] The presence of an adult male significantly predicted if immature belugas would initiate and participate in socio-sexual behavior. However, partner preferences changed with age. In the first year of life, belugas engaged in sexual behavior with their mother most frequently but preferred to play with older males if given a choice. By the third year of life, belugas engaged in socio-sexual behavior most frequently with other immature animals."

*'''Sommer, V., & Vasey, P. L. (Eds.). (2006). [https://books.google.com/books/about/Homosexual_Behaviour_in_Animals.html?id=KXM3F59y1jkC Homosexual behaviour in animals: An evolutionary perspective]. ''Cambridge University Press.''''' (no e-book, only preview on google books is available)

:: “[An] adolescent [gibbon] was observed soliciting sexual contact with the adult male in his family group. As Edwards and Todd (1991) suggest, the youth may have needed ‘reassurance’ that he was still welcome in the family.” (''see'' Edwards, A.-M. A. R., and Todd, J. D. (1991). Homosexual behavior in wild white-handed gibbons (Hylobates lar). Primates 32: 231–236. DOI: 10.1007/BF02381180)

::“Genital stimulation occurs in context of play in all of the African great apes (Tutin, 1979; Tutin and McGinnis, 1981; Harcourt et al., 1981; Nadler, 1986; Enomoto, 1990; Kano, 1992; Hashimoto, 1997). Frequent genital stimulation behaviour may be a common feature of the African great apes in the early stage of development. During the first year of life, male infant chimpanzees show an interest in the sexual swellings of adult females, and successfully achieve intromission before reaching two years old (Tutin and McGinnis, 1981). Male infant bonobos begin to show sexual behaviour at less than one year of age and have been observed trying to copulate with their mothers (Kano, 1992). Immature gorillas started to show genital stimulation behaviour during the period of infancy (Nadler, 1986; this study).”

:: “Homosexual activity, particularly during immature play, could facilitate social and motor development. Indeed, among macaques, adequate opportunity to engage in mounting when young is necessary for competent performance of heterosexual copulation in adulthood, and the actual sex of mounting partners is irrelevant (Goy and Wallen, 1979).

::Immature langurs, as young as three months, frequently engage in mounting, with both immature and mature partners of either sex. The combination juvenile female–juvenile female and juvenile male–juvenile male is the most frequent (Srivastava et al., 1991).”

::gorillas:
::“[...] even adult male gorillas occasionally exhibit interest in genital stimulation with immatures, and solicit them in the absence of females. Since the genital stimulation behaviour of gorillas has no socio-sexual functions, adult males show such behaviour in a purely sexual context. Frequent courtship and chest-beating displays by the two silverbacks around the young partners and intensive fights between them observed in the all-male group show that homosexual behaviour did not have tension-reduction role but, instead, resulted in increased competition between silverbacks over same-sex partners.

::It is likely that the homosexual behaviour of immature gorillas is a developmental by-product, which may increase the potential of adult males to engage in homosexual behaviour in the context of skewed sex ratios. [...] The formation of all-male groups and homosexual behaviour may possibly contribute to the survival of younger males for future reproduction."

::“…silverbacks may erupt if same-sex partners do not target a single silverback with solicitations to mount them. In such instances, silverbacks may be uncertain as to who has priority of access to a particular same-sex partner. This appeared to be the case for Pt and Ht, both sub-adults, who did not solicit either silverback. The silverbacks subsequently engaged in severe competition for access to these sub-adult male sexual partners. In contrast, when Ts, another sub-adult, and Si, a blackback, showed solicitation to one of the silverbacks, competition for these sexual partners did not erupt. Neither silverback showed intensive courtship to another silverback’s partner. There appeared to be a kind of respect for ‘ownership’ of other’s same-sex partners, as observed in heterosexual copulation (Harcourt, 1978, 1981; Watts, 1996). These observations suggest that homosexual interactions involving silverbacks may be purely sexual in character, because they parallel heterosexual interactions."

::"Another difference in homosexual interactions between silverbacks and immatures was the fixed role in mounting for the former. The two silverbacks always mounted the younger individuals, while both blackbacks and sub-adults took the roles of both mounter and mountee."

:: ''note'': Silverback: a fully mature adult male gorilla often dominant in the group. Blackback: a younger, not yet fully mature male gorilla; typically an adolescent or young adult stage.)

*'''Bixler, R. H. (1992). "Do we/should we behave like animals?" In: W. T. O’Donohue & J. H. Geer (Eds.), The sexual abuse of children: Volume I—Theory and research (pp. 81–107). ''Routledge''. doi: 10.4324/9781315799698-7'''
::drosophila
::"Adult males of many drosophila species court the immature and essentially in the same manner in which they court females (McRobert & Tompkins, 1983). Young males, as well as immature females, excite their adult counterparts with both visual and pheromonal stimuli (Gailey, Hall, & Siegel, 1985; Gailey, Jackson, & Siegel, 1985; Siegel, Hall, Gailey, & Kyriacou, 1984; Tompkins, 1984; Zawistowski & Richmond, 1985). Within hours after they have emerged from their pupal cases (eclosed) males begin to lose their homosexual appeal because they start to synthesize a courtship-inhibiting pheromone. Their attractiveness to adult males declines sharply, but does not evaporate entirely, as the courtship-stimulating pheromone that misled adult males is produced in steadily diminishing quantities. [...] Finally, the courted immature males when placed later with mature females mate significantly faster (p 0.001) than do inexperienced males (McRobert & Tompkins, 1988). [...] The same males that court immature conspecifics also court and copulate with mature females. [...] it is likely that it has committed a recognition error (Aiken, 1981; Colgan, 1983; Tompkins, 1989). However, the immature male clearly benefited from its being mistaken for a female and courted."

::rats
::"Moore and Morelli (1979) found that rat mothers spend more time licking the anogenital region of male pups than that of their sisters. The role of genital stimulation in developing efficient excretory habits is well established; perhaps the differential treatment of the sexes is explicable solely by the greater complexity of male excretory morphology. It is also possible that this difference in treatment affects the eventual sexual behavior of the male or even of its mother."

::mammals in general
::"There also is a common pattern of adult-young sex “play” among mammals in normal settings, much of which is initiated by the immature males and some by females (Byers, 1984; Geist, 1971; Grubb, 1974; Hoffman, 1985; Lent, 1979; Schaller & Mirza, 1974; de Waal, 1990; also see Klemm, Sherry, Schake, & Sis, 1983/1984; Tennessen, Price, & Berg, 1985, for homosexual abuse of young by peers and Lott, 1983/1984, for evidence that homosexual mounting and anal penetration occurs in the wild). Parallels to this mammalian pattern are not found in species that do not play, such as ectotherms, most birds, and some mammals (Smith, Pt. 1, 1984; Wilson, 1975)."

::primates in general
::"Immature primates are confronted by and, even more frequently, seek participation in sexual behavior with adults. The young watch adults or harass them when they copulate and do so with obvious interest (Colvin, 1985; Goodall, 1986; Hrdy, 1977; Thierry, 1986; Tutin, 1979; de Waal, 1982). They explore adult genitalia and experience manipulation of their own (Chevalier-Skolnikoff, 1976; Estrada, Estrada, & Ervin, 1977; Goodall, 1968; Nadler, 1985; Schaller, 1963; Thierry, 1986; de Waal, 1982, 1990); they court and are courted (Cheney, 1978; Hayaki, 1985; Hrdy, 1977; Kummer, 1968). Immature males mount and may copulate with their mothers (Bixler, 1981b; Harlow, Joslyn, Senko, & Dopp, 1966; Missakian, 1973; Sugiyama & Koman, 1979); with other mature females (Cheney, 1978; Chevalier-Skolnikoff, 1976; Colvin, 1985; Estrada, Estrada, & Ervin, 1977; Fossey, 1979; Goodall, 1968, 1986; Harcourt, Fossey, Stewart, & Watts, 1980; Hayaki, 1985; Kummer, 1968; Kummer & Kurt, 1963; Sugiyama & Koman, 1979; Takasaki, 1985; Tardif, 1983; Thierry, 1986), and adult males (Chevalier-Skolnikoff, 1974, 1976; Dunbar, 1984). Immature females are less likely to be involved in copulatory-like behavior with adults but it is by no means rare (Abegglen, 1986; Chevalier-Skolnikoff, 1976; Dunbar, 1984; Kummer & Kurt, 1963; Nadler, 1985; Tardif, 1983; de Waal, 1990)."

==Excerpt Graphic Library==

The EGL on '''Broader Perspectives''' has some relevant information. Just right click/save and reproduce by uploading in short-form media to bypass character limits.

{{Template:EGLBP}}

==External links==

*[https://www.greek-love.com/index.php/general-history/pederasty-amongst-primates/pederasty-japanese-macaques-minoo-leca-gunst-vasey-2014 Male Homosexual Behavior in a Free-Ranging All-Male Group of Japanese Macaques at Minoo, Japan] - Jean-Baptiste Leca et al.
*[https://www.greek-love.com/index.php/general-history/pederasty-amongst-primates/pederasty-mountain-gorillas-yamagiwa Intra- and inter-group interactions of an all-male group of virunga mountain gorillas] - Juichi Yamagiwa.

==References==

[[Category:Official Encyclopedia]][[Category:Research: Broader Perspectives]]

Research: Intergenerational Sexual Behaviors in Animals

2026-07-29T12:39:59Z

Thorn: /* Rind's cross-species summary */

{{research}}<div style="margin-right: 25px; float: left;">__TOC__</div>
Intergenerational sexual activity has been documented in numerous species, particularly closely related primates. Bonobos are one example - see, nature documentaries and home movies: [https://av.tib.eu/media/22174 (1)], [https://fstube.net/w/jhRL37NdsWTscpPr5dkTsS (Backup)]

While this should not be interpreted as an instruction on how humans should behave, it does cast doubt on the biological necessity of arbitrary, morality-based prohibitions against age-discrepant behavior.

==Biological Exuberance==

The following are excerpted from ''[https://libgen.vg/edition.php?id=136630482 Biological Exuberance - Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity]'' by Bruce Bagemihl (2000).

===Heterosexual===

*'''Bonobo''': "Both adult males and females interact sexually with adolescents and juveniles (three-to-nine-year-olds). In fact, young females go through a five-to-six-year period sometimes referred to as ADOLESCENT STERILITY (although no pathology is involved) during which they actively participate in heterosexual mating (often with adults) but never get pregnant. Sexual behavior between adults and infants of both sexes is common - about a third of the time it is initiated by the infant and may involve genital rubbing and full copulatory postures (including penetration of an adult female by a male infant). (''Biological Exuberance - 274'')

*'''Chimpanzee''': Although incestuous matings between adults are not common, mothers engage in sexual activity with their infant son fairly often. Young females typically experience a one-to-three-year period of ADOLESCENT STERILITY after their first menstruation, during which time they mate heterosexually without conceiving. (''Biological Exuberance - 278'')

*'''Gorilla''': "Both males and females also engage in masturbation, and younger animals frequently participate in nonpenetrative sexual activity. Mountings of the latter type are usually incestuous, involving siblings, half siblings, or (more rarely) parents and their offspring (or their siblings' offspring)." (''Biological Exuberance - 283'')

*'''Orangutan''': "Mothers frequently engage in incestuous contact with their infants, manually or orally stimulation the penis or clitoris (or being stimulated by the infant), and may even mount the infants." (''Biological Exuberance - 287'')

*'''Gibbons (White-handed gibbon and Siamang)''': "In one case, a Siamang father was observed fondling his adolescent daughter's vulva with his fingers while her younger brother licked her clitoris. Mothers may invite their juvenile sons - as young as four to five years - to lick and groom their genitals (usually with no hostile reaction from the father)." (''Biological Exuberance - 291'')

*'''Langur and Nilgiri Langur (Presbytis entellus and Presbytis johnii)''': "Females also occasionally mount males, while adult-juvenile heterosexual interactions also occur." (''Biological Exuberance - 296'')

*'''Japanese Macaque''': "Females in some troops frequently form consortships with sexually immature (preadolescent) males;..." [...] "In some troops, a unique form of "baby-sitting" has developed. Although males in this species do not typically participate in parenting, high-ranking males in some populations take care of infants that are not their own for short periods. They groom, carry, embrace, and protect the infants, usually with the consent of their mothers. [...] ,a few male caretakers interact sexually with infants (usually females), masturbating themselves while carrying them or even thrusting against them. (''Biological Exuberance - 305'')

*'''Rhesus Macaque''': "In some cases, though, "aunts" engage in aggressive or sexual interactions with the infants as well and may even try to "kidnap" another female's baby." (''Biological Exuberance - 310'')

*'''Crested-Black Macaque (Macaca Nigra)''': "Infant and very young male Crested Blacks often mount adult females, performing pelvic thrusts and even achieving penetration. " (''Biological Exuberance - 322'')

*'''Savanna Baboon, Hamadryas Baboon:''' "Sexual activity in Baboons also sometimes includes copulation with partners that are not optimal for breeding: adult male Savanna Baboons and adult female Hamadryas Baboons may mate with juvenile animals, incestous matings are common in inbred troops [...]" (''Biological Exuberance - 327'')

*'''Tamarin and Marmosets''': "Both male and female Lion Tamarins (Leontophitecus rosalia) sometimes mount their own offspring of both sexes, including adolescent and younger individuals. Approximately 1 percent of mounting activity in Common Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) occurs among adolescent and younger males." (''Biological Exuberance - 334'')

*'''Dolphin''': "Young dolphins are sexually precocious, and incestuous copulation have been observed between males a few months and their mothers." (p. 346) [...] "In captivity, "baby-sitting" males have been observed harassing mothers, trying to "kidnap" their calves, and even behaving sexually towards the infants "including trying to mate with them). (''Biological Exuberance - 347'')

*'''Orca''': "[...] while heterosexual interactions also occur between adults and adolescents (of both sexes) and youngsters (juveniles as well as calves)." (''Biological Exuberance - 351'')

*'''Northern Elephant Seal (Mirounga angustirostris)''': "As noted above, some male Northern Elephant Seals routinely try to copulate with weaned pups - about half of all pups are subjected to such forced mating or rape attempts, which they usually violently resist. In some cases the pups are severely injured by the bulls, with deep gashes and punctures from neck bites. Aggressive sexual behavior by bulls is the leading cause of mortality among pups on the breeding grounds, accounting for the deaths of about 1 in 200 pups each year." (''Biological Exuberance - 363'')

*'''Northen Fur Seal (Callorhinus Ursinus)''': "[...] male Northern Fur Seals have also been known to attempt forcible copulations with pups of their own species." (''Biological Exuberance - 369'')

*'''White-tailed Dear (Odocoileus virginianus) and Mule or Black-Tailed Deer''': "Incestuous activity - including fawns mounting their mothers - also occurs in these species." (''Biological Exuberance - 381'')

*'''Wapiti, Elk, or Red Deer and Barasingha (Cervus elaphus) or Swamp Deer (Cervus duvauceli)''': "Sexual behavior by calves - including adult-calf interactions - also occurs in these species. Wapiti/Red Deer calves sometimes mount adults (including their mothers, in Red Deer), while female Red Deer occasionally mount calves." (''Biological Exuberance - 385'')

*'''Caribou or Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) and Moose (Alces Alces)''': "Males of booth species sometimes try to mount calves [...]" (''Biological Exuberance - 389'')

*'''Giraffe''': "Giraffes engage in a few forms of nonprocreative heterosexual activity as well: younger females in heat occasionally mount male calves, while calves sometimes mount their mothers." (''Biological Exuberance - 393'')

*'''Blackbuck (Gazelle, Antilope cervicapra)''': "Female Blackbucks sometimes engage in nonreproductive mounts of fawns or young animals." (''Biological Exuberance - 404'')

*'''Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis), Thinhorn or Dall's Sheep (Ovis dalli) and Asiatic Mouflon or Urial (Ovis orientalis)''': "Rams also sometimes mount lambs [...]" (''Biological Exuberance - 408'')

*'''Musk-Ox and Mountain Goat''': "Even during breeding years, some heterosexual courtship activity in both Muskoxen and Mountain Goats may be directed by males toward nonprocreating individuals such as yearlings and calves. [...] Females in this species have been observed mounting adult males and courting, mounting, or being mounted by their own yearlings or kids." (''Biological Exuberance - 412'')

*'''Plains Zebra (Equus quagga) and Takhi or Przewalski's horse (Equus przewalskii)''': "In addition, male Plains Zebras often try to mate with unrelated juvenile females that are not yet sexually mature. In fact, stallions - alone or in groups of up to 18 at a time - may "abduct" adolescent females by separating and chasing them from their family groups, after which they will try to copulate with the young mares. Interestingly, the female shows the behavioral signs of being "in heat" before she reaches the age when she can actually conceive; usually an "abducted" mare returns to her family group after her period of "heat" is finished. [...] Although Takhi males are not as involved in parenting as mares, a stallion may act as a "surrogate mother" to his own foal if it has lost its mother, even allowing the foal to "suckle" on his penis sheath." (''Biological Exuberance - 420'')

*'''Llama''': "Adult males occasionally copulate with yearling females, who are probably not old enough to breed." (''Biological Exuberance - 426'')

*'''Elephant (Afrikanska and Asiatiska)''': "In addition, males sometimes try to mount juvenile animals, who squeal in protest until a female intervenes." (''Biological Exuberance - 430'')

*'''Laughing Hyena''': "Some males, unable to copulate, engage in a form of "masturbation" in which they thrust their penis in the air and spontaneously ejaculate; others have been seen mounting cubs." (''Biological Exuberance - 447'')

*'''Rufous Bettong or Rat Kangaroo (Aepyprymnus rufescens)''': "For example, adult males generally make more sexual approaches to juvenile females than to sexually adult females." (''Biological Exuberance - 454'')

*'''Fat-Tailed Dunnart (Sminthopsis Crassicadudata)''': "Adult male Fat-Tailed Dunnarts sometimes display sexual interest in juvenile females, and incestuous matings have also been recorded." (''Biological Exuberance - 459'')

*'''Red Squirrel (Tamaiasciuris hudsonicus) and Gray Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis)''': "Juveniles, of both species often participate in mounting or sexual chases, for example, including incestuous activity between siblings or mothers being mounted by their offspring." (''Biological Exuberance - 463'')

*'''Hoary Marmot (Marmot caligata)''': "Sexual activity also occurs among juveniles, including mounting of adults." (''Biological Exuberance - 466'')

*'''Dwarf Cavy (Microcavia australis), Cui (Galea musteloides) and Aperea (Cavia aperea)''': "As mentioned above, sexual behavior between adults and juveniles is widespread in these species. About a quarter of all courtship and sexual interactions in Dwarf Cavies involve adult males and juveniles, while adult male Cuis also chin-rump follow juvenile females as young as two weeks old. In addition, juvenile Cuis of both sexes sometimes mount both adult males and females, including their own mothers. [...] Adult males in two other species of Cavies, the Mocó or Rock Cavy (Kerodon Rupestris) and the Préa (Galea Spixii), also sometimes court juvenile males, and youngsters mount adults of both sexes as well." (''Biological Exuberance - 469'')

*'''European Shag (Phalacrocorax Aristotelis)''': "In a few cases, adult male Shags have been observed mating with their own chicks [...]" (''Biological Exuberance - 507'')

*'''Tasmanian Native Hen (tribonyx mortierii)''': "[...] about 10 percent of copulation involve parents mounting their own offspring, including young chicks." (''Biological Exuberance - 521'')

*'''Ring-Billed Gull (Larus delawarensis) and Common or Mew Gull (Larus canus)''': "[...] and about 5 percent of adults court and mount chicks. Most of this activity involves females behaving incestuously with their own offspring, including full copulatory REVERSE MOUNTS of young birds. Mounted chicks may be as young as two weeks old, and they usually collapse under the weight of the adult mounting them and cry out in distress. Some individuals appear to be "habitual molesters" in that they repeatedly interact sexually with chicks, including their own." (''Biological Exuberance - 547'')

*'''Herring Gull (Larus Arentatus)''': "Several forms of heterosexual family abuse and adult-juvenile violence have also been documented in Herring Gulls. Males sometimes incestuously mount their own chicks and have even been seen breaking and eating their own eggs." (''Biological Exuberance - 555'')

*'''Black-Headed Gull (Larus Ridibundus)''': "In addition, males occasionally try to mate with chicks (including their own), who may be only a few days old; juveniles also mount each other)." (''Biological Exuberance - 559'')

===Homosexual===
*"And in the majority of cases, male and female homosexualities present their own unique blends of behaviors and characteristics that defy any simplistic categorization - such as Bonobos, where sexual penetration occurs in female rather than male same-sex activity, where sexual interactions between adults and adolescents are a prominent feature of female interactions, and where males do not form strongly bonded relationships with each other the way females do, but engage in less homosexual activity overall and more affectionate activity such as openmouthed kissing." (''Biological Exuberance - 30'')

*'''Bonobo''': "GG-rubbing occurs among females of all ages, from adolescent to very old, but if an older and a younger female are interacting, often the younger female will be on top. (p. 271) [...] In addition, when new females (usually adolescents) join a troop, they often pair up with an older female with whom they have most of their sexual and affectionate interactions. These bond need not be exclusive - either party may have sex with other females or males - but such mentorlike pairings can last for a year or more until the newcomer is fully integrated into the troop. [...] Manual stimulation of the genitals by a partner also occurs: typically an adolescent male spreads his legs and presents his erect penis to an adult male, who takes the shaft in his hand and caresses it with up-and-down movements." (''Biological Exuberance - 273'')

*'''Gorilla''': "There is often intense competition among the males for "preferred" partners - often the younger males - and older, higher ranking males frequently "guard" their favorite males and fight to protect them from the advances of other males." (''Biological Exuberance - 281'')

*'''White-Handed Gibbon (Hylobates lar) and Siamang (Hylobates syndactylus)''': "Within their nuclear family groups, male Gibbons sometimes engage in homosexual activities with each other. This incestuous activity often takes place between adolescent or younger male and his father (or stepfather, if his parents have divorced and re-paired); in Siamangs it may also occur between brothers." (''Biological Exuberance - 289'')

*'''Hanuman Langur (Presbytis entellus) and Nilgiri Langur (Presbytis Langur)''': "All females participate freely in homosexual mounting, including lactating, pregnant, menstruating, ovulating, and nonovulating females. This behavior is especially common among mothers, who have developed a special "baby-sitting" system: they transfer their young to other individuals in the troop (usually other females but sometimes males) for a short time (a similar pattern is found in Nilgiri Langurs). This allows them to engage in homosexual (and other) activites. Most mounting between females occurs among adults, through some involves adults with juveniles (up to four years old), usually with the younger female mounting the older one. Altough most homosexual participants are unrelated, some mountings are incestous, mostly between half sisters (about 27 percent of all lesbian mounts) and more rarely, between mother and daughter (about 1 percent of mounts); heterosexual matings are virtually never incestuous." (''Biological Exuberance - 294-295'')

*'''Japanese Macaque (Macaca fuscata)''': "Homosexual pairings occur among females of all ages, from adolescents to the very old, and sometimes an adult female will pair with a pubescent female. Interestingly, an incest taboo is in effect for homosexual but not heterosexual courtships: females never choose close relatives (mothers, sisters, daughters, granddaugthers, first cousins) as partners, whereas brother-sister and mother-son consorts do occasionally occur. Aunts and nieces, however, do not generally recognize each other as kin in this species, and so they sometimes consort together." (''Biological Exuberance - 303'')

*'''Crab-Eating Macaque (Macata fascicularis)''': "Males can also develop intense sexual relationships with one another, especially between older and younger males. In one such pair observed in captivity, affectionate embraces frequently led to sexual arousal and homosexual mounting, often accompanied by excited lip-smacking or crooning sounds; the male being mounted sometimes even turned his head to kiss his partner during a mount." (''Biological Exuberance - 317'')

*'''Pig Tailed Macaque (Macaca nemestrina)''': "Some same-sex mountings is incestuous, e.g., between mother and daughter or siblings of either sex." (''Biological Exuberance - 321'')

*'''Crested Black Macaque (Macaca nigra)''': "Younger males often mount older ones in this species." (''Biological Exuberance - 321'')

*'''"Baboon" (other species)''': "Among the Patas Monkeys (Erythrocebus patas), adolescent and younger males often fondle and nuzzles the scrotum and genitals of adult males." (''Biological Exuberance - 328'')

*'''(Common) Squirrel Monkey (Saimiri sciureus)''': "Homosexual mounting sometimes occurs between male Squirrel Monkeys, especially younger individuals or between an older and younger (adult) partner; adult males also perform the genital display to each other." (''Biological Exuberance - 332'')

*'''Lion Tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia) and White-fronted Capuchin Monkeys (Cebus Albifrons)''': "Both male and female Lion Tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia) sometimes mount their own offspring of both sexes, including adolescents and younger individuals. Approximately 1 percent of mounting activity in Common Mamosets (Callithrix Jacchus) occurs among adolescent and younger males (brother living in the same family group). In White-fronted Capuchin Monkeys (Cebus Albifrons), young males occasionally suck and fondle the scrotum of older males, while homosexual activity among females (including mounting) also occurs in Brown Capuchins (C. apella) and Weeper Capuchins (C. olivaceous)." (''Biological Exuberance - 334'')

*'''Verreaux's Sifaka (Propithecus Verreauxi)''': "Male Verreaux's Sifakas sometimes mount other males during the mating season. The mounted animal - usually a younger adult or adolescent male - often snaps at the mounter and tries to wriggle free (as do females trying to escape from unwelcome heterosexual advances)." (''Biological Exuberance - 336'')

*'''Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) and Spinner Dolphin (Stenella lingirostris)''': "If there is an age difference between male partners, either may penetrate the other, and Bottlenose adolescents have even been observed penetrating much older males." (''Biological Exuberance - 343'')

*'''Orca (Orcinus orca)''': "Altough males of all ages participate in homosexual activities, this behaviour is most prevalent among "adolescent" Orcas (sexually mature individuals 12-25 years old) More than three quarters of all sessions involve males who are more than five years apart in age, altough age-mates also interact together (especially among adolescents)." (''Biological Exuberance - 350'')

*'''Gray Seal (Halichoerus grypus) and Northern Elephant Seal (Mirounga angustirostris)''': "Those males who have completed their molt often roll around in pairs near the water and mount each other; bulls of all ages participate in this activity. Both adolescent and younger adult Northern Elephant Seal bulls also engage in homosexual mounting during the molt period. This occurs in shallow waters near the shore, often as part of extended bouts of harmless playfighting among clusters of males. [...] Adult males do not participate in this activity. However, they do sometimes mount younger adolescent and juvenile males (two to four years old). Typically the older male approaches the younger male at rest, moving up alongside him and sometimes placing his front flipper over his back in the position characteristic of heterosexual copulations. Usually the younger male struggles to escape, and the mounter may try to subdue him by pressing or bouncing his neck down on top of him or biting his neck. The older male may have an erection and attempt to penetrate the younger male, but he rarely succeeds. Altough they prefer juveniles or adolescents, a few bulls also try to copulate with much younger animals, such as weaned pups of both sexes (who strongly resist their advances)." (''Biological Exuberance - 361'')

*'''Australian Sea Lion (Neophoca cinerea) and New zealand Sea Lion (Phocarctos hookeri)''': "All age groups participate, altough there is often an age difference between the two males, with the younger male typically mounting the older one (especially in New Zealand Sea Lions)." (''Biological Exuberance - 367 - 368'')

*'''Walrus (Odobenus Rosmarus)''': "Typically a younger male displays to an older one, and courting males often situate themselves in the water near a favorite cliff face, boulder, or rock formation at the water's edge. The spectacular display consists of inflation of the throat pouches - often preceded by head bowing - interspersed with dives by one or both males, and an incredible series of vocalizations that form a courtship "song". (p. 371) [...] Although most homosexual behaviour is confined to the summer haul-outs, younger males sometimes also mount adults or other younger males during the breeding season. Groups of younger Walruses may crowd around an older male and roll on top of him; in addition, an adult male occasionally sings his courtship songs to a group of younger males or is accompanied by a younger attendant male while he sings. Often, his companion surfaces and dives in synchrony with him. This behavior, known as SHADOWING, occurs regardless of whether the adult is courting a female. [...] During breeding season, up to a third of mounting activity may take place between younger males or between adult and younger males, and 2-19 percent of singing males have a younger male companion "shadowing" them." (''Biological Exuberance - 372'')

*'''White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus)''': "Adult male White-tailed Deer sometimes mount each other, as do yearling males (especially during the nonbreeding season); occasionally a younger male mounts an older one during this activity." (''Biological Exuberance - 379'')

*'''Wapiti, Elk, or Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) and Barasingha or Swamp Deer (Cervus duvauceli)''': "Usually the two animals engaging in same-sex activity are fully grown adults, but in male Wapiti homosexual mounting may occur between adult bulls and spikehorns (yearlings whose antlers are spikes, having yet to develop prongs). Red Deer yearlings also participate in same-sex activity including occasional incestuous homosexual mountings by females of their mothers." (''Biological Exuberance - 383 - 384'')

*'''Caribou or Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) and Moose (Alces alces)''': "Caribou sometimes mount each other, as do younger males, while yearling Moose have been observed trying to mount adult bulls. In addition, bull Moose sometimes associate with younger male companions." (''Biological Exuberance - 388'')

*'''Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana)''': "Males of all age groups participate in homosexual courtship and mounting, although adult males usually direct their attentions to adolescent males. Mounting between males sometimes occurs during sparring or play-fighting as well." (''Biological Exuberance - 394'')

*'''Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis) and Thinhorn or Dall's Sheep (Ovis dalli)''': "Typically an older, higher ranking male will court a male younger than him, using a sequence of stylized movements." (''Biological Exuberance - 406'')

*'''Mountain Goat (Oreamnos americanus)''': "Adult male Mountain Goats court younger (yearling) males, again using the species typical heterosexual behavior patterns: the courting male approaches the other in a crouching position, creeping on his stomach with his head stretched forward (a posture referred to as the LOW-STRETCH). He may also flick his tongue in and out of his mouth while making soft bussing sound, jerk his head sideways, and attempt to lick the other male's flanks. Typically the yearling male responds aggressively to the courting adult. Adult males occasionally perform this display toward other adults as well. In addition, yearling females sometimes mount their own mothers. [...] In contrast, yearling Mountain Goats that are courted by older males are primarily heterosexuals, since they reject most same-sex advances." (''Biological Exuberance - 411'')

*'''African Elephant (Loxodonta africana) and Asiatic Elephant (Elephas maximas)''': "Homosexual mating lasts about the same lenght as heterosexual mating, generally less than a minute, altough one male may mount another several times in succession. Both older bulls and younger males participate in this activity. [...] Male Elephants also form "companionships" usually composed of an older bull and an attendant younger male (in contrast, there are no long-lasting heterosexual bonds in these species). In African Elephants, the younger male often helps the older one by guarding him or pulling down branches for him; in other cases, the older bull may help a younger male (or vice versa) who is injured or suffering from blindness of paralysis. The two males are constant companions and generally isolated from other Elephants; occasionally, an older bull will have two attendants. Among Asiatic Elephants, such male companionships appear not to be as long-lasting as in African Elephants. Younger attendant males in African Elephants are sometimes reported to have enlarged genitalia." (''Biological Exuberance - 428 -429'')

*'''Spotted Hyena (Crocuta crocuta)''': "Homosexual mounting between females also occur in this species; in some cases an adolescent or younger adult mounts an older one." (''Biological Exuberance - 446'')

*'''Rufous Bettongs or Rat Kangaroo (Aepyprymnus rufescens)''': "Some homosexual interactions in Rufous Bettongs involve adult females courting and mounting juvenile females and vice versa." (''Biological Exuberance - 454'')

*'''Gray Squirell (Sciurus carolinensis)''': "Gray Squirells are sequentially or chronologically bisexual: juveniles, adolescents, and young adults (up to one and a half years old) show a preference for homosexual activity, while older adults generally exhibit much less same-sex mountings." (''Biological Exuberance - 463'')

*'''Dwarf Cavy (Microcavia australis), Cui or Yellow-Toothed Cavy (Galea musteloides) and Aperea or Wild Cavy (Cavia Aperea)''': "In Dwarf Cavies, adult males are sexually attracted to juveniles of both sexes. A typical homosexual courtship begins with the adult and the younger male sitting quietly together - often right in front of the youngster's mother, who is not visibly disturbed. The two males may kiss and nuzzle their noses together, after which the adult begins to gently nibble on the juvenile's rump. This is often followed by a courtship behavior known as CHIN-RUMP FOLLOWING, in which the adult male places his chin on the youngster's rump, as they move together in circles or figure-eight patterns. If the male is especially aroused, he will stop to pat his paws against the juvenile's rump, sometimes even licking, sniffing, and nuzzling the anus and perineal region while lifting up the youngster's hindquarters with his nose. Adult males frequently have favorite males that they prefer to court and interact sexually with, actively seeking them out while ignoring others. (p. 467) [...] Adult male Apereas sometimes court younger males by RUMPING, in which the adult throws one or both hind legs over the rump of the youngsters. [...] Adult males occasionally also have an adolescent companion; the two males sit and feed together, as well as kiss one another. Sometimes the adult male will permit his companion to mount a female that he is courting. (p. 468) [...] Adult males in two other species of Cavies, the Mocó or Rock Cavy (Kerodon rupestris) and the Preá (Galea spixii), also sometimes court juvenile males, and youngsters mount adults of both sexes as well." (''Biological Exuberance - 469'')

*'''Ring-Billed Gull (Larus delawarensis)''': "For example, one or both partners in a homosexual pair are often younger females: couples in which there is an age difference between the two females - one an adult, the other an adolescent or younger adult - are particularly common in some populations." (''Biological Exuberance - 545'')

*'''Guianan Cock-of-the-rock (Rupicola rupicola)''': "Homosexual activity between adult and adolescent males, as well as among adolescent males, is a routine occurence in Guianan Cock-of-the-Rock. Males court and display to each other, as well as engage in homosexual mounting. (p. 567) [...] If an adolescent male approaches an adult who is courting a female, the female usally leaves (or is chased away), and the two males turn their attentions to each other." (''Biological Exuberance - 568'')

*'''Swallow-Tailed Manakin (Chiroxiphia caudata)''': "Male Swallow-tailed Manakins perform an elaborate group courtship ritual, the JUMP DISPLAY. Sometimes this display is directed toward females, sometimes toward yearling or younger adult males (the latter resembling females in their green plumage, but distinct because of their red-orange caps), and less commonly toward another adult male." (''Biological Exuberance - 572'')

*'''Bicolored Antbird (Gymnopithys bicolor) and Ocellated Antbird (Phaenostictus mcleannani)''': "Homosexual pair-bonds are sometimes long-lasting associations, persisting for many years. Partners may both be adults, or an older bird may pair with a younger one. In Ocellated Antbirds, father-son courtship-feedings also sometimes occur when a younger male remains within the clan structure." (''Biological Exuberance - 576'')

== Rind's cross-species summary==
[[Bruce Rind]]'s article on ''Pederasty(2013)'' <ref>Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''</ref> contains excellent cross-cultural and cross-species summary tables of intergenerational male homosexuality (the tables are also in the Excerpt Graphic Library below). Here is the exact quotation of the tables on animals, which is partly based on the Bagemihl, B. (1999). ''Biological exuberance''<ref>Bagemihl, B. (1999). Biological exuberance: Animal homosexuality and natural diversity. ''New York: St. Martin’s Press''. available via [[Help:Research_Resources#Information_Freedom_Companions|option 2]]</ref> (see above), but with many important details.

=== Table IV: Homosexual Behavior Between Mature and Immature Males in Primates. ===

==== Great Apes ====

'''Bonobos (Pan paniscus)''': Mature males frequently performed thrusts on much younger males who might actively solicit the mounting (Kano, 1980). Common also is an adult male masturbating an adolescent male lying on his back with legs spread apart. Sex serves to reduce social tension (de Waal, 1997).

'''Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)''': Male homosex varies considerably across and within chimp populations (Bagemihl, 1999). Kollar et al. (1968) described multiple age-gap encounters (e.g., a young juvenile male interrupted copulation of an adolescent male and female, then presented to the older male, who mounted him).

'''Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla)''': In all-male groups, adults are most attracted to adolescents; mounting can be initiated by either (Harcourt, 1979; Yamagiwa, 1987, 2006). Courtship and copulation occur daily (Bagemihl, 1999). Age-gap sex may help group cohesiveness (Harcourt, 1979).

'''Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus)''': Homosex is often consensual (heterosex often not), often occurs within a special friendship (Bagemihl, 1999). Example: An adolescent male that received fellatio from a young adult male became very attached to him, and followed him wherever he went (Rijksen, 1978).

==== Lesser Apes ====

'''White-handed gibbons (Hylobates lar)''': Homosex occurs sometimes in father-son pairs (Bagemihl, 1999). Edwards and Todd (1991) observed fifty-five episodes between father and adolescent son, always without tension or aggression, initiated by both; seemed to provide reassurance to the adolescent.

'''Siamangs (Hylobates syndactylus)''': Father-son sex occurs (like gibbons), but is sometimes accompanied by threats, when the younger partner wants to end it before the older one does (unlike gibbons) (Bagemihl, 1999).

Old World Monkeys

'''Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus)''': Immature males frequently engage in mounting, often with like-aged males, but also with mature males (Sommer et al., 2006). Immature males increase their touching, mounting, and embracing of adult males as they mature (Jay, 1965). Weber (1973) found that male-male age-gap mounting was usually initiated by the immature partner, with apparent function of securing social acceptance (juveniles are no longer protected by mothers and turn to other adults; mounting and other physical contact are mechanisms to achieve social integration).

'''Nilgiri langurs (Presbytis johnii)''': Dominant males (alphas) mount subordinate males (juveniles, adolescents, younger adults) in dominance displays, which the subordinates may initiate by presenting. Mounts are brief, with several thrusts but no penetration, and are part of a communication matrix that maintains troop harmony (Hohmann, 1989; Poirier, 1970).

'''Proboscis monkeys (Nasalis larvatus)''': Homosexual mounting occurs in younger males (adolescents and juveniles); it tends to stem from play wrestling. It is resisted by the younger male in some cases (as females sometimes also do in heterosexual mounting). Its frequency is low, as is heterosexual sex (Bagemihl, 1999; Yeager, 1990).

'''Bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata)''': Males of all ages are frequently involved in a wide variety of homosex. Younger males often masturbate other males to orgasm, sometimes eating the semen. Some do only a little homosex, others a great deal (Bagemihl, 1999).

'''Crab-eating macaques (Macaca fascicularis)''': Males can develop intense sexual friendships, especially between older and younger males (with affection, arousal, mounting). Homosexual mounting is both consensual (54%) and nonconsensual (46%). In the former, the mountee fully cooperates and may initiate the mounting (Bagemihl, 1999).

'''Crested black macaques (Macaca nigra)''': Younger males often mount older ones (Bagemihl, 1999). Dixson (1977) frequently observed the oldest male in one troop presenting to younger males, who invariably responded by mounting him, often with erections. Also, ritualized “greeting” gestures (e.g., penis-grabbing), especially by younger males, are common practice (Bagemihl, 1999).

'''Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata)''': All adult and juvenile males were seen presenting to another male (aggression was rare, <3%) (Hanby & Brown, 1974). Takenoshita (1998) observed free-ranging adult-juvenile consort relationships (adults ejaculated, juveniles erected; they foraged, groomed, and attacked others together).

'''Pig-tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina)''': Age-equal and age-gap male-male mounting (juveniles, adolescents, adults) occurs frequently, is not associated with force (as heterosexual mounting sometimes is), and makes up from 8% to 67% of individual males’ overall mounts (Bagemihl, 1999). Dominants invite subordinates to mount them as an elaborate display of tolerance toward subordinates (Oi, 1990) or mount subordinates as a rank maintenance mechanism (Tokuda et al., 1968).

'''Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)''': Age-gap consort relationships occur, highly affectionate (Bagemihl, 1999). Kempf (1917) observed two juvenile males competing to be mounted by an adult male. Homosex helps juveniles get protection, integrate into group (Carpenter, 1942). Older, younger both show sexual excitement; mature-immature relationships are frequent, seem to have sexual basis (Hamilton, 1914). Redican et al. (1974) observed an immature male taking the sexual initiative with an adult male in an intensive relationship.

'''Stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides)''': Chevalier-Skolnikoff (1976) reported mutual excitement and affection in several intense friendship-based mature-immature sexual relationships. These were “rewarding” to all participants (e.g., protection for younger partner). Homosex seemed to foster greater social cohesion.

'''Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana)''': Ogawa (1995) found that male adult-juvenile homosex occurs on a regular basis; either may initiate oral sex on the juvenile; it is never aggressive; both are excited; context is friendly. It seems to serve to reduce tension.

'''Savanna baboons (Papio cynocephalus)''': All males, from juvenile to adult, greet one another via ritualized sexual behaviors. These behaviors (presenting, mounting, fondling) occur briefly (a few seconds), constitute “greetings,” and appear to serve in part formation of coalitions (Bagemihl, 1999; Smuts & Watanabe, 1990).

'''Hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas)''': Zuckerman (1932) observed a three-year sexual relationship between an adult and immature male. Whenever the immature was threatened, the adult immediately rescued it.

'''Gelada baboons (Theropithecus gelada)''': Bernstein (1975) found that mounting occurs between bachelors and immature males in the all-male group. When a bachelor successfully challenges a harem leader, he switches entirely to heterosex (the deposed leader switches to homosex).

'''Mona monkeys (Cercopithecus mona)''': Glenn, Ramsier, and Benson (2006) found that homosex, with oral sex (often with orgasm), is universal in all-male groups, where males spend most of their lives. It involves all combinations from juveniles to adults; aggression is extremely rare. It seems to function to help younger males’ immigration and social skills, as well as the groups’ social cohesion.

'''Patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas)''': Adolescent or younger males often fondle and nuzzle the genitals and scrotum of adult males (Bagemihl, 1999).

==== New World Monkeys ====

'''Squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus)''': Denniston (1980) frequently observed male homosexual behavior, the commonest form being between adults and adolescents. Baldwin (1969) frequently observed sexual mounting and sometimes consortships between older adolescents and much younger juveniles (of both sexes); older adolescents, unlike younger adolescents, were gentle with their younger partners, who consequently allowed the interactions to take place (by contrast, they tended to resist the much rougher initiatives from younger adolescents).

==== Prosimians ====

'''Verreaux’s sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi)''': Homosexual behavior is rare in prosimians. In this lemur species, adult males sometimes mount younger adults or adolescents, who often snap and struggle to wriggle free (Bagemihl, 1999).

=== Table V: Homosexual Behavior Between Mature and Immature Males in Subprimate Mammals ===
All descriptions based on Bagemihl (1999) unless primary sources are indicated.

==== Marine Mammals ====

===== Dolphins and whales =====

'''Boto or Amazon River dolphin (Inia geoffrensis)''': Males participate in a wide variety of homosexual behavior, including various kinds of intercourse. When there is an age difference typically the older penetrates the younger. Pairs interacting sexually display a great deal of mutual affection, which Bagemihl (1999, p. 341) illustrates in a photo, in which an adult and immature partner are touching while swimming side by side.

'''Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)''': Homosexual behavior largely exceeds heterosexual behavior. Adolescents and younger males typically live in all-male groups, where homosexual behavior is common and exclusive. Only as full adults do they attempt to father calves via heterosexual contact. Younger adolescents form homosexual pair-bonds with like-age males, which often last throughout life. When there is an age difference in homosexual sex, either party may penetrate the other—adolescents have been observed penetrating adults (Bagemihl, 1999). McBride and Hebb (1948) observed adult males repeatedly interacting sexually with younger males and described an intense, affectionate bond in one pair. In an extensive ten-year field study, young immature males were found to be the most sexual (most often with male peers, but also with all other age-sex classes); most of adult males’ sexual interactions were with immature males (Mann, 2006).

'''Orca or killer whales (Orcinus orca)''': Orcas are the largest in the dolphin family. Homosexual behavior is integral to male social life. During salmon feasting, males of all ages spend afternoons courting, being affectionate, and engaging in overt homosexual behaviors, with 90% being reciprocated. Sessions last an hour on average. Most involve adolescents and an age difference of at least five years. At least half of all males get involved.

'''Sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus)''': 3–5% of males may be homosexually bonded, with couples consisting of two adults or an older and younger male. Sexual interactions leading to orgasm can take place in groups of primarily younger males.

'''Bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus)''': Intensive male homosexual sessions lasting up to forty minutes occur, involving mainly groups of adolescents and young adults.

===== Seals and Manatees =====

'''Gray seals (Halichoerus grypus)''': Male homosexual behavior is common; males of all ages mount each other on shore after molting.

'''Harbor seals (Phoca vitulina)''': Male homosexual behavior is common, involving males of all ages, but mainly adolescents and adults.

'''Northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris)''': Adolescent and young adult males do same-sex mounting during the molting season. Adult males sometimes mount younger adolescent or juvenile males, but the younger males usually struggle to escape.

'''Australian sea lions (Neophoca cinerea) & New Zealand sea lions (Phocarctos hookeri)''': Male homosexual mounting is common. All ages may be involved, but usually a younger partner mounts an older one. As mating is polygynous, many males never mate heterosexually.

'''West Indian manatees (Trichechus manatus)''': Males can form bachelor herds. Males of all ages intensively interact homosexually, involving embracing, kissing, mouthing, caressing, genital rubbing, and frequent ejaculation.

'''Walruses (Odobenus rosmarus)''': Males are segregated during the nonbreeding summer months. Here, homosexual courtship, affection, and sex are common. Typically, a younger male will display to an older one, and each may mount the other. Groups of younger males may crowd an adult male, making body contact. An adult may sing a courtship song to a group of younger males or a specific younger male companion that accompanies him. Younger and older males also pursue each other during the breeding season. Homosexual behavior is very common if not universal among male Walruses, even during the breeding season, where up to a third of mounting is between younger males or between an adult and a younger male.

==== Hoofed Mammals ====

===== Deer and Moose =====

'''White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)''': Males are sex-segregated most of year. Mounting sometimes occurs between two adults, two yearlings, or an older-younger pair, where the younger mounts the older one (Bagemihl, 1999). Most commonly, it is young males that mount others. Mounting is not based on dominance; no specific function is apparent. Mountees generally do not oppose being mounted if age-discrepant, but do so more if two immature males are involved (Bartós & Holeckova, 2006).

'''Wapiti (Cervus elaphus)''': They are sex-segregated most of year. Mounting occasionally occurs between two adult or adult-yearling males. Male pairs may form companionships, either older-younger or age-equal.

'''Père David’s deer (Elaphurus davidianus)''': Males sometimes mount each other, with the younger mounting the older one.

'''Moose (Alces alces)''': They are often solitary. Yearling males sometimes mount adult males. Sometimes adult males associate with younger male companions called satellites.

===== Antelopes and Gazelles =====

'''Pronghorns (Antilocapra americana)''': Some males get territories and breed. The rest live in bachelor herds, where homosexual mounting occurs to a moderate degree. Males of all ages participate, but adult males usually direct their attentions to adolescents. Mounting is preceded by courting. Most males (70%) never breed.

'''Blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra)''': Males with territories mate with females. The rest live in bachelor herds, where most engage in mounting. This follows friendly sparring. Adult males often perform courtship displays to adolescent males before mounting them. Blackbuck males are predominantly homosexual, leaving the group only once or twice in their lives attempting to breed.

'''Grant’s gazelles (Gazella granti)''': They live in mixed or all-male groups. Homosexual behavior is rare. Adult males usually attack other males trying to mount them.

===== Wild Sheep, Goats, Buffalo =====

'''Bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) & Thinhorn sheep (Ovis dalli)''': Males live in homosexual societies in sex-segregated bands. Only during the rutting season do they meet females. Older males court younger, smaller males and mount them. The mountee facilitates by assuming lordosis. Interactions are non-aggressive; the younger male is usually willing. So pervasive is this, that females will mimic younger males to attract older males. Geist (1975) views older-younger male homosex as an adaptation, allowing the younger males to live in the group.

'''Musk-oxen (Ovibos moschatus)''': They are in mixed or all-male groups. Adult males court and mount adolescent and juvenile males. Younger males do the same with each other. Mountees sometimes resist (as females do), but sometimes assent. About 40% of courting and 10% of mounting are homosexual.

'''Mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus)''': They are often sex-segregated. Adult males court younger males, using the species-typical approach used in courting females. Typically, the yearling male reacts aggressively. Almost one-fifth of courtships during the breeding season occur between adult and yearling males.

'''American bison males (Bison bison)''': Male bison spend most of their time alone or in bachelor herds. In these herds, homosexual mounting, including full penetration, is prevalent, especially among younger males (i.e., adolescents), and exceeds heterosexual mounting in frequency. The mounted animal often facilitates the mounting. Younger males also sometimes form tending bonds with other males, involving following, defending, and mounting or being mounted by their partners (Bagemihl, 1999). Homosexual behavior is not based on dominance, but may serve a bonding function (Vervaecke & Rodin, 2006).

===== Other Hoofed Mammals =====

'''Giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis)''': They are often in all-male groups. Sparring between males is almost always gentle, begins as calves and juveniles, and is most common among adolescents. Participants are often of different sizes, with the smaller, younger one usually initiating. Mounting sometimes accompanies sparring, and mostly involves older adolescents mounting younger ones. These behaviors are not associated with dominance. Homosexual behavior occurs mainly among the young (Pratt & Anderson, 1985).

'''African elephants (Loxodonta africana) & Asiatic elephants (Elephas maximus)''': African and Asiatic male elephants often form all-male herds. Breeding males associate only temporarily with females. Male homosexual mounting occurs regularly, especially among younger males. In African elephants, homosexual mounting may be preceded by extensive affectionate interaction, and both adult and younger males participate. Males also form long-lasting bonds called companionships, mainly between older and younger “attendants”—heterosexual couples do not form long-lasting bonds. The attendant male and adult male often help each other in various ways, and they are constant companions. Sometimes an older male will have two attendant males. In Asiatic male elephants, almost a fifth have a male companion.

==== Other Mammals ====

'''Dwarf cavies (Microcavia australis)''': Dwarf cavies are small rodents that live in colonies of twenty to fifty individuals. Adult males are sexually attracted to juveniles of both sexes. A typical homosexual encounter begins with an adult male and juvenile male sitting together quietly, often in front of the juvenile’s mother, who is not visibly bothered. The two males then engage in affectionate contact, which eventually escalates to sexual behavior. Adult males often have favorite younger males, and will actively seek them out while ignoring other juvenile males. More than half of adult male-juvenile sexual interactions are same-sex. Most males are homosexually involved. Occasionally, an adult male will have an adolescent male companion, who feeds with him and is physically affectionate with him. The adult may allow the adolescent to mount a female he is courting. Adult males in two other species, mocó or rock cavies (Kerodon rupestris) and préa (Galea spixii), sometimes also court juvenile males.

'''Feral cats (Felis catus)''': In an extensive field study, a quarter of males did homosexual mounting, but only occasionally. It always occurred in the presence of estrus females. Mounters were adults, and mountees were adolescents, smaller in size, comparable to adult female size. Mounters bit the backs of mountees’ necks, as they do when mounting females. Older-younger male homosexual mounting appears to be an outlet for heterosexual mountings that were recently frustrated (Yamane, 2006).

=== Table VI: Homosexual Behavior Between Mature and Immature Males in Birds ===
All descriptions based on Bagemihl (1999)
==== Aquatic and shore birds ====

'''Canada geese (Branta canadensis)''': 18 % of adult males form homosexual bonds with partners, who may be other adults or juveniles.

'''Ruffs (Philomachus pugnax)''': About half of males are involved predominantly in same-sex sex. Certain adult males acquire a territory called a lek, where they display to potential sex partners, male as well as female. Male visitors may be those without leks or younger males, who have not yet developed adult plumage. The younger males rarely are heterosexually involved, but instead do mounting with each other and with adult lek residents.

==== Perching and song birds ====

'''Guianan cock-of-the-rock (Rupicola rupicola)''': Male homosexual mounting between two adolescents and between an adult and adolescent is routine, accounting for about half of all copulations and involving about 40 % of the total male population and 64 % of the adolescent male population. Certain adult males acquire leks, which females and young males visit to see whether they want to mate. In a typical homosexual encounter, while an adult male is displaying his colorful plumage, an adolescent male will land nearby. The adult keeps his back to the adolescent, showing off his plumage and inviting the adolescent to mount him. The adolescent climbs onto the adult’s back, achieves genital contact, and then mounts several times in succession. Adolescents usually visit the display courts of numerous other adult males and may have relations with up to seven adults in a season, including some adults without leks. Adult males who avoid heterosexual contacts are the ones most often mounted by adolescent males.

'''Swallow-tailed manakins (Chiroxiphia caudata)''': Several adult males will form long-term associations and display together on their leks to attract both females and adolescent males. When a young male arrives, the adult males perform a group courtship ritual, in which they take turns jumping up and hovering in front of him. The young male sits motionless as he watches the spectacle. Same-sex sexual behavior likely makes up a sizable proportion of all sexual activity.

'''Blue-backed manakins (Chiroxiphia pareola)''': Pairs of adult males behave similarly to swallow-tailed manakins, displaying to a third male, which is sometimes an adolescent, performing leapfrogging and cartwheels to impress the other male.

'''Bicolored antbirds (Gymnopithys bicolor)''': Male homosexual pair-bonds make up 4–6% of all pair-bonds; partners may be two adults or an older and younger bird. The bonds are initiated by courtship-feeds, in which one offers the other a spider or an insect. The receiving male, unlike a female, then passes it back. Once paired, they become constant companions.

'''Red bishop birds (Euplectes orix)''': In their nesting territories, adult males court both females and males, the latter being younger males who look like females in terms of their plumage coloring. When a younger male approaches, the adult male performs a distinct bumble-flight and displays his plumage to attract the comer.

'''Orange bishop birds (Euplectes franciscanus)''': In captivity, both adult and younger males attempt to mount young males, who usually reject the attempt or react indifferently at most.

'''Red-shouldered widowbirds (Euplectes axillaris)''': Adult males sometimes court younger males.

'''Black-billed magpies (Pica pica)''': Homosexual behavior involving adult males with adolescent or juvenile males occurs occasionally. A typical courtship begins with one male ritually begging the other, followed by the second hopping around the first. Afterward, the two might form a pair-bond, in which they stay near one another, preen one another, and cooperate in evicting intruders.

'''Gray-breasted jays (Aphelocoma ultramarina)''': Adult males have been observed to courtship-feed younger males.

'''Victoria’s riflebirds (Ptiloris victoriae)''': Adult males sometimes court younger males, using spectacular displays that are also used in heterosexual interactions. Male-male courtships occur frequently, although mounting is rarer and is likely to drive the mountee away.

'''Regent bowerbirds (Sericulus chrysocephalus)''': Males build bowers, tunnels of twigs decorated with a variety of colors (e.g., from berries). Adult males display in their bowers to both females and younger males, sometimes ritually offering gifts to their guests. Juvenile males also build bowers and court males and females. When an adult male arrives, the juvenile male behaves in a ritual manner to attract the adult into the bower. Adult males spend 15% of their time displaying to other males, and juvenile males spend 28% of their time doing the same.

'''Satin bowerbirds (Ptilonorhynchus violaceus)''': Adult males have been observed to court younger males.

'''Superb lyrebirds (Menura novaehollandiae)''': Adult males often court adolescent males upon encountering them alone or in groups. The adult may closely follow the adolescent, even for hours, periodically performing a wing display accompanied by serenading the younger male with a variety of vocalizations. Adults will occasionally mount the adolescents, but genital contact may not occur because the younger male does not facilitate the interaction. Adolescent males also court and mount one another, behavior that is usually mutual. Occasionally an adult and adolescent male will engage in a mutual display to one another. Adult males approach groups of adolescents fairly often during breeding season and twice as often outside of it. They spend more than half their time away from their display mounds associating with adolescent males. Most males are bisexual, courting both females and adolescent males. Adolescent males appear to be exclusively homosexual in their behaviour and often form companionships with like-aged males. Male and female lyrebirds live largely separate lives aside from brief encounters during breeding season.

==== Other birds ====

'''Anna’s hummingbirds (Calypte anna)''': Both females and juvenile males visit an adult male’s territory to feed on his supply of currant and blossoms. If a juvenile male visits, the adult male will perform a dive display several times, in which he climbs 150 feet, dives toward the visitor, and makes loud shrieking sounds. After the display, the visitor will usually fly off, with the adult in pursuit, singing at him. If the adult succeeds in attempting to mount the younger male, the latter usually strongly resists, and the adult may attempt to use force. About 25% of sex in this species is between males.

'''Acorn woodpeckers (Melanerpes formicivorus)''': A ritualized group display occurs involving courtship and sex. At dusk, the members of a group gather and begin mounting one another in all combinations. Males mount females and other males, females mount males and other females, young woodpeckers mount older ones, and older woodpeckers mount younger ones. Reciprocal mounting is common. This mounting display is a regular feature in this species, occurring daily all year around.

==Other sources==
*'''Green, Richard (2002). [https://www.ipce.info/library_2/files/green_asb_2002.html "Is pedophilia a mental disorder?"], ''Archives of Sexual Behavior'', 31 (6), 467-471. Citing: De Waal, F. (1990). "Sociosexual behavior used for tension regulation in all age and sex combinations among Bonobos." In J. Feierman (Ed.), ''[https://library.lol/main/3CA15750CD7EC06C3052B55B5E16C76D Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions]'' (Jay R. Feierman, ed, pp. 379–393). '''
*:"Observations concern a near relative of Man, the bonobo, where these “pigmy chimps” are allowed free access to any other bonobo for sexual contact at the San Diego Zoo. Nonfertile combinations (same-sex or juvenile–adult combinations) were as frequent as potentially fertile, adult male–female combinations. Further, one third of sociosexual contacts by an adult with an infant were initiated by the infant (De Waal, 1990)."
* '''[[Steven Angelides]] (2004) [https://sci-hub.ru/10.1215/10642684-10-2-141 Feminism, Child Sexual Abuse, and the Erasure of Child Sexuality]''' ''GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies'', Volume 10, Number 2, pp. 141-177 ; a copy on [https://web.archive.org/web/20130420133540/http://snifferdogonline.com/reports/Child%20Abuse,%20Sexuality%20and%20Violence/Feminism,%20Child%20Sexual%20Abuse,%20and%20the%20Erasure%20of%20Child%20Sexuality.pdf webarchive]
*:"They were often justified as well by cross-species comparisons, which emphasized the naturalness of adult-child sex in other mammals. In Sex Offenders Paul H. Gebhard et al. claimed that "sexual activity between adult and immature animals is common and appears to be biologically normal." Indeed, it "is precisely what we see in various animals, particularly monkeys." This fact lessened "the horror with which society views the adult who has sexual relations with young children."<sup>21</sup> As Robert S. De Ropp summed up, in a more matter-of-fact articulation of the underlying masculinist assumptions: "The craving of the elderly male for the young female is not necessarily confined to the human species. Old stags are always after little ones and the young does are always willing."<sup>22</sup> [...] 21. Paul H. Gebhard et al., Sex Offenders: An Analysis of Types (New York: Harper and Row, 1965), 54, 276, 54. 22. Robert S. De Ropp, Sex Energy: The Sexual Force in Man and Animals (New York: Delacorte, 1969), 111-12."
*'''deMause, Lloyd (2002). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20120224062853/http://psychohistory.com/htm/eln08_childrearing.html The Emotional Life of Nations]'', chapter 8.'''
*:"Primate mothers are widely reported as copulating with their children; indeed, many cannot learn to reproduce unless they have had sex with adults when they were children. Many immature primates "copulate with their mothers...explore adult genitalia and experience manipulation of their own." Our closest ancestors, the bonobo chimps-termed "the erotic champions" of primates-spend much of their time sucking and masturbating the genitals and "genitogenital rubbing" of both male and female juveniles, "to reduce tensions." Primate children are regularly observed being taught to thrust against their mothers' genitals. This "sexualization of the infant" was likely extended when human infants grew much larger heads, since it meant in order to get through the narrow birth canal before the head grew too large human infants had to be "born fetal," extremely immature and increasingly helpless, so that in early humans "maternal attention was not sufficient to care for more helpless infants..."This in turn meant a selection for those babies who could most satisfy the mother's erotic needs-for instance through the extension of non-hairy, erotic skin areas-for they would be best nursed and cared for as an erotic, tension-reducing object. Likewise, those human mothers were selected who had evolved the largest and most erotic breasts and who had genitals shifted around to the front, where they could rub them against their children."
*'''Rind, B., Bauserman, R. and Tromovitch, P. (2000). ''[http://www.ipce.info/library_2/rbt/science_frame.htm Science versus orthodoxy: Anatomy of the congressional condemnation of a scientific article and reflections on remedies for future ideological attacks]''.'''
*:"Ford and Beach (1951), in their seminal review of cross-cultural and cross-species data, observed that "[a]s long as the adult members of a society permit them to do so, immature males and females engage in practically every type of sexual behavior found in grown men and women" (p, 197) They also observed that juvenile sexual activity in monkeys and apes is "no less natural for the young primate than are the chasing, wrestling, and mock fighting that consume so much of his waking life" (p. 255). Psychologists have all but ignored these perspectives in favor of fitting their descriptions and explanations of juvenile sexuality to current Western values."

*'''Rind, Bruce (2009). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20111122131235/https://www.inter-disciplinary.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/gsbs1rind.pdf Social Response to Age-Gap Sex Involving Minors: Empirical, Historical, Cross-Cultural, and Cross-Species Considerations]." Paper presented at the "Good sex, bad sex: Sex law, crime and ethics" conference in Budapest, Hungary, May 4 to 6, 2009.
*:"If age-gap sex involving non-adults is, by nature, as disturbing as most contemporary authorities believe it is, then should we not see evidence for this elsewhere in nature—for example, in our close primate relatives? Age-gap sex in primates is commonplace but shows no evidence of the trauma many think is so [[intrinsic harm|intrinsic]] to these contacts.
*:Bonobos and chimpanzees are our closest animal relatives. Immature males in these two species are highly sexual, much more than immature females. They behave sexually with other immatures and with adults of both sexes, but prefer mature females, with whom they often attempt to initiate sex. In most cases, they show sexual arousal, with erections. The mature females are quite tolerant of the young males and usually allow them to attempt copulation. When immature male chimps are rebuffed by mature females, they typically whimper and throw tantrums. Researchers have concluded that male chimps in early puberty actually need copulatory practice with older females, else their adult copulating behavior will be inept.
*:In bonobos, when a female reaches adolescence, she transfers into a new group, where she pairs up with one adult female in particular, who acts as her “mentor.” This relationship, which is sexually based and lasts about a year, helps the adolescent female integrate into the new group and eventually be accepted by all the other females.
*:Age-gap homosexual relations among males are also quite common in apes and Old World monkeys. Pederasty in gorillas, for example, is pervasive. In this species, while one male dominates a group of females in a harem, the remaining males form an all-male group for many years at a time, in which courtship and copulation occur on a daily basis between adult and adolescent males. Several researchers directly observing this behavior have concluded that it serves to maintain group cohesiveness. In rhesus macaques, sexual relations between mature and immature males are frequent. They often occur despite the presence of receptive females. Young males tend to welcome these contacts and may even compete for older males’ attentions. The relations can be highly affectionate and appear to be functional for the immature males’ development of sexual and gregarious behaviors. Similarly affectionate age-gap male homosexual relations have been observed in various other species, such as orangutans, Hanuman langurs, and stumptail macaques. Among Tibetan macaques, oral-genital contact between adult and juvenile males occurs on a regular basis. Sometimes the younger partner jumps onto the adult’s face to initiate it; other times the adult begins the contact by turning the juvenile upside down. Both younger and older participants generally seem excited. These behaviors are never aggressive and appear to reduce tension between the them. Similar age-gap relations occur daily and universally in Mona monkeys; the sexual interactions are almost never aggressive and appear to help the younger males integrate into the male group and to maintain group cohesion.
*:When it comes to human age-gap sexual relations, the stereotype is that they are, by nature, aggressive encounters, where the older person imposes his will on an unwilling younger partner, who is traumatized and psychologically ruined. It is striking, then, that we find just the opposite in the primate data, where researchers document that eagerness and even initiative on the part of the younger animal are commonplace,26 and they repeatedly describe positive developmental and social functions that these relations appear to serve—just as historians and anthropologists also have also done with regard to other times and cultures."

*'''Rind, Bruce (2024). "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/383699408_Same-Sex_Sexual_Behavior_Age-Class_and_Coalitions_in_Male_Rhesus_Macaques_Macaca_mulatta Same‑Sex Sexual Behavior, Age‑Class, and Coalitions in Male Rhesus Macaques]". ''Archives of Sexual Behavior''. 1-20. 10.1007/s10508-024-02983-6.
*:"In the present study, relations between same-sex sexual behavior (SSB), age-class, and coalitional behavior in male rhesus macaques were examined in a re-analysis of data ﬁrst analyzed and reported by Clive et al. (2023). [...] Most dyads contained at least one non-adult (76%). Young and prime adult mounters most often selected non-adults to mount. Mounters were often sexually motivated: most for adolescents (72%); equally for juveniles (57%) and adults (56%). Finally, the highest rate of SSB with coalitional context appeared in adolescent–adult dyads involved in multiple repeated mounts. SSB, age-class, special friendships, bonding, and coalitions were linked, as reported in some other primate species and human societies cross-culturally. Employing age-class in male SSB analysis improved description and explanation."

* '''Jaroslava Varella Valentova, Andreone Teles Medrado, and Marco Antonio Correa Varella “Male Bisexuality”. In: Todd K. Shackelford (ed.), 2022, [https://annas-archive.org/md5/2d84ebccbbaafc78b4516ef6b129e5a2 The Cambridge Handbook of Evolutionary Perspectives on Sexual Psychology. Vol 4.] ''Cambridge University Press (Virtual Publishing)''.'''
::"Lilley et al. (2020) and Wrangham (1993) complement by describing that nonconceptual sex between individuals of the same sex among nonhuman primates may have been an exaptation of reproductive behavior, which acquired other diverse functions, such as: establishment of dominance, practice by immatures for a future successful copulation, reduce tensions, and help with reconciliations, in addition to facilitating the formation of alliances and reducing the reproductive success of other individuals."

* '''Zanna Clay, Liza R. Moscovice, and Thibaud Gruber “Bonobo Sexual Behavior and Psychology” In: Todd K. Shackelford (ed.), 2022, [https://annas-archive.org/md5/2d84ebccbbaafc78b4516ef6b129e5a2 The Cambridge Handbook of Evolutionary Perspectives on Sexual Psychology. Vol 4.] ''Cambridge University Press (Virtual Publishing)''.'''
::"As bonobos reach juvenility, their sexual behavior becomes more frequent and elaborated, including both participating as third parties as well as actively engaging in sex themselves (Hashimoto, 1997). Excerpts from Kano’s observations of the Wamba bonobos paint an informative picture: ''adults are generally cooperative in awakening the erotic impulses of these juveniles. A female that has finished copulating and GG rubbing will stop and wait when a male juvenile clings to her behind; the female will grasp the juvenile’s hips and insert his penis. [...] The female does her best to accommodate the partners, one by one, without much ado. [...] Adult males are also enthusiastic about “sex education.” After copulation, they mount and thrust at juveniles, either male or female, that approach and present. Without inserting their penis, the adult males rub against the top of the hips and the thigh. Often, instead of thrusts, an adult male raises one ankle in the air and lightly scratches the side of the juvenile’s chest.'' (Kano, 1992, p. 196)"

*''' Joseph H. Manson "Capuchin Sexual Behavior" In: Todd K. Shackelford (ed.), 2022, [https://annas-archive.org/md5/2d84ebccbbaafc78b4516ef6b129e5a2 The Cambridge Handbook of Evolutionary Perspectives on Sexual Psychology. Vol 4.] ''Cambridge University Press (Virtual Publishing)''.'''
::"Cebus subordinate adult males [(Capuchin monkeys comprise a subfamily, Cebinae)] , compared to alpha males, carry and play with infants more frequently, and they direct these behaviors toward male infants much more than toward female infants (Perry, 2012). Because subordinate males are unlikely to be these infants’ fathers (see below), these relationships are not a form of paternal investment but may function as a means of long-term recruitment of allies for male–male competition (Perry, 2012)."
::"Nonconceptive sexual behavior includes copulations by noncycling (i.e., pregnant or lactating) females, sexual behavior in which one or both partners are juveniles, nonconceptive sexual postures (e.g., females mounting males), and same-sex sexual interactions between adults. All four of these phenomena have been observed in capuchins (Fragaszy et al., 2004). Male-male pseudo-copulations in C. capucinus are particularly noteworthy (Manson et al., 1997). [...] As a conspicuous form of intimate contact, these interactions might function to build or test trust (Smuts & Watanabe, 1990; Zahavi, 1977) or to display social bonds to third parties (Wrangham, 1993)."

* '''Jackson R. Ham et al. (2022) [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0376635722001127 The emergence and early development of socio-sexual behavior in beluga calves (Delphinapterus leucas)], ''Behavioural Processes, Volume 200'', doi: 10.1016/j.beproc.2022.104695'''
::"Highlights: • Juvenile socio-sexual behaviors were more frequent when adult males were present. • The sexual repertoire of immature males, but not females, changes with age. • Immature belugas prefer to interact with older belugas. • Social partner preferences change with age."
::"The emergence of socio-sexual behaviors was relatively consistent among immature animals. [...] The presence of an adult male significantly predicted if immature belugas would initiate and participate in socio-sexual behavior. However, partner preferences changed with age. In the first year of life, belugas engaged in sexual behavior with their mother most frequently but preferred to play with older males if given a choice. By the third year of life, belugas engaged in socio-sexual behavior most frequently with other immature animals."

*'''Sommer, V., & Vasey, P. L. (Eds.). (2006). [https://books.google.com/books/about/Homosexual_Behaviour_in_Animals.html?id=KXM3F59y1jkC Homosexual behaviour in animals: An evolutionary perspective]. ''Cambridge University Press.''''' (no e-book, only preview on google books is available)

:: “[An] adolescent [gibbon] was observed soliciting sexual contact with the adult male in his family group. As Edwards and Todd (1991) suggest, the youth may have needed ‘reassurance’ that he was still welcome in the family.” (''see'' Edwards, A.-M. A. R., and Todd, J. D. (1991). Homosexual behavior in wild white-handed gibbons (Hylobates lar). Primates 32: 231–236. DOI: 10.1007/BF02381180)

::“Genital stimulation occurs in context of play in all of the African great apes (Tutin, 1979; Tutin and McGinnis, 1981; Harcourt et al., 1981; Nadler, 1986; Enomoto, 1990; Kano, 1992; Hashimoto, 1997). Frequent genital stimulation behaviour may be a common feature of the African great apes in the early stage of development. During the first year of life, male infant chimpanzees show an interest in the sexual swellings of adult females, and successfully achieve intromission before reaching two years old (Tutin and McGinnis, 1981). Male infant bonobos begin to show sexual behaviour at less than one year of age and have been observed trying to copulate with their mothers (Kano, 1992). Immature gorillas started to show genital stimulation behaviour during the period of infancy (Nadler, 1986; this study).”

:: “Homosexual activity, particularly during immature play, could facilitate social and motor development. Indeed, among macaques, adequate opportunity to engage in mounting when young is necessary for competent performance of heterosexual copulation in adulthood, and the actual sex of mounting partners is irrelevant (Goy and Wallen, 1979).

::Immature langurs, as young as three months, frequently engage in mounting, with both immature and mature partners of either sex. The combination juvenile female–juvenile female and juvenile male–juvenile male is the most frequent (Srivastava et al., 1991).”

::gorillas:
::“[...] even adult male gorillas occasionally exhibit interest in genital stimulation with immatures, and solicit them in the absence of females. Since the genital stimulation behaviour of gorillas has no socio-sexual functions, adult males show such behaviour in a purely sexual context. Frequent courtship and chest-beating displays by the two silverbacks around the young partners and intensive fights between them observed in the all-male group show that homosexual behaviour did not have tension-reduction role but, instead, resulted in increased competition between silverbacks over same-sex partners.

::It is likely that the homosexual behaviour of immature gorillas is a developmental by-product, which may increase the potential of adult males to engage in homosexual behaviour in the context of skewed sex ratios. [...] The formation of all-male groups and homosexual behaviour may possibly contribute to the survival of younger males for future reproduction."

::“…silverbacks may erupt if same-sex partners do not target a single silverback with solicitations to mount them. In such instances, silverbacks may be uncertain as to who has priority of access to a particular same-sex partner. This appeared to be the case for Pt and Ht, both sub-adults, who did not solicit either silverback. The silverbacks subsequently engaged in severe competition for access to these sub-adult male sexual partners. In contrast, when Ts, another sub-adult, and Si, a blackback, showed solicitation to one of the silverbacks, competition for these sexual partners did not erupt. Neither silverback showed intensive courtship to another silverback’s partner. There appeared to be a kind of respect for ‘ownership’ of other’s same-sex partners, as observed in heterosexual copulation (Harcourt, 1978, 1981; Watts, 1996). These observations suggest that homosexual interactions involving silverbacks may be purely sexual in character, because they parallel heterosexual interactions."

::"Another difference in homosexual interactions between silverbacks and immatures was the fixed role in mounting for the former. The two silverbacks always mounted the younger individuals, while both blackbacks and sub-adults took the roles of both mounter and mountee."

:: ''note'': Silverback: a fully mature adult male gorilla often dominant in the group. Blackback: a younger, not yet fully mature male gorilla; typically an adolescent or young adult stage.)

*'''Bixler, R. H. (1992). "Do we/should we behave like animals?" In: W. T. O’Donohue & J. H. Geer (Eds.), The sexual abuse of children: Volume I—Theory and research (pp. 81–107). ''Routledge''. doi: 10.4324/9781315799698-7'''
::drosophila
::"Adult males of many drosophila species court the immature and essentially in the same manner in which they court females (McRobert & Tompkins, 1983). Young males, as well as immature females, excite their adult counterparts with both visual and pheromonal stimuli (Gailey, Hall, & Siegel, 1985; Gailey, Jackson, & Siegel, 1985; Siegel, Hall, Gailey, & Kyriacou, 1984; Tompkins, 1984; Zawistowski & Richmond, 1985). Within hours after they have emerged from their pupal cases (eclosed) males begin to lose their homosexual appeal because they start to synthesize a courtship-inhibiting pheromone. Their attractiveness to adult males declines sharply, but does not evaporate entirely, as the courtship-stimulating pheromone that misled adult males is produced in steadily diminishing quantities. [...] Finally, the courted immature males when placed later with mature females mate significantly faster (p 0.001) than do inexperienced males (McRobert & Tompkins, 1988). [...] The same males that court immature conspecifics also court and copulate with mature females. [...] it is likely that it has committed a recognition error (Aiken, 1981; Colgan, 1983; Tompkins, 1989). However, the immature male clearly benefited from its being mistaken for a female and courted."

::rats
::"Moore and Morelli (1979) found that rat mothers spend more time licking the anogenital region of male pups than that of their sisters. The role of genital stimulation in developing efficient excretory habits is well established; perhaps the differential treatment of the sexes is explicable solely by the greater complexity of male excretory morphology. It is also possible that this difference in treatment affects the eventual sexual behavior of the male or even of its mother."

::mammals in general
::"There also is a common pattern of adult-young sex “play” among mammals in normal settings, much of which is initiated by the immature males and some by females (Byers, 1984; Geist, 1971; Grubb, 1974; Hoffman, 1985; Lent, 1979; Schaller & Mirza, 1974; de Waal, 1990; also see Klemm, Sherry, Schake, & Sis, 1983/1984; Tennessen, Price, & Berg, 1985, for homosexual abuse of young by peers and Lott, 1983/1984, for evidence that homosexual mounting and anal penetration occurs in the wild). Parallels to this mammalian pattern are not found in species that do not play, such as ectotherms, most birds, and some mammals (Smith, Pt. 1, 1984; Wilson, 1975)."

::primates in general
::"Immature primates are confronted by and, even more frequently, seek participation in sexual behavior with adults. The young watch adults or harass them when they copulate and do so with obvious interest (Colvin, 1985; Goodall, 1986; Hrdy, 1977; Thierry, 1986; Tutin, 1979; de Waal, 1982). They explore adult genitalia and experience manipulation of their own (Chevalier-Skolnikoff, 1976; Estrada, Estrada, & Ervin, 1977; Goodall, 1968; Nadler, 1985; Schaller, 1963; Thierry, 1986; de Waal, 1982, 1990); they court and are courted (Cheney, 1978; Hayaki, 1985; Hrdy, 1977; Kummer, 1968). Immature males mount and may copulate with their mothers (Bixler, 1981b; Harlow, Joslyn, Senko, & Dopp, 1966; Missakian, 1973; Sugiyama & Koman, 1979); with other mature females (Cheney, 1978; Chevalier-Skolnikoff, 1976; Colvin, 1985; Estrada, Estrada, & Ervin, 1977; Fossey, 1979; Goodall, 1968, 1986; Harcourt, Fossey, Stewart, & Watts, 1980; Hayaki, 1985; Kummer, 1968; Kummer & Kurt, 1963; Sugiyama & Koman, 1979; Takasaki, 1985; Tardif, 1983; Thierry, 1986), and adult males (Chevalier-Skolnikoff, 1974, 1976; Dunbar, 1984). Immature females are less likely to be involved in copulatory-like behavior with adults but it is by no means rare (Abegglen, 1986; Chevalier-Skolnikoff, 1976; Dunbar, 1984; Kummer & Kurt, 1963; Nadler, 1985; Tardif, 1983; de Waal, 1990)."

==Excerpt Graphic Library==

The EGL on '''Broader Perspectives''' has some relevant information. Just right click/save and reproduce by uploading in short-form media to bypass character limits.

{{Template:EGLBP}}

==External links==

*[https://www.greek-love.com/index.php/general-history/pederasty-amongst-primates/pederasty-japanese-macaques-minoo-leca-gunst-vasey-2014 Male Homosexual Behavior in a Free-Ranging All-Male Group of Japanese Macaques at Minoo, Japan] - Jean-Baptiste Leca et al.
*[https://www.greek-love.com/index.php/general-history/pederasty-amongst-primates/pederasty-mountain-gorillas-yamagiwa Intra- and inter-group interactions of an all-male group of virunga mountain gorillas] - Juichi Yamagiwa.

==References==

[[Category:Official Encyclopedia]][[Category:Research: Broader Perspectives]]

Research: Intergenerational Sexual Behaviors in Animals

2026-07-29T12:37:53Z

Thorn: /* Rind's cross-species summary */

{{research}}<div style="margin-right: 25px; float: left;">__TOC__</div>
Intergenerational sexual activity has been documented in numerous species, particularly closely related primates. Bonobos are one example - see, nature documentaries and home movies: [https://av.tib.eu/media/22174 (1)], [https://fstube.net/w/jhRL37NdsWTscpPr5dkTsS (Backup)]

While this should not be interpreted as an instruction on how humans should behave, it does cast doubt on the biological necessity of arbitrary, morality-based prohibitions against age-discrepant behavior.

==Biological Exuberance==

The following are excerpted from ''[https://libgen.vg/edition.php?id=136630482 Biological Exuberance - Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity]'' by Bruce Bagemihl (2000).

===Heterosexual===

*'''Bonobo''': "Both adult males and females interact sexually with adolescents and juveniles (three-to-nine-year-olds). In fact, young females go through a five-to-six-year period sometimes referred to as ADOLESCENT STERILITY (although no pathology is involved) during which they actively participate in heterosexual mating (often with adults) but never get pregnant. Sexual behavior between adults and infants of both sexes is common - about a third of the time it is initiated by the infant and may involve genital rubbing and full copulatory postures (including penetration of an adult female by a male infant). (''Biological Exuberance - 274'')

*'''Chimpanzee''': Although incestuous matings between adults are not common, mothers engage in sexual activity with their infant son fairly often. Young females typically experience a one-to-three-year period of ADOLESCENT STERILITY after their first menstruation, during which time they mate heterosexually without conceiving. (''Biological Exuberance - 278'')

*'''Gorilla''': "Both males and females also engage in masturbation, and younger animals frequently participate in nonpenetrative sexual activity. Mountings of the latter type are usually incestuous, involving siblings, half siblings, or (more rarely) parents and their offspring (or their siblings' offspring)." (''Biological Exuberance - 283'')

*'''Orangutan''': "Mothers frequently engage in incestuous contact with their infants, manually or orally stimulation the penis or clitoris (or being stimulated by the infant), and may even mount the infants." (''Biological Exuberance - 287'')

*'''Gibbons (White-handed gibbon and Siamang)''': "In one case, a Siamang father was observed fondling his adolescent daughter's vulva with his fingers while her younger brother licked her clitoris. Mothers may invite their juvenile sons - as young as four to five years - to lick and groom their genitals (usually with no hostile reaction from the father)." (''Biological Exuberance - 291'')

*'''Langur and Nilgiri Langur (Presbytis entellus and Presbytis johnii)''': "Females also occasionally mount males, while adult-juvenile heterosexual interactions also occur." (''Biological Exuberance - 296'')

*'''Japanese Macaque''': "Females in some troops frequently form consortships with sexually immature (preadolescent) males;..." [...] "In some troops, a unique form of "baby-sitting" has developed. Although males in this species do not typically participate in parenting, high-ranking males in some populations take care of infants that are not their own for short periods. They groom, carry, embrace, and protect the infants, usually with the consent of their mothers. [...] ,a few male caretakers interact sexually with infants (usually females), masturbating themselves while carrying them or even thrusting against them. (''Biological Exuberance - 305'')

*'''Rhesus Macaque''': "In some cases, though, "aunts" engage in aggressive or sexual interactions with the infants as well and may even try to "kidnap" another female's baby." (''Biological Exuberance - 310'')

*'''Crested-Black Macaque (Macaca Nigra)''': "Infant and very young male Crested Blacks often mount adult females, performing pelvic thrusts and even achieving penetration. " (''Biological Exuberance - 322'')

*'''Savanna Baboon, Hamadryas Baboon:''' "Sexual activity in Baboons also sometimes includes copulation with partners that are not optimal for breeding: adult male Savanna Baboons and adult female Hamadryas Baboons may mate with juvenile animals, incestous matings are common in inbred troops [...]" (''Biological Exuberance - 327'')

*'''Tamarin and Marmosets''': "Both male and female Lion Tamarins (Leontophitecus rosalia) sometimes mount their own offspring of both sexes, including adolescent and younger individuals. Approximately 1 percent of mounting activity in Common Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) occurs among adolescent and younger males." (''Biological Exuberance - 334'')

*'''Dolphin''': "Young dolphins are sexually precocious, and incestuous copulation have been observed between males a few months and their mothers." (p. 346) [...] "In captivity, "baby-sitting" males have been observed harassing mothers, trying to "kidnap" their calves, and even behaving sexually towards the infants "including trying to mate with them). (''Biological Exuberance - 347'')

*'''Orca''': "[...] while heterosexual interactions also occur between adults and adolescents (of both sexes) and youngsters (juveniles as well as calves)." (''Biological Exuberance - 351'')

*'''Northern Elephant Seal (Mirounga angustirostris)''': "As noted above, some male Northern Elephant Seals routinely try to copulate with weaned pups - about half of all pups are subjected to such forced mating or rape attempts, which they usually violently resist. In some cases the pups are severely injured by the bulls, with deep gashes and punctures from neck bites. Aggressive sexual behavior by bulls is the leading cause of mortality among pups on the breeding grounds, accounting for the deaths of about 1 in 200 pups each year." (''Biological Exuberance - 363'')

*'''Northen Fur Seal (Callorhinus Ursinus)''': "[...] male Northern Fur Seals have also been known to attempt forcible copulations with pups of their own species." (''Biological Exuberance - 369'')

*'''White-tailed Dear (Odocoileus virginianus) and Mule or Black-Tailed Deer''': "Incestuous activity - including fawns mounting their mothers - also occurs in these species." (''Biological Exuberance - 381'')

*'''Wapiti, Elk, or Red Deer and Barasingha (Cervus elaphus) or Swamp Deer (Cervus duvauceli)''': "Sexual behavior by calves - including adult-calf interactions - also occurs in these species. Wapiti/Red Deer calves sometimes mount adults (including their mothers, in Red Deer), while female Red Deer occasionally mount calves." (''Biological Exuberance - 385'')

*'''Caribou or Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) and Moose (Alces Alces)''': "Males of booth species sometimes try to mount calves [...]" (''Biological Exuberance - 389'')

*'''Giraffe''': "Giraffes engage in a few forms of nonprocreative heterosexual activity as well: younger females in heat occasionally mount male calves, while calves sometimes mount their mothers." (''Biological Exuberance - 393'')

*'''Blackbuck (Gazelle, Antilope cervicapra)''': "Female Blackbucks sometimes engage in nonreproductive mounts of fawns or young animals." (''Biological Exuberance - 404'')

*'''Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis), Thinhorn or Dall's Sheep (Ovis dalli) and Asiatic Mouflon or Urial (Ovis orientalis)''': "Rams also sometimes mount lambs [...]" (''Biological Exuberance - 408'')

*'''Musk-Ox and Mountain Goat''': "Even during breeding years, some heterosexual courtship activity in both Muskoxen and Mountain Goats may be directed by males toward nonprocreating individuals such as yearlings and calves. [...] Females in this species have been observed mounting adult males and courting, mounting, or being mounted by their own yearlings or kids." (''Biological Exuberance - 412'')

*'''Plains Zebra (Equus quagga) and Takhi or Przewalski's horse (Equus przewalskii)''': "In addition, male Plains Zebras often try to mate with unrelated juvenile females that are not yet sexually mature. In fact, stallions - alone or in groups of up to 18 at a time - may "abduct" adolescent females by separating and chasing them from their family groups, after which they will try to copulate with the young mares. Interestingly, the female shows the behavioral signs of being "in heat" before she reaches the age when she can actually conceive; usually an "abducted" mare returns to her family group after her period of "heat" is finished. [...] Although Takhi males are not as involved in parenting as mares, a stallion may act as a "surrogate mother" to his own foal if it has lost its mother, even allowing the foal to "suckle" on his penis sheath." (''Biological Exuberance - 420'')

*'''Llama''': "Adult males occasionally copulate with yearling females, who are probably not old enough to breed." (''Biological Exuberance - 426'')

*'''Elephant (Afrikanska and Asiatiska)''': "In addition, males sometimes try to mount juvenile animals, who squeal in protest until a female intervenes." (''Biological Exuberance - 430'')

*'''Laughing Hyena''': "Some males, unable to copulate, engage in a form of "masturbation" in which they thrust their penis in the air and spontaneously ejaculate; others have been seen mounting cubs." (''Biological Exuberance - 447'')

*'''Rufous Bettong or Rat Kangaroo (Aepyprymnus rufescens)''': "For example, adult males generally make more sexual approaches to juvenile females than to sexually adult females." (''Biological Exuberance - 454'')

*'''Fat-Tailed Dunnart (Sminthopsis Crassicadudata)''': "Adult male Fat-Tailed Dunnarts sometimes display sexual interest in juvenile females, and incestuous matings have also been recorded." (''Biological Exuberance - 459'')

*'''Red Squirrel (Tamaiasciuris hudsonicus) and Gray Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis)''': "Juveniles, of both species often participate in mounting or sexual chases, for example, including incestuous activity between siblings or mothers being mounted by their offspring." (''Biological Exuberance - 463'')

*'''Hoary Marmot (Marmot caligata)''': "Sexual activity also occurs among juveniles, including mounting of adults." (''Biological Exuberance - 466'')

*'''Dwarf Cavy (Microcavia australis), Cui (Galea musteloides) and Aperea (Cavia aperea)''': "As mentioned above, sexual behavior between adults and juveniles is widespread in these species. About a quarter of all courtship and sexual interactions in Dwarf Cavies involve adult males and juveniles, while adult male Cuis also chin-rump follow juvenile females as young as two weeks old. In addition, juvenile Cuis of both sexes sometimes mount both adult males and females, including their own mothers. [...] Adult males in two other species of Cavies, the Mocó or Rock Cavy (Kerodon Rupestris) and the Préa (Galea Spixii), also sometimes court juvenile males, and youngsters mount adults of both sexes as well." (''Biological Exuberance - 469'')

*'''European Shag (Phalacrocorax Aristotelis)''': "In a few cases, adult male Shags have been observed mating with their own chicks [...]" (''Biological Exuberance - 507'')

*'''Tasmanian Native Hen (tribonyx mortierii)''': "[...] about 10 percent of copulation involve parents mounting their own offspring, including young chicks." (''Biological Exuberance - 521'')

*'''Ring-Billed Gull (Larus delawarensis) and Common or Mew Gull (Larus canus)''': "[...] and about 5 percent of adults court and mount chicks. Most of this activity involves females behaving incestuously with their own offspring, including full copulatory REVERSE MOUNTS of young birds. Mounted chicks may be as young as two weeks old, and they usually collapse under the weight of the adult mounting them and cry out in distress. Some individuals appear to be "habitual molesters" in that they repeatedly interact sexually with chicks, including their own." (''Biological Exuberance - 547'')

*'''Herring Gull (Larus Arentatus)''': "Several forms of heterosexual family abuse and adult-juvenile violence have also been documented in Herring Gulls. Males sometimes incestuously mount their own chicks and have even been seen breaking and eating their own eggs." (''Biological Exuberance - 555'')

*'''Black-Headed Gull (Larus Ridibundus)''': "In addition, males occasionally try to mate with chicks (including their own), who may be only a few days old; juveniles also mount each other)." (''Biological Exuberance - 559'')

===Homosexual===
*"And in the majority of cases, male and female homosexualities present their own unique blends of behaviors and characteristics that defy any simplistic categorization - such as Bonobos, where sexual penetration occurs in female rather than male same-sex activity, where sexual interactions between adults and adolescents are a prominent feature of female interactions, and where males do not form strongly bonded relationships with each other the way females do, but engage in less homosexual activity overall and more affectionate activity such as openmouthed kissing." (''Biological Exuberance - 30'')

*'''Bonobo''': "GG-rubbing occurs among females of all ages, from adolescent to very old, but if an older and a younger female are interacting, often the younger female will be on top. (p. 271) [...] In addition, when new females (usually adolescents) join a troop, they often pair up with an older female with whom they have most of their sexual and affectionate interactions. These bond need not be exclusive - either party may have sex with other females or males - but such mentorlike pairings can last for a year or more until the newcomer is fully integrated into the troop. [...] Manual stimulation of the genitals by a partner also occurs: typically an adolescent male spreads his legs and presents his erect penis to an adult male, who takes the shaft in his hand and caresses it with up-and-down movements." (''Biological Exuberance - 273'')

*'''Gorilla''': "There is often intense competition among the males for "preferred" partners - often the younger males - and older, higher ranking males frequently "guard" their favorite males and fight to protect them from the advances of other males." (''Biological Exuberance - 281'')

*'''White-Handed Gibbon (Hylobates lar) and Siamang (Hylobates syndactylus)''': "Within their nuclear family groups, male Gibbons sometimes engage in homosexual activities with each other. This incestuous activity often takes place between adolescent or younger male and his father (or stepfather, if his parents have divorced and re-paired); in Siamangs it may also occur between brothers." (''Biological Exuberance - 289'')

*'''Hanuman Langur (Presbytis entellus) and Nilgiri Langur (Presbytis Langur)''': "All females participate freely in homosexual mounting, including lactating, pregnant, menstruating, ovulating, and nonovulating females. This behavior is especially common among mothers, who have developed a special "baby-sitting" system: they transfer their young to other individuals in the troop (usually other females but sometimes males) for a short time (a similar pattern is found in Nilgiri Langurs). This allows them to engage in homosexual (and other) activites. Most mounting between females occurs among adults, through some involves adults with juveniles (up to four years old), usually with the younger female mounting the older one. Altough most homosexual participants are unrelated, some mountings are incestous, mostly between half sisters (about 27 percent of all lesbian mounts) and more rarely, between mother and daughter (about 1 percent of mounts); heterosexual matings are virtually never incestuous." (''Biological Exuberance - 294-295'')

*'''Japanese Macaque (Macaca fuscata)''': "Homosexual pairings occur among females of all ages, from adolescents to the very old, and sometimes an adult female will pair with a pubescent female. Interestingly, an incest taboo is in effect for homosexual but not heterosexual courtships: females never choose close relatives (mothers, sisters, daughters, granddaugthers, first cousins) as partners, whereas brother-sister and mother-son consorts do occasionally occur. Aunts and nieces, however, do not generally recognize each other as kin in this species, and so they sometimes consort together." (''Biological Exuberance - 303'')

*'''Crab-Eating Macaque (Macata fascicularis)''': "Males can also develop intense sexual relationships with one another, especially between older and younger males. In one such pair observed in captivity, affectionate embraces frequently led to sexual arousal and homosexual mounting, often accompanied by excited lip-smacking or crooning sounds; the male being mounted sometimes even turned his head to kiss his partner during a mount." (''Biological Exuberance - 317'')

*'''Pig Tailed Macaque (Macaca nemestrina)''': "Some same-sex mountings is incestuous, e.g., between mother and daughter or siblings of either sex." (''Biological Exuberance - 321'')

*'''Crested Black Macaque (Macaca nigra)''': "Younger males often mount older ones in this species." (''Biological Exuberance - 321'')

*'''"Baboon" (other species)''': "Among the Patas Monkeys (Erythrocebus patas), adolescent and younger males often fondle and nuzzles the scrotum and genitals of adult males." (''Biological Exuberance - 328'')

*'''(Common) Squirrel Monkey (Saimiri sciureus)''': "Homosexual mounting sometimes occurs between male Squirrel Monkeys, especially younger individuals or between an older and younger (adult) partner; adult males also perform the genital display to each other." (''Biological Exuberance - 332'')

*'''Lion Tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia) and White-fronted Capuchin Monkeys (Cebus Albifrons)''': "Both male and female Lion Tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia) sometimes mount their own offspring of both sexes, including adolescents and younger individuals. Approximately 1 percent of mounting activity in Common Mamosets (Callithrix Jacchus) occurs among adolescent and younger males (brother living in the same family group). In White-fronted Capuchin Monkeys (Cebus Albifrons), young males occasionally suck and fondle the scrotum of older males, while homosexual activity among females (including mounting) also occurs in Brown Capuchins (C. apella) and Weeper Capuchins (C. olivaceous)." (''Biological Exuberance - 334'')

*'''Verreaux's Sifaka (Propithecus Verreauxi)''': "Male Verreaux's Sifakas sometimes mount other males during the mating season. The mounted animal - usually a younger adult or adolescent male - often snaps at the mounter and tries to wriggle free (as do females trying to escape from unwelcome heterosexual advances)." (''Biological Exuberance - 336'')

*'''Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) and Spinner Dolphin (Stenella lingirostris)''': "If there is an age difference between male partners, either may penetrate the other, and Bottlenose adolescents have even been observed penetrating much older males." (''Biological Exuberance - 343'')

*'''Orca (Orcinus orca)''': "Altough males of all ages participate in homosexual activities, this behaviour is most prevalent among "adolescent" Orcas (sexually mature individuals 12-25 years old) More than three quarters of all sessions involve males who are more than five years apart in age, altough age-mates also interact together (especially among adolescents)." (''Biological Exuberance - 350'')

*'''Gray Seal (Halichoerus grypus) and Northern Elephant Seal (Mirounga angustirostris)''': "Those males who have completed their molt often roll around in pairs near the water and mount each other; bulls of all ages participate in this activity. Both adolescent and younger adult Northern Elephant Seal bulls also engage in homosexual mounting during the molt period. This occurs in shallow waters near the shore, often as part of extended bouts of harmless playfighting among clusters of males. [...] Adult males do not participate in this activity. However, they do sometimes mount younger adolescent and juvenile males (two to four years old). Typically the older male approaches the younger male at rest, moving up alongside him and sometimes placing his front flipper over his back in the position characteristic of heterosexual copulations. Usually the younger male struggles to escape, and the mounter may try to subdue him by pressing or bouncing his neck down on top of him or biting his neck. The older male may have an erection and attempt to penetrate the younger male, but he rarely succeeds. Altough they prefer juveniles or adolescents, a few bulls also try to copulate with much younger animals, such as weaned pups of both sexes (who strongly resist their advances)." (''Biological Exuberance - 361'')

*'''Australian Sea Lion (Neophoca cinerea) and New zealand Sea Lion (Phocarctos hookeri)''': "All age groups participate, altough there is often an age difference between the two males, with the younger male typically mounting the older one (especially in New Zealand Sea Lions)." (''Biological Exuberance - 367 - 368'')

*'''Walrus (Odobenus Rosmarus)''': "Typically a younger male displays to an older one, and courting males often situate themselves in the water near a favorite cliff face, boulder, or rock formation at the water's edge. The spectacular display consists of inflation of the throat pouches - often preceded by head bowing - interspersed with dives by one or both males, and an incredible series of vocalizations that form a courtship "song". (p. 371) [...] Although most homosexual behaviour is confined to the summer haul-outs, younger males sometimes also mount adults or other younger males during the breeding season. Groups of younger Walruses may crowd around an older male and roll on top of him; in addition, an adult male occasionally sings his courtship songs to a group of younger males or is accompanied by a younger attendant male while he sings. Often, his companion surfaces and dives in synchrony with him. This behavior, known as SHADOWING, occurs regardless of whether the adult is courting a female. [...] During breeding season, up to a third of mounting activity may take place between younger males or between adult and younger males, and 2-19 percent of singing males have a younger male companion "shadowing" them." (''Biological Exuberance - 372'')

*'''White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus)''': "Adult male White-tailed Deer sometimes mount each other, as do yearling males (especially during the nonbreeding season); occasionally a younger male mounts an older one during this activity." (''Biological Exuberance - 379'')

*'''Wapiti, Elk, or Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) and Barasingha or Swamp Deer (Cervus duvauceli)''': "Usually the two animals engaging in same-sex activity are fully grown adults, but in male Wapiti homosexual mounting may occur between adult bulls and spikehorns (yearlings whose antlers are spikes, having yet to develop prongs). Red Deer yearlings also participate in same-sex activity including occasional incestuous homosexual mountings by females of their mothers." (''Biological Exuberance - 383 - 384'')

*'''Caribou or Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) and Moose (Alces alces)''': "Caribou sometimes mount each other, as do younger males, while yearling Moose have been observed trying to mount adult bulls. In addition, bull Moose sometimes associate with younger male companions." (''Biological Exuberance - 388'')

*'''Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana)''': "Males of all age groups participate in homosexual courtship and mounting, although adult males usually direct their attentions to adolescent males. Mounting between males sometimes occurs during sparring or play-fighting as well." (''Biological Exuberance - 394'')

*'''Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis) and Thinhorn or Dall's Sheep (Ovis dalli)''': "Typically an older, higher ranking male will court a male younger than him, using a sequence of stylized movements." (''Biological Exuberance - 406'')

*'''Mountain Goat (Oreamnos americanus)''': "Adult male Mountain Goats court younger (yearling) males, again using the species typical heterosexual behavior patterns: the courting male approaches the other in a crouching position, creeping on his stomach with his head stretched forward (a posture referred to as the LOW-STRETCH). He may also flick his tongue in and out of his mouth while making soft bussing sound, jerk his head sideways, and attempt to lick the other male's flanks. Typically the yearling male responds aggressively to the courting adult. Adult males occasionally perform this display toward other adults as well. In addition, yearling females sometimes mount their own mothers. [...] In contrast, yearling Mountain Goats that are courted by older males are primarily heterosexuals, since they reject most same-sex advances." (''Biological Exuberance - 411'')

*'''African Elephant (Loxodonta africana) and Asiatic Elephant (Elephas maximas)''': "Homosexual mating lasts about the same lenght as heterosexual mating, generally less than a minute, altough one male may mount another several times in succession. Both older bulls and younger males participate in this activity. [...] Male Elephants also form "companionships" usually composed of an older bull and an attendant younger male (in contrast, there are no long-lasting heterosexual bonds in these species). In African Elephants, the younger male often helps the older one by guarding him or pulling down branches for him; in other cases, the older bull may help a younger male (or vice versa) who is injured or suffering from blindness of paralysis. The two males are constant companions and generally isolated from other Elephants; occasionally, an older bull will have two attendants. Among Asiatic Elephants, such male companionships appear not to be as long-lasting as in African Elephants. Younger attendant males in African Elephants are sometimes reported to have enlarged genitalia." (''Biological Exuberance - 428 -429'')

*'''Spotted Hyena (Crocuta crocuta)''': "Homosexual mounting between females also occur in this species; in some cases an adolescent or younger adult mounts an older one." (''Biological Exuberance - 446'')

*'''Rufous Bettongs or Rat Kangaroo (Aepyprymnus rufescens)''': "Some homosexual interactions in Rufous Bettongs involve adult females courting and mounting juvenile females and vice versa." (''Biological Exuberance - 454'')

*'''Gray Squirell (Sciurus carolinensis)''': "Gray Squirells are sequentially or chronologically bisexual: juveniles, adolescents, and young adults (up to one and a half years old) show a preference for homosexual activity, while older adults generally exhibit much less same-sex mountings." (''Biological Exuberance - 463'')

*'''Dwarf Cavy (Microcavia australis), Cui or Yellow-Toothed Cavy (Galea musteloides) and Aperea or Wild Cavy (Cavia Aperea)''': "In Dwarf Cavies, adult males are sexually attracted to juveniles of both sexes. A typical homosexual courtship begins with the adult and the younger male sitting quietly together - often right in front of the youngster's mother, who is not visibly disturbed. The two males may kiss and nuzzle their noses together, after which the adult begins to gently nibble on the juvenile's rump. This is often followed by a courtship behavior known as CHIN-RUMP FOLLOWING, in which the adult male places his chin on the youngster's rump, as they move together in circles or figure-eight patterns. If the male is especially aroused, he will stop to pat his paws against the juvenile's rump, sometimes even licking, sniffing, and nuzzling the anus and perineal region while lifting up the youngster's hindquarters with his nose. Adult males frequently have favorite males that they prefer to court and interact sexually with, actively seeking them out while ignoring others. (p. 467) [...] Adult male Apereas sometimes court younger males by RUMPING, in which the adult throws one or both hind legs over the rump of the youngsters. [...] Adult males occasionally also have an adolescent companion; the two males sit and feed together, as well as kiss one another. Sometimes the adult male will permit his companion to mount a female that he is courting. (p. 468) [...] Adult males in two other species of Cavies, the Mocó or Rock Cavy (Kerodon rupestris) and the Preá (Galea spixii), also sometimes court juvenile males, and youngsters mount adults of both sexes as well." (''Biological Exuberance - 469'')

*'''Ring-Billed Gull (Larus delawarensis)''': "For example, one or both partners in a homosexual pair are often younger females: couples in which there is an age difference between the two females - one an adult, the other an adolescent or younger adult - are particularly common in some populations." (''Biological Exuberance - 545'')

*'''Guianan Cock-of-the-rock (Rupicola rupicola)''': "Homosexual activity between adult and adolescent males, as well as among adolescent males, is a routine occurence in Guianan Cock-of-the-Rock. Males court and display to each other, as well as engage in homosexual mounting. (p. 567) [...] If an adolescent male approaches an adult who is courting a female, the female usally leaves (or is chased away), and the two males turn their attentions to each other." (''Biological Exuberance - 568'')

*'''Swallow-Tailed Manakin (Chiroxiphia caudata)''': "Male Swallow-tailed Manakins perform an elaborate group courtship ritual, the JUMP DISPLAY. Sometimes this display is directed toward females, sometimes toward yearling or younger adult males (the latter resembling females in their green plumage, but distinct because of their red-orange caps), and less commonly toward another adult male." (''Biological Exuberance - 572'')

*'''Bicolored Antbird (Gymnopithys bicolor) and Ocellated Antbird (Phaenostictus mcleannani)''': "Homosexual pair-bonds are sometimes long-lasting associations, persisting for many years. Partners may both be adults, or an older bird may pair with a younger one. In Ocellated Antbirds, father-son courtship-feedings also sometimes occur when a younger male remains within the clan structure." (''Biological Exuberance - 576'')

== Rind's cross-species summary==
[[Bruce Rind]]'s article on ''Pederasty(2013)'' <ref>Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''</ref> contains excellent cross-cultural and cross-species summary tables of intergenerational male homosexuality (the tables also are in the graphic excerpts library below). Here is the exact quotation of the tables on animals, which is partly based on the Bagemihl, B. (1999). ''Biological exuberance''<ref>Bagemihl, B. (1999). Biological exuberance: Animal homosexuality and natural diversity. ''New York: St. Martin’s Press''. available via [[Help:Research_Resources#Information_Freedom_Companions|option 2]]</ref> (see above), but with many important details.

=== Table IV: Homosexual Behavior Between Mature and Immature Males in Primates. ===

==== Great Apes ====

'''Bonobos (Pan paniscus)''': Mature males frequently performed thrusts on much younger males who might actively solicit the mounting (Kano, 1980). Common also is an adult male masturbating an adolescent male lying on his back with legs spread apart. Sex serves to reduce social tension (de Waal, 1997).

'''Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)''': Male homosex varies considerably across and within chimp populations (Bagemihl, 1999). Kollar et al. (1968) described multiple age-gap encounters (e.g., a young juvenile male interrupted copulation of an adolescent male and female, then presented to the older male, who mounted him).

'''Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla)''': In all-male groups, adults are most attracted to adolescents; mounting can be initiated by either (Harcourt, 1979; Yamagiwa, 1987, 2006). Courtship and copulation occur daily (Bagemihl, 1999). Age-gap sex may help group cohesiveness (Harcourt, 1979).

'''Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus)''': Homosex is often consensual (heterosex often not), often occurs within a special friendship (Bagemihl, 1999). Example: An adolescent male that received fellatio from a young adult male became very attached to him, and followed him wherever he went (Rijksen, 1978).

==== Lesser Apes ====

'''White-handed gibbons (Hylobates lar)''': Homosex occurs sometimes in father-son pairs (Bagemihl, 1999). Edwards and Todd (1991) observed fifty-five episodes between father and adolescent son, always without tension or aggression, initiated by both; seemed to provide reassurance to the adolescent.

'''Siamangs (Hylobates syndactylus)''': Father-son sex occurs (like gibbons), but is sometimes accompanied by threats, when the younger partner wants to end it before the older one does (unlike gibbons) (Bagemihl, 1999).

Old World Monkeys

'''Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus)''': Immature males frequently engage in mounting, often with like-aged males, but also with mature males (Sommer et al., 2006). Immature males increase their touching, mounting, and embracing of adult males as they mature (Jay, 1965). Weber (1973) found that male-male age-gap mounting was usually initiated by the immature partner, with apparent function of securing social acceptance (juveniles are no longer protected by mothers and turn to other adults; mounting and other physical contact are mechanisms to achieve social integration).

'''Nilgiri langurs (Presbytis johnii)''': Dominant males (alphas) mount subordinate males (juveniles, adolescents, younger adults) in dominance displays, which the subordinates may initiate by presenting. Mounts are brief, with several thrusts but no penetration, and are part of a communication matrix that maintains troop harmony (Hohmann, 1989; Poirier, 1970).

'''Proboscis monkeys (Nasalis larvatus)''': Homosexual mounting occurs in younger males (adolescents and juveniles); it tends to stem from play wrestling. It is resisted by the younger male in some cases (as females sometimes also do in heterosexual mounting). Its frequency is low, as is heterosexual sex (Bagemihl, 1999; Yeager, 1990).

'''Bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata)''': Males of all ages are frequently involved in a wide variety of homosex. Younger males often masturbate other males to orgasm, sometimes eating the semen. Some do only a little homosex, others a great deal (Bagemihl, 1999).

'''Crab-eating macaques (Macaca fascicularis)''': Males can develop intense sexual friendships, especially between older and younger males (with affection, arousal, mounting). Homosexual mounting is both consensual (54%) and nonconsensual (46%). In the former, the mountee fully cooperates and may initiate the mounting (Bagemihl, 1999).

'''Crested black macaques (Macaca nigra)''': Younger males often mount older ones (Bagemihl, 1999). Dixson (1977) frequently observed the oldest male in one troop presenting to younger males, who invariably responded by mounting him, often with erections. Also, ritualized “greeting” gestures (e.g., penis-grabbing), especially by younger males, are common practice (Bagemihl, 1999).

'''Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata)''': All adult and juvenile males were seen presenting to another male (aggression was rare, <3%) (Hanby & Brown, 1974). Takenoshita (1998) observed free-ranging adult-juvenile consort relationships (adults ejaculated, juveniles erected; they foraged, groomed, and attacked others together).

'''Pig-tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina)''': Age-equal and age-gap male-male mounting (juveniles, adolescents, adults) occurs frequently, is not associated with force (as heterosexual mounting sometimes is), and makes up from 8% to 67% of individual males’ overall mounts (Bagemihl, 1999). Dominants invite subordinates to mount them as an elaborate display of tolerance toward subordinates (Oi, 1990) or mount subordinates as a rank maintenance mechanism (Tokuda et al., 1968).

'''Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)''': Age-gap consort relationships occur, highly affectionate (Bagemihl, 1999). Kempf (1917) observed two juvenile males competing to be mounted by an adult male. Homosex helps juveniles get protection, integrate into group (Carpenter, 1942). Older, younger both show sexual excitement; mature-immature relationships are frequent, seem to have sexual basis (Hamilton, 1914). Redican et al. (1974) observed an immature male taking the sexual initiative with an adult male in an intensive relationship.

'''Stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides)''': Chevalier-Skolnikoff (1976) reported mutual excitement and affection in several intense friendship-based mature-immature sexual relationships. These were “rewarding” to all participants (e.g., protection for younger partner). Homosex seemed to foster greater social cohesion.

'''Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana)''': Ogawa (1995) found that male adult-juvenile homosex occurs on a regular basis; either may initiate oral sex on the juvenile; it is never aggressive; both are excited; context is friendly. It seems to serve to reduce tension.

'''Savanna baboons (Papio cynocephalus)''': All males, from juvenile to adult, greet one another via ritualized sexual behaviors. These behaviors (presenting, mounting, fondling) occur briefly (a few seconds), constitute “greetings,” and appear to serve in part formation of coalitions (Bagemihl, 1999; Smuts & Watanabe, 1990).

'''Hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas)''': Zuckerman (1932) observed a three-year sexual relationship between an adult and immature male. Whenever the immature was threatened, the adult immediately rescued it.

'''Gelada baboons (Theropithecus gelada)''': Bernstein (1975) found that mounting occurs between bachelors and immature males in the all-male group. When a bachelor successfully challenges a harem leader, he switches entirely to heterosex (the deposed leader switches to homosex).

'''Mona monkeys (Cercopithecus mona)''': Glenn, Ramsier, and Benson (2006) found that homosex, with oral sex (often with orgasm), is universal in all-male groups, where males spend most of their lives. It involves all combinations from juveniles to adults; aggression is extremely rare. It seems to function to help younger males’ immigration and social skills, as well as the groups’ social cohesion.

'''Patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas)''': Adolescent or younger males often fondle and nuzzle the genitals and scrotum of adult males (Bagemihl, 1999).

==== New World Monkeys ====

'''Squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus)''': Denniston (1980) frequently observed male homosexual behavior, the commonest form being between adults and adolescents. Baldwin (1969) frequently observed sexual mounting and sometimes consortships between older adolescents and much younger juveniles (of both sexes); older adolescents, unlike younger adolescents, were gentle with their younger partners, who consequently allowed the interactions to take place (by contrast, they tended to resist the much rougher initiatives from younger adolescents).

==== Prosimians ====

'''Verreaux’s sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi)''': Homosexual behavior is rare in prosimians. In this lemur species, adult males sometimes mount younger adults or adolescents, who often snap and struggle to wriggle free (Bagemihl, 1999).

=== Table V: Homosexual Behavior Between Mature and Immature Males in Subprimate Mammals ===
All descriptions based on Bagemihl (1999) unless primary sources are indicated.

==== Marine Mammals ====

===== Dolphins and whales =====

'''Boto or Amazon River dolphin (Inia geoffrensis)''': Males participate in a wide variety of homosexual behavior, including various kinds of intercourse. When there is an age difference typically the older penetrates the younger. Pairs interacting sexually display a great deal of mutual affection, which Bagemihl (1999, p. 341) illustrates in a photo, in which an adult and immature partner are touching while swimming side by side.

'''Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)''': Homosexual behavior largely exceeds heterosexual behavior. Adolescents and younger males typically live in all-male groups, where homosexual behavior is common and exclusive. Only as full adults do they attempt to father calves via heterosexual contact. Younger adolescents form homosexual pair-bonds with like-age males, which often last throughout life. When there is an age difference in homosexual sex, either party may penetrate the other—adolescents have been observed penetrating adults (Bagemihl, 1999). McBride and Hebb (1948) observed adult males repeatedly interacting sexually with younger males and described an intense, affectionate bond in one pair. In an extensive ten-year field study, young immature males were found to be the most sexual (most often with male peers, but also with all other age-sex classes); most of adult males’ sexual interactions were with immature males (Mann, 2006).

'''Orca or killer whales (Orcinus orca)''': Orcas are the largest in the dolphin family. Homosexual behavior is integral to male social life. During salmon feasting, males of all ages spend afternoons courting, being affectionate, and engaging in overt homosexual behaviors, with 90% being reciprocated. Sessions last an hour on average. Most involve adolescents and an age difference of at least five years. At least half of all males get involved.

'''Sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus)''': 3–5% of males may be homosexually bonded, with couples consisting of two adults or an older and younger male. Sexual interactions leading to orgasm can take place in groups of primarily younger males.

'''Bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus)''': Intensive male homosexual sessions lasting up to forty minutes occur, involving mainly groups of adolescents and young adults.

===== Seals and Manatees =====

'''Gray seals (Halichoerus grypus)''': Male homosexual behavior is common; males of all ages mount each other on shore after molting.

'''Harbor seals (Phoca vitulina)''': Male homosexual behavior is common, involving males of all ages, but mainly adolescents and adults.

'''Northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris)''': Adolescent and young adult males do same-sex mounting during the molting season. Adult males sometimes mount younger adolescent or juvenile males, but the younger males usually struggle to escape.

'''Australian sea lions (Neophoca cinerea) & New Zealand sea lions (Phocarctos hookeri)''': Male homosexual mounting is common. All ages may be involved, but usually a younger partner mounts an older one. As mating is polygynous, many males never mate heterosexually.

'''West Indian manatees (Trichechus manatus)''': Males can form bachelor herds. Males of all ages intensively interact homosexually, involving embracing, kissing, mouthing, caressing, genital rubbing, and frequent ejaculation.

'''Walruses (Odobenus rosmarus)''': Males are segregated during the nonbreeding summer months. Here, homosexual courtship, affection, and sex are common. Typically, a younger male will display to an older one, and each may mount the other. Groups of younger males may crowd an adult male, making body contact. An adult may sing a courtship song to a group of younger males or a specific younger male companion that accompanies him. Younger and older males also pursue each other during the breeding season. Homosexual behavior is very common if not universal among male Walruses, even during the breeding season, where up to a third of mounting is between younger males or between an adult and a younger male.

==== Hoofed Mammals ====

===== Deer and Moose =====

'''White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)''': Males are sex-segregated most of year. Mounting sometimes occurs between two adults, two yearlings, or an older-younger pair, where the younger mounts the older one (Bagemihl, 1999). Most commonly, it is young males that mount others. Mounting is not based on dominance; no specific function is apparent. Mountees generally do not oppose being mounted if age-discrepant, but do so more if two immature males are involved (Bartós & Holeckova, 2006).

'''Wapiti (Cervus elaphus)''': They are sex-segregated most of year. Mounting occasionally occurs between two adult or adult-yearling males. Male pairs may form companionships, either older-younger or age-equal.

'''Père David’s deer (Elaphurus davidianus)''': Males sometimes mount each other, with the younger mounting the older one.

'''Moose (Alces alces)''': They are often solitary. Yearling males sometimes mount adult males. Sometimes adult males associate with younger male companions called satellites.

===== Antelopes and Gazelles =====

'''Pronghorns (Antilocapra americana)''': Some males get territories and breed. The rest live in bachelor herds, where homosexual mounting occurs to a moderate degree. Males of all ages participate, but adult males usually direct their attentions to adolescents. Mounting is preceded by courting. Most males (70%) never breed.

'''Blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra)''': Males with territories mate with females. The rest live in bachelor herds, where most engage in mounting. This follows friendly sparring. Adult males often perform courtship displays to adolescent males before mounting them. Blackbuck males are predominantly homosexual, leaving the group only once or twice in their lives attempting to breed.

'''Grant’s gazelles (Gazella granti)''': They live in mixed or all-male groups. Homosexual behavior is rare. Adult males usually attack other males trying to mount them.

===== Wild Sheep, Goats, Buffalo =====

'''Bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) & Thinhorn sheep (Ovis dalli)''': Males live in homosexual societies in sex-segregated bands. Only during the rutting season do they meet females. Older males court younger, smaller males and mount them. The mountee facilitates by assuming lordosis. Interactions are non-aggressive; the younger male is usually willing. So pervasive is this, that females will mimic younger males to attract older males. Geist (1975) views older-younger male homosex as an adaptation, allowing the younger males to live in the group.

'''Musk-oxen (Ovibos moschatus)''': They are in mixed or all-male groups. Adult males court and mount adolescent and juvenile males. Younger males do the same with each other. Mountees sometimes resist (as females do), but sometimes assent. About 40% of courting and 10% of mounting are homosexual.

'''Mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus)''': They are often sex-segregated. Adult males court younger males, using the species-typical approach used in courting females. Typically, the yearling male reacts aggressively. Almost one-fifth of courtships during the breeding season occur between adult and yearling males.

'''American bison males (Bison bison)''': Male bison spend most of their time alone or in bachelor herds. In these herds, homosexual mounting, including full penetration, is prevalent, especially among younger males (i.e., adolescents), and exceeds heterosexual mounting in frequency. The mounted animal often facilitates the mounting. Younger males also sometimes form tending bonds with other males, involving following, defending, and mounting or being mounted by their partners (Bagemihl, 1999). Homosexual behavior is not based on dominance, but may serve a bonding function (Vervaecke & Rodin, 2006).

===== Other Hoofed Mammals =====

'''Giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis)''': They are often in all-male groups. Sparring between males is almost always gentle, begins as calves and juveniles, and is most common among adolescents. Participants are often of different sizes, with the smaller, younger one usually initiating. Mounting sometimes accompanies sparring, and mostly involves older adolescents mounting younger ones. These behaviors are not associated with dominance. Homosexual behavior occurs mainly among the young (Pratt & Anderson, 1985).

'''African elephants (Loxodonta africana) & Asiatic elephants (Elephas maximus)''': African and Asiatic male elephants often form all-male herds. Breeding males associate only temporarily with females. Male homosexual mounting occurs regularly, especially among younger males. In African elephants, homosexual mounting may be preceded by extensive affectionate interaction, and both adult and younger males participate. Males also form long-lasting bonds called companionships, mainly between older and younger “attendants”—heterosexual couples do not form long-lasting bonds. The attendant male and adult male often help each other in various ways, and they are constant companions. Sometimes an older male will have two attendant males. In Asiatic male elephants, almost a fifth have a male companion.

==== Other Mammals ====

'''Dwarf cavies (Microcavia australis)''': Dwarf cavies are small rodents that live in colonies of twenty to fifty individuals. Adult males are sexually attracted to juveniles of both sexes. A typical homosexual encounter begins with an adult male and juvenile male sitting together quietly, often in front of the juvenile’s mother, who is not visibly bothered. The two males then engage in affectionate contact, which eventually escalates to sexual behavior. Adult males often have favorite younger males, and will actively seek them out while ignoring other juvenile males. More than half of adult male-juvenile sexual interactions are same-sex. Most males are homosexually involved. Occasionally, an adult male will have an adolescent male companion, who feeds with him and is physically affectionate with him. The adult may allow the adolescent to mount a female he is courting. Adult males in two other species, mocó or rock cavies (Kerodon rupestris) and préa (Galea spixii), sometimes also court juvenile males.

'''Feral cats (Felis catus)''': In an extensive field study, a quarter of males did homosexual mounting, but only occasionally. It always occurred in the presence of estrus females. Mounters were adults, and mountees were adolescents, smaller in size, comparable to adult female size. Mounters bit the backs of mountees’ necks, as they do when mounting females. Older-younger male homosexual mounting appears to be an outlet for heterosexual mountings that were recently frustrated (Yamane, 2006).

=== Table VI: Homosexual Behavior Between Mature and Immature Males in Birds ===
All descriptions based on Bagemihl (1999)
==== Aquatic and shore birds ====

'''Canada geese (Branta canadensis)''': 18 % of adult males form homosexual bonds with partners, who may be other adults or juveniles.

'''Ruffs (Philomachus pugnax)''': About half of males are involved predominantly in same-sex sex. Certain adult males acquire a territory called a lek, where they display to potential sex partners, male as well as female. Male visitors may be those without leks or younger males, who have not yet developed adult plumage. The younger males rarely are heterosexually involved, but instead do mounting with each other and with adult lek residents.

==== Perching and song birds ====

'''Guianan cock-of-the-rock (Rupicola rupicola)''': Male homosexual mounting between two adolescents and between an adult and adolescent is routine, accounting for about half of all copulations and involving about 40 % of the total male population and 64 % of the adolescent male population. Certain adult males acquire leks, which females and young males visit to see whether they want to mate. In a typical homosexual encounter, while an adult male is displaying his colorful plumage, an adolescent male will land nearby. The adult keeps his back to the adolescent, showing off his plumage and inviting the adolescent to mount him. The adolescent climbs onto the adult’s back, achieves genital contact, and then mounts several times in succession. Adolescents usually visit the display courts of numerous other adult males and may have relations with up to seven adults in a season, including some adults without leks. Adult males who avoid heterosexual contacts are the ones most often mounted by adolescent males.

'''Swallow-tailed manakins (Chiroxiphia caudata)''': Several adult males will form long-term associations and display together on their leks to attract both females and adolescent males. When a young male arrives, the adult males perform a group courtship ritual, in which they take turns jumping up and hovering in front of him. The young male sits motionless as he watches the spectacle. Same-sex sexual behavior likely makes up a sizable proportion of all sexual activity.

'''Blue-backed manakins (Chiroxiphia pareola)''': Pairs of adult males behave similarly to swallow-tailed manakins, displaying to a third male, which is sometimes an adolescent, performing leapfrogging and cartwheels to impress the other male.

'''Bicolored antbirds (Gymnopithys bicolor)''': Male homosexual pair-bonds make up 4–6% of all pair-bonds; partners may be two adults or an older and younger bird. The bonds are initiated by courtship-feeds, in which one offers the other a spider or an insect. The receiving male, unlike a female, then passes it back. Once paired, they become constant companions.

'''Red bishop birds (Euplectes orix)''': In their nesting territories, adult males court both females and males, the latter being younger males who look like females in terms of their plumage coloring. When a younger male approaches, the adult male performs a distinct bumble-flight and displays his plumage to attract the comer.

'''Orange bishop birds (Euplectes franciscanus)''': In captivity, both adult and younger males attempt to mount young males, who usually reject the attempt or react indifferently at most.

'''Red-shouldered widowbirds (Euplectes axillaris)''': Adult males sometimes court younger males.

'''Black-billed magpies (Pica pica)''': Homosexual behavior involving adult males with adolescent or juvenile males occurs occasionally. A typical courtship begins with one male ritually begging the other, followed by the second hopping around the first. Afterward, the two might form a pair-bond, in which they stay near one another, preen one another, and cooperate in evicting intruders.

'''Gray-breasted jays (Aphelocoma ultramarina)''': Adult males have been observed to courtship-feed younger males.

'''Victoria’s riflebirds (Ptiloris victoriae)''': Adult males sometimes court younger males, using spectacular displays that are also used in heterosexual interactions. Male-male courtships occur frequently, although mounting is rarer and is likely to drive the mountee away.

'''Regent bowerbirds (Sericulus chrysocephalus)''': Males build bowers, tunnels of twigs decorated with a variety of colors (e.g., from berries). Adult males display in their bowers to both females and younger males, sometimes ritually offering gifts to their guests. Juvenile males also build bowers and court males and females. When an adult male arrives, the juvenile male behaves in a ritual manner to attract the adult into the bower. Adult males spend 15% of their time displaying to other males, and juvenile males spend 28% of their time doing the same.

'''Satin bowerbirds (Ptilonorhynchus violaceus)''': Adult males have been observed to court younger males.

'''Superb lyrebirds (Menura novaehollandiae)''': Adult males often court adolescent males upon encountering them alone or in groups. The adult may closely follow the adolescent, even for hours, periodically performing a wing display accompanied by serenading the younger male with a variety of vocalizations. Adults will occasionally mount the adolescents, but genital contact may not occur because the younger male does not facilitate the interaction. Adolescent males also court and mount one another, behavior that is usually mutual. Occasionally an adult and adolescent male will engage in a mutual display to one another. Adult males approach groups of adolescents fairly often during breeding season and twice as often outside of it. They spend more than half their time away from their display mounds associating with adolescent males. Most males are bisexual, courting both females and adolescent males. Adolescent males appear to be exclusively homosexual in their behaviour and often form companionships with like-aged males. Male and female lyrebirds live largely separate lives aside from brief encounters during breeding season.

==== Other birds ====

'''Anna’s hummingbirds (Calypte anna)''': Both females and juvenile males visit an adult male’s territory to feed on his supply of currant and blossoms. If a juvenile male visits, the adult male will perform a dive display several times, in which he climbs 150 feet, dives toward the visitor, and makes loud shrieking sounds. After the display, the visitor will usually fly off, with the adult in pursuit, singing at him. If the adult succeeds in attempting to mount the younger male, the latter usually strongly resists, and the adult may attempt to use force. About 25% of sex in this species is between males.

'''Acorn woodpeckers (Melanerpes formicivorus)''': A ritualized group display occurs involving courtship and sex. At dusk, the members of a group gather and begin mounting one another in all combinations. Males mount females and other males, females mount males and other females, young woodpeckers mount older ones, and older woodpeckers mount younger ones. Reciprocal mounting is common. This mounting display is a regular feature in this species, occurring daily all year around.

==Other sources==
*'''Green, Richard (2002). [https://www.ipce.info/library_2/files/green_asb_2002.html "Is pedophilia a mental disorder?"], ''Archives of Sexual Behavior'', 31 (6), 467-471. Citing: De Waal, F. (1990). "Sociosexual behavior used for tension regulation in all age and sex combinations among Bonobos." In J. Feierman (Ed.), ''[https://library.lol/main/3CA15750CD7EC06C3052B55B5E16C76D Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions]'' (Jay R. Feierman, ed, pp. 379–393). '''
*:"Observations concern a near relative of Man, the bonobo, where these “pigmy chimps” are allowed free access to any other bonobo for sexual contact at the San Diego Zoo. Nonfertile combinations (same-sex or juvenile–adult combinations) were as frequent as potentially fertile, adult male–female combinations. Further, one third of sociosexual contacts by an adult with an infant were initiated by the infant (De Waal, 1990)."
* '''[[Steven Angelides]] (2004) [https://sci-hub.ru/10.1215/10642684-10-2-141 Feminism, Child Sexual Abuse, and the Erasure of Child Sexuality]''' ''GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies'', Volume 10, Number 2, pp. 141-177 ; a copy on [https://web.archive.org/web/20130420133540/http://snifferdogonline.com/reports/Child%20Abuse,%20Sexuality%20and%20Violence/Feminism,%20Child%20Sexual%20Abuse,%20and%20the%20Erasure%20of%20Child%20Sexuality.pdf webarchive]
*:"They were often justified as well by cross-species comparisons, which emphasized the naturalness of adult-child sex in other mammals. In Sex Offenders Paul H. Gebhard et al. claimed that "sexual activity between adult and immature animals is common and appears to be biologically normal." Indeed, it "is precisely what we see in various animals, particularly monkeys." This fact lessened "the horror with which society views the adult who has sexual relations with young children."<sup>21</sup> As Robert S. De Ropp summed up, in a more matter-of-fact articulation of the underlying masculinist assumptions: "The craving of the elderly male for the young female is not necessarily confined to the human species. Old stags are always after little ones and the young does are always willing."<sup>22</sup> [...] 21. Paul H. Gebhard et al., Sex Offenders: An Analysis of Types (New York: Harper and Row, 1965), 54, 276, 54. 22. Robert S. De Ropp, Sex Energy: The Sexual Force in Man and Animals (New York: Delacorte, 1969), 111-12."
*'''deMause, Lloyd (2002). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20120224062853/http://psychohistory.com/htm/eln08_childrearing.html The Emotional Life of Nations]'', chapter 8.'''
*:"Primate mothers are widely reported as copulating with their children; indeed, many cannot learn to reproduce unless they have had sex with adults when they were children. Many immature primates "copulate with their mothers...explore adult genitalia and experience manipulation of their own." Our closest ancestors, the bonobo chimps-termed "the erotic champions" of primates-spend much of their time sucking and masturbating the genitals and "genitogenital rubbing" of both male and female juveniles, "to reduce tensions." Primate children are regularly observed being taught to thrust against their mothers' genitals. This "sexualization of the infant" was likely extended when human infants grew much larger heads, since it meant in order to get through the narrow birth canal before the head grew too large human infants had to be "born fetal," extremely immature and increasingly helpless, so that in early humans "maternal attention was not sufficient to care for more helpless infants..."This in turn meant a selection for those babies who could most satisfy the mother's erotic needs-for instance through the extension of non-hairy, erotic skin areas-for they would be best nursed and cared for as an erotic, tension-reducing object. Likewise, those human mothers were selected who had evolved the largest and most erotic breasts and who had genitals shifted around to the front, where they could rub them against their children."
*'''Rind, B., Bauserman, R. and Tromovitch, P. (2000). ''[http://www.ipce.info/library_2/rbt/science_frame.htm Science versus orthodoxy: Anatomy of the congressional condemnation of a scientific article and reflections on remedies for future ideological attacks]''.'''
*:"Ford and Beach (1951), in their seminal review of cross-cultural and cross-species data, observed that "[a]s long as the adult members of a society permit them to do so, immature males and females engage in practically every type of sexual behavior found in grown men and women" (p, 197) They also observed that juvenile sexual activity in monkeys and apes is "no less natural for the young primate than are the chasing, wrestling, and mock fighting that consume so much of his waking life" (p. 255). Psychologists have all but ignored these perspectives in favor of fitting their descriptions and explanations of juvenile sexuality to current Western values."

*'''Rind, Bruce (2009). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20111122131235/https://www.inter-disciplinary.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/gsbs1rind.pdf Social Response to Age-Gap Sex Involving Minors: Empirical, Historical, Cross-Cultural, and Cross-Species Considerations]." Paper presented at the "Good sex, bad sex: Sex law, crime and ethics" conference in Budapest, Hungary, May 4 to 6, 2009.
*:"If age-gap sex involving non-adults is, by nature, as disturbing as most contemporary authorities believe it is, then should we not see evidence for this elsewhere in nature—for example, in our close primate relatives? Age-gap sex in primates is commonplace but shows no evidence of the trauma many think is so [[intrinsic harm|intrinsic]] to these contacts.
*:Bonobos and chimpanzees are our closest animal relatives. Immature males in these two species are highly sexual, much more than immature females. They behave sexually with other immatures and with adults of both sexes, but prefer mature females, with whom they often attempt to initiate sex. In most cases, they show sexual arousal, with erections. The mature females are quite tolerant of the young males and usually allow them to attempt copulation. When immature male chimps are rebuffed by mature females, they typically whimper and throw tantrums. Researchers have concluded that male chimps in early puberty actually need copulatory practice with older females, else their adult copulating behavior will be inept.
*:In bonobos, when a female reaches adolescence, she transfers into a new group, where she pairs up with one adult female in particular, who acts as her “mentor.” This relationship, which is sexually based and lasts about a year, helps the adolescent female integrate into the new group and eventually be accepted by all the other females.
*:Age-gap homosexual relations among males are also quite common in apes and Old World monkeys. Pederasty in gorillas, for example, is pervasive. In this species, while one male dominates a group of females in a harem, the remaining males form an all-male group for many years at a time, in which courtship and copulation occur on a daily basis between adult and adolescent males. Several researchers directly observing this behavior have concluded that it serves to maintain group cohesiveness. In rhesus macaques, sexual relations between mature and immature males are frequent. They often occur despite the presence of receptive females. Young males tend to welcome these contacts and may even compete for older males’ attentions. The relations can be highly affectionate and appear to be functional for the immature males’ development of sexual and gregarious behaviors. Similarly affectionate age-gap male homosexual relations have been observed in various other species, such as orangutans, Hanuman langurs, and stumptail macaques. Among Tibetan macaques, oral-genital contact between adult and juvenile males occurs on a regular basis. Sometimes the younger partner jumps onto the adult’s face to initiate it; other times the adult begins the contact by turning the juvenile upside down. Both younger and older participants generally seem excited. These behaviors are never aggressive and appear to reduce tension between the them. Similar age-gap relations occur daily and universally in Mona monkeys; the sexual interactions are almost never aggressive and appear to help the younger males integrate into the male group and to maintain group cohesion.
*:When it comes to human age-gap sexual relations, the stereotype is that they are, by nature, aggressive encounters, where the older person imposes his will on an unwilling younger partner, who is traumatized and psychologically ruined. It is striking, then, that we find just the opposite in the primate data, where researchers document that eagerness and even initiative on the part of the younger animal are commonplace,26 and they repeatedly describe positive developmental and social functions that these relations appear to serve—just as historians and anthropologists also have also done with regard to other times and cultures."

*'''Rind, Bruce (2024). "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/383699408_Same-Sex_Sexual_Behavior_Age-Class_and_Coalitions_in_Male_Rhesus_Macaques_Macaca_mulatta Same‑Sex Sexual Behavior, Age‑Class, and Coalitions in Male Rhesus Macaques]". ''Archives of Sexual Behavior''. 1-20. 10.1007/s10508-024-02983-6.
*:"In the present study, relations between same-sex sexual behavior (SSB), age-class, and coalitional behavior in male rhesus macaques were examined in a re-analysis of data ﬁrst analyzed and reported by Clive et al. (2023). [...] Most dyads contained at least one non-adult (76%). Young and prime adult mounters most often selected non-adults to mount. Mounters were often sexually motivated: most for adolescents (72%); equally for juveniles (57%) and adults (56%). Finally, the highest rate of SSB with coalitional context appeared in adolescent–adult dyads involved in multiple repeated mounts. SSB, age-class, special friendships, bonding, and coalitions were linked, as reported in some other primate species and human societies cross-culturally. Employing age-class in male SSB analysis improved description and explanation."

* '''Jaroslava Varella Valentova, Andreone Teles Medrado, and Marco Antonio Correa Varella “Male Bisexuality”. In: Todd K. Shackelford (ed.), 2022, [https://annas-archive.org/md5/2d84ebccbbaafc78b4516ef6b129e5a2 The Cambridge Handbook of Evolutionary Perspectives on Sexual Psychology. Vol 4.] ''Cambridge University Press (Virtual Publishing)''.'''
::"Lilley et al. (2020) and Wrangham (1993) complement by describing that nonconceptual sex between individuals of the same sex among nonhuman primates may have been an exaptation of reproductive behavior, which acquired other diverse functions, such as: establishment of dominance, practice by immatures for a future successful copulation, reduce tensions, and help with reconciliations, in addition to facilitating the formation of alliances and reducing the reproductive success of other individuals."

* '''Zanna Clay, Liza R. Moscovice, and Thibaud Gruber “Bonobo Sexual Behavior and Psychology” In: Todd K. Shackelford (ed.), 2022, [https://annas-archive.org/md5/2d84ebccbbaafc78b4516ef6b129e5a2 The Cambridge Handbook of Evolutionary Perspectives on Sexual Psychology. Vol 4.] ''Cambridge University Press (Virtual Publishing)''.'''
::"As bonobos reach juvenility, their sexual behavior becomes more frequent and elaborated, including both participating as third parties as well as actively engaging in sex themselves (Hashimoto, 1997). Excerpts from Kano’s observations of the Wamba bonobos paint an informative picture: ''adults are generally cooperative in awakening the erotic impulses of these juveniles. A female that has finished copulating and GG rubbing will stop and wait when a male juvenile clings to her behind; the female will grasp the juvenile’s hips and insert his penis. [...] The female does her best to accommodate the partners, one by one, without much ado. [...] Adult males are also enthusiastic about “sex education.” After copulation, they mount and thrust at juveniles, either male or female, that approach and present. Without inserting their penis, the adult males rub against the top of the hips and the thigh. Often, instead of thrusts, an adult male raises one ankle in the air and lightly scratches the side of the juvenile’s chest.'' (Kano, 1992, p. 196)"

*''' Joseph H. Manson "Capuchin Sexual Behavior" In: Todd K. Shackelford (ed.), 2022, [https://annas-archive.org/md5/2d84ebccbbaafc78b4516ef6b129e5a2 The Cambridge Handbook of Evolutionary Perspectives on Sexual Psychology. Vol 4.] ''Cambridge University Press (Virtual Publishing)''.'''
::"Cebus subordinate adult males [(Capuchin monkeys comprise a subfamily, Cebinae)] , compared to alpha males, carry and play with infants more frequently, and they direct these behaviors toward male infants much more than toward female infants (Perry, 2012). Because subordinate males are unlikely to be these infants’ fathers (see below), these relationships are not a form of paternal investment but may function as a means of long-term recruitment of allies for male–male competition (Perry, 2012)."
::"Nonconceptive sexual behavior includes copulations by noncycling (i.e., pregnant or lactating) females, sexual behavior in which one or both partners are juveniles, nonconceptive sexual postures (e.g., females mounting males), and same-sex sexual interactions between adults. All four of these phenomena have been observed in capuchins (Fragaszy et al., 2004). Male-male pseudo-copulations in C. capucinus are particularly noteworthy (Manson et al., 1997). [...] As a conspicuous form of intimate contact, these interactions might function to build or test trust (Smuts & Watanabe, 1990; Zahavi, 1977) or to display social bonds to third parties (Wrangham, 1993)."

* '''Jackson R. Ham et al. (2022) [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0376635722001127 The emergence and early development of socio-sexual behavior in beluga calves (Delphinapterus leucas)], ''Behavioural Processes, Volume 200'', doi: 10.1016/j.beproc.2022.104695'''
::"Highlights: • Juvenile socio-sexual behaviors were more frequent when adult males were present. • The sexual repertoire of immature males, but not females, changes with age. • Immature belugas prefer to interact with older belugas. • Social partner preferences change with age."
::"The emergence of socio-sexual behaviors was relatively consistent among immature animals. [...] The presence of an adult male significantly predicted if immature belugas would initiate and participate in socio-sexual behavior. However, partner preferences changed with age. In the first year of life, belugas engaged in sexual behavior with their mother most frequently but preferred to play with older males if given a choice. By the third year of life, belugas engaged in socio-sexual behavior most frequently with other immature animals."

*'''Sommer, V., & Vasey, P. L. (Eds.). (2006). [https://books.google.com/books/about/Homosexual_Behaviour_in_Animals.html?id=KXM3F59y1jkC Homosexual behaviour in animals: An evolutionary perspective]. ''Cambridge University Press.''''' (no e-book, only preview on google books is available)

:: “[An] adolescent [gibbon] was observed soliciting sexual contact with the adult male in his family group. As Edwards and Todd (1991) suggest, the youth may have needed ‘reassurance’ that he was still welcome in the family.” (''see'' Edwards, A.-M. A. R., and Todd, J. D. (1991). Homosexual behavior in wild white-handed gibbons (Hylobates lar). Primates 32: 231–236. DOI: 10.1007/BF02381180)

::“Genital stimulation occurs in context of play in all of the African great apes (Tutin, 1979; Tutin and McGinnis, 1981; Harcourt et al., 1981; Nadler, 1986; Enomoto, 1990; Kano, 1992; Hashimoto, 1997). Frequent genital stimulation behaviour may be a common feature of the African great apes in the early stage of development. During the first year of life, male infant chimpanzees show an interest in the sexual swellings of adult females, and successfully achieve intromission before reaching two years old (Tutin and McGinnis, 1981). Male infant bonobos begin to show sexual behaviour at less than one year of age and have been observed trying to copulate with their mothers (Kano, 1992). Immature gorillas started to show genital stimulation behaviour during the period of infancy (Nadler, 1986; this study).”

:: “Homosexual activity, particularly during immature play, could facilitate social and motor development. Indeed, among macaques, adequate opportunity to engage in mounting when young is necessary for competent performance of heterosexual copulation in adulthood, and the actual sex of mounting partners is irrelevant (Goy and Wallen, 1979).

::Immature langurs, as young as three months, frequently engage in mounting, with both immature and mature partners of either sex. The combination juvenile female–juvenile female and juvenile male–juvenile male is the most frequent (Srivastava et al., 1991).”

::gorillas:
::“[...] even adult male gorillas occasionally exhibit interest in genital stimulation with immatures, and solicit them in the absence of females. Since the genital stimulation behaviour of gorillas has no socio-sexual functions, adult males show such behaviour in a purely sexual context. Frequent courtship and chest-beating displays by the two silverbacks around the young partners and intensive fights between them observed in the all-male group show that homosexual behaviour did not have tension-reduction role but, instead, resulted in increased competition between silverbacks over same-sex partners.

::It is likely that the homosexual behaviour of immature gorillas is a developmental by-product, which may increase the potential of adult males to engage in homosexual behaviour in the context of skewed sex ratios. [...] The formation of all-male groups and homosexual behaviour may possibly contribute to the survival of younger males for future reproduction."

::“…silverbacks may erupt if same-sex partners do not target a single silverback with solicitations to mount them. In such instances, silverbacks may be uncertain as to who has priority of access to a particular same-sex partner. This appeared to be the case for Pt and Ht, both sub-adults, who did not solicit either silverback. The silverbacks subsequently engaged in severe competition for access to these sub-adult male sexual partners. In contrast, when Ts, another sub-adult, and Si, a blackback, showed solicitation to one of the silverbacks, competition for these sexual partners did not erupt. Neither silverback showed intensive courtship to another silverback’s partner. There appeared to be a kind of respect for ‘ownership’ of other’s same-sex partners, as observed in heterosexual copulation (Harcourt, 1978, 1981; Watts, 1996). These observations suggest that homosexual interactions involving silverbacks may be purely sexual in character, because they parallel heterosexual interactions."

::"Another difference in homosexual interactions between silverbacks and immatures was the fixed role in mounting for the former. The two silverbacks always mounted the younger individuals, while both blackbacks and sub-adults took the roles of both mounter and mountee."

:: ''note'': Silverback: a fully mature adult male gorilla often dominant in the group. Blackback: a younger, not yet fully mature male gorilla; typically an adolescent or young adult stage.)

*'''Bixler, R. H. (1992). "Do we/should we behave like animals?" In: W. T. O’Donohue & J. H. Geer (Eds.), The sexual abuse of children: Volume I—Theory and research (pp. 81–107). ''Routledge''. doi: 10.4324/9781315799698-7'''
::drosophila
::"Adult males of many drosophila species court the immature and essentially in the same manner in which they court females (McRobert & Tompkins, 1983). Young males, as well as immature females, excite their adult counterparts with both visual and pheromonal stimuli (Gailey, Hall, & Siegel, 1985; Gailey, Jackson, & Siegel, 1985; Siegel, Hall, Gailey, & Kyriacou, 1984; Tompkins, 1984; Zawistowski & Richmond, 1985). Within hours after they have emerged from their pupal cases (eclosed) males begin to lose their homosexual appeal because they start to synthesize a courtship-inhibiting pheromone. Their attractiveness to adult males declines sharply, but does not evaporate entirely, as the courtship-stimulating pheromone that misled adult males is produced in steadily diminishing quantities. [...] Finally, the courted immature males when placed later with mature females mate significantly faster (p 0.001) than do inexperienced males (McRobert & Tompkins, 1988). [...] The same males that court immature conspecifics also court and copulate with mature females. [...] it is likely that it has committed a recognition error (Aiken, 1981; Colgan, 1983; Tompkins, 1989). However, the immature male clearly benefited from its being mistaken for a female and courted."

::rats
::"Moore and Morelli (1979) found that rat mothers spend more time licking the anogenital region of male pups than that of their sisters. The role of genital stimulation in developing efficient excretory habits is well established; perhaps the differential treatment of the sexes is explicable solely by the greater complexity of male excretory morphology. It is also possible that this difference in treatment affects the eventual sexual behavior of the male or even of its mother."

::mammals in general
::"There also is a common pattern of adult-young sex “play” among mammals in normal settings, much of which is initiated by the immature males and some by females (Byers, 1984; Geist, 1971; Grubb, 1974; Hoffman, 1985; Lent, 1979; Schaller & Mirza, 1974; de Waal, 1990; also see Klemm, Sherry, Schake, & Sis, 1983/1984; Tennessen, Price, & Berg, 1985, for homosexual abuse of young by peers and Lott, 1983/1984, for evidence that homosexual mounting and anal penetration occurs in the wild). Parallels to this mammalian pattern are not found in species that do not play, such as ectotherms, most birds, and some mammals (Smith, Pt. 1, 1984; Wilson, 1975)."

::primates in general
::"Immature primates are confronted by and, even more frequently, seek participation in sexual behavior with adults. The young watch adults or harass them when they copulate and do so with obvious interest (Colvin, 1985; Goodall, 1986; Hrdy, 1977; Thierry, 1986; Tutin, 1979; de Waal, 1982). They explore adult genitalia and experience manipulation of their own (Chevalier-Skolnikoff, 1976; Estrada, Estrada, & Ervin, 1977; Goodall, 1968; Nadler, 1985; Schaller, 1963; Thierry, 1986; de Waal, 1982, 1990); they court and are courted (Cheney, 1978; Hayaki, 1985; Hrdy, 1977; Kummer, 1968). Immature males mount and may copulate with their mothers (Bixler, 1981b; Harlow, Joslyn, Senko, & Dopp, 1966; Missakian, 1973; Sugiyama & Koman, 1979); with other mature females (Cheney, 1978; Chevalier-Skolnikoff, 1976; Colvin, 1985; Estrada, Estrada, & Ervin, 1977; Fossey, 1979; Goodall, 1968, 1986; Harcourt, Fossey, Stewart, & Watts, 1980; Hayaki, 1985; Kummer, 1968; Kummer & Kurt, 1963; Sugiyama & Koman, 1979; Takasaki, 1985; Tardif, 1983; Thierry, 1986), and adult males (Chevalier-Skolnikoff, 1974, 1976; Dunbar, 1984). Immature females are less likely to be involved in copulatory-like behavior with adults but it is by no means rare (Abegglen, 1986; Chevalier-Skolnikoff, 1976; Dunbar, 1984; Kummer & Kurt, 1963; Nadler, 1985; Tardif, 1983; de Waal, 1990)."

==Excerpt Graphic Library==

The EGL on '''Broader Perspectives''' has some relevant information. Just right click/save and reproduce by uploading in short-form media to bypass character limits.

{{Template:EGLBP}}

==External links==

*[https://www.greek-love.com/index.php/general-history/pederasty-amongst-primates/pederasty-japanese-macaques-minoo-leca-gunst-vasey-2014 Male Homosexual Behavior in a Free-Ranging All-Male Group of Japanese Macaques at Minoo, Japan] - Jean-Baptiste Leca et al.
*[https://www.greek-love.com/index.php/general-history/pederasty-amongst-primates/pederasty-mountain-gorillas-yamagiwa Intra- and inter-group interactions of an all-male group of virunga mountain gorillas] - Juichi Yamagiwa.

==References==

[[Category:Official Encyclopedia]][[Category:Research: Broader Perspectives]]

Research: Intergenerational Sexual Behaviors in Animals

2026-07-29T12:31:33Z

Thorn: /* Table VI: Homosexual Behavior Between Mature and Immature Males in Birзds */

{{research}}<div style="margin-right: 25px; float: left;">__TOC__</div>
Intergenerational sexual activity has been documented in numerous species, particularly closely related primates. Bonobos are one example - see, nature documentaries and home movies: [https://av.tib.eu/media/22174 (1)], [https://fstube.net/w/jhRL37NdsWTscpPr5dkTsS (Backup)]

While this should not be interpreted as an instruction on how humans should behave, it does cast doubt on the biological necessity of arbitrary, morality-based prohibitions against age-discrepant behavior.

==Biological Exuberance==

The following are excerpted from ''[https://libgen.vg/edition.php?id=136630482 Biological Exuberance - Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity]'' by Bruce Bagemihl (2000).

===Heterosexual===

*'''Bonobo''': "Both adult males and females interact sexually with adolescents and juveniles (three-to-nine-year-olds). In fact, young females go through a five-to-six-year period sometimes referred to as ADOLESCENT STERILITY (although no pathology is involved) during which they actively participate in heterosexual mating (often with adults) but never get pregnant. Sexual behavior between adults and infants of both sexes is common - about a third of the time it is initiated by the infant and may involve genital rubbing and full copulatory postures (including penetration of an adult female by a male infant). (''Biological Exuberance - 274'')

*'''Chimpanzee''': Although incestuous matings between adults are not common, mothers engage in sexual activity with their infant son fairly often. Young females typically experience a one-to-three-year period of ADOLESCENT STERILITY after their first menstruation, during which time they mate heterosexually without conceiving. (''Biological Exuberance - 278'')

*'''Gorilla''': "Both males and females also engage in masturbation, and younger animals frequently participate in nonpenetrative sexual activity. Mountings of the latter type are usually incestuous, involving siblings, half siblings, or (more rarely) parents and their offspring (or their siblings' offspring)." (''Biological Exuberance - 283'')

*'''Orangutan''': "Mothers frequently engage in incestuous contact with their infants, manually or orally stimulation the penis or clitoris (or being stimulated by the infant), and may even mount the infants." (''Biological Exuberance - 287'')

*'''Gibbons (White-handed gibbon and Siamang)''': "In one case, a Siamang father was observed fondling his adolescent daughter's vulva with his fingers while her younger brother licked her clitoris. Mothers may invite their juvenile sons - as young as four to five years - to lick and groom their genitals (usually with no hostile reaction from the father)." (''Biological Exuberance - 291'')

*'''Langur and Nilgiri Langur (Presbytis entellus and Presbytis johnii)''': "Females also occasionally mount males, while adult-juvenile heterosexual interactions also occur." (''Biological Exuberance - 296'')

*'''Japanese Macaque''': "Females in some troops frequently form consortships with sexually immature (preadolescent) males;..." [...] "In some troops, a unique form of "baby-sitting" has developed. Although males in this species do not typically participate in parenting, high-ranking males in some populations take care of infants that are not their own for short periods. They groom, carry, embrace, and protect the infants, usually with the consent of their mothers. [...] ,a few male caretakers interact sexually with infants (usually females), masturbating themselves while carrying them or even thrusting against them. (''Biological Exuberance - 305'')

*'''Rhesus Macaque''': "In some cases, though, "aunts" engage in aggressive or sexual interactions with the infants as well and may even try to "kidnap" another female's baby." (''Biological Exuberance - 310'')

*'''Crested-Black Macaque (Macaca Nigra)''': "Infant and very young male Crested Blacks often mount adult females, performing pelvic thrusts and even achieving penetration. " (''Biological Exuberance - 322'')

*'''Savanna Baboon, Hamadryas Baboon:''' "Sexual activity in Baboons also sometimes includes copulation with partners that are not optimal for breeding: adult male Savanna Baboons and adult female Hamadryas Baboons may mate with juvenile animals, incestous matings are common in inbred troops [...]" (''Biological Exuberance - 327'')

*'''Tamarin and Marmosets''': "Both male and female Lion Tamarins (Leontophitecus rosalia) sometimes mount their own offspring of both sexes, including adolescent and younger individuals. Approximately 1 percent of mounting activity in Common Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) occurs among adolescent and younger males." (''Biological Exuberance - 334'')

*'''Dolphin''': "Young dolphins are sexually precocious, and incestuous copulation have been observed between males a few months and their mothers." (p. 346) [...] "In captivity, "baby-sitting" males have been observed harassing mothers, trying to "kidnap" their calves, and even behaving sexually towards the infants "including trying to mate with them). (''Biological Exuberance - 347'')

*'''Orca''': "[...] while heterosexual interactions also occur between adults and adolescents (of both sexes) and youngsters (juveniles as well as calves)." (''Biological Exuberance - 351'')

*'''Northern Elephant Seal (Mirounga angustirostris)''': "As noted above, some male Northern Elephant Seals routinely try to copulate with weaned pups - about half of all pups are subjected to such forced mating or rape attempts, which they usually violently resist. In some cases the pups are severely injured by the bulls, with deep gashes and punctures from neck bites. Aggressive sexual behavior by bulls is the leading cause of mortality among pups on the breeding grounds, accounting for the deaths of about 1 in 200 pups each year." (''Biological Exuberance - 363'')

*'''Northen Fur Seal (Callorhinus Ursinus)''': "[...] male Northern Fur Seals have also been known to attempt forcible copulations with pups of their own species." (''Biological Exuberance - 369'')

*'''White-tailed Dear (Odocoileus virginianus) and Mule or Black-Tailed Deer''': "Incestuous activity - including fawns mounting their mothers - also occurs in these species." (''Biological Exuberance - 381'')

*'''Wapiti, Elk, or Red Deer and Barasingha (Cervus elaphus) or Swamp Deer (Cervus duvauceli)''': "Sexual behavior by calves - including adult-calf interactions - also occurs in these species. Wapiti/Red Deer calves sometimes mount adults (including their mothers, in Red Deer), while female Red Deer occasionally mount calves." (''Biological Exuberance - 385'')

*'''Caribou or Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) and Moose (Alces Alces)''': "Males of booth species sometimes try to mount calves [...]" (''Biological Exuberance - 389'')

*'''Giraffe''': "Giraffes engage in a few forms of nonprocreative heterosexual activity as well: younger females in heat occasionally mount male calves, while calves sometimes mount their mothers." (''Biological Exuberance - 393'')

*'''Blackbuck (Gazelle, Antilope cervicapra)''': "Female Blackbucks sometimes engage in nonreproductive mounts of fawns or young animals." (''Biological Exuberance - 404'')

*'''Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis), Thinhorn or Dall's Sheep (Ovis dalli) and Asiatic Mouflon or Urial (Ovis orientalis)''': "Rams also sometimes mount lambs [...]" (''Biological Exuberance - 408'')

*'''Musk-Ox and Mountain Goat''': "Even during breeding years, some heterosexual courtship activity in both Muskoxen and Mountain Goats may be directed by males toward nonprocreating individuals such as yearlings and calves. [...] Females in this species have been observed mounting adult males and courting, mounting, or being mounted by their own yearlings or kids." (''Biological Exuberance - 412'')

*'''Plains Zebra (Equus quagga) and Takhi or Przewalski's horse (Equus przewalskii)''': "In addition, male Plains Zebras often try to mate with unrelated juvenile females that are not yet sexually mature. In fact, stallions - alone or in groups of up to 18 at a time - may "abduct" adolescent females by separating and chasing them from their family groups, after which they will try to copulate with the young mares. Interestingly, the female shows the behavioral signs of being "in heat" before she reaches the age when she can actually conceive; usually an "abducted" mare returns to her family group after her period of "heat" is finished. [...] Although Takhi males are not as involved in parenting as mares, a stallion may act as a "surrogate mother" to his own foal if it has lost its mother, even allowing the foal to "suckle" on his penis sheath." (''Biological Exuberance - 420'')

*'''Llama''': "Adult males occasionally copulate with yearling females, who are probably not old enough to breed." (''Biological Exuberance - 426'')

*'''Elephant (Afrikanska and Asiatiska)''': "In addition, males sometimes try to mount juvenile animals, who squeal in protest until a female intervenes." (''Biological Exuberance - 430'')

*'''Laughing Hyena''': "Some males, unable to copulate, engage in a form of "masturbation" in which they thrust their penis in the air and spontaneously ejaculate; others have been seen mounting cubs." (''Biological Exuberance - 447'')

*'''Rufous Bettong or Rat Kangaroo (Aepyprymnus rufescens)''': "For example, adult males generally make more sexual approaches to juvenile females than to sexually adult females." (''Biological Exuberance - 454'')

*'''Fat-Tailed Dunnart (Sminthopsis Crassicadudata)''': "Adult male Fat-Tailed Dunnarts sometimes display sexual interest in juvenile females, and incestuous matings have also been recorded." (''Biological Exuberance - 459'')

*'''Red Squirrel (Tamaiasciuris hudsonicus) and Gray Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis)''': "Juveniles, of both species often participate in mounting or sexual chases, for example, including incestuous activity between siblings or mothers being mounted by their offspring." (''Biological Exuberance - 463'')

*'''Hoary Marmot (Marmot caligata)''': "Sexual activity also occurs among juveniles, including mounting of adults." (''Biological Exuberance - 466'')

*'''Dwarf Cavy (Microcavia australis), Cui (Galea musteloides) and Aperea (Cavia aperea)''': "As mentioned above, sexual behavior between adults and juveniles is widespread in these species. About a quarter of all courtship and sexual interactions in Dwarf Cavies involve adult males and juveniles, while adult male Cuis also chin-rump follow juvenile females as young as two weeks old. In addition, juvenile Cuis of both sexes sometimes mount both adult males and females, including their own mothers. [...] Adult males in two other species of Cavies, the Mocó or Rock Cavy (Kerodon Rupestris) and the Préa (Galea Spixii), also sometimes court juvenile males, and youngsters mount adults of both sexes as well." (''Biological Exuberance - 469'')

*'''European Shag (Phalacrocorax Aristotelis)''': "In a few cases, adult male Shags have been observed mating with their own chicks [...]" (''Biological Exuberance - 507'')

*'''Tasmanian Native Hen (tribonyx mortierii)''': "[...] about 10 percent of copulation involve parents mounting their own offspring, including young chicks." (''Biological Exuberance - 521'')

*'''Ring-Billed Gull (Larus delawarensis) and Common or Mew Gull (Larus canus)''': "[...] and about 5 percent of adults court and mount chicks. Most of this activity involves females behaving incestuously with their own offspring, including full copulatory REVERSE MOUNTS of young birds. Mounted chicks may be as young as two weeks old, and they usually collapse under the weight of the adult mounting them and cry out in distress. Some individuals appear to be "habitual molesters" in that they repeatedly interact sexually with chicks, including their own." (''Biological Exuberance - 547'')

*'''Herring Gull (Larus Arentatus)''': "Several forms of heterosexual family abuse and adult-juvenile violence have also been documented in Herring Gulls. Males sometimes incestuously mount their own chicks and have even been seen breaking and eating their own eggs." (''Biological Exuberance - 555'')

*'''Black-Headed Gull (Larus Ridibundus)''': "In addition, males occasionally try to mate with chicks (including their own), who may be only a few days old; juveniles also mount each other)." (''Biological Exuberance - 559'')

===Homosexual===
*"And in the majority of cases, male and female homosexualities present their own unique blends of behaviors and characteristics that defy any simplistic categorization - such as Bonobos, where sexual penetration occurs in female rather than male same-sex activity, where sexual interactions between adults and adolescents are a prominent feature of female interactions, and where males do not form strongly bonded relationships with each other the way females do, but engage in less homosexual activity overall and more affectionate activity such as openmouthed kissing." (''Biological Exuberance - 30'')

*'''Bonobo''': "GG-rubbing occurs among females of all ages, from adolescent to very old, but if an older and a younger female are interacting, often the younger female will be on top. (p. 271) [...] In addition, when new females (usually adolescents) join a troop, they often pair up with an older female with whom they have most of their sexual and affectionate interactions. These bond need not be exclusive - either party may have sex with other females or males - but such mentorlike pairings can last for a year or more until the newcomer is fully integrated into the troop. [...] Manual stimulation of the genitals by a partner also occurs: typically an adolescent male spreads his legs and presents his erect penis to an adult male, who takes the shaft in his hand and caresses it with up-and-down movements." (''Biological Exuberance - 273'')

*'''Gorilla''': "There is often intense competition among the males for "preferred" partners - often the younger males - and older, higher ranking males frequently "guard" their favorite males and fight to protect them from the advances of other males." (''Biological Exuberance - 281'')

*'''White-Handed Gibbon (Hylobates lar) and Siamang (Hylobates syndactylus)''': "Within their nuclear family groups, male Gibbons sometimes engage in homosexual activities with each other. This incestuous activity often takes place between adolescent or younger male and his father (or stepfather, if his parents have divorced and re-paired); in Siamangs it may also occur between brothers." (''Biological Exuberance - 289'')

*'''Hanuman Langur (Presbytis entellus) and Nilgiri Langur (Presbytis Langur)''': "All females participate freely in homosexual mounting, including lactating, pregnant, menstruating, ovulating, and nonovulating females. This behavior is especially common among mothers, who have developed a special "baby-sitting" system: they transfer their young to other individuals in the troop (usually other females but sometimes males) for a short time (a similar pattern is found in Nilgiri Langurs). This allows them to engage in homosexual (and other) activites. Most mounting between females occurs among adults, through some involves adults with juveniles (up to four years old), usually with the younger female mounting the older one. Altough most homosexual participants are unrelated, some mountings are incestous, mostly between half sisters (about 27 percent of all lesbian mounts) and more rarely, between mother and daughter (about 1 percent of mounts); heterosexual matings are virtually never incestuous." (''Biological Exuberance - 294-295'')

*'''Japanese Macaque (Macaca fuscata)''': "Homosexual pairings occur among females of all ages, from adolescents to the very old, and sometimes an adult female will pair with a pubescent female. Interestingly, an incest taboo is in effect for homosexual but not heterosexual courtships: females never choose close relatives (mothers, sisters, daughters, granddaugthers, first cousins) as partners, whereas brother-sister and mother-son consorts do occasionally occur. Aunts and nieces, however, do not generally recognize each other as kin in this species, and so they sometimes consort together." (''Biological Exuberance - 303'')

*'''Crab-Eating Macaque (Macata fascicularis)''': "Males can also develop intense sexual relationships with one another, especially between older and younger males. In one such pair observed in captivity, affectionate embraces frequently led to sexual arousal and homosexual mounting, often accompanied by excited lip-smacking or crooning sounds; the male being mounted sometimes even turned his head to kiss his partner during a mount." (''Biological Exuberance - 317'')

*'''Pig Tailed Macaque (Macaca nemestrina)''': "Some same-sex mountings is incestuous, e.g., between mother and daughter or siblings of either sex." (''Biological Exuberance - 321'')

*'''Crested Black Macaque (Macaca nigra)''': "Younger males often mount older ones in this species." (''Biological Exuberance - 321'')

*'''"Baboon" (other species)''': "Among the Patas Monkeys (Erythrocebus patas), adolescent and younger males often fondle and nuzzles the scrotum and genitals of adult males." (''Biological Exuberance - 328'')

*'''(Common) Squirrel Monkey (Saimiri sciureus)''': "Homosexual mounting sometimes occurs between male Squirrel Monkeys, especially younger individuals or between an older and younger (adult) partner; adult males also perform the genital display to each other." (''Biological Exuberance - 332'')

*'''Lion Tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia) and White-fronted Capuchin Monkeys (Cebus Albifrons)''': "Both male and female Lion Tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia) sometimes mount their own offspring of both sexes, including adolescents and younger individuals. Approximately 1 percent of mounting activity in Common Mamosets (Callithrix Jacchus) occurs among adolescent and younger males (brother living in the same family group). In White-fronted Capuchin Monkeys (Cebus Albifrons), young males occasionally suck and fondle the scrotum of older males, while homosexual activity among females (including mounting) also occurs in Brown Capuchins (C. apella) and Weeper Capuchins (C. olivaceous)." (''Biological Exuberance - 334'')

*'''Verreaux's Sifaka (Propithecus Verreauxi)''': "Male Verreaux's Sifakas sometimes mount other males during the mating season. The mounted animal - usually a younger adult or adolescent male - often snaps at the mounter and tries to wriggle free (as do females trying to escape from unwelcome heterosexual advances)." (''Biological Exuberance - 336'')

*'''Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) and Spinner Dolphin (Stenella lingirostris)''': "If there is an age difference between male partners, either may penetrate the other, and Bottlenose adolescents have even been observed penetrating much older males." (''Biological Exuberance - 343'')

*'''Orca (Orcinus orca)''': "Altough males of all ages participate in homosexual activities, this behaviour is most prevalent among "adolescent" Orcas (sexually mature individuals 12-25 years old) More than three quarters of all sessions involve males who are more than five years apart in age, altough age-mates also interact together (especially among adolescents)." (''Biological Exuberance - 350'')

*'''Gray Seal (Halichoerus grypus) and Northern Elephant Seal (Mirounga angustirostris)''': "Those males who have completed their molt often roll around in pairs near the water and mount each other; bulls of all ages participate in this activity. Both adolescent and younger adult Northern Elephant Seal bulls also engage in homosexual mounting during the molt period. This occurs in shallow waters near the shore, often as part of extended bouts of harmless playfighting among clusters of males. [...] Adult males do not participate in this activity. However, they do sometimes mount younger adolescent and juvenile males (two to four years old). Typically the older male approaches the younger male at rest, moving up alongside him and sometimes placing his front flipper over his back in the position characteristic of heterosexual copulations. Usually the younger male struggles to escape, and the mounter may try to subdue him by pressing or bouncing his neck down on top of him or biting his neck. The older male may have an erection and attempt to penetrate the younger male, but he rarely succeeds. Altough they prefer juveniles or adolescents, a few bulls also try to copulate with much younger animals, such as weaned pups of both sexes (who strongly resist their advances)." (''Biological Exuberance - 361'')

*'''Australian Sea Lion (Neophoca cinerea) and New zealand Sea Lion (Phocarctos hookeri)''': "All age groups participate, altough there is often an age difference between the two males, with the younger male typically mounting the older one (especially in New Zealand Sea Lions)." (''Biological Exuberance - 367 - 368'')

*'''Walrus (Odobenus Rosmarus)''': "Typically a younger male displays to an older one, and courting males often situate themselves in the water near a favorite cliff face, boulder, or rock formation at the water's edge. The spectacular display consists of inflation of the throat pouches - often preceded by head bowing - interspersed with dives by one or both males, and an incredible series of vocalizations that form a courtship "song". (p. 371) [...] Although most homosexual behaviour is confined to the summer haul-outs, younger males sometimes also mount adults or other younger males during the breeding season. Groups of younger Walruses may crowd around an older male and roll on top of him; in addition, an adult male occasionally sings his courtship songs to a group of younger males or is accompanied by a younger attendant male while he sings. Often, his companion surfaces and dives in synchrony with him. This behavior, known as SHADOWING, occurs regardless of whether the adult is courting a female. [...] During breeding season, up to a third of mounting activity may take place between younger males or between adult and younger males, and 2-19 percent of singing males have a younger male companion "shadowing" them." (''Biological Exuberance - 372'')

*'''White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus)''': "Adult male White-tailed Deer sometimes mount each other, as do yearling males (especially during the nonbreeding season); occasionally a younger male mounts an older one during this activity." (''Biological Exuberance - 379'')

*'''Wapiti, Elk, or Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) and Barasingha or Swamp Deer (Cervus duvauceli)''': "Usually the two animals engaging in same-sex activity are fully grown adults, but in male Wapiti homosexual mounting may occur between adult bulls and spikehorns (yearlings whose antlers are spikes, having yet to develop prongs). Red Deer yearlings also participate in same-sex activity including occasional incestuous homosexual mountings by females of their mothers." (''Biological Exuberance - 383 - 384'')

*'''Caribou or Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) and Moose (Alces alces)''': "Caribou sometimes mount each other, as do younger males, while yearling Moose have been observed trying to mount adult bulls. In addition, bull Moose sometimes associate with younger male companions." (''Biological Exuberance - 388'')

*'''Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana)''': "Males of all age groups participate in homosexual courtship and mounting, although adult males usually direct their attentions to adolescent males. Mounting between males sometimes occurs during sparring or play-fighting as well." (''Biological Exuberance - 394'')

*'''Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis) and Thinhorn or Dall's Sheep (Ovis dalli)''': "Typically an older, higher ranking male will court a male younger than him, using a sequence of stylized movements." (''Biological Exuberance - 406'')

*'''Mountain Goat (Oreamnos americanus)''': "Adult male Mountain Goats court younger (yearling) males, again using the species typical heterosexual behavior patterns: the courting male approaches the other in a crouching position, creeping on his stomach with his head stretched forward (a posture referred to as the LOW-STRETCH). He may also flick his tongue in and out of his mouth while making soft bussing sound, jerk his head sideways, and attempt to lick the other male's flanks. Typically the yearling male responds aggressively to the courting adult. Adult males occasionally perform this display toward other adults as well. In addition, yearling females sometimes mount their own mothers. [...] In contrast, yearling Mountain Goats that are courted by older males are primarily heterosexuals, since they reject most same-sex advances." (''Biological Exuberance - 411'')

*'''African Elephant (Loxodonta africana) and Asiatic Elephant (Elephas maximas)''': "Homosexual mating lasts about the same lenght as heterosexual mating, generally less than a minute, altough one male may mount another several times in succession. Both older bulls and younger males participate in this activity. [...] Male Elephants also form "companionships" usually composed of an older bull and an attendant younger male (in contrast, there are no long-lasting heterosexual bonds in these species). In African Elephants, the younger male often helps the older one by guarding him or pulling down branches for him; in other cases, the older bull may help a younger male (or vice versa) who is injured or suffering from blindness of paralysis. The two males are constant companions and generally isolated from other Elephants; occasionally, an older bull will have two attendants. Among Asiatic Elephants, such male companionships appear not to be as long-lasting as in African Elephants. Younger attendant males in African Elephants are sometimes reported to have enlarged genitalia." (''Biological Exuberance - 428 -429'')

*'''Spotted Hyena (Crocuta crocuta)''': "Homosexual mounting between females also occur in this species; in some cases an adolescent or younger adult mounts an older one." (''Biological Exuberance - 446'')

*'''Rufous Bettongs or Rat Kangaroo (Aepyprymnus rufescens)''': "Some homosexual interactions in Rufous Bettongs involve adult females courting and mounting juvenile females and vice versa." (''Biological Exuberance - 454'')

*'''Gray Squirell (Sciurus carolinensis)''': "Gray Squirells are sequentially or chronologically bisexual: juveniles, adolescents, and young adults (up to one and a half years old) show a preference for homosexual activity, while older adults generally exhibit much less same-sex mountings." (''Biological Exuberance - 463'')

*'''Dwarf Cavy (Microcavia australis), Cui or Yellow-Toothed Cavy (Galea musteloides) and Aperea or Wild Cavy (Cavia Aperea)''': "In Dwarf Cavies, adult males are sexually attracted to juveniles of both sexes. A typical homosexual courtship begins with the adult and the younger male sitting quietly together - often right in front of the youngster's mother, who is not visibly disturbed. The two males may kiss and nuzzle their noses together, after which the adult begins to gently nibble on the juvenile's rump. This is often followed by a courtship behavior known as CHIN-RUMP FOLLOWING, in which the adult male places his chin on the youngster's rump, as they move together in circles or figure-eight patterns. If the male is especially aroused, he will stop to pat his paws against the juvenile's rump, sometimes even licking, sniffing, and nuzzling the anus and perineal region while lifting up the youngster's hindquarters with his nose. Adult males frequently have favorite males that they prefer to court and interact sexually with, actively seeking them out while ignoring others. (p. 467) [...] Adult male Apereas sometimes court younger males by RUMPING, in which the adult throws one or both hind legs over the rump of the youngsters. [...] Adult males occasionally also have an adolescent companion; the two males sit and feed together, as well as kiss one another. Sometimes the adult male will permit his companion to mount a female that he is courting. (p. 468) [...] Adult males in two other species of Cavies, the Mocó or Rock Cavy (Kerodon rupestris) and the Preá (Galea spixii), also sometimes court juvenile males, and youngsters mount adults of both sexes as well." (''Biological Exuberance - 469'')

*'''Ring-Billed Gull (Larus delawarensis)''': "For example, one or both partners in a homosexual pair are often younger females: couples in which there is an age difference between the two females - one an adult, the other an adolescent or younger adult - are particularly common in some populations." (''Biological Exuberance - 545'')

*'''Guianan Cock-of-the-rock (Rupicola rupicola)''': "Homosexual activity between adult and adolescent males, as well as among adolescent males, is a routine occurence in Guianan Cock-of-the-Rock. Males court and display to each other, as well as engage in homosexual mounting. (p. 567) [...] If an adolescent male approaches an adult who is courting a female, the female usally leaves (or is chased away), and the two males turn their attentions to each other." (''Biological Exuberance - 568'')

*'''Swallow-Tailed Manakin (Chiroxiphia caudata)''': "Male Swallow-tailed Manakins perform an elaborate group courtship ritual, the JUMP DISPLAY. Sometimes this display is directed toward females, sometimes toward yearling or younger adult males (the latter resembling females in their green plumage, but distinct because of their red-orange caps), and less commonly toward another adult male." (''Biological Exuberance - 572'')

*'''Bicolored Antbird (Gymnopithys bicolor) and Ocellated Antbird (Phaenostictus mcleannani)''': "Homosexual pair-bonds are sometimes long-lasting associations, persisting for many years. Partners may both be adults, or an older bird may pair with a younger one. In Ocellated Antbirds, father-son courtship-feedings also sometimes occur when a younger male remains within the clan structure." (''Biological Exuberance - 576'')

== Rind's cross-species summary==
[[Bruce Rind]]'s article on ''Pederasty(2013)'' <ref>Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''</ref> contains excellent cross-cultural and cross-species summary tables of intergenerational male homosexuality (the tables also are in the graphic excerpts library below). Here is the exact quotation of the tables on animals, which is partly based on the Bagemihl, B. (1999). ''Biological exuberance'' (see above), but with many important details.
=== Table IV: Homosexual Behavior Between Mature and Immature Males in Primates. ===

==== Great Apes ====

'''Bonobos (Pan paniscus)''': Mature males frequently performed thrusts on much younger males who might actively solicit the mounting (Kano, 1980). Common also is an adult male masturbating an adolescent male lying on his back with legs spread apart. Sex serves to reduce social tension (de Waal, 1997).

'''Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)''': Male homosex varies considerably across and within chimp populations (Bagemihl, 1999). Kollar et al. (1968) described multiple age-gap encounters (e.g., a young juvenile male interrupted copulation of an adolescent male and female, then presented to the older male, who mounted him).

'''Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla)''': In all-male groups, adults are most attracted to adolescents; mounting can be initiated by either (Harcourt, 1979; Yamagiwa, 1987, 2006). Courtship and copulation occur daily (Bagemihl, 1999). Age-gap sex may help group cohesiveness (Harcourt, 1979).

'''Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus)''': Homosex is often consensual (heterosex often not), often occurs within a special friendship (Bagemihl, 1999). Example: An adolescent male that received fellatio from a young adult male became very attached to him, and followed him wherever he went (Rijksen, 1978).

==== Lesser Apes ====

'''White-handed gibbons (Hylobates lar)''': Homosex occurs sometimes in father-son pairs (Bagemihl, 1999). Edwards and Todd (1991) observed fifty-five episodes between father and adolescent son, always without tension or aggression, initiated by both; seemed to provide reassurance to the adolescent.

'''Siamangs (Hylobates syndactylus)''': Father-son sex occurs (like gibbons), but is sometimes accompanied by threats, when the younger partner wants to end it before the older one does (unlike gibbons) (Bagemihl, 1999).

Old World Monkeys

'''Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus)''': Immature males frequently engage in mounting, often with like-aged males, but also with mature males (Sommer et al., 2006). Immature males increase their touching, mounting, and embracing of adult males as they mature (Jay, 1965). Weber (1973) found that male-male age-gap mounting was usually initiated by the immature partner, with apparent function of securing social acceptance (juveniles are no longer protected by mothers and turn to other adults; mounting and other physical contact are mechanisms to achieve social integration).

'''Nilgiri langurs (Presbytis johnii)''': Dominant males (alphas) mount subordinate males (juveniles, adolescents, younger adults) in dominance displays, which the subordinates may initiate by presenting. Mounts are brief, with several thrusts but no penetration, and are part of a communication matrix that maintains troop harmony (Hohmann, 1989; Poirier, 1970).

'''Proboscis monkeys (Nasalis larvatus)''': Homosexual mounting occurs in younger males (adolescents and juveniles); it tends to stem from play wrestling. It is resisted by the younger male in some cases (as females sometimes also do in heterosexual mounting). Its frequency is low, as is heterosexual sex (Bagemihl, 1999; Yeager, 1990).

'''Bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata)''': Males of all ages are frequently involved in a wide variety of homosex. Younger males often masturbate other males to orgasm, sometimes eating the semen. Some do only a little homosex, others a great deal (Bagemihl, 1999).

'''Crab-eating macaques (Macaca fascicularis)''': Males can develop intense sexual friendships, especially between older and younger males (with affection, arousal, mounting). Homosexual mounting is both consensual (54%) and nonconsensual (46%). In the former, the mountee fully cooperates and may initiate the mounting (Bagemihl, 1999).

'''Crested black macaques (Macaca nigra)''': Younger males often mount older ones (Bagemihl, 1999). Dixson (1977) frequently observed the oldest male in one troop presenting to younger males, who invariably responded by mounting him, often with erections. Also, ritualized “greeting” gestures (e.g., penis-grabbing), especially by younger males, are common practice (Bagemihl, 1999).

'''Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata)''': All adult and juvenile males were seen presenting to another male (aggression was rare, <3%) (Hanby & Brown, 1974). Takenoshita (1998) observed free-ranging adult-juvenile consort relationships (adults ejaculated, juveniles erected; they foraged, groomed, and attacked others together).

'''Pig-tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina)''': Age-equal and age-gap male-male mounting (juveniles, adolescents, adults) occurs frequently, is not associated with force (as heterosexual mounting sometimes is), and makes up from 8% to 67% of individual males’ overall mounts (Bagemihl, 1999). Dominants invite subordinates to mount them as an elaborate display of tolerance toward subordinates (Oi, 1990) or mount subordinates as a rank maintenance mechanism (Tokuda et al., 1968).

'''Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)''': Age-gap consort relationships occur, highly affectionate (Bagemihl, 1999). Kempf (1917) observed two juvenile males competing to be mounted by an adult male. Homosex helps juveniles get protection, integrate into group (Carpenter, 1942). Older, younger both show sexual excitement; mature-immature relationships are frequent, seem to have sexual basis (Hamilton, 1914). Redican et al. (1974) observed an immature male taking the sexual initiative with an adult male in an intensive relationship.

'''Stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides)''': Chevalier-Skolnikoff (1976) reported mutual excitement and affection in several intense friendship-based mature-immature sexual relationships. These were “rewarding” to all participants (e.g., protection for younger partner). Homosex seemed to foster greater social cohesion.

'''Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana)''': Ogawa (1995) found that male adult-juvenile homosex occurs on a regular basis; either may initiate oral sex on the juvenile; it is never aggressive; both are excited; context is friendly. It seems to serve to reduce tension.

'''Savanna baboons (Papio cynocephalus)''': All males, from juvenile to adult, greet one another via ritualized sexual behaviors. These behaviors (presenting, mounting, fondling) occur briefly (a few seconds), constitute “greetings,” and appear to serve in part formation of coalitions (Bagemihl, 1999; Smuts & Watanabe, 1990).

'''Hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas)''': Zuckerman (1932) observed a three-year sexual relationship between an adult and immature male. Whenever the immature was threatened, the adult immediately rescued it.

'''Gelada baboons (Theropithecus gelada)''': Bernstein (1975) found that mounting occurs between bachelors and immature males in the all-male group. When a bachelor successfully challenges a harem leader, he switches entirely to heterosex (the deposed leader switches to homosex).

'''Mona monkeys (Cercopithecus mona)''': Glenn, Ramsier, and Benson (2006) found that homosex, with oral sex (often with orgasm), is universal in all-male groups, where males spend most of their lives. It involves all combinations from juveniles to adults; aggression is extremely rare. It seems to function to help younger males’ immigration and social skills, as well as the groups’ social cohesion.

'''Patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas)''': Adolescent or younger males often fondle and nuzzle the genitals and scrotum of adult males (Bagemihl, 1999).

==== New World Monkeys ====

'''Squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus)''': Denniston (1980) frequently observed male homosexual behavior, the commonest form being between adults and adolescents. Baldwin (1969) frequently observed sexual mounting and sometimes consortships between older adolescents and much younger juveniles (of both sexes); older adolescents, unlike younger adolescents, were gentle with their younger partners, who consequently allowed the interactions to take place (by contrast, they tended to resist the much rougher initiatives from younger adolescents).

==== Prosimians ====

'''Verreaux’s sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi)''': Homosexual behavior is rare in prosimians. In this lemur species, adult males sometimes mount younger adults or adolescents, who often snap and struggle to wriggle free (Bagemihl, 1999).

=== Table V: Homosexual Behavior Between Mature and Immature Males in Subprimate Mammals ===
All descriptions based on Bagemihl (1999) unless primary sources are indicated.

==== Marine Mammals ====

===== Dolphins and whales =====

'''Boto or Amazon River dolphin (Inia geoffrensis)''': Males participate in a wide variety of homosexual behavior, including various kinds of intercourse. When there is an age difference typically the older penetrates the younger. Pairs interacting sexually display a great deal of mutual affection, which Bagemihl (1999, p. 341) illustrates in a photo, in which an adult and immature partner are touching while swimming side by side.

'''Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)''': Homosexual behavior largely exceeds heterosexual behavior. Adolescents and younger males typically live in all-male groups, where homosexual behavior is common and exclusive. Only as full adults do they attempt to father calves via heterosexual contact. Younger adolescents form homosexual pair-bonds with like-age males, which often last throughout life. When there is an age difference in homosexual sex, either party may penetrate the other—adolescents have been observed penetrating adults (Bagemihl, 1999). McBride and Hebb (1948) observed adult males repeatedly interacting sexually with younger males and described an intense, affectionate bond in one pair. In an extensive ten-year field study, young immature males were found to be the most sexual (most often with male peers, but also with all other age-sex classes); most of adult males’ sexual interactions were with immature males (Mann, 2006).

'''Orca or killer whales (Orcinus orca)''': Orcas are the largest in the dolphin family. Homosexual behavior is integral to male social life. During salmon feasting, males of all ages spend afternoons courting, being affectionate, and engaging in overt homosexual behaviors, with 90% being reciprocated. Sessions last an hour on average. Most involve adolescents and an age difference of at least five years. At least half of all males get involved.

'''Sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus)''': 3–5% of males may be homosexually bonded, with couples consisting of two adults or an older and younger male. Sexual interactions leading to orgasm can take place in groups of primarily younger males.

'''Bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus)''': Intensive male homosexual sessions lasting up to forty minutes occur, involving mainly groups of adolescents and young adults.

===== Seals and Manatees =====

'''Gray seals (Halichoerus grypus)''': Male homosexual behavior is common; males of all ages mount each other on shore after molting.

'''Harbor seals (Phoca vitulina)''': Male homosexual behavior is common, involving males of all ages, but mainly adolescents and adults.

'''Northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris)''': Adolescent and young adult males do same-sex mounting during the molting season. Adult males sometimes mount younger adolescent or juvenile males, but the younger males usually struggle to escape.

'''Australian sea lions (Neophoca cinerea) & New Zealand sea lions (Phocarctos hookeri)''': Male homosexual mounting is common. All ages may be involved, but usually a younger partner mounts an older one. As mating is polygynous, many males never mate heterosexually.

'''West Indian manatees (Trichechus manatus)''': Males can form bachelor herds. Males of all ages intensively interact homosexually, involving embracing, kissing, mouthing, caressing, genital rubbing, and frequent ejaculation.

'''Walruses (Odobenus rosmarus)''': Males are segregated during the nonbreeding summer months. Here, homosexual courtship, affection, and sex are common. Typically, a younger male will display to an older one, and each may mount the other. Groups of younger males may crowd an adult male, making body contact. An adult may sing a courtship song to a group of younger males or a specific younger male companion that accompanies him. Younger and older males also pursue each other during the breeding season. Homosexual behavior is very common if not universal among male Walruses, even during the breeding season, where up to a third of mounting is between younger males or between an adult and a younger male.

==== Hoofed Mammals ====

===== Deer and Moose =====

'''White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)''': Males are sex-segregated most of year. Mounting sometimes occurs between two adults, two yearlings, or an older-younger pair, where the younger mounts the older one (Bagemihl, 1999). Most commonly, it is young males that mount others. Mounting is not based on dominance; no specific function is apparent. Mountees generally do not oppose being mounted if age-discrepant, but do so more if two immature males are involved (Bartós & Holeckova, 2006).

'''Wapiti (Cervus elaphus)''': They are sex-segregated most of year. Mounting occasionally occurs between two adult or adult-yearling males. Male pairs may form companionships, either older-younger or age-equal.

'''Père David’s deer (Elaphurus davidianus)''': Males sometimes mount each other, with the younger mounting the older one.

'''Moose (Alces alces)''': They are often solitary. Yearling males sometimes mount adult males. Sometimes adult males associate with younger male companions called satellites.

===== Antelopes and Gazelles =====

'''Pronghorns (Antilocapra americana)''': Some males get territories and breed. The rest live in bachelor herds, where homosexual mounting occurs to a moderate degree. Males of all ages participate, but adult males usually direct their attentions to adolescents. Mounting is preceded by courting. Most males (70%) never breed.

'''Blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra)''': Males with territories mate with females. The rest live in bachelor herds, where most engage in mounting. This follows friendly sparring. Adult males often perform courtship displays to adolescent males before mounting them. Blackbuck males are predominantly homosexual, leaving the group only once or twice in their lives attempting to breed.

'''Grant’s gazelles (Gazella granti)''': They live in mixed or all-male groups. Homosexual behavior is rare. Adult males usually attack other males trying to mount them.

===== Wild Sheep, Goats, Buffalo =====

'''Bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) & Thinhorn sheep (Ovis dalli)''': Males live in homosexual societies in sex-segregated bands. Only during the rutting season do they meet females. Older males court younger, smaller males and mount them. The mountee facilitates by assuming lordosis. Interactions are non-aggressive; the younger male is usually willing. So pervasive is this, that females will mimic younger males to attract older males. Geist (1975) views older-younger male homosex as an adaptation, allowing the younger males to live in the group.

'''Musk-oxen (Ovibos moschatus)''': They are in mixed or all-male groups. Adult males court and mount adolescent and juvenile males. Younger males do the same with each other. Mountees sometimes resist (as females do), but sometimes assent. About 40% of courting and 10% of mounting are homosexual.

'''Mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus)''': They are often sex-segregated. Adult males court younger males, using the species-typical approach used in courting females. Typically, the yearling male reacts aggressively. Almost one-fifth of courtships during the breeding season occur between adult and yearling males.

'''American bison males (Bison bison)''': Male bison spend most of their time alone or in bachelor herds. In these herds, homosexual mounting, including full penetration, is prevalent, especially among younger males (i.e., adolescents), and exceeds heterosexual mounting in frequency. The mounted animal often facilitates the mounting. Younger males also sometimes form tending bonds with other males, involving following, defending, and mounting or being mounted by their partners (Bagemihl, 1999). Homosexual behavior is not based on dominance, but may serve a bonding function (Vervaecke & Rodin, 2006).

===== Other Hoofed Mammals =====

'''Giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis)''': They are often in all-male groups. Sparring between males is almost always gentle, begins as calves and juveniles, and is most common among adolescents. Participants are often of different sizes, with the smaller, younger one usually initiating. Mounting sometimes accompanies sparring, and mostly involves older adolescents mounting younger ones. These behaviors are not associated with dominance. Homosexual behavior occurs mainly among the young (Pratt & Anderson, 1985).

'''African elephants (Loxodonta africana) & Asiatic elephants (Elephas maximus)''': African and Asiatic male elephants often form all-male herds. Breeding males associate only temporarily with females. Male homosexual mounting occurs regularly, especially among younger males. In African elephants, homosexual mounting may be preceded by extensive affectionate interaction, and both adult and younger males participate. Males also form long-lasting bonds called companionships, mainly between older and younger “attendants”—heterosexual couples do not form long-lasting bonds. The attendant male and adult male often help each other in various ways, and they are constant companions. Sometimes an older male will have two attendant males. In Asiatic male elephants, almost a fifth have a male companion.

==== Other Mammals ====

'''Dwarf cavies (Microcavia australis)''': Dwarf cavies are small rodents that live in colonies of twenty to fifty individuals. Adult males are sexually attracted to juveniles of both sexes. A typical homosexual encounter begins with an adult male and juvenile male sitting together quietly, often in front of the juvenile’s mother, who is not visibly bothered. The two males then engage in affectionate contact, which eventually escalates to sexual behavior. Adult males often have favorite younger males, and will actively seek them out while ignoring other juvenile males. More than half of adult male-juvenile sexual interactions are same-sex. Most males are homosexually involved. Occasionally, an adult male will have an adolescent male companion, who feeds with him and is physically affectionate with him. The adult may allow the adolescent to mount a female he is courting. Adult males in two other species, mocó or rock cavies (Kerodon rupestris) and préa (Galea spixii), sometimes also court juvenile males.

'''Feral cats (Felis catus)''': In an extensive field study, a quarter of males did homosexual mounting, but only occasionally. It always occurred in the presence of estrus females. Mounters were adults, and mountees were adolescents, smaller in size, comparable to adult female size. Mounters bit the backs of mountees’ necks, as they do when mounting females. Older-younger male homosexual mounting appears to be an outlet for heterosexual mountings that were recently frustrated (Yamane, 2006).

=== Table VI: Homosexual Behavior Between Mature and Immature Males in Birds ===
All descriptions based on Bagemihl (1999)
==== Aquatic and shore birds ====

'''Canada geese (Branta canadensis)''': 18 % of adult males form homosexual bonds with partners, who may be other adults or juveniles.

'''Ruffs (Philomachus pugnax)''': About half of males are involved predominantly in same-sex sex. Certain adult males acquire a territory called a lek, where they display to potential sex partners, male as well as female. Male visitors may be those without leks or younger males, who have not yet developed adult plumage. The younger males rarely are heterosexually involved, but instead do mounting with each other and with adult lek residents.

==== Perching and song birds ====

'''Guianan cock-of-the-rock (Rupicola rupicola)''': Male homosexual mounting between two adolescents and between an adult and adolescent is routine, accounting for about half of all copulations and involving about 40 % of the total male population and 64 % of the adolescent male population. Certain adult males acquire leks, which females and young males visit to see whether they want to mate. In a typical homosexual encounter, while an adult male is displaying his colorful plumage, an adolescent male will land nearby. The adult keeps his back to the adolescent, showing off his plumage and inviting the adolescent to mount him. The adolescent climbs onto the adult’s back, achieves genital contact, and then mounts several times in succession. Adolescents usually visit the display courts of numerous other adult males and may have relations with up to seven adults in a season, including some adults without leks. Adult males who avoid heterosexual contacts are the ones most often mounted by adolescent males.

'''Swallow-tailed manakins (Chiroxiphia caudata)''': Several adult males will form long-term associations and display together on their leks to attract both females and adolescent males. When a young male arrives, the adult males perform a group courtship ritual, in which they take turns jumping up and hovering in front of him. The young male sits motionless as he watches the spectacle. Same-sex sexual behavior likely makes up a sizable proportion of all sexual activity.

'''Blue-backed manakins (Chiroxiphia pareola)''': Pairs of adult males behave similarly to swallow-tailed manakins, displaying to a third male, which is sometimes an adolescent, performing leapfrogging and cartwheels to impress the other male.

'''Bicolored antbirds (Gymnopithys bicolor)''': Male homosexual pair-bonds make up 4–6% of all pair-bonds; partners may be two adults or an older and younger bird. The bonds are initiated by courtship-feeds, in which one offers the other a spider or an insect. The receiving male, unlike a female, then passes it back. Once paired, they become constant companions.

'''Red bishop birds (Euplectes orix)''': In their nesting territories, adult males court both females and males, the latter being younger males who look like females in terms of their plumage coloring. When a younger male approaches, the adult male performs a distinct bumble-flight and displays his plumage to attract the comer.

'''Orange bishop birds (Euplectes franciscanus)''': In captivity, both adult and younger males attempt to mount young males, who usually reject the attempt or react indifferently at most.

'''Red-shouldered widowbirds (Euplectes axillaris)''': Adult males sometimes court younger males.

'''Black-billed magpies (Pica pica)''': Homosexual behavior involving adult males with adolescent or juvenile males occurs occasionally. A typical courtship begins with one male ritually begging the other, followed by the second hopping around the first. Afterward, the two might form a pair-bond, in which they stay near one another, preen one another, and cooperate in evicting intruders.

'''Gray-breasted jays (Aphelocoma ultramarina)''': Adult males have been observed to courtship-feed younger males.

'''Victoria’s riflebirds (Ptiloris victoriae)''': Adult males sometimes court younger males, using spectacular displays that are also used in heterosexual interactions. Male-male courtships occur frequently, although mounting is rarer and is likely to drive the mountee away.

'''Regent bowerbirds (Sericulus chrysocephalus)''': Males build bowers, tunnels of twigs decorated with a variety of colors (e.g., from berries). Adult males display in their bowers to both females and younger males, sometimes ritually offering gifts to their guests. Juvenile males also build bowers and court males and females. When an adult male arrives, the juvenile male behaves in a ritual manner to attract the adult into the bower. Adult males spend 15% of their time displaying to other males, and juvenile males spend 28% of their time doing the same.

'''Satin bowerbirds (Ptilonorhynchus violaceus)''': Adult males have been observed to court younger males.

'''Superb lyrebirds (Menura novaehollandiae)''': Adult males often court adolescent males upon encountering them alone or in groups. The adult may closely follow the adolescent, even for hours, periodically performing a wing display accompanied by serenading the younger male with a variety of vocalizations. Adults will occasionally mount the adolescents, but genital contact may not occur because the younger male does not facilitate the interaction. Adolescent males also court and mount one another, behavior that is usually mutual. Occasionally an adult and adolescent male will engage in a mutual display to one another. Adult males approach groups of adolescents fairly often during breeding season and twice as often outside of it. They spend more than half their time away from their display mounds associating with adolescent males. Most males are bisexual, courting both females and adolescent males. Adolescent males appear to be exclusively homosexual in their behaviour and often form companionships with like-aged males. Male and female lyrebirds live largely separate lives aside from brief encounters during breeding season.

==== Other birds ====

'''Anna’s hummingbirds (Calypte anna)''': Both females and juvenile males visit an adult male’s territory to feed on his supply of currant and blossoms. If a juvenile male visits, the adult male will perform a dive display several times, in which he climbs 150 feet, dives toward the visitor, and makes loud shrieking sounds. After the display, the visitor will usually fly off, with the adult in pursuit, singing at him. If the adult succeeds in attempting to mount the younger male, the latter usually strongly resists, and the adult may attempt to use force. About 25% of sex in this species is between males.

'''Acorn woodpeckers (Melanerpes formicivorus)''': A ritualized group display occurs involving courtship and sex. At dusk, the members of a group gather and begin mounting one another in all combinations. Males mount females and other males, females mount males and other females, young woodpeckers mount older ones, and older woodpeckers mount younger ones. Reciprocal mounting is common. This mounting display is a regular feature in this species, occurring daily all year around.

==Other sources==
*'''Green, Richard (2002). [https://www.ipce.info/library_2/files/green_asb_2002.html "Is pedophilia a mental disorder?"], ''Archives of Sexual Behavior'', 31 (6), 467-471. Citing: De Waal, F. (1990). "Sociosexual behavior used for tension regulation in all age and sex combinations among Bonobos." In J. Feierman (Ed.), ''[https://library.lol/main/3CA15750CD7EC06C3052B55B5E16C76D Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions]'' (Jay R. Feierman, ed, pp. 379–393). '''
*:"Observations concern a near relative of Man, the bonobo, where these “pigmy chimps” are allowed free access to any other bonobo for sexual contact at the San Diego Zoo. Nonfertile combinations (same-sex or juvenile–adult combinations) were as frequent as potentially fertile, adult male–female combinations. Further, one third of sociosexual contacts by an adult with an infant were initiated by the infant (De Waal, 1990)."
* '''[[Steven Angelides]] (2004) [https://sci-hub.ru/10.1215/10642684-10-2-141 Feminism, Child Sexual Abuse, and the Erasure of Child Sexuality]''' ''GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies'', Volume 10, Number 2, pp. 141-177 ; a copy on [https://web.archive.org/web/20130420133540/http://snifferdogonline.com/reports/Child%20Abuse,%20Sexuality%20and%20Violence/Feminism,%20Child%20Sexual%20Abuse,%20and%20the%20Erasure%20of%20Child%20Sexuality.pdf webarchive]
*:"They were often justified as well by cross-species comparisons, which emphasized the naturalness of adult-child sex in other mammals. In Sex Offenders Paul H. Gebhard et al. claimed that "sexual activity between adult and immature animals is common and appears to be biologically normal." Indeed, it "is precisely what we see in various animals, particularly monkeys." This fact lessened "the horror with which society views the adult who has sexual relations with young children."<sup>21</sup> As Robert S. De Ropp summed up, in a more matter-of-fact articulation of the underlying masculinist assumptions: "The craving of the elderly male for the young female is not necessarily confined to the human species. Old stags are always after little ones and the young does are always willing."<sup>22</sup> [...] 21. Paul H. Gebhard et al., Sex Offenders: An Analysis of Types (New York: Harper and Row, 1965), 54, 276, 54. 22. Robert S. De Ropp, Sex Energy: The Sexual Force in Man and Animals (New York: Delacorte, 1969), 111-12."
*'''deMause, Lloyd (2002). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20120224062853/http://psychohistory.com/htm/eln08_childrearing.html The Emotional Life of Nations]'', chapter 8.'''
*:"Primate mothers are widely reported as copulating with their children; indeed, many cannot learn to reproduce unless they have had sex with adults when they were children. Many immature primates "copulate with their mothers...explore adult genitalia and experience manipulation of their own." Our closest ancestors, the bonobo chimps-termed "the erotic champions" of primates-spend much of their time sucking and masturbating the genitals and "genitogenital rubbing" of both male and female juveniles, "to reduce tensions." Primate children are regularly observed being taught to thrust against their mothers' genitals. This "sexualization of the infant" was likely extended when human infants grew much larger heads, since it meant in order to get through the narrow birth canal before the head grew too large human infants had to be "born fetal," extremely immature and increasingly helpless, so that in early humans "maternal attention was not sufficient to care for more helpless infants..."This in turn meant a selection for those babies who could most satisfy the mother's erotic needs-for instance through the extension of non-hairy, erotic skin areas-for they would be best nursed and cared for as an erotic, tension-reducing object. Likewise, those human mothers were selected who had evolved the largest and most erotic breasts and who had genitals shifted around to the front, where they could rub them against their children."
*'''Rind, B., Bauserman, R. and Tromovitch, P. (2000). ''[http://www.ipce.info/library_2/rbt/science_frame.htm Science versus orthodoxy: Anatomy of the congressional condemnation of a scientific article and reflections on remedies for future ideological attacks]''.'''
*:"Ford and Beach (1951), in their seminal review of cross-cultural and cross-species data, observed that "[a]s long as the adult members of a society permit them to do so, immature males and females engage in practically every type of sexual behavior found in grown men and women" (p, 197) They also observed that juvenile sexual activity in monkeys and apes is "no less natural for the young primate than are the chasing, wrestling, and mock fighting that consume so much of his waking life" (p. 255). Psychologists have all but ignored these perspectives in favor of fitting their descriptions and explanations of juvenile sexuality to current Western values."

*'''Rind, Bruce (2009). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20111122131235/https://www.inter-disciplinary.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/gsbs1rind.pdf Social Response to Age-Gap Sex Involving Minors: Empirical, Historical, Cross-Cultural, and Cross-Species Considerations]." Paper presented at the "Good sex, bad sex: Sex law, crime and ethics" conference in Budapest, Hungary, May 4 to 6, 2009.
*:"If age-gap sex involving non-adults is, by nature, as disturbing as most contemporary authorities believe it is, then should we not see evidence for this elsewhere in nature—for example, in our close primate relatives? Age-gap sex in primates is commonplace but shows no evidence of the trauma many think is so [[intrinsic harm|intrinsic]] to these contacts.
*:Bonobos and chimpanzees are our closest animal relatives. Immature males in these two species are highly sexual, much more than immature females. They behave sexually with other immatures and with adults of both sexes, but prefer mature females, with whom they often attempt to initiate sex. In most cases, they show sexual arousal, with erections. The mature females are quite tolerant of the young males and usually allow them to attempt copulation. When immature male chimps are rebuffed by mature females, they typically whimper and throw tantrums. Researchers have concluded that male chimps in early puberty actually need copulatory practice with older females, else their adult copulating behavior will be inept.
*:In bonobos, when a female reaches adolescence, she transfers into a new group, where she pairs up with one adult female in particular, who acts as her “mentor.” This relationship, which is sexually based and lasts about a year, helps the adolescent female integrate into the new group and eventually be accepted by all the other females.
*:Age-gap homosexual relations among males are also quite common in apes and Old World monkeys. Pederasty in gorillas, for example, is pervasive. In this species, while one male dominates a group of females in a harem, the remaining males form an all-male group for many years at a time, in which courtship and copulation occur on a daily basis between adult and adolescent males. Several researchers directly observing this behavior have concluded that it serves to maintain group cohesiveness. In rhesus macaques, sexual relations between mature and immature males are frequent. They often occur despite the presence of receptive females. Young males tend to welcome these contacts and may even compete for older males’ attentions. The relations can be highly affectionate and appear to be functional for the immature males’ development of sexual and gregarious behaviors. Similarly affectionate age-gap male homosexual relations have been observed in various other species, such as orangutans, Hanuman langurs, and stumptail macaques. Among Tibetan macaques, oral-genital contact between adult and juvenile males occurs on a regular basis. Sometimes the younger partner jumps onto the adult’s face to initiate it; other times the adult begins the contact by turning the juvenile upside down. Both younger and older participants generally seem excited. These behaviors are never aggressive and appear to reduce tension between the them. Similar age-gap relations occur daily and universally in Mona monkeys; the sexual interactions are almost never aggressive and appear to help the younger males integrate into the male group and to maintain group cohesion.
*:When it comes to human age-gap sexual relations, the stereotype is that they are, by nature, aggressive encounters, where the older person imposes his will on an unwilling younger partner, who is traumatized and psychologically ruined. It is striking, then, that we find just the opposite in the primate data, where researchers document that eagerness and even initiative on the part of the younger animal are commonplace,26 and they repeatedly describe positive developmental and social functions that these relations appear to serve—just as historians and anthropologists also have also done with regard to other times and cultures."

*'''Rind, Bruce (2024). "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/383699408_Same-Sex_Sexual_Behavior_Age-Class_and_Coalitions_in_Male_Rhesus_Macaques_Macaca_mulatta Same‑Sex Sexual Behavior, Age‑Class, and Coalitions in Male Rhesus Macaques]". ''Archives of Sexual Behavior''. 1-20. 10.1007/s10508-024-02983-6.
*:"In the present study, relations between same-sex sexual behavior (SSB), age-class, and coalitional behavior in male rhesus macaques were examined in a re-analysis of data ﬁrst analyzed and reported by Clive et al. (2023). [...] Most dyads contained at least one non-adult (76%). Young and prime adult mounters most often selected non-adults to mount. Mounters were often sexually motivated: most for adolescents (72%); equally for juveniles (57%) and adults (56%). Finally, the highest rate of SSB with coalitional context appeared in adolescent–adult dyads involved in multiple repeated mounts. SSB, age-class, special friendships, bonding, and coalitions were linked, as reported in some other primate species and human societies cross-culturally. Employing age-class in male SSB analysis improved description and explanation."

* '''Jaroslava Varella Valentova, Andreone Teles Medrado, and Marco Antonio Correa Varella “Male Bisexuality”. In: Todd K. Shackelford (ed.), 2022, [https://annas-archive.org/md5/2d84ebccbbaafc78b4516ef6b129e5a2 The Cambridge Handbook of Evolutionary Perspectives on Sexual Psychology. Vol 4.] ''Cambridge University Press (Virtual Publishing)''.'''
::"Lilley et al. (2020) and Wrangham (1993) complement by describing that nonconceptual sex between individuals of the same sex among nonhuman primates may have been an exaptation of reproductive behavior, which acquired other diverse functions, such as: establishment of dominance, practice by immatures for a future successful copulation, reduce tensions, and help with reconciliations, in addition to facilitating the formation of alliances and reducing the reproductive success of other individuals."

* '''Zanna Clay, Liza R. Moscovice, and Thibaud Gruber “Bonobo Sexual Behavior and Psychology” In: Todd K. Shackelford (ed.), 2022, [https://annas-archive.org/md5/2d84ebccbbaafc78b4516ef6b129e5a2 The Cambridge Handbook of Evolutionary Perspectives on Sexual Psychology. Vol 4.] ''Cambridge University Press (Virtual Publishing)''.'''
::"As bonobos reach juvenility, their sexual behavior becomes more frequent and elaborated, including both participating as third parties as well as actively engaging in sex themselves (Hashimoto, 1997). Excerpts from Kano’s observations of the Wamba bonobos paint an informative picture: ''adults are generally cooperative in awakening the erotic impulses of these juveniles. A female that has finished copulating and GG rubbing will stop and wait when a male juvenile clings to her behind; the female will grasp the juvenile’s hips and insert his penis. [...] The female does her best to accommodate the partners, one by one, without much ado. [...] Adult males are also enthusiastic about “sex education.” After copulation, they mount and thrust at juveniles, either male or female, that approach and present. Without inserting their penis, the adult males rub against the top of the hips and the thigh. Often, instead of thrusts, an adult male raises one ankle in the air and lightly scratches the side of the juvenile’s chest.'' (Kano, 1992, p. 196)"

*''' Joseph H. Manson "Capuchin Sexual Behavior" In: Todd K. Shackelford (ed.), 2022, [https://annas-archive.org/md5/2d84ebccbbaafc78b4516ef6b129e5a2 The Cambridge Handbook of Evolutionary Perspectives on Sexual Psychology. Vol 4.] ''Cambridge University Press (Virtual Publishing)''.'''
::"Cebus subordinate adult males [(Capuchin monkeys comprise a subfamily, Cebinae)] , compared to alpha males, carry and play with infants more frequently, and they direct these behaviors toward male infants much more than toward female infants (Perry, 2012). Because subordinate males are unlikely to be these infants’ fathers (see below), these relationships are not a form of paternal investment but may function as a means of long-term recruitment of allies for male–male competition (Perry, 2012)."
::"Nonconceptive sexual behavior includes copulations by noncycling (i.e., pregnant or lactating) females, sexual behavior in which one or both partners are juveniles, nonconceptive sexual postures (e.g., females mounting males), and same-sex sexual interactions between adults. All four of these phenomena have been observed in capuchins (Fragaszy et al., 2004). Male-male pseudo-copulations in C. capucinus are particularly noteworthy (Manson et al., 1997). [...] As a conspicuous form of intimate contact, these interactions might function to build or test trust (Smuts & Watanabe, 1990; Zahavi, 1977) or to display social bonds to third parties (Wrangham, 1993)."

* '''Jackson R. Ham et al. (2022) [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0376635722001127 The emergence and early development of socio-sexual behavior in beluga calves (Delphinapterus leucas)], ''Behavioural Processes, Volume 200'', doi: 10.1016/j.beproc.2022.104695'''
::"Highlights: • Juvenile socio-sexual behaviors were more frequent when adult males were present. • The sexual repertoire of immature males, but not females, changes with age. • Immature belugas prefer to interact with older belugas. • Social partner preferences change with age."
::"The emergence of socio-sexual behaviors was relatively consistent among immature animals. [...] The presence of an adult male significantly predicted if immature belugas would initiate and participate in socio-sexual behavior. However, partner preferences changed with age. In the first year of life, belugas engaged in sexual behavior with their mother most frequently but preferred to play with older males if given a choice. By the third year of life, belugas engaged in socio-sexual behavior most frequently with other immature animals."

*'''Sommer, V., & Vasey, P. L. (Eds.). (2006). [https://books.google.com/books/about/Homosexual_Behaviour_in_Animals.html?id=KXM3F59y1jkC Homosexual behaviour in animals: An evolutionary perspective]. ''Cambridge University Press.''''' (no e-book, only preview on google books is available)

:: “[An] adolescent [gibbon] was observed soliciting sexual contact with the adult male in his family group. As Edwards and Todd (1991) suggest, the youth may have needed ‘reassurance’ that he was still welcome in the family.” (''see'' Edwards, A.-M. A. R., and Todd, J. D. (1991). Homosexual behavior in wild white-handed gibbons (Hylobates lar). Primates 32: 231–236. DOI: 10.1007/BF02381180)

::“Genital stimulation occurs in context of play in all of the African great apes (Tutin, 1979; Tutin and McGinnis, 1981; Harcourt et al., 1981; Nadler, 1986; Enomoto, 1990; Kano, 1992; Hashimoto, 1997). Frequent genital stimulation behaviour may be a common feature of the African great apes in the early stage of development. During the first year of life, male infant chimpanzees show an interest in the sexual swellings of adult females, and successfully achieve intromission before reaching two years old (Tutin and McGinnis, 1981). Male infant bonobos begin to show sexual behaviour at less than one year of age and have been observed trying to copulate with their mothers (Kano, 1992). Immature gorillas started to show genital stimulation behaviour during the period of infancy (Nadler, 1986; this study).”

:: “Homosexual activity, particularly during immature play, could facilitate social and motor development. Indeed, among macaques, adequate opportunity to engage in mounting when young is necessary for competent performance of heterosexual copulation in adulthood, and the actual sex of mounting partners is irrelevant (Goy and Wallen, 1979).

::Immature langurs, as young as three months, frequently engage in mounting, with both immature and mature partners of either sex. The combination juvenile female–juvenile female and juvenile male–juvenile male is the most frequent (Srivastava et al., 1991).”

::gorillas:
::“[...] even adult male gorillas occasionally exhibit interest in genital stimulation with immatures, and solicit them in the absence of females. Since the genital stimulation behaviour of gorillas has no socio-sexual functions, adult males show such behaviour in a purely sexual context. Frequent courtship and chest-beating displays by the two silverbacks around the young partners and intensive fights between them observed in the all-male group show that homosexual behaviour did not have tension-reduction role but, instead, resulted in increased competition between silverbacks over same-sex partners.

::It is likely that the homosexual behaviour of immature gorillas is a developmental by-product, which may increase the potential of adult males to engage in homosexual behaviour in the context of skewed sex ratios. [...] The formation of all-male groups and homosexual behaviour may possibly contribute to the survival of younger males for future reproduction."

::“…silverbacks may erupt if same-sex partners do not target a single silverback with solicitations to mount them. In such instances, silverbacks may be uncertain as to who has priority of access to a particular same-sex partner. This appeared to be the case for Pt and Ht, both sub-adults, who did not solicit either silverback. The silverbacks subsequently engaged in severe competition for access to these sub-adult male sexual partners. In contrast, when Ts, another sub-adult, and Si, a blackback, showed solicitation to one of the silverbacks, competition for these sexual partners did not erupt. Neither silverback showed intensive courtship to another silverback’s partner. There appeared to be a kind of respect for ‘ownership’ of other’s same-sex partners, as observed in heterosexual copulation (Harcourt, 1978, 1981; Watts, 1996). These observations suggest that homosexual interactions involving silverbacks may be purely sexual in character, because they parallel heterosexual interactions."

::"Another difference in homosexual interactions between silverbacks and immatures was the fixed role in mounting for the former. The two silverbacks always mounted the younger individuals, while both blackbacks and sub-adults took the roles of both mounter and mountee."

:: ''note'': Silverback: a fully mature adult male gorilla often dominant in the group. Blackback: a younger, not yet fully mature male gorilla; typically an adolescent or young adult stage.)

*'''Bixler, R. H. (1992). "Do we/should we behave like animals?" In: W. T. O’Donohue & J. H. Geer (Eds.), The sexual abuse of children: Volume I—Theory and research (pp. 81–107). ''Routledge''. doi: 10.4324/9781315799698-7'''
::drosophila
::"Adult males of many drosophila species court the immature and essentially in the same manner in which they court females (McRobert & Tompkins, 1983). Young males, as well as immature females, excite their adult counterparts with both visual and pheromonal stimuli (Gailey, Hall, & Siegel, 1985; Gailey, Jackson, & Siegel, 1985; Siegel, Hall, Gailey, & Kyriacou, 1984; Tompkins, 1984; Zawistowski & Richmond, 1985). Within hours after they have emerged from their pupal cases (eclosed) males begin to lose their homosexual appeal because they start to synthesize a courtship-inhibiting pheromone. Their attractiveness to adult males declines sharply, but does not evaporate entirely, as the courtship-stimulating pheromone that misled adult males is produced in steadily diminishing quantities. [...] Finally, the courted immature males when placed later with mature females mate significantly faster (p 0.001) than do inexperienced males (McRobert & Tompkins, 1988). [...] The same males that court immature conspecifics also court and copulate with mature females. [...] it is likely that it has committed a recognition error (Aiken, 1981; Colgan, 1983; Tompkins, 1989). However, the immature male clearly benefited from its being mistaken for a female and courted."

::rats
::"Moore and Morelli (1979) found that rat mothers spend more time licking the anogenital region of male pups than that of their sisters. The role of genital stimulation in developing efficient excretory habits is well established; perhaps the differential treatment of the sexes is explicable solely by the greater complexity of male excretory morphology. It is also possible that this difference in treatment affects the eventual sexual behavior of the male or even of its mother."

::mammals in general
::"There also is a common pattern of adult-young sex “play” among mammals in normal settings, much of which is initiated by the immature males and some by females (Byers, 1984; Geist, 1971; Grubb, 1974; Hoffman, 1985; Lent, 1979; Schaller & Mirza, 1974; de Waal, 1990; also see Klemm, Sherry, Schake, & Sis, 1983/1984; Tennessen, Price, & Berg, 1985, for homosexual abuse of young by peers and Lott, 1983/1984, for evidence that homosexual mounting and anal penetration occurs in the wild). Parallels to this mammalian pattern are not found in species that do not play, such as ectotherms, most birds, and some mammals (Smith, Pt. 1, 1984; Wilson, 1975)."

::primates in general
::"Immature primates are confronted by and, even more frequently, seek participation in sexual behavior with adults. The young watch adults or harass them when they copulate and do so with obvious interest (Colvin, 1985; Goodall, 1986; Hrdy, 1977; Thierry, 1986; Tutin, 1979; de Waal, 1982). They explore adult genitalia and experience manipulation of their own (Chevalier-Skolnikoff, 1976; Estrada, Estrada, & Ervin, 1977; Goodall, 1968; Nadler, 1985; Schaller, 1963; Thierry, 1986; de Waal, 1982, 1990); they court and are courted (Cheney, 1978; Hayaki, 1985; Hrdy, 1977; Kummer, 1968). Immature males mount and may copulate with their mothers (Bixler, 1981b; Harlow, Joslyn, Senko, & Dopp, 1966; Missakian, 1973; Sugiyama & Koman, 1979); with other mature females (Cheney, 1978; Chevalier-Skolnikoff, 1976; Colvin, 1985; Estrada, Estrada, & Ervin, 1977; Fossey, 1979; Goodall, 1968, 1986; Harcourt, Fossey, Stewart, & Watts, 1980; Hayaki, 1985; Kummer, 1968; Kummer & Kurt, 1963; Sugiyama & Koman, 1979; Takasaki, 1985; Tardif, 1983; Thierry, 1986), and adult males (Chevalier-Skolnikoff, 1974, 1976; Dunbar, 1984). Immature females are less likely to be involved in copulatory-like behavior with adults but it is by no means rare (Abegglen, 1986; Chevalier-Skolnikoff, 1976; Dunbar, 1984; Kummer & Kurt, 1963; Nadler, 1985; Tardif, 1983; de Waal, 1990)."

==Excerpt Graphic Library==

The EGL on '''Broader Perspectives''' has some relevant information. Just right click/save and reproduce by uploading in short-form media to bypass character limits.

{{Template:EGLBP}}

==External links==

*[https://www.greek-love.com/index.php/general-history/pederasty-amongst-primates/pederasty-japanese-macaques-minoo-leca-gunst-vasey-2014 Male Homosexual Behavior in a Free-Ranging All-Male Group of Japanese Macaques at Minoo, Japan] - Jean-Baptiste Leca et al.
*[https://www.greek-love.com/index.php/general-history/pederasty-amongst-primates/pederasty-mountain-gorillas-yamagiwa Intra- and inter-group interactions of an all-male group of virunga mountain gorillas] - Juichi Yamagiwa.

==References==

[[Category:Official Encyclopedia]][[Category:Research: Broader Perspectives]]

Research: Intergenerational Sexual Behaviors in Animals

2026-07-29T12:30:24Z

Thorn: /* Prosimians */

{{research}}<div style="margin-right: 25px; float: left;">__TOC__</div>
Intergenerational sexual activity has been documented in numerous species, particularly closely related primates. Bonobos are one example - see, nature documentaries and home movies: [https://av.tib.eu/media/22174 (1)], [https://fstube.net/w/jhRL37NdsWTscpPr5dkTsS (Backup)]

While this should not be interpreted as an instruction on how humans should behave, it does cast doubt on the biological necessity of arbitrary, morality-based prohibitions against age-discrepant behavior.

==Biological Exuberance==

The following are excerpted from ''[https://libgen.vg/edition.php?id=136630482 Biological Exuberance - Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity]'' by Bruce Bagemihl (2000).

===Heterosexual===

*'''Bonobo''': "Both adult males and females interact sexually with adolescents and juveniles (three-to-nine-year-olds). In fact, young females go through a five-to-six-year period sometimes referred to as ADOLESCENT STERILITY (although no pathology is involved) during which they actively participate in heterosexual mating (often with adults) but never get pregnant. Sexual behavior between adults and infants of both sexes is common - about a third of the time it is initiated by the infant and may involve genital rubbing and full copulatory postures (including penetration of an adult female by a male infant). (''Biological Exuberance - 274'')

*'''Chimpanzee''': Although incestuous matings between adults are not common, mothers engage in sexual activity with their infant son fairly often. Young females typically experience a one-to-three-year period of ADOLESCENT STERILITY after their first menstruation, during which time they mate heterosexually without conceiving. (''Biological Exuberance - 278'')

*'''Gorilla''': "Both males and females also engage in masturbation, and younger animals frequently participate in nonpenetrative sexual activity. Mountings of the latter type are usually incestuous, involving siblings, half siblings, or (more rarely) parents and their offspring (or their siblings' offspring)." (''Biological Exuberance - 283'')

*'''Orangutan''': "Mothers frequently engage in incestuous contact with their infants, manually or orally stimulation the penis or clitoris (or being stimulated by the infant), and may even mount the infants." (''Biological Exuberance - 287'')

*'''Gibbons (White-handed gibbon and Siamang)''': "In one case, a Siamang father was observed fondling his adolescent daughter's vulva with his fingers while her younger brother licked her clitoris. Mothers may invite their juvenile sons - as young as four to five years - to lick and groom their genitals (usually with no hostile reaction from the father)." (''Biological Exuberance - 291'')

*'''Langur and Nilgiri Langur (Presbytis entellus and Presbytis johnii)''': "Females also occasionally mount males, while adult-juvenile heterosexual interactions also occur." (''Biological Exuberance - 296'')

*'''Japanese Macaque''': "Females in some troops frequently form consortships with sexually immature (preadolescent) males;..." [...] "In some troops, a unique form of "baby-sitting" has developed. Although males in this species do not typically participate in parenting, high-ranking males in some populations take care of infants that are not their own for short periods. They groom, carry, embrace, and protect the infants, usually with the consent of their mothers. [...] ,a few male caretakers interact sexually with infants (usually females), masturbating themselves while carrying them or even thrusting against them. (''Biological Exuberance - 305'')

*'''Rhesus Macaque''': "In some cases, though, "aunts" engage in aggressive or sexual interactions with the infants as well and may even try to "kidnap" another female's baby." (''Biological Exuberance - 310'')

*'''Crested-Black Macaque (Macaca Nigra)''': "Infant and very young male Crested Blacks often mount adult females, performing pelvic thrusts and even achieving penetration. " (''Biological Exuberance - 322'')

*'''Savanna Baboon, Hamadryas Baboon:''' "Sexual activity in Baboons also sometimes includes copulation with partners that are not optimal for breeding: adult male Savanna Baboons and adult female Hamadryas Baboons may mate with juvenile animals, incestous matings are common in inbred troops [...]" (''Biological Exuberance - 327'')

*'''Tamarin and Marmosets''': "Both male and female Lion Tamarins (Leontophitecus rosalia) sometimes mount their own offspring of both sexes, including adolescent and younger individuals. Approximately 1 percent of mounting activity in Common Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) occurs among adolescent and younger males." (''Biological Exuberance - 334'')

*'''Dolphin''': "Young dolphins are sexually precocious, and incestuous copulation have been observed between males a few months and their mothers." (p. 346) [...] "In captivity, "baby-sitting" males have been observed harassing mothers, trying to "kidnap" their calves, and even behaving sexually towards the infants "including trying to mate with them). (''Biological Exuberance - 347'')

*'''Orca''': "[...] while heterosexual interactions also occur between adults and adolescents (of both sexes) and youngsters (juveniles as well as calves)." (''Biological Exuberance - 351'')

*'''Northern Elephant Seal (Mirounga angustirostris)''': "As noted above, some male Northern Elephant Seals routinely try to copulate with weaned pups - about half of all pups are subjected to such forced mating or rape attempts, which they usually violently resist. In some cases the pups are severely injured by the bulls, with deep gashes and punctures from neck bites. Aggressive sexual behavior by bulls is the leading cause of mortality among pups on the breeding grounds, accounting for the deaths of about 1 in 200 pups each year." (''Biological Exuberance - 363'')

*'''Northen Fur Seal (Callorhinus Ursinus)''': "[...] male Northern Fur Seals have also been known to attempt forcible copulations with pups of their own species." (''Biological Exuberance - 369'')

*'''White-tailed Dear (Odocoileus virginianus) and Mule or Black-Tailed Deer''': "Incestuous activity - including fawns mounting their mothers - also occurs in these species." (''Biological Exuberance - 381'')

*'''Wapiti, Elk, or Red Deer and Barasingha (Cervus elaphus) or Swamp Deer (Cervus duvauceli)''': "Sexual behavior by calves - including adult-calf interactions - also occurs in these species. Wapiti/Red Deer calves sometimes mount adults (including their mothers, in Red Deer), while female Red Deer occasionally mount calves." (''Biological Exuberance - 385'')

*'''Caribou or Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) and Moose (Alces Alces)''': "Males of booth species sometimes try to mount calves [...]" (''Biological Exuberance - 389'')

*'''Giraffe''': "Giraffes engage in a few forms of nonprocreative heterosexual activity as well: younger females in heat occasionally mount male calves, while calves sometimes mount their mothers." (''Biological Exuberance - 393'')

*'''Blackbuck (Gazelle, Antilope cervicapra)''': "Female Blackbucks sometimes engage in nonreproductive mounts of fawns or young animals." (''Biological Exuberance - 404'')

*'''Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis), Thinhorn or Dall's Sheep (Ovis dalli) and Asiatic Mouflon or Urial (Ovis orientalis)''': "Rams also sometimes mount lambs [...]" (''Biological Exuberance - 408'')

*'''Musk-Ox and Mountain Goat''': "Even during breeding years, some heterosexual courtship activity in both Muskoxen and Mountain Goats may be directed by males toward nonprocreating individuals such as yearlings and calves. [...] Females in this species have been observed mounting adult males and courting, mounting, or being mounted by their own yearlings or kids." (''Biological Exuberance - 412'')

*'''Plains Zebra (Equus quagga) and Takhi or Przewalski's horse (Equus przewalskii)''': "In addition, male Plains Zebras often try to mate with unrelated juvenile females that are not yet sexually mature. In fact, stallions - alone or in groups of up to 18 at a time - may "abduct" adolescent females by separating and chasing them from their family groups, after which they will try to copulate with the young mares. Interestingly, the female shows the behavioral signs of being "in heat" before she reaches the age when she can actually conceive; usually an "abducted" mare returns to her family group after her period of "heat" is finished. [...] Although Takhi males are not as involved in parenting as mares, a stallion may act as a "surrogate mother" to his own foal if it has lost its mother, even allowing the foal to "suckle" on his penis sheath." (''Biological Exuberance - 420'')

*'''Llama''': "Adult males occasionally copulate with yearling females, who are probably not old enough to breed." (''Biological Exuberance - 426'')

*'''Elephant (Afrikanska and Asiatiska)''': "In addition, males sometimes try to mount juvenile animals, who squeal in protest until a female intervenes." (''Biological Exuberance - 430'')

*'''Laughing Hyena''': "Some males, unable to copulate, engage in a form of "masturbation" in which they thrust their penis in the air and spontaneously ejaculate; others have been seen mounting cubs." (''Biological Exuberance - 447'')

*'''Rufous Bettong or Rat Kangaroo (Aepyprymnus rufescens)''': "For example, adult males generally make more sexual approaches to juvenile females than to sexually adult females." (''Biological Exuberance - 454'')

*'''Fat-Tailed Dunnart (Sminthopsis Crassicadudata)''': "Adult male Fat-Tailed Dunnarts sometimes display sexual interest in juvenile females, and incestuous matings have also been recorded." (''Biological Exuberance - 459'')

*'''Red Squirrel (Tamaiasciuris hudsonicus) and Gray Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis)''': "Juveniles, of both species often participate in mounting or sexual chases, for example, including incestuous activity between siblings or mothers being mounted by their offspring." (''Biological Exuberance - 463'')

*'''Hoary Marmot (Marmot caligata)''': "Sexual activity also occurs among juveniles, including mounting of adults." (''Biological Exuberance - 466'')

*'''Dwarf Cavy (Microcavia australis), Cui (Galea musteloides) and Aperea (Cavia aperea)''': "As mentioned above, sexual behavior between adults and juveniles is widespread in these species. About a quarter of all courtship and sexual interactions in Dwarf Cavies involve adult males and juveniles, while adult male Cuis also chin-rump follow juvenile females as young as two weeks old. In addition, juvenile Cuis of both sexes sometimes mount both adult males and females, including their own mothers. [...] Adult males in two other species of Cavies, the Mocó or Rock Cavy (Kerodon Rupestris) and the Préa (Galea Spixii), also sometimes court juvenile males, and youngsters mount adults of both sexes as well." (''Biological Exuberance - 469'')

*'''European Shag (Phalacrocorax Aristotelis)''': "In a few cases, adult male Shags have been observed mating with their own chicks [...]" (''Biological Exuberance - 507'')

*'''Tasmanian Native Hen (tribonyx mortierii)''': "[...] about 10 percent of copulation involve parents mounting their own offspring, including young chicks." (''Biological Exuberance - 521'')

*'''Ring-Billed Gull (Larus delawarensis) and Common or Mew Gull (Larus canus)''': "[...] and about 5 percent of adults court and mount chicks. Most of this activity involves females behaving incestuously with their own offspring, including full copulatory REVERSE MOUNTS of young birds. Mounted chicks may be as young as two weeks old, and they usually collapse under the weight of the adult mounting them and cry out in distress. Some individuals appear to be "habitual molesters" in that they repeatedly interact sexually with chicks, including their own." (''Biological Exuberance - 547'')

*'''Herring Gull (Larus Arentatus)''': "Several forms of heterosexual family abuse and adult-juvenile violence have also been documented in Herring Gulls. Males sometimes incestuously mount their own chicks and have even been seen breaking and eating their own eggs." (''Biological Exuberance - 555'')

*'''Black-Headed Gull (Larus Ridibundus)''': "In addition, males occasionally try to mate with chicks (including their own), who may be only a few days old; juveniles also mount each other)." (''Biological Exuberance - 559'')

===Homosexual===
*"And in the majority of cases, male and female homosexualities present their own unique blends of behaviors and characteristics that defy any simplistic categorization - such as Bonobos, where sexual penetration occurs in female rather than male same-sex activity, where sexual interactions between adults and adolescents are a prominent feature of female interactions, and where males do not form strongly bonded relationships with each other the way females do, but engage in less homosexual activity overall and more affectionate activity such as openmouthed kissing." (''Biological Exuberance - 30'')

*'''Bonobo''': "GG-rubbing occurs among females of all ages, from adolescent to very old, but if an older and a younger female are interacting, often the younger female will be on top. (p. 271) [...] In addition, when new females (usually adolescents) join a troop, they often pair up with an older female with whom they have most of their sexual and affectionate interactions. These bond need not be exclusive - either party may have sex with other females or males - but such mentorlike pairings can last for a year or more until the newcomer is fully integrated into the troop. [...] Manual stimulation of the genitals by a partner also occurs: typically an adolescent male spreads his legs and presents his erect penis to an adult male, who takes the shaft in his hand and caresses it with up-and-down movements." (''Biological Exuberance - 273'')

*'''Gorilla''': "There is often intense competition among the males for "preferred" partners - often the younger males - and older, higher ranking males frequently "guard" their favorite males and fight to protect them from the advances of other males." (''Biological Exuberance - 281'')

*'''White-Handed Gibbon (Hylobates lar) and Siamang (Hylobates syndactylus)''': "Within their nuclear family groups, male Gibbons sometimes engage in homosexual activities with each other. This incestuous activity often takes place between adolescent or younger male and his father (or stepfather, if his parents have divorced and re-paired); in Siamangs it may also occur between brothers." (''Biological Exuberance - 289'')

*'''Hanuman Langur (Presbytis entellus) and Nilgiri Langur (Presbytis Langur)''': "All females participate freely in homosexual mounting, including lactating, pregnant, menstruating, ovulating, and nonovulating females. This behavior is especially common among mothers, who have developed a special "baby-sitting" system: they transfer their young to other individuals in the troop (usually other females but sometimes males) for a short time (a similar pattern is found in Nilgiri Langurs). This allows them to engage in homosexual (and other) activites. Most mounting between females occurs among adults, through some involves adults with juveniles (up to four years old), usually with the younger female mounting the older one. Altough most homosexual participants are unrelated, some mountings are incestous, mostly between half sisters (about 27 percent of all lesbian mounts) and more rarely, between mother and daughter (about 1 percent of mounts); heterosexual matings are virtually never incestuous." (''Biological Exuberance - 294-295'')

*'''Japanese Macaque (Macaca fuscata)''': "Homosexual pairings occur among females of all ages, from adolescents to the very old, and sometimes an adult female will pair with a pubescent female. Interestingly, an incest taboo is in effect for homosexual but not heterosexual courtships: females never choose close relatives (mothers, sisters, daughters, granddaugthers, first cousins) as partners, whereas brother-sister and mother-son consorts do occasionally occur. Aunts and nieces, however, do not generally recognize each other as kin in this species, and so they sometimes consort together." (''Biological Exuberance - 303'')

*'''Crab-Eating Macaque (Macata fascicularis)''': "Males can also develop intense sexual relationships with one another, especially between older and younger males. In one such pair observed in captivity, affectionate embraces frequently led to sexual arousal and homosexual mounting, often accompanied by excited lip-smacking or crooning sounds; the male being mounted sometimes even turned his head to kiss his partner during a mount." (''Biological Exuberance - 317'')

*'''Pig Tailed Macaque (Macaca nemestrina)''': "Some same-sex mountings is incestuous, e.g., between mother and daughter or siblings of either sex." (''Biological Exuberance - 321'')

*'''Crested Black Macaque (Macaca nigra)''': "Younger males often mount older ones in this species." (''Biological Exuberance - 321'')

*'''"Baboon" (other species)''': "Among the Patas Monkeys (Erythrocebus patas), adolescent and younger males often fondle and nuzzles the scrotum and genitals of adult males." (''Biological Exuberance - 328'')

*'''(Common) Squirrel Monkey (Saimiri sciureus)''': "Homosexual mounting sometimes occurs between male Squirrel Monkeys, especially younger individuals or between an older and younger (adult) partner; adult males also perform the genital display to each other." (''Biological Exuberance - 332'')

*'''Lion Tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia) and White-fronted Capuchin Monkeys (Cebus Albifrons)''': "Both male and female Lion Tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia) sometimes mount their own offspring of both sexes, including adolescents and younger individuals. Approximately 1 percent of mounting activity in Common Mamosets (Callithrix Jacchus) occurs among adolescent and younger males (brother living in the same family group). In White-fronted Capuchin Monkeys (Cebus Albifrons), young males occasionally suck and fondle the scrotum of older males, while homosexual activity among females (including mounting) also occurs in Brown Capuchins (C. apella) and Weeper Capuchins (C. olivaceous)." (''Biological Exuberance - 334'')

*'''Verreaux's Sifaka (Propithecus Verreauxi)''': "Male Verreaux's Sifakas sometimes mount other males during the mating season. The mounted animal - usually a younger adult or adolescent male - often snaps at the mounter and tries to wriggle free (as do females trying to escape from unwelcome heterosexual advances)." (''Biological Exuberance - 336'')

*'''Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) and Spinner Dolphin (Stenella lingirostris)''': "If there is an age difference between male partners, either may penetrate the other, and Bottlenose adolescents have even been observed penetrating much older males." (''Biological Exuberance - 343'')

*'''Orca (Orcinus orca)''': "Altough males of all ages participate in homosexual activities, this behaviour is most prevalent among "adolescent" Orcas (sexually mature individuals 12-25 years old) More than three quarters of all sessions involve males who are more than five years apart in age, altough age-mates also interact together (especially among adolescents)." (''Biological Exuberance - 350'')

*'''Gray Seal (Halichoerus grypus) and Northern Elephant Seal (Mirounga angustirostris)''': "Those males who have completed their molt often roll around in pairs near the water and mount each other; bulls of all ages participate in this activity. Both adolescent and younger adult Northern Elephant Seal bulls also engage in homosexual mounting during the molt period. This occurs in shallow waters near the shore, often as part of extended bouts of harmless playfighting among clusters of males. [...] Adult males do not participate in this activity. However, they do sometimes mount younger adolescent and juvenile males (two to four years old). Typically the older male approaches the younger male at rest, moving up alongside him and sometimes placing his front flipper over his back in the position characteristic of heterosexual copulations. Usually the younger male struggles to escape, and the mounter may try to subdue him by pressing or bouncing his neck down on top of him or biting his neck. The older male may have an erection and attempt to penetrate the younger male, but he rarely succeeds. Altough they prefer juveniles or adolescents, a few bulls also try to copulate with much younger animals, such as weaned pups of both sexes (who strongly resist their advances)." (''Biological Exuberance - 361'')

*'''Australian Sea Lion (Neophoca cinerea) and New zealand Sea Lion (Phocarctos hookeri)''': "All age groups participate, altough there is often an age difference between the two males, with the younger male typically mounting the older one (especially in New Zealand Sea Lions)." (''Biological Exuberance - 367 - 368'')

*'''Walrus (Odobenus Rosmarus)''': "Typically a younger male displays to an older one, and courting males often situate themselves in the water near a favorite cliff face, boulder, or rock formation at the water's edge. The spectacular display consists of inflation of the throat pouches - often preceded by head bowing - interspersed with dives by one or both males, and an incredible series of vocalizations that form a courtship "song". (p. 371) [...] Although most homosexual behaviour is confined to the summer haul-outs, younger males sometimes also mount adults or other younger males during the breeding season. Groups of younger Walruses may crowd around an older male and roll on top of him; in addition, an adult male occasionally sings his courtship songs to a group of younger males or is accompanied by a younger attendant male while he sings. Often, his companion surfaces and dives in synchrony with him. This behavior, known as SHADOWING, occurs regardless of whether the adult is courting a female. [...] During breeding season, up to a third of mounting activity may take place between younger males or between adult and younger males, and 2-19 percent of singing males have a younger male companion "shadowing" them." (''Biological Exuberance - 372'')

*'''White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus)''': "Adult male White-tailed Deer sometimes mount each other, as do yearling males (especially during the nonbreeding season); occasionally a younger male mounts an older one during this activity." (''Biological Exuberance - 379'')

*'''Wapiti, Elk, or Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) and Barasingha or Swamp Deer (Cervus duvauceli)''': "Usually the two animals engaging in same-sex activity are fully grown adults, but in male Wapiti homosexual mounting may occur between adult bulls and spikehorns (yearlings whose antlers are spikes, having yet to develop prongs). Red Deer yearlings also participate in same-sex activity including occasional incestuous homosexual mountings by females of their mothers." (''Biological Exuberance - 383 - 384'')

*'''Caribou or Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) and Moose (Alces alces)''': "Caribou sometimes mount each other, as do younger males, while yearling Moose have been observed trying to mount adult bulls. In addition, bull Moose sometimes associate with younger male companions." (''Biological Exuberance - 388'')

*'''Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana)''': "Males of all age groups participate in homosexual courtship and mounting, although adult males usually direct their attentions to adolescent males. Mounting between males sometimes occurs during sparring or play-fighting as well." (''Biological Exuberance - 394'')

*'''Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis) and Thinhorn or Dall's Sheep (Ovis dalli)''': "Typically an older, higher ranking male will court a male younger than him, using a sequence of stylized movements." (''Biological Exuberance - 406'')

*'''Mountain Goat (Oreamnos americanus)''': "Adult male Mountain Goats court younger (yearling) males, again using the species typical heterosexual behavior patterns: the courting male approaches the other in a crouching position, creeping on his stomach with his head stretched forward (a posture referred to as the LOW-STRETCH). He may also flick his tongue in and out of his mouth while making soft bussing sound, jerk his head sideways, and attempt to lick the other male's flanks. Typically the yearling male responds aggressively to the courting adult. Adult males occasionally perform this display toward other adults as well. In addition, yearling females sometimes mount their own mothers. [...] In contrast, yearling Mountain Goats that are courted by older males are primarily heterosexuals, since they reject most same-sex advances." (''Biological Exuberance - 411'')

*'''African Elephant (Loxodonta africana) and Asiatic Elephant (Elephas maximas)''': "Homosexual mating lasts about the same lenght as heterosexual mating, generally less than a minute, altough one male may mount another several times in succession. Both older bulls and younger males participate in this activity. [...] Male Elephants also form "companionships" usually composed of an older bull and an attendant younger male (in contrast, there are no long-lasting heterosexual bonds in these species). In African Elephants, the younger male often helps the older one by guarding him or pulling down branches for him; in other cases, the older bull may help a younger male (or vice versa) who is injured or suffering from blindness of paralysis. The two males are constant companions and generally isolated from other Elephants; occasionally, an older bull will have two attendants. Among Asiatic Elephants, such male companionships appear not to be as long-lasting as in African Elephants. Younger attendant males in African Elephants are sometimes reported to have enlarged genitalia." (''Biological Exuberance - 428 -429'')

*'''Spotted Hyena (Crocuta crocuta)''': "Homosexual mounting between females also occur in this species; in some cases an adolescent or younger adult mounts an older one." (''Biological Exuberance - 446'')

*'''Rufous Bettongs or Rat Kangaroo (Aepyprymnus rufescens)''': "Some homosexual interactions in Rufous Bettongs involve adult females courting and mounting juvenile females and vice versa." (''Biological Exuberance - 454'')

*'''Gray Squirell (Sciurus carolinensis)''': "Gray Squirells are sequentially or chronologically bisexual: juveniles, adolescents, and young adults (up to one and a half years old) show a preference for homosexual activity, while older adults generally exhibit much less same-sex mountings." (''Biological Exuberance - 463'')

*'''Dwarf Cavy (Microcavia australis), Cui or Yellow-Toothed Cavy (Galea musteloides) and Aperea or Wild Cavy (Cavia Aperea)''': "In Dwarf Cavies, adult males are sexually attracted to juveniles of both sexes. A typical homosexual courtship begins with the adult and the younger male sitting quietly together - often right in front of the youngster's mother, who is not visibly disturbed. The two males may kiss and nuzzle their noses together, after which the adult begins to gently nibble on the juvenile's rump. This is often followed by a courtship behavior known as CHIN-RUMP FOLLOWING, in which the adult male places his chin on the youngster's rump, as they move together in circles or figure-eight patterns. If the male is especially aroused, he will stop to pat his paws against the juvenile's rump, sometimes even licking, sniffing, and nuzzling the anus and perineal region while lifting up the youngster's hindquarters with his nose. Adult males frequently have favorite males that they prefer to court and interact sexually with, actively seeking them out while ignoring others. (p. 467) [...] Adult male Apereas sometimes court younger males by RUMPING, in which the adult throws one or both hind legs over the rump of the youngsters. [...] Adult males occasionally also have an adolescent companion; the two males sit and feed together, as well as kiss one another. Sometimes the adult male will permit his companion to mount a female that he is courting. (p. 468) [...] Adult males in two other species of Cavies, the Mocó or Rock Cavy (Kerodon rupestris) and the Preá (Galea spixii), also sometimes court juvenile males, and youngsters mount adults of both sexes as well." (''Biological Exuberance - 469'')

*'''Ring-Billed Gull (Larus delawarensis)''': "For example, one or both partners in a homosexual pair are often younger females: couples in which there is an age difference between the two females - one an adult, the other an adolescent or younger adult - are particularly common in some populations." (''Biological Exuberance - 545'')

*'''Guianan Cock-of-the-rock (Rupicola rupicola)''': "Homosexual activity between adult and adolescent males, as well as among adolescent males, is a routine occurence in Guianan Cock-of-the-Rock. Males court and display to each other, as well as engage in homosexual mounting. (p. 567) [...] If an adolescent male approaches an adult who is courting a female, the female usally leaves (or is chased away), and the two males turn their attentions to each other." (''Biological Exuberance - 568'')

*'''Swallow-Tailed Manakin (Chiroxiphia caudata)''': "Male Swallow-tailed Manakins perform an elaborate group courtship ritual, the JUMP DISPLAY. Sometimes this display is directed toward females, sometimes toward yearling or younger adult males (the latter resembling females in their green plumage, but distinct because of their red-orange caps), and less commonly toward another adult male." (''Biological Exuberance - 572'')

*'''Bicolored Antbird (Gymnopithys bicolor) and Ocellated Antbird (Phaenostictus mcleannani)''': "Homosexual pair-bonds are sometimes long-lasting associations, persisting for many years. Partners may both be adults, or an older bird may pair with a younger one. In Ocellated Antbirds, father-son courtship-feedings also sometimes occur when a younger male remains within the clan structure." (''Biological Exuberance - 576'')

== Rind's cross-species summary==
[[Bruce Rind]]'s article on ''Pederasty(2013)'' <ref>Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''</ref> contains excellent cross-cultural and cross-species summary tables of intergenerational male homosexuality (the tables also are in the graphic excerpts library below). Here is the exact quotation of the tables on animals, which is partly based on the Bagemihl, B. (1999). ''Biological exuberance'' (see above), but with many important details.
=== Table IV: Homosexual Behavior Between Mature and Immature Males in Primates. ===

==== Great Apes ====

'''Bonobos (Pan paniscus)''': Mature males frequently performed thrusts on much younger males who might actively solicit the mounting (Kano, 1980). Common also is an adult male masturbating an adolescent male lying on his back with legs spread apart. Sex serves to reduce social tension (de Waal, 1997).

'''Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)''': Male homosex varies considerably across and within chimp populations (Bagemihl, 1999). Kollar et al. (1968) described multiple age-gap encounters (e.g., a young juvenile male interrupted copulation of an adolescent male and female, then presented to the older male, who mounted him).

'''Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla)''': In all-male groups, adults are most attracted to adolescents; mounting can be initiated by either (Harcourt, 1979; Yamagiwa, 1987, 2006). Courtship and copulation occur daily (Bagemihl, 1999). Age-gap sex may help group cohesiveness (Harcourt, 1979).

'''Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus)''': Homosex is often consensual (heterosex often not), often occurs within a special friendship (Bagemihl, 1999). Example: An adolescent male that received fellatio from a young adult male became very attached to him, and followed him wherever he went (Rijksen, 1978).

==== Lesser Apes ====

'''White-handed gibbons (Hylobates lar)''': Homosex occurs sometimes in father-son pairs (Bagemihl, 1999). Edwards and Todd (1991) observed fifty-five episodes between father and adolescent son, always without tension or aggression, initiated by both; seemed to provide reassurance to the adolescent.

'''Siamangs (Hylobates syndactylus)''': Father-son sex occurs (like gibbons), but is sometimes accompanied by threats, when the younger partner wants to end it before the older one does (unlike gibbons) (Bagemihl, 1999).

Old World Monkeys

'''Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus)''': Immature males frequently engage in mounting, often with like-aged males, but also with mature males (Sommer et al., 2006). Immature males increase their touching, mounting, and embracing of adult males as they mature (Jay, 1965). Weber (1973) found that male-male age-gap mounting was usually initiated by the immature partner, with apparent function of securing social acceptance (juveniles are no longer protected by mothers and turn to other adults; mounting and other physical contact are mechanisms to achieve social integration).

'''Nilgiri langurs (Presbytis johnii)''': Dominant males (alphas) mount subordinate males (juveniles, adolescents, younger adults) in dominance displays, which the subordinates may initiate by presenting. Mounts are brief, with several thrusts but no penetration, and are part of a communication matrix that maintains troop harmony (Hohmann, 1989; Poirier, 1970).

'''Proboscis monkeys (Nasalis larvatus)''': Homosexual mounting occurs in younger males (adolescents and juveniles); it tends to stem from play wrestling. It is resisted by the younger male in some cases (as females sometimes also do in heterosexual mounting). Its frequency is low, as is heterosexual sex (Bagemihl, 1999; Yeager, 1990).

'''Bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata)''': Males of all ages are frequently involved in a wide variety of homosex. Younger males often masturbate other males to orgasm, sometimes eating the semen. Some do only a little homosex, others a great deal (Bagemihl, 1999).

'''Crab-eating macaques (Macaca fascicularis)''': Males can develop intense sexual friendships, especially between older and younger males (with affection, arousal, mounting). Homosexual mounting is both consensual (54%) and nonconsensual (46%). In the former, the mountee fully cooperates and may initiate the mounting (Bagemihl, 1999).

'''Crested black macaques (Macaca nigra)''': Younger males often mount older ones (Bagemihl, 1999). Dixson (1977) frequently observed the oldest male in one troop presenting to younger males, who invariably responded by mounting him, often with erections. Also, ritualized “greeting” gestures (e.g., penis-grabbing), especially by younger males, are common practice (Bagemihl, 1999).

'''Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata)''': All adult and juvenile males were seen presenting to another male (aggression was rare, <3%) (Hanby & Brown, 1974). Takenoshita (1998) observed free-ranging adult-juvenile consort relationships (adults ejaculated, juveniles erected; they foraged, groomed, and attacked others together).

'''Pig-tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina)''': Age-equal and age-gap male-male mounting (juveniles, adolescents, adults) occurs frequently, is not associated with force (as heterosexual mounting sometimes is), and makes up from 8% to 67% of individual males’ overall mounts (Bagemihl, 1999). Dominants invite subordinates to mount them as an elaborate display of tolerance toward subordinates (Oi, 1990) or mount subordinates as a rank maintenance mechanism (Tokuda et al., 1968).

'''Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)''': Age-gap consort relationships occur, highly affectionate (Bagemihl, 1999). Kempf (1917) observed two juvenile males competing to be mounted by an adult male. Homosex helps juveniles get protection, integrate into group (Carpenter, 1942). Older, younger both show sexual excitement; mature-immature relationships are frequent, seem to have sexual basis (Hamilton, 1914). Redican et al. (1974) observed an immature male taking the sexual initiative with an adult male in an intensive relationship.

'''Stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides)''': Chevalier-Skolnikoff (1976) reported mutual excitement and affection in several intense friendship-based mature-immature sexual relationships. These were “rewarding” to all participants (e.g., protection for younger partner). Homosex seemed to foster greater social cohesion.

'''Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana)''': Ogawa (1995) found that male adult-juvenile homosex occurs on a regular basis; either may initiate oral sex on the juvenile; it is never aggressive; both are excited; context is friendly. It seems to serve to reduce tension.

'''Savanna baboons (Papio cynocephalus)''': All males, from juvenile to adult, greet one another via ritualized sexual behaviors. These behaviors (presenting, mounting, fondling) occur briefly (a few seconds), constitute “greetings,” and appear to serve in part formation of coalitions (Bagemihl, 1999; Smuts & Watanabe, 1990).

'''Hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas)''': Zuckerman (1932) observed a three-year sexual relationship between an adult and immature male. Whenever the immature was threatened, the adult immediately rescued it.

'''Gelada baboons (Theropithecus gelada)''': Bernstein (1975) found that mounting occurs between bachelors and immature males in the all-male group. When a bachelor successfully challenges a harem leader, he switches entirely to heterosex (the deposed leader switches to homosex).

'''Mona monkeys (Cercopithecus mona)''': Glenn, Ramsier, and Benson (2006) found that homosex, with oral sex (often with orgasm), is universal in all-male groups, where males spend most of their lives. It involves all combinations from juveniles to adults; aggression is extremely rare. It seems to function to help younger males’ immigration and social skills, as well as the groups’ social cohesion.

'''Patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas)''': Adolescent or younger males often fondle and nuzzle the genitals and scrotum of adult males (Bagemihl, 1999).

==== New World Monkeys ====

'''Squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus)''': Denniston (1980) frequently observed male homosexual behavior, the commonest form being between adults and adolescents. Baldwin (1969) frequently observed sexual mounting and sometimes consortships between older adolescents and much younger juveniles (of both sexes); older adolescents, unlike younger adolescents, were gentle with their younger partners, who consequently allowed the interactions to take place (by contrast, they tended to resist the much rougher initiatives from younger adolescents).

==== Prosimians ====

'''Verreaux’s sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi)''': Homosexual behavior is rare in prosimians. In this lemur species, adult males sometimes mount younger adults or adolescents, who often snap and struggle to wriggle free (Bagemihl, 1999).

=== Table V: Homosexual Behavior Between Mature and Immature Males in Subprimate Mammals ===
All descriptions based on Bagemihl (1999) unless primary sources are indicated.

==== Marine Mammals ====

===== Dolphins and whales =====

'''Boto or Amazon River dolphin (Inia geoffrensis)''': Males participate in a wide variety of homosexual behavior, including various kinds of intercourse. When there is an age difference typically the older penetrates the younger. Pairs interacting sexually display a great deal of mutual affection, which Bagemihl (1999, p. 341) illustrates in a photo, in which an adult and immature partner are touching while swimming side by side.

'''Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)''': Homosexual behavior largely exceeds heterosexual behavior. Adolescents and younger males typically live in all-male groups, where homosexual behavior is common and exclusive. Only as full adults do they attempt to father calves via heterosexual contact. Younger adolescents form homosexual pair-bonds with like-age males, which often last throughout life. When there is an age difference in homosexual sex, either party may penetrate the other—adolescents have been observed penetrating adults (Bagemihl, 1999). McBride and Hebb (1948) observed adult males repeatedly interacting sexually with younger males and described an intense, affectionate bond in one pair. In an extensive ten-year field study, young immature males were found to be the most sexual (most often with male peers, but also with all other age-sex classes); most of adult males’ sexual interactions were with immature males (Mann, 2006).

'''Orca or killer whales (Orcinus orca)''': Orcas are the largest in the dolphin family. Homosexual behavior is integral to male social life. During salmon feasting, males of all ages spend afternoons courting, being affectionate, and engaging in overt homosexual behaviors, with 90% being reciprocated. Sessions last an hour on average. Most involve adolescents and an age difference of at least five years. At least half of all males get involved.

'''Sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus)''': 3–5% of males may be homosexually bonded, with couples consisting of two adults or an older and younger male. Sexual interactions leading to orgasm can take place in groups of primarily younger males.

'''Bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus)''': Intensive male homosexual sessions lasting up to forty minutes occur, involving mainly groups of adolescents and young adults.

===== Seals and Manatees =====

'''Gray seals (Halichoerus grypus)''': Male homosexual behavior is common; males of all ages mount each other on shore after molting.

'''Harbor seals (Phoca vitulina)''': Male homosexual behavior is common, involving males of all ages, but mainly adolescents and adults.

'''Northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris)''': Adolescent and young adult males do same-sex mounting during the molting season. Adult males sometimes mount younger adolescent or juvenile males, but the younger males usually struggle to escape.

'''Australian sea lions (Neophoca cinerea) & New Zealand sea lions (Phocarctos hookeri)''': Male homosexual mounting is common. All ages may be involved, but usually a younger partner mounts an older one. As mating is polygynous, many males never mate heterosexually.

'''West Indian manatees (Trichechus manatus)''': Males can form bachelor herds. Males of all ages intensively interact homosexually, involving embracing, kissing, mouthing, caressing, genital rubbing, and frequent ejaculation.

'''Walruses (Odobenus rosmarus)''': Males are segregated during the nonbreeding summer months. Here, homosexual courtship, affection, and sex are common. Typically, a younger male will display to an older one, and each may mount the other. Groups of younger males may crowd an adult male, making body contact. An adult may sing a courtship song to a group of younger males or a specific younger male companion that accompanies him. Younger and older males also pursue each other during the breeding season. Homosexual behavior is very common if not universal among male Walruses, even during the breeding season, where up to a third of mounting is between younger males or between an adult and a younger male.

==== Hoofed Mammals ====

===== Deer and Moose =====

'''White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)''': Males are sex-segregated most of year. Mounting sometimes occurs between two adults, two yearlings, or an older-younger pair, where the younger mounts the older one (Bagemihl, 1999). Most commonly, it is young males that mount others. Mounting is not based on dominance; no specific function is apparent. Mountees generally do not oppose being mounted if age-discrepant, but do so more if two immature males are involved (Bartós & Holeckova, 2006).

'''Wapiti (Cervus elaphus)''': They are sex-segregated most of year. Mounting occasionally occurs between two adult or adult-yearling males. Male pairs may form companionships, either older-younger or age-equal.

'''Père David’s deer (Elaphurus davidianus)''': Males sometimes mount each other, with the younger mounting the older one.

'''Moose (Alces alces)''': They are often solitary. Yearling males sometimes mount adult males. Sometimes adult males associate with younger male companions called satellites.

===== Antelopes and Gazelles =====

'''Pronghorns (Antilocapra americana)''': Some males get territories and breed. The rest live in bachelor herds, where homosexual mounting occurs to a moderate degree. Males of all ages participate, but adult males usually direct their attentions to adolescents. Mounting is preceded by courting. Most males (70%) never breed.

'''Blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra)''': Males with territories mate with females. The rest live in bachelor herds, where most engage in mounting. This follows friendly sparring. Adult males often perform courtship displays to adolescent males before mounting them. Blackbuck males are predominantly homosexual, leaving the group only once or twice in their lives attempting to breed.

'''Grant’s gazelles (Gazella granti)''': They live in mixed or all-male groups. Homosexual behavior is rare. Adult males usually attack other males trying to mount them.

===== Wild Sheep, Goats, Buffalo =====

'''Bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) & Thinhorn sheep (Ovis dalli)''': Males live in homosexual societies in sex-segregated bands. Only during the rutting season do they meet females. Older males court younger, smaller males and mount them. The mountee facilitates by assuming lordosis. Interactions are non-aggressive; the younger male is usually willing. So pervasive is this, that females will mimic younger males to attract older males. Geist (1975) views older-younger male homosex as an adaptation, allowing the younger males to live in the group.

'''Musk-oxen (Ovibos moschatus)''': They are in mixed or all-male groups. Adult males court and mount adolescent and juvenile males. Younger males do the same with each other. Mountees sometimes resist (as females do), but sometimes assent. About 40% of courting and 10% of mounting are homosexual.

'''Mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus)''': They are often sex-segregated. Adult males court younger males, using the species-typical approach used in courting females. Typically, the yearling male reacts aggressively. Almost one-fifth of courtships during the breeding season occur between adult and yearling males.

'''American bison males (Bison bison)''': Male bison spend most of their time alone or in bachelor herds. In these herds, homosexual mounting, including full penetration, is prevalent, especially among younger males (i.e., adolescents), and exceeds heterosexual mounting in frequency. The mounted animal often facilitates the mounting. Younger males also sometimes form tending bonds with other males, involving following, defending, and mounting or being mounted by their partners (Bagemihl, 1999). Homosexual behavior is not based on dominance, but may serve a bonding function (Vervaecke & Rodin, 2006).

===== Other Hoofed Mammals =====

'''Giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis)''': They are often in all-male groups. Sparring between males is almost always gentle, begins as calves and juveniles, and is most common among adolescents. Participants are often of different sizes, with the smaller, younger one usually initiating. Mounting sometimes accompanies sparring, and mostly involves older adolescents mounting younger ones. These behaviors are not associated with dominance. Homosexual behavior occurs mainly among the young (Pratt & Anderson, 1985).

'''African elephants (Loxodonta africana) & Asiatic elephants (Elephas maximus)''': African and Asiatic male elephants often form all-male herds. Breeding males associate only temporarily with females. Male homosexual mounting occurs regularly, especially among younger males. In African elephants, homosexual mounting may be preceded by extensive affectionate interaction, and both adult and younger males participate. Males also form long-lasting bonds called companionships, mainly between older and younger “attendants”—heterosexual couples do not form long-lasting bonds. The attendant male and adult male often help each other in various ways, and they are constant companions. Sometimes an older male will have two attendant males. In Asiatic male elephants, almost a fifth have a male companion.

==== Other Mammals ====

'''Dwarf cavies (Microcavia australis)''': Dwarf cavies are small rodents that live in colonies of twenty to fifty individuals. Adult males are sexually attracted to juveniles of both sexes. A typical homosexual encounter begins with an adult male and juvenile male sitting together quietly, often in front of the juvenile’s mother, who is not visibly bothered. The two males then engage in affectionate contact, which eventually escalates to sexual behavior. Adult males often have favorite younger males, and will actively seek them out while ignoring other juvenile males. More than half of adult male-juvenile sexual interactions are same-sex. Most males are homosexually involved. Occasionally, an adult male will have an adolescent male companion, who feeds with him and is physically affectionate with him. The adult may allow the adolescent to mount a female he is courting. Adult males in two other species, mocó or rock cavies (Kerodon rupestris) and préa (Galea spixii), sometimes also court juvenile males.

'''Feral cats (Felis catus)''': In an extensive field study, a quarter of males did homosexual mounting, but only occasionally. It always occurred in the presence of estrus females. Mounters were adults, and mountees were adolescents, smaller in size, comparable to adult female size. Mounters bit the backs of mountees’ necks, as they do when mounting females. Older-younger male homosexual mounting appears to be an outlet for heterosexual mountings that were recently frustrated (Yamane, 2006).

=== Table VI: Homosexual Behavior Between Mature and Immature Males in Birзds ===
All descriptions based on Bagemihl (1999)
==== Aquatic and shore birds ====

'''Canada geese (Branta canadensis)''': 18 % of adult males form homosexual bonds with partners, who may be other adults or juveniles.

'''Ruffs (Philomachus pugnax)''': About half of males are involved predominantly in same-sex sex. Certain adult males acquire a territory called a lek, where they display to potential sex partners, male as well as female. Male visitors may be those without leks or younger males, who have not yet developed adult plumage. The younger males rarely are heterosexually involved, but instead do mounting with each other and with adult lek residents.

==== Perching and song birds ====

'''Guianan cock-of-the-rock (Rupicola rupicola)''': Male homosexual mounting between two adolescents and between an adult and adolescent is routine, accounting for about half of all copulations and involving about 40 % of the total male population and 64 % of the adolescent male population. Certain adult males acquire leks, which females and young males visit to see whether they want to mate. In a typical homosexual encounter, while an adult male is displaying his colorful plumage, an adolescent male will land nearby. The adult keeps his back to the adolescent, showing off his plumage and inviting the adolescent to mount him. The adolescent climbs onto the adult’s back, achieves genital contact, and then mounts several times in succession. Adolescents usually visit the display courts of numerous other adult males and may have relations with up to seven adults in a season, including some adults without leks. Adult males who avoid heterosexual contacts are the ones most often mounted by adolescent males.

'''Swallow-tailed manakins (Chiroxiphia caudata)''': Several adult males will form long-term associations and display together on their leks to attract both females and adolescent males. When a young male arrives, the adult males perform a group courtship ritual, in which they take turns jumping up and hovering in front of him. The young male sits motionless as he watches the spectacle. Same-sex sexual behavior likely makes up a sizable proportion of all sexual activity.

'''Blue-backed manakins (Chiroxiphia pareola)''': Pairs of adult males behave similarly to swallow-tailed manakins, displaying to a third male, which is sometimes an adolescent, performing leapfrogging and cartwheels to impress the other male.

'''Bicolored antbirds (Gymnopithys bicolor)''': Male homosexual pair-bonds make up 4–6% of all pair-bonds; partners may be two adults or an older and younger bird. The bonds are initiated by courtship-feeds, in which one offers the other a spider or an insect. The receiving male, unlike a female, then passes it back. Once paired, they become constant companions.

'''Red bishop birds (Euplectes orix)''': In their nesting territories, adult males court both females and males, the latter being younger males who look like females in terms of their plumage coloring. When a younger male approaches, the adult male performs a distinct bumble-flight and displays his plumage to attract the comer.

'''Orange bishop birds (Euplectes franciscanus)''': In captivity, both adult and younger males attempt to mount young males, who usually reject the attempt or react indifferently at most.

'''Red-shouldered widowbirds (Euplectes axillaris)''': Adult males sometimes court younger males.

'''Black-billed magpies (Pica pica)''': Homosexual behavior involving adult males with adolescent or juvenile males occurs occasionally. A typical courtship begins with one male ritually begging the other, followed by the second hopping around the first. Afterward, the two might form a pair-bond, in which they stay near one another, preen one another, and cooperate in evicting intruders.

'''Gray-breasted jays (Aphelocoma ultramarina)''': Adult males have been observed to courtship-feed younger males.

'''Victoria’s riflebirds (Ptiloris victoriae)''': Adult males sometimes court younger males, using spectacular displays that are also used in heterosexual interactions. Male-male courtships occur frequently, although mounting is rarer and is likely to drive the mountee away.

'''Regent bowerbirds (Sericulus chrysocephalus)''': Males build bowers, tunnels of twigs decorated with a variety of colors (e.g., from berries). Adult males display in their bowers to both females and younger males, sometimes ritually offering gifts to their guests. Juvenile males also build bowers and court males and females. When an adult male arrives, the juvenile male behaves in a ritual manner to attract the adult into the bower. Adult males spend 15% of their time displaying to other males, and juvenile males spend 28% of their time doing the same.

'''Satin bowerbirds (Ptilonorhynchus violaceus)''': Adult males have been observed to court younger males.

'''Superb lyrebirds (Menura novaehollandiae)''': Adult males often court adolescent males upon encountering them alone or in groups. The adult may closely follow the adolescent, even for hours, periodically performing a wing display accompanied by serenading the younger male with a variety of vocalizations. Adults will occasionally mount the adolescents, but genital contact may not occur because the younger male does not facilitate the interaction. Adolescent males also court and mount one another, behavior that is usually mutual. Occasionally an adult and adolescent male will engage in a mutual display to one another. Adult males approach groups of adolescents fairly often during breeding season and twice as often outside of it. They spend more than half their time away from their display mounds associating with adolescent males. Most males are bisexual, courting both females and adolescent males. Adolescent males appear to be exclusively homosexual in their behaviour and often form companionships with like-aged males. Male and female lyrebirds live largely separate lives aside from brief encounters during breeding season.

==== Other birds ====

'''Anna’s hummingbirds (Calypte anna)''': Both females and juvenile males visit an adult male’s territory to feed on his supply of currant and blossoms. If a juvenile male visits, the adult male will perform a dive display several times, in which he climbs 150 feet, dives toward the visitor, and makes loud shrieking sounds. After the display, the visitor will usually fly off, with the adult in pursuit, singing at him. If the adult succeeds in attempting to mount the younger male, the latter usually strongly resists, and the adult may attempt to use force. About 25% of sex in this species is between males.

'''Acorn woodpeckers (Melanerpes formicivorus)''': A ritualized group display occurs involving courtship and sex. At dusk, the members of a group gather and begin mounting one another in all combinations. Males mount females and other males, females mount males and other females, young woodpeckers mount older ones, and older woodpeckers mount younger ones. Reciprocal mounting is common. This mounting display is a regular feature in this species, occurring daily all year around.

==Other sources==
*'''Green, Richard (2002). [https://www.ipce.info/library_2/files/green_asb_2002.html "Is pedophilia a mental disorder?"], ''Archives of Sexual Behavior'', 31 (6), 467-471. Citing: De Waal, F. (1990). "Sociosexual behavior used for tension regulation in all age and sex combinations among Bonobos." In J. Feierman (Ed.), ''[https://library.lol/main/3CA15750CD7EC06C3052B55B5E16C76D Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions]'' (Jay R. Feierman, ed, pp. 379–393). '''
*:"Observations concern a near relative of Man, the bonobo, where these “pigmy chimps” are allowed free access to any other bonobo for sexual contact at the San Diego Zoo. Nonfertile combinations (same-sex or juvenile–adult combinations) were as frequent as potentially fertile, adult male–female combinations. Further, one third of sociosexual contacts by an adult with an infant were initiated by the infant (De Waal, 1990)."
* '''[[Steven Angelides]] (2004) [https://sci-hub.ru/10.1215/10642684-10-2-141 Feminism, Child Sexual Abuse, and the Erasure of Child Sexuality]''' ''GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies'', Volume 10, Number 2, pp. 141-177 ; a copy on [https://web.archive.org/web/20130420133540/http://snifferdogonline.com/reports/Child%20Abuse,%20Sexuality%20and%20Violence/Feminism,%20Child%20Sexual%20Abuse,%20and%20the%20Erasure%20of%20Child%20Sexuality.pdf webarchive]
*:"They were often justified as well by cross-species comparisons, which emphasized the naturalness of adult-child sex in other mammals. In Sex Offenders Paul H. Gebhard et al. claimed that "sexual activity between adult and immature animals is common and appears to be biologically normal." Indeed, it "is precisely what we see in various animals, particularly monkeys." This fact lessened "the horror with which society views the adult who has sexual relations with young children."<sup>21</sup> As Robert S. De Ropp summed up, in a more matter-of-fact articulation of the underlying masculinist assumptions: "The craving of the elderly male for the young female is not necessarily confined to the human species. Old stags are always after little ones and the young does are always willing."<sup>22</sup> [...] 21. Paul H. Gebhard et al., Sex Offenders: An Analysis of Types (New York: Harper and Row, 1965), 54, 276, 54. 22. Robert S. De Ropp, Sex Energy: The Sexual Force in Man and Animals (New York: Delacorte, 1969), 111-12."
*'''deMause, Lloyd (2002). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20120224062853/http://psychohistory.com/htm/eln08_childrearing.html The Emotional Life of Nations]'', chapter 8.'''
*:"Primate mothers are widely reported as copulating with their children; indeed, many cannot learn to reproduce unless they have had sex with adults when they were children. Many immature primates "copulate with their mothers...explore adult genitalia and experience manipulation of their own." Our closest ancestors, the bonobo chimps-termed "the erotic champions" of primates-spend much of their time sucking and masturbating the genitals and "genitogenital rubbing" of both male and female juveniles, "to reduce tensions." Primate children are regularly observed being taught to thrust against their mothers' genitals. This "sexualization of the infant" was likely extended when human infants grew much larger heads, since it meant in order to get through the narrow birth canal before the head grew too large human infants had to be "born fetal," extremely immature and increasingly helpless, so that in early humans "maternal attention was not sufficient to care for more helpless infants..."This in turn meant a selection for those babies who could most satisfy the mother's erotic needs-for instance through the extension of non-hairy, erotic skin areas-for they would be best nursed and cared for as an erotic, tension-reducing object. Likewise, those human mothers were selected who had evolved the largest and most erotic breasts and who had genitals shifted around to the front, where they could rub them against their children."
*'''Rind, B., Bauserman, R. and Tromovitch, P. (2000). ''[http://www.ipce.info/library_2/rbt/science_frame.htm Science versus orthodoxy: Anatomy of the congressional condemnation of a scientific article and reflections on remedies for future ideological attacks]''.'''
*:"Ford and Beach (1951), in their seminal review of cross-cultural and cross-species data, observed that "[a]s long as the adult members of a society permit them to do so, immature males and females engage in practically every type of sexual behavior found in grown men and women" (p, 197) They also observed that juvenile sexual activity in monkeys and apes is "no less natural for the young primate than are the chasing, wrestling, and mock fighting that consume so much of his waking life" (p. 255). Psychologists have all but ignored these perspectives in favor of fitting their descriptions and explanations of juvenile sexuality to current Western values."

*'''Rind, Bruce (2009). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20111122131235/https://www.inter-disciplinary.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/gsbs1rind.pdf Social Response to Age-Gap Sex Involving Minors: Empirical, Historical, Cross-Cultural, and Cross-Species Considerations]." Paper presented at the "Good sex, bad sex: Sex law, crime and ethics" conference in Budapest, Hungary, May 4 to 6, 2009.
*:"If age-gap sex involving non-adults is, by nature, as disturbing as most contemporary authorities believe it is, then should we not see evidence for this elsewhere in nature—for example, in our close primate relatives? Age-gap sex in primates is commonplace but shows no evidence of the trauma many think is so [[intrinsic harm|intrinsic]] to these contacts.
*:Bonobos and chimpanzees are our closest animal relatives. Immature males in these two species are highly sexual, much more than immature females. They behave sexually with other immatures and with adults of both sexes, but prefer mature females, with whom they often attempt to initiate sex. In most cases, they show sexual arousal, with erections. The mature females are quite tolerant of the young males and usually allow them to attempt copulation. When immature male chimps are rebuffed by mature females, they typically whimper and throw tantrums. Researchers have concluded that male chimps in early puberty actually need copulatory practice with older females, else their adult copulating behavior will be inept.
*:In bonobos, when a female reaches adolescence, she transfers into a new group, where she pairs up with one adult female in particular, who acts as her “mentor.” This relationship, which is sexually based and lasts about a year, helps the adolescent female integrate into the new group and eventually be accepted by all the other females.
*:Age-gap homosexual relations among males are also quite common in apes and Old World monkeys. Pederasty in gorillas, for example, is pervasive. In this species, while one male dominates a group of females in a harem, the remaining males form an all-male group for many years at a time, in which courtship and copulation occur on a daily basis between adult and adolescent males. Several researchers directly observing this behavior have concluded that it serves to maintain group cohesiveness. In rhesus macaques, sexual relations between mature and immature males are frequent. They often occur despite the presence of receptive females. Young males tend to welcome these contacts and may even compete for older males’ attentions. The relations can be highly affectionate and appear to be functional for the immature males’ development of sexual and gregarious behaviors. Similarly affectionate age-gap male homosexual relations have been observed in various other species, such as orangutans, Hanuman langurs, and stumptail macaques. Among Tibetan macaques, oral-genital contact between adult and juvenile males occurs on a regular basis. Sometimes the younger partner jumps onto the adult’s face to initiate it; other times the adult begins the contact by turning the juvenile upside down. Both younger and older participants generally seem excited. These behaviors are never aggressive and appear to reduce tension between the them. Similar age-gap relations occur daily and universally in Mona monkeys; the sexual interactions are almost never aggressive and appear to help the younger males integrate into the male group and to maintain group cohesion.
*:When it comes to human age-gap sexual relations, the stereotype is that they are, by nature, aggressive encounters, where the older person imposes his will on an unwilling younger partner, who is traumatized and psychologically ruined. It is striking, then, that we find just the opposite in the primate data, where researchers document that eagerness and even initiative on the part of the younger animal are commonplace,26 and they repeatedly describe positive developmental and social functions that these relations appear to serve—just as historians and anthropologists also have also done with regard to other times and cultures."

*'''Rind, Bruce (2024). "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/383699408_Same-Sex_Sexual_Behavior_Age-Class_and_Coalitions_in_Male_Rhesus_Macaques_Macaca_mulatta Same‑Sex Sexual Behavior, Age‑Class, and Coalitions in Male Rhesus Macaques]". ''Archives of Sexual Behavior''. 1-20. 10.1007/s10508-024-02983-6.
*:"In the present study, relations between same-sex sexual behavior (SSB), age-class, and coalitional behavior in male rhesus macaques were examined in a re-analysis of data ﬁrst analyzed and reported by Clive et al. (2023). [...] Most dyads contained at least one non-adult (76%). Young and prime adult mounters most often selected non-adults to mount. Mounters were often sexually motivated: most for adolescents (72%); equally for juveniles (57%) and adults (56%). Finally, the highest rate of SSB with coalitional context appeared in adolescent–adult dyads involved in multiple repeated mounts. SSB, age-class, special friendships, bonding, and coalitions were linked, as reported in some other primate species and human societies cross-culturally. Employing age-class in male SSB analysis improved description and explanation."

* '''Jaroslava Varella Valentova, Andreone Teles Medrado, and Marco Antonio Correa Varella “Male Bisexuality”. In: Todd K. Shackelford (ed.), 2022, [https://annas-archive.org/md5/2d84ebccbbaafc78b4516ef6b129e5a2 The Cambridge Handbook of Evolutionary Perspectives on Sexual Psychology. Vol 4.] ''Cambridge University Press (Virtual Publishing)''.'''
::"Lilley et al. (2020) and Wrangham (1993) complement by describing that nonconceptual sex between individuals of the same sex among nonhuman primates may have been an exaptation of reproductive behavior, which acquired other diverse functions, such as: establishment of dominance, practice by immatures for a future successful copulation, reduce tensions, and help with reconciliations, in addition to facilitating the formation of alliances and reducing the reproductive success of other individuals."

* '''Zanna Clay, Liza R. Moscovice, and Thibaud Gruber “Bonobo Sexual Behavior and Psychology” In: Todd K. Shackelford (ed.), 2022, [https://annas-archive.org/md5/2d84ebccbbaafc78b4516ef6b129e5a2 The Cambridge Handbook of Evolutionary Perspectives on Sexual Psychology. Vol 4.] ''Cambridge University Press (Virtual Publishing)''.'''
::"As bonobos reach juvenility, their sexual behavior becomes more frequent and elaborated, including both participating as third parties as well as actively engaging in sex themselves (Hashimoto, 1997). Excerpts from Kano’s observations of the Wamba bonobos paint an informative picture: ''adults are generally cooperative in awakening the erotic impulses of these juveniles. A female that has finished copulating and GG rubbing will stop and wait when a male juvenile clings to her behind; the female will grasp the juvenile’s hips and insert his penis. [...] The female does her best to accommodate the partners, one by one, without much ado. [...] Adult males are also enthusiastic about “sex education.” After copulation, they mount and thrust at juveniles, either male or female, that approach and present. Without inserting their penis, the adult males rub against the top of the hips and the thigh. Often, instead of thrusts, an adult male raises one ankle in the air and lightly scratches the side of the juvenile’s chest.'' (Kano, 1992, p. 196)"

*''' Joseph H. Manson "Capuchin Sexual Behavior" In: Todd K. Shackelford (ed.), 2022, [https://annas-archive.org/md5/2d84ebccbbaafc78b4516ef6b129e5a2 The Cambridge Handbook of Evolutionary Perspectives on Sexual Psychology. Vol 4.] ''Cambridge University Press (Virtual Publishing)''.'''
::"Cebus subordinate adult males [(Capuchin monkeys comprise a subfamily, Cebinae)] , compared to alpha males, carry and play with infants more frequently, and they direct these behaviors toward male infants much more than toward female infants (Perry, 2012). Because subordinate males are unlikely to be these infants’ fathers (see below), these relationships are not a form of paternal investment but may function as a means of long-term recruitment of allies for male–male competition (Perry, 2012)."
::"Nonconceptive sexual behavior includes copulations by noncycling (i.e., pregnant or lactating) females, sexual behavior in which one or both partners are juveniles, nonconceptive sexual postures (e.g., females mounting males), and same-sex sexual interactions between adults. All four of these phenomena have been observed in capuchins (Fragaszy et al., 2004). Male-male pseudo-copulations in C. capucinus are particularly noteworthy (Manson et al., 1997). [...] As a conspicuous form of intimate contact, these interactions might function to build or test trust (Smuts & Watanabe, 1990; Zahavi, 1977) or to display social bonds to third parties (Wrangham, 1993)."

* '''Jackson R. Ham et al. (2022) [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0376635722001127 The emergence and early development of socio-sexual behavior in beluga calves (Delphinapterus leucas)], ''Behavioural Processes, Volume 200'', doi: 10.1016/j.beproc.2022.104695'''
::"Highlights: • Juvenile socio-sexual behaviors were more frequent when adult males were present. • The sexual repertoire of immature males, but not females, changes with age. • Immature belugas prefer to interact with older belugas. • Social partner preferences change with age."
::"The emergence of socio-sexual behaviors was relatively consistent among immature animals. [...] The presence of an adult male significantly predicted if immature belugas would initiate and participate in socio-sexual behavior. However, partner preferences changed with age. In the first year of life, belugas engaged in sexual behavior with their mother most frequently but preferred to play with older males if given a choice. By the third year of life, belugas engaged in socio-sexual behavior most frequently with other immature animals."

*'''Sommer, V., & Vasey, P. L. (Eds.). (2006). [https://books.google.com/books/about/Homosexual_Behaviour_in_Animals.html?id=KXM3F59y1jkC Homosexual behaviour in animals: An evolutionary perspective]. ''Cambridge University Press.''''' (no e-book, only preview on google books is available)

:: “[An] adolescent [gibbon] was observed soliciting sexual contact with the adult male in his family group. As Edwards and Todd (1991) suggest, the youth may have needed ‘reassurance’ that he was still welcome in the family.” (''see'' Edwards, A.-M. A. R., and Todd, J. D. (1991). Homosexual behavior in wild white-handed gibbons (Hylobates lar). Primates 32: 231–236. DOI: 10.1007/BF02381180)

::“Genital stimulation occurs in context of play in all of the African great apes (Tutin, 1979; Tutin and McGinnis, 1981; Harcourt et al., 1981; Nadler, 1986; Enomoto, 1990; Kano, 1992; Hashimoto, 1997). Frequent genital stimulation behaviour may be a common feature of the African great apes in the early stage of development. During the first year of life, male infant chimpanzees show an interest in the sexual swellings of adult females, and successfully achieve intromission before reaching two years old (Tutin and McGinnis, 1981). Male infant bonobos begin to show sexual behaviour at less than one year of age and have been observed trying to copulate with their mothers (Kano, 1992). Immature gorillas started to show genital stimulation behaviour during the period of infancy (Nadler, 1986; this study).”

:: “Homosexual activity, particularly during immature play, could facilitate social and motor development. Indeed, among macaques, adequate opportunity to engage in mounting when young is necessary for competent performance of heterosexual copulation in adulthood, and the actual sex of mounting partners is irrelevant (Goy and Wallen, 1979).

::Immature langurs, as young as three months, frequently engage in mounting, with both immature and mature partners of either sex. The combination juvenile female–juvenile female and juvenile male–juvenile male is the most frequent (Srivastava et al., 1991).”

::gorillas:
::“[...] even adult male gorillas occasionally exhibit interest in genital stimulation with immatures, and solicit them in the absence of females. Since the genital stimulation behaviour of gorillas has no socio-sexual functions, adult males show such behaviour in a purely sexual context. Frequent courtship and chest-beating displays by the two silverbacks around the young partners and intensive fights between them observed in the all-male group show that homosexual behaviour did not have tension-reduction role but, instead, resulted in increased competition between silverbacks over same-sex partners.

::It is likely that the homosexual behaviour of immature gorillas is a developmental by-product, which may increase the potential of adult males to engage in homosexual behaviour in the context of skewed sex ratios. [...] The formation of all-male groups and homosexual behaviour may possibly contribute to the survival of younger males for future reproduction."

::“…silverbacks may erupt if same-sex partners do not target a single silverback with solicitations to mount them. In such instances, silverbacks may be uncertain as to who has priority of access to a particular same-sex partner. This appeared to be the case for Pt and Ht, both sub-adults, who did not solicit either silverback. The silverbacks subsequently engaged in severe competition for access to these sub-adult male sexual partners. In contrast, when Ts, another sub-adult, and Si, a blackback, showed solicitation to one of the silverbacks, competition for these sexual partners did not erupt. Neither silverback showed intensive courtship to another silverback’s partner. There appeared to be a kind of respect for ‘ownership’ of other’s same-sex partners, as observed in heterosexual copulation (Harcourt, 1978, 1981; Watts, 1996). These observations suggest that homosexual interactions involving silverbacks may be purely sexual in character, because they parallel heterosexual interactions."

::"Another difference in homosexual interactions between silverbacks and immatures was the fixed role in mounting for the former. The two silverbacks always mounted the younger individuals, while both blackbacks and sub-adults took the roles of both mounter and mountee."

:: ''note'': Silverback: a fully mature adult male gorilla often dominant in the group. Blackback: a younger, not yet fully mature male gorilla; typically an adolescent or young adult stage.)

*'''Bixler, R. H. (1992). "Do we/should we behave like animals?" In: W. T. O’Donohue & J. H. Geer (Eds.), The sexual abuse of children: Volume I—Theory and research (pp. 81–107). ''Routledge''. doi: 10.4324/9781315799698-7'''
::drosophila
::"Adult males of many drosophila species court the immature and essentially in the same manner in which they court females (McRobert & Tompkins, 1983). Young males, as well as immature females, excite their adult counterparts with both visual and pheromonal stimuli (Gailey, Hall, & Siegel, 1985; Gailey, Jackson, & Siegel, 1985; Siegel, Hall, Gailey, & Kyriacou, 1984; Tompkins, 1984; Zawistowski & Richmond, 1985). Within hours after they have emerged from their pupal cases (eclosed) males begin to lose their homosexual appeal because they start to synthesize a courtship-inhibiting pheromone. Their attractiveness to adult males declines sharply, but does not evaporate entirely, as the courtship-stimulating pheromone that misled adult males is produced in steadily diminishing quantities. [...] Finally, the courted immature males when placed later with mature females mate significantly faster (p 0.001) than do inexperienced males (McRobert & Tompkins, 1988). [...] The same males that court immature conspecifics also court and copulate with mature females. [...] it is likely that it has committed a recognition error (Aiken, 1981; Colgan, 1983; Tompkins, 1989). However, the immature male clearly benefited from its being mistaken for a female and courted."

::rats
::"Moore and Morelli (1979) found that rat mothers spend more time licking the anogenital region of male pups than that of their sisters. The role of genital stimulation in developing efficient excretory habits is well established; perhaps the differential treatment of the sexes is explicable solely by the greater complexity of male excretory morphology. It is also possible that this difference in treatment affects the eventual sexual behavior of the male or even of its mother."

::mammals in general
::"There also is a common pattern of adult-young sex “play” among mammals in normal settings, much of which is initiated by the immature males and some by females (Byers, 1984; Geist, 1971; Grubb, 1974; Hoffman, 1985; Lent, 1979; Schaller & Mirza, 1974; de Waal, 1990; also see Klemm, Sherry, Schake, & Sis, 1983/1984; Tennessen, Price, & Berg, 1985, for homosexual abuse of young by peers and Lott, 1983/1984, for evidence that homosexual mounting and anal penetration occurs in the wild). Parallels to this mammalian pattern are not found in species that do not play, such as ectotherms, most birds, and some mammals (Smith, Pt. 1, 1984; Wilson, 1975)."

::primates in general
::"Immature primates are confronted by and, even more frequently, seek participation in sexual behavior with adults. The young watch adults or harass them when they copulate and do so with obvious interest (Colvin, 1985; Goodall, 1986; Hrdy, 1977; Thierry, 1986; Tutin, 1979; de Waal, 1982). They explore adult genitalia and experience manipulation of their own (Chevalier-Skolnikoff, 1976; Estrada, Estrada, & Ervin, 1977; Goodall, 1968; Nadler, 1985; Schaller, 1963; Thierry, 1986; de Waal, 1982, 1990); they court and are courted (Cheney, 1978; Hayaki, 1985; Hrdy, 1977; Kummer, 1968). Immature males mount and may copulate with their mothers (Bixler, 1981b; Harlow, Joslyn, Senko, & Dopp, 1966; Missakian, 1973; Sugiyama & Koman, 1979); with other mature females (Cheney, 1978; Chevalier-Skolnikoff, 1976; Colvin, 1985; Estrada, Estrada, & Ervin, 1977; Fossey, 1979; Goodall, 1968, 1986; Harcourt, Fossey, Stewart, & Watts, 1980; Hayaki, 1985; Kummer, 1968; Kummer & Kurt, 1963; Sugiyama & Koman, 1979; Takasaki, 1985; Tardif, 1983; Thierry, 1986), and adult males (Chevalier-Skolnikoff, 1974, 1976; Dunbar, 1984). Immature females are less likely to be involved in copulatory-like behavior with adults but it is by no means rare (Abegglen, 1986; Chevalier-Skolnikoff, 1976; Dunbar, 1984; Kummer & Kurt, 1963; Nadler, 1985; Tardif, 1983; de Waal, 1990)."

==Excerpt Graphic Library==

The EGL on '''Broader Perspectives''' has some relevant information. Just right click/save and reproduce by uploading in short-form media to bypass character limits.

{{Template:EGLBP}}

==External links==

*[https://www.greek-love.com/index.php/general-history/pederasty-amongst-primates/pederasty-japanese-macaques-minoo-leca-gunst-vasey-2014 Male Homosexual Behavior in a Free-Ranging All-Male Group of Japanese Macaques at Minoo, Japan] - Jean-Baptiste Leca et al.
*[https://www.greek-love.com/index.php/general-history/pederasty-amongst-primates/pederasty-mountain-gorillas-yamagiwa Intra- and inter-group interactions of an all-male group of virunga mountain gorillas] - Juichi Yamagiwa.

==References==

[[Category:Official Encyclopedia]][[Category:Research: Broader Perspectives]]

Research: Intergenerational Sexual Behaviors in Animals

2026-07-29T12:30:12Z

Thorn: /* Table V: Homosexual Behavior Between Mature and Immature Males in Subprimate Mammals */

{{research}}<div style="margin-right: 25px; float: left;">__TOC__</div>
Intergenerational sexual activity has been documented in numerous species, particularly closely related primates. Bonobos are one example - see, nature documentaries and home movies: [https://av.tib.eu/media/22174 (1)], [https://fstube.net/w/jhRL37NdsWTscpPr5dkTsS (Backup)]

While this should not be interpreted as an instruction on how humans should behave, it does cast doubt on the biological necessity of arbitrary, morality-based prohibitions against age-discrepant behavior.

==Biological Exuberance==

The following are excerpted from ''[https://libgen.vg/edition.php?id=136630482 Biological Exuberance - Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity]'' by Bruce Bagemihl (2000).

===Heterosexual===

*'''Bonobo''': "Both adult males and females interact sexually with adolescents and juveniles (three-to-nine-year-olds). In fact, young females go through a five-to-six-year period sometimes referred to as ADOLESCENT STERILITY (although no pathology is involved) during which they actively participate in heterosexual mating (often with adults) but never get pregnant. Sexual behavior between adults and infants of both sexes is common - about a third of the time it is initiated by the infant and may involve genital rubbing and full copulatory postures (including penetration of an adult female by a male infant). (''Biological Exuberance - 274'')

*'''Chimpanzee''': Although incestuous matings between adults are not common, mothers engage in sexual activity with their infant son fairly often. Young females typically experience a one-to-three-year period of ADOLESCENT STERILITY after their first menstruation, during which time they mate heterosexually without conceiving. (''Biological Exuberance - 278'')

*'''Gorilla''': "Both males and females also engage in masturbation, and younger animals frequently participate in nonpenetrative sexual activity. Mountings of the latter type are usually incestuous, involving siblings, half siblings, or (more rarely) parents and their offspring (or their siblings' offspring)." (''Biological Exuberance - 283'')

*'''Orangutan''': "Mothers frequently engage in incestuous contact with their infants, manually or orally stimulation the penis or clitoris (or being stimulated by the infant), and may even mount the infants." (''Biological Exuberance - 287'')

*'''Gibbons (White-handed gibbon and Siamang)''': "In one case, a Siamang father was observed fondling his adolescent daughter's vulva with his fingers while her younger brother licked her clitoris. Mothers may invite their juvenile sons - as young as four to five years - to lick and groom their genitals (usually with no hostile reaction from the father)." (''Biological Exuberance - 291'')

*'''Langur and Nilgiri Langur (Presbytis entellus and Presbytis johnii)''': "Females also occasionally mount males, while adult-juvenile heterosexual interactions also occur." (''Biological Exuberance - 296'')

*'''Japanese Macaque''': "Females in some troops frequently form consortships with sexually immature (preadolescent) males;..." [...] "In some troops, a unique form of "baby-sitting" has developed. Although males in this species do not typically participate in parenting, high-ranking males in some populations take care of infants that are not their own for short periods. They groom, carry, embrace, and protect the infants, usually with the consent of their mothers. [...] ,a few male caretakers interact sexually with infants (usually females), masturbating themselves while carrying them or even thrusting against them. (''Biological Exuberance - 305'')

*'''Rhesus Macaque''': "In some cases, though, "aunts" engage in aggressive or sexual interactions with the infants as well and may even try to "kidnap" another female's baby." (''Biological Exuberance - 310'')

*'''Crested-Black Macaque (Macaca Nigra)''': "Infant and very young male Crested Blacks often mount adult females, performing pelvic thrusts and even achieving penetration. " (''Biological Exuberance - 322'')

*'''Savanna Baboon, Hamadryas Baboon:''' "Sexual activity in Baboons also sometimes includes copulation with partners that are not optimal for breeding: adult male Savanna Baboons and adult female Hamadryas Baboons may mate with juvenile animals, incestous matings are common in inbred troops [...]" (''Biological Exuberance - 327'')

*'''Tamarin and Marmosets''': "Both male and female Lion Tamarins (Leontophitecus rosalia) sometimes mount their own offspring of both sexes, including adolescent and younger individuals. Approximately 1 percent of mounting activity in Common Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) occurs among adolescent and younger males." (''Biological Exuberance - 334'')

*'''Dolphin''': "Young dolphins are sexually precocious, and incestuous copulation have been observed between males a few months and their mothers." (p. 346) [...] "In captivity, "baby-sitting" males have been observed harassing mothers, trying to "kidnap" their calves, and even behaving sexually towards the infants "including trying to mate with them). (''Biological Exuberance - 347'')

*'''Orca''': "[...] while heterosexual interactions also occur between adults and adolescents (of both sexes) and youngsters (juveniles as well as calves)." (''Biological Exuberance - 351'')

*'''Northern Elephant Seal (Mirounga angustirostris)''': "As noted above, some male Northern Elephant Seals routinely try to copulate with weaned pups - about half of all pups are subjected to such forced mating or rape attempts, which they usually violently resist. In some cases the pups are severely injured by the bulls, with deep gashes and punctures from neck bites. Aggressive sexual behavior by bulls is the leading cause of mortality among pups on the breeding grounds, accounting for the deaths of about 1 in 200 pups each year." (''Biological Exuberance - 363'')

*'''Northen Fur Seal (Callorhinus Ursinus)''': "[...] male Northern Fur Seals have also been known to attempt forcible copulations with pups of their own species." (''Biological Exuberance - 369'')

*'''White-tailed Dear (Odocoileus virginianus) and Mule or Black-Tailed Deer''': "Incestuous activity - including fawns mounting their mothers - also occurs in these species." (''Biological Exuberance - 381'')

*'''Wapiti, Elk, or Red Deer and Barasingha (Cervus elaphus) or Swamp Deer (Cervus duvauceli)''': "Sexual behavior by calves - including adult-calf interactions - also occurs in these species. Wapiti/Red Deer calves sometimes mount adults (including their mothers, in Red Deer), while female Red Deer occasionally mount calves." (''Biological Exuberance - 385'')

*'''Caribou or Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) and Moose (Alces Alces)''': "Males of booth species sometimes try to mount calves [...]" (''Biological Exuberance - 389'')

*'''Giraffe''': "Giraffes engage in a few forms of nonprocreative heterosexual activity as well: younger females in heat occasionally mount male calves, while calves sometimes mount their mothers." (''Biological Exuberance - 393'')

*'''Blackbuck (Gazelle, Antilope cervicapra)''': "Female Blackbucks sometimes engage in nonreproductive mounts of fawns or young animals." (''Biological Exuberance - 404'')

*'''Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis), Thinhorn or Dall's Sheep (Ovis dalli) and Asiatic Mouflon or Urial (Ovis orientalis)''': "Rams also sometimes mount lambs [...]" (''Biological Exuberance - 408'')

*'''Musk-Ox and Mountain Goat''': "Even during breeding years, some heterosexual courtship activity in both Muskoxen and Mountain Goats may be directed by males toward nonprocreating individuals such as yearlings and calves. [...] Females in this species have been observed mounting adult males and courting, mounting, or being mounted by their own yearlings or kids." (''Biological Exuberance - 412'')

*'''Plains Zebra (Equus quagga) and Takhi or Przewalski's horse (Equus przewalskii)''': "In addition, male Plains Zebras often try to mate with unrelated juvenile females that are not yet sexually mature. In fact, stallions - alone or in groups of up to 18 at a time - may "abduct" adolescent females by separating and chasing them from their family groups, after which they will try to copulate with the young mares. Interestingly, the female shows the behavioral signs of being "in heat" before she reaches the age when she can actually conceive; usually an "abducted" mare returns to her family group after her period of "heat" is finished. [...] Although Takhi males are not as involved in parenting as mares, a stallion may act as a "surrogate mother" to his own foal if it has lost its mother, even allowing the foal to "suckle" on his penis sheath." (''Biological Exuberance - 420'')

*'''Llama''': "Adult males occasionally copulate with yearling females, who are probably not old enough to breed." (''Biological Exuberance - 426'')

*'''Elephant (Afrikanska and Asiatiska)''': "In addition, males sometimes try to mount juvenile animals, who squeal in protest until a female intervenes." (''Biological Exuberance - 430'')

*'''Laughing Hyena''': "Some males, unable to copulate, engage in a form of "masturbation" in which they thrust their penis in the air and spontaneously ejaculate; others have been seen mounting cubs." (''Biological Exuberance - 447'')

*'''Rufous Bettong or Rat Kangaroo (Aepyprymnus rufescens)''': "For example, adult males generally make more sexual approaches to juvenile females than to sexually adult females." (''Biological Exuberance - 454'')

*'''Fat-Tailed Dunnart (Sminthopsis Crassicadudata)''': "Adult male Fat-Tailed Dunnarts sometimes display sexual interest in juvenile females, and incestuous matings have also been recorded." (''Biological Exuberance - 459'')

*'''Red Squirrel (Tamaiasciuris hudsonicus) and Gray Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis)''': "Juveniles, of both species often participate in mounting or sexual chases, for example, including incestuous activity between siblings or mothers being mounted by their offspring." (''Biological Exuberance - 463'')

*'''Hoary Marmot (Marmot caligata)''': "Sexual activity also occurs among juveniles, including mounting of adults." (''Biological Exuberance - 466'')

*'''Dwarf Cavy (Microcavia australis), Cui (Galea musteloides) and Aperea (Cavia aperea)''': "As mentioned above, sexual behavior between adults and juveniles is widespread in these species. About a quarter of all courtship and sexual interactions in Dwarf Cavies involve adult males and juveniles, while adult male Cuis also chin-rump follow juvenile females as young as two weeks old. In addition, juvenile Cuis of both sexes sometimes mount both adult males and females, including their own mothers. [...] Adult males in two other species of Cavies, the Mocó or Rock Cavy (Kerodon Rupestris) and the Préa (Galea Spixii), also sometimes court juvenile males, and youngsters mount adults of both sexes as well." (''Biological Exuberance - 469'')

*'''European Shag (Phalacrocorax Aristotelis)''': "In a few cases, adult male Shags have been observed mating with their own chicks [...]" (''Biological Exuberance - 507'')

*'''Tasmanian Native Hen (tribonyx mortierii)''': "[...] about 10 percent of copulation involve parents mounting their own offspring, including young chicks." (''Biological Exuberance - 521'')

*'''Ring-Billed Gull (Larus delawarensis) and Common or Mew Gull (Larus canus)''': "[...] and about 5 percent of adults court and mount chicks. Most of this activity involves females behaving incestuously with their own offspring, including full copulatory REVERSE MOUNTS of young birds. Mounted chicks may be as young as two weeks old, and they usually collapse under the weight of the adult mounting them and cry out in distress. Some individuals appear to be "habitual molesters" in that they repeatedly interact sexually with chicks, including their own." (''Biological Exuberance - 547'')

*'''Herring Gull (Larus Arentatus)''': "Several forms of heterosexual family abuse and adult-juvenile violence have also been documented in Herring Gulls. Males sometimes incestuously mount their own chicks and have even been seen breaking and eating their own eggs." (''Biological Exuberance - 555'')

*'''Black-Headed Gull (Larus Ridibundus)''': "In addition, males occasionally try to mate with chicks (including their own), who may be only a few days old; juveniles also mount each other)." (''Biological Exuberance - 559'')

===Homosexual===
*"And in the majority of cases, male and female homosexualities present their own unique blends of behaviors and characteristics that defy any simplistic categorization - such as Bonobos, where sexual penetration occurs in female rather than male same-sex activity, where sexual interactions between adults and adolescents are a prominent feature of female interactions, and where males do not form strongly bonded relationships with each other the way females do, but engage in less homosexual activity overall and more affectionate activity such as openmouthed kissing." (''Biological Exuberance - 30'')

*'''Bonobo''': "GG-rubbing occurs among females of all ages, from adolescent to very old, but if an older and a younger female are interacting, often the younger female will be on top. (p. 271) [...] In addition, when new females (usually adolescents) join a troop, they often pair up with an older female with whom they have most of their sexual and affectionate interactions. These bond need not be exclusive - either party may have sex with other females or males - but such mentorlike pairings can last for a year or more until the newcomer is fully integrated into the troop. [...] Manual stimulation of the genitals by a partner also occurs: typically an adolescent male spreads his legs and presents his erect penis to an adult male, who takes the shaft in his hand and caresses it with up-and-down movements." (''Biological Exuberance - 273'')

*'''Gorilla''': "There is often intense competition among the males for "preferred" partners - often the younger males - and older, higher ranking males frequently "guard" their favorite males and fight to protect them from the advances of other males." (''Biological Exuberance - 281'')

*'''White-Handed Gibbon (Hylobates lar) and Siamang (Hylobates syndactylus)''': "Within their nuclear family groups, male Gibbons sometimes engage in homosexual activities with each other. This incestuous activity often takes place between adolescent or younger male and his father (or stepfather, if his parents have divorced and re-paired); in Siamangs it may also occur between brothers." (''Biological Exuberance - 289'')

*'''Hanuman Langur (Presbytis entellus) and Nilgiri Langur (Presbytis Langur)''': "All females participate freely in homosexual mounting, including lactating, pregnant, menstruating, ovulating, and nonovulating females. This behavior is especially common among mothers, who have developed a special "baby-sitting" system: they transfer their young to other individuals in the troop (usually other females but sometimes males) for a short time (a similar pattern is found in Nilgiri Langurs). This allows them to engage in homosexual (and other) activites. Most mounting between females occurs among adults, through some involves adults with juveniles (up to four years old), usually with the younger female mounting the older one. Altough most homosexual participants are unrelated, some mountings are incestous, mostly between half sisters (about 27 percent of all lesbian mounts) and more rarely, between mother and daughter (about 1 percent of mounts); heterosexual matings are virtually never incestuous." (''Biological Exuberance - 294-295'')

*'''Japanese Macaque (Macaca fuscata)''': "Homosexual pairings occur among females of all ages, from adolescents to the very old, and sometimes an adult female will pair with a pubescent female. Interestingly, an incest taboo is in effect for homosexual but not heterosexual courtships: females never choose close relatives (mothers, sisters, daughters, granddaugthers, first cousins) as partners, whereas brother-sister and mother-son consorts do occasionally occur. Aunts and nieces, however, do not generally recognize each other as kin in this species, and so they sometimes consort together." (''Biological Exuberance - 303'')

*'''Crab-Eating Macaque (Macata fascicularis)''': "Males can also develop intense sexual relationships with one another, especially between older and younger males. In one such pair observed in captivity, affectionate embraces frequently led to sexual arousal and homosexual mounting, often accompanied by excited lip-smacking or crooning sounds; the male being mounted sometimes even turned his head to kiss his partner during a mount." (''Biological Exuberance - 317'')

*'''Pig Tailed Macaque (Macaca nemestrina)''': "Some same-sex mountings is incestuous, e.g., between mother and daughter or siblings of either sex." (''Biological Exuberance - 321'')

*'''Crested Black Macaque (Macaca nigra)''': "Younger males often mount older ones in this species." (''Biological Exuberance - 321'')

*'''"Baboon" (other species)''': "Among the Patas Monkeys (Erythrocebus patas), adolescent and younger males often fondle and nuzzles the scrotum and genitals of adult males." (''Biological Exuberance - 328'')

*'''(Common) Squirrel Monkey (Saimiri sciureus)''': "Homosexual mounting sometimes occurs between male Squirrel Monkeys, especially younger individuals or between an older and younger (adult) partner; adult males also perform the genital display to each other." (''Biological Exuberance - 332'')

*'''Lion Tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia) and White-fronted Capuchin Monkeys (Cebus Albifrons)''': "Both male and female Lion Tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia) sometimes mount their own offspring of both sexes, including adolescents and younger individuals. Approximately 1 percent of mounting activity in Common Mamosets (Callithrix Jacchus) occurs among adolescent and younger males (brother living in the same family group). In White-fronted Capuchin Monkeys (Cebus Albifrons), young males occasionally suck and fondle the scrotum of older males, while homosexual activity among females (including mounting) also occurs in Brown Capuchins (C. apella) and Weeper Capuchins (C. olivaceous)." (''Biological Exuberance - 334'')

*'''Verreaux's Sifaka (Propithecus Verreauxi)''': "Male Verreaux's Sifakas sometimes mount other males during the mating season. The mounted animal - usually a younger adult or adolescent male - often snaps at the mounter and tries to wriggle free (as do females trying to escape from unwelcome heterosexual advances)." (''Biological Exuberance - 336'')

*'''Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) and Spinner Dolphin (Stenella lingirostris)''': "If there is an age difference between male partners, either may penetrate the other, and Bottlenose adolescents have even been observed penetrating much older males." (''Biological Exuberance - 343'')

*'''Orca (Orcinus orca)''': "Altough males of all ages participate in homosexual activities, this behaviour is most prevalent among "adolescent" Orcas (sexually mature individuals 12-25 years old) More than three quarters of all sessions involve males who are more than five years apart in age, altough age-mates also interact together (especially among adolescents)." (''Biological Exuberance - 350'')

*'''Gray Seal (Halichoerus grypus) and Northern Elephant Seal (Mirounga angustirostris)''': "Those males who have completed their molt often roll around in pairs near the water and mount each other; bulls of all ages participate in this activity. Both adolescent and younger adult Northern Elephant Seal bulls also engage in homosexual mounting during the molt period. This occurs in shallow waters near the shore, often as part of extended bouts of harmless playfighting among clusters of males. [...] Adult males do not participate in this activity. However, they do sometimes mount younger adolescent and juvenile males (two to four years old). Typically the older male approaches the younger male at rest, moving up alongside him and sometimes placing his front flipper over his back in the position characteristic of heterosexual copulations. Usually the younger male struggles to escape, and the mounter may try to subdue him by pressing or bouncing his neck down on top of him or biting his neck. The older male may have an erection and attempt to penetrate the younger male, but he rarely succeeds. Altough they prefer juveniles or adolescents, a few bulls also try to copulate with much younger animals, such as weaned pups of both sexes (who strongly resist their advances)." (''Biological Exuberance - 361'')

*'''Australian Sea Lion (Neophoca cinerea) and New zealand Sea Lion (Phocarctos hookeri)''': "All age groups participate, altough there is often an age difference between the two males, with the younger male typically mounting the older one (especially in New Zealand Sea Lions)." (''Biological Exuberance - 367 - 368'')

*'''Walrus (Odobenus Rosmarus)''': "Typically a younger male displays to an older one, and courting males often situate themselves in the water near a favorite cliff face, boulder, or rock formation at the water's edge. The spectacular display consists of inflation of the throat pouches - often preceded by head bowing - interspersed with dives by one or both males, and an incredible series of vocalizations that form a courtship "song". (p. 371) [...] Although most homosexual behaviour is confined to the summer haul-outs, younger males sometimes also mount adults or other younger males during the breeding season. Groups of younger Walruses may crowd around an older male and roll on top of him; in addition, an adult male occasionally sings his courtship songs to a group of younger males or is accompanied by a younger attendant male while he sings. Often, his companion surfaces and dives in synchrony with him. This behavior, known as SHADOWING, occurs regardless of whether the adult is courting a female. [...] During breeding season, up to a third of mounting activity may take place between younger males or between adult and younger males, and 2-19 percent of singing males have a younger male companion "shadowing" them." (''Biological Exuberance - 372'')

*'''White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus)''': "Adult male White-tailed Deer sometimes mount each other, as do yearling males (especially during the nonbreeding season); occasionally a younger male mounts an older one during this activity." (''Biological Exuberance - 379'')

*'''Wapiti, Elk, or Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) and Barasingha or Swamp Deer (Cervus duvauceli)''': "Usually the two animals engaging in same-sex activity are fully grown adults, but in male Wapiti homosexual mounting may occur between adult bulls and spikehorns (yearlings whose antlers are spikes, having yet to develop prongs). Red Deer yearlings also participate in same-sex activity including occasional incestuous homosexual mountings by females of their mothers." (''Biological Exuberance - 383 - 384'')

*'''Caribou or Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) and Moose (Alces alces)''': "Caribou sometimes mount each other, as do younger males, while yearling Moose have been observed trying to mount adult bulls. In addition, bull Moose sometimes associate with younger male companions." (''Biological Exuberance - 388'')

*'''Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana)''': "Males of all age groups participate in homosexual courtship and mounting, although adult males usually direct their attentions to adolescent males. Mounting between males sometimes occurs during sparring or play-fighting as well." (''Biological Exuberance - 394'')

*'''Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis) and Thinhorn or Dall's Sheep (Ovis dalli)''': "Typically an older, higher ranking male will court a male younger than him, using a sequence of stylized movements." (''Biological Exuberance - 406'')

*'''Mountain Goat (Oreamnos americanus)''': "Adult male Mountain Goats court younger (yearling) males, again using the species typical heterosexual behavior patterns: the courting male approaches the other in a crouching position, creeping on his stomach with his head stretched forward (a posture referred to as the LOW-STRETCH). He may also flick his tongue in and out of his mouth while making soft bussing sound, jerk his head sideways, and attempt to lick the other male's flanks. Typically the yearling male responds aggressively to the courting adult. Adult males occasionally perform this display toward other adults as well. In addition, yearling females sometimes mount their own mothers. [...] In contrast, yearling Mountain Goats that are courted by older males are primarily heterosexuals, since they reject most same-sex advances." (''Biological Exuberance - 411'')

*'''African Elephant (Loxodonta africana) and Asiatic Elephant (Elephas maximas)''': "Homosexual mating lasts about the same lenght as heterosexual mating, generally less than a minute, altough one male may mount another several times in succession. Both older bulls and younger males participate in this activity. [...] Male Elephants also form "companionships" usually composed of an older bull and an attendant younger male (in contrast, there are no long-lasting heterosexual bonds in these species). In African Elephants, the younger male often helps the older one by guarding him or pulling down branches for him; in other cases, the older bull may help a younger male (or vice versa) who is injured or suffering from blindness of paralysis. The two males are constant companions and generally isolated from other Elephants; occasionally, an older bull will have two attendants. Among Asiatic Elephants, such male companionships appear not to be as long-lasting as in African Elephants. Younger attendant males in African Elephants are sometimes reported to have enlarged genitalia." (''Biological Exuberance - 428 -429'')

*'''Spotted Hyena (Crocuta crocuta)''': "Homosexual mounting between females also occur in this species; in some cases an adolescent or younger adult mounts an older one." (''Biological Exuberance - 446'')

*'''Rufous Bettongs or Rat Kangaroo (Aepyprymnus rufescens)''': "Some homosexual interactions in Rufous Bettongs involve adult females courting and mounting juvenile females and vice versa." (''Biological Exuberance - 454'')

*'''Gray Squirell (Sciurus carolinensis)''': "Gray Squirells are sequentially or chronologically bisexual: juveniles, adolescents, and young adults (up to one and a half years old) show a preference for homosexual activity, while older adults generally exhibit much less same-sex mountings." (''Biological Exuberance - 463'')

*'''Dwarf Cavy (Microcavia australis), Cui or Yellow-Toothed Cavy (Galea musteloides) and Aperea or Wild Cavy (Cavia Aperea)''': "In Dwarf Cavies, adult males are sexually attracted to juveniles of both sexes. A typical homosexual courtship begins with the adult and the younger male sitting quietly together - often right in front of the youngster's mother, who is not visibly disturbed. The two males may kiss and nuzzle their noses together, after which the adult begins to gently nibble on the juvenile's rump. This is often followed by a courtship behavior known as CHIN-RUMP FOLLOWING, in which the adult male places his chin on the youngster's rump, as they move together in circles or figure-eight patterns. If the male is especially aroused, he will stop to pat his paws against the juvenile's rump, sometimes even licking, sniffing, and nuzzling the anus and perineal region while lifting up the youngster's hindquarters with his nose. Adult males frequently have favorite males that they prefer to court and interact sexually with, actively seeking them out while ignoring others. (p. 467) [...] Adult male Apereas sometimes court younger males by RUMPING, in which the adult throws one or both hind legs over the rump of the youngsters. [...] Adult males occasionally also have an adolescent companion; the two males sit and feed together, as well as kiss one another. Sometimes the adult male will permit his companion to mount a female that he is courting. (p. 468) [...] Adult males in two other species of Cavies, the Mocó or Rock Cavy (Kerodon rupestris) and the Preá (Galea spixii), also sometimes court juvenile males, and youngsters mount adults of both sexes as well." (''Biological Exuberance - 469'')

*'''Ring-Billed Gull (Larus delawarensis)''': "For example, one or both partners in a homosexual pair are often younger females: couples in which there is an age difference between the two females - one an adult, the other an adolescent or younger adult - are particularly common in some populations." (''Biological Exuberance - 545'')

*'''Guianan Cock-of-the-rock (Rupicola rupicola)''': "Homosexual activity between adult and adolescent males, as well as among adolescent males, is a routine occurence in Guianan Cock-of-the-Rock. Males court and display to each other, as well as engage in homosexual mounting. (p. 567) [...] If an adolescent male approaches an adult who is courting a female, the female usally leaves (or is chased away), and the two males turn their attentions to each other." (''Biological Exuberance - 568'')

*'''Swallow-Tailed Manakin (Chiroxiphia caudata)''': "Male Swallow-tailed Manakins perform an elaborate group courtship ritual, the JUMP DISPLAY. Sometimes this display is directed toward females, sometimes toward yearling or younger adult males (the latter resembling females in their green plumage, but distinct because of their red-orange caps), and less commonly toward another adult male." (''Biological Exuberance - 572'')

*'''Bicolored Antbird (Gymnopithys bicolor) and Ocellated Antbird (Phaenostictus mcleannani)''': "Homosexual pair-bonds are sometimes long-lasting associations, persisting for many years. Partners may both be adults, or an older bird may pair with a younger one. In Ocellated Antbirds, father-son courtship-feedings also sometimes occur when a younger male remains within the clan structure." (''Biological Exuberance - 576'')

== Rind's cross-species summary==
[[Bruce Rind]]'s article on ''Pederasty(2013)'' <ref>Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''</ref> contains excellent cross-cultural and cross-species summary tables of intergenerational male homosexuality (the tables also are in the graphic excerpts library below). Here is the exact quotation of the tables on animals, which is partly based on the Bagemihl, B. (1999). ''Biological exuberance'' (see above), but with many important details.
=== Table IV: Homosexual Behavior Between Mature and Immature Males in Primates. ===

==== Great Apes ====

'''Bonobos (Pan paniscus)''': Mature males frequently performed thrusts on much younger males who might actively solicit the mounting (Kano, 1980). Common also is an adult male masturbating an adolescent male lying on his back with legs spread apart. Sex serves to reduce social tension (de Waal, 1997).

'''Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)''': Male homosex varies considerably across and within chimp populations (Bagemihl, 1999). Kollar et al. (1968) described multiple age-gap encounters (e.g., a young juvenile male interrupted copulation of an adolescent male and female, then presented to the older male, who mounted him).

'''Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla)''': In all-male groups, adults are most attracted to adolescents; mounting can be initiated by either (Harcourt, 1979; Yamagiwa, 1987, 2006). Courtship and copulation occur daily (Bagemihl, 1999). Age-gap sex may help group cohesiveness (Harcourt, 1979).

'''Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus)''': Homosex is often consensual (heterosex often not), often occurs within a special friendship (Bagemihl, 1999). Example: An adolescent male that received fellatio from a young adult male became very attached to him, and followed him wherever he went (Rijksen, 1978).

==== Lesser Apes ====

'''White-handed gibbons (Hylobates lar)''': Homosex occurs sometimes in father-son pairs (Bagemihl, 1999). Edwards and Todd (1991) observed fifty-five episodes between father and adolescent son, always without tension or aggression, initiated by both; seemed to provide reassurance to the adolescent.

'''Siamangs (Hylobates syndactylus)''': Father-son sex occurs (like gibbons), but is sometimes accompanied by threats, when the younger partner wants to end it before the older one does (unlike gibbons) (Bagemihl, 1999).

Old World Monkeys

'''Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus)''': Immature males frequently engage in mounting, often with like-aged males, but also with mature males (Sommer et al., 2006). Immature males increase their touching, mounting, and embracing of adult males as they mature (Jay, 1965). Weber (1973) found that male-male age-gap mounting was usually initiated by the immature partner, with apparent function of securing social acceptance (juveniles are no longer protected by mothers and turn to other adults; mounting and other physical contact are mechanisms to achieve social integration).

'''Nilgiri langurs (Presbytis johnii)''': Dominant males (alphas) mount subordinate males (juveniles, adolescents, younger adults) in dominance displays, which the subordinates may initiate by presenting. Mounts are brief, with several thrusts but no penetration, and are part of a communication matrix that maintains troop harmony (Hohmann, 1989; Poirier, 1970).

'''Proboscis monkeys (Nasalis larvatus)''': Homosexual mounting occurs in younger males (adolescents and juveniles); it tends to stem from play wrestling. It is resisted by the younger male in some cases (as females sometimes also do in heterosexual mounting). Its frequency is low, as is heterosexual sex (Bagemihl, 1999; Yeager, 1990).

'''Bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata)''': Males of all ages are frequently involved in a wide variety of homosex. Younger males often masturbate other males to orgasm, sometimes eating the semen. Some do only a little homosex, others a great deal (Bagemihl, 1999).

'''Crab-eating macaques (Macaca fascicularis)''': Males can develop intense sexual friendships, especially between older and younger males (with affection, arousal, mounting). Homosexual mounting is both consensual (54%) and nonconsensual (46%). In the former, the mountee fully cooperates and may initiate the mounting (Bagemihl, 1999).

'''Crested black macaques (Macaca nigra)''': Younger males often mount older ones (Bagemihl, 1999). Dixson (1977) frequently observed the oldest male in one troop presenting to younger males, who invariably responded by mounting him, often with erections. Also, ritualized “greeting” gestures (e.g., penis-grabbing), especially by younger males, are common practice (Bagemihl, 1999).

'''Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata)''': All adult and juvenile males were seen presenting to another male (aggression was rare, <3%) (Hanby & Brown, 1974). Takenoshita (1998) observed free-ranging adult-juvenile consort relationships (adults ejaculated, juveniles erected; they foraged, groomed, and attacked others together).

'''Pig-tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina)''': Age-equal and age-gap male-male mounting (juveniles, adolescents, adults) occurs frequently, is not associated with force (as heterosexual mounting sometimes is), and makes up from 8% to 67% of individual males’ overall mounts (Bagemihl, 1999). Dominants invite subordinates to mount them as an elaborate display of tolerance toward subordinates (Oi, 1990) or mount subordinates as a rank maintenance mechanism (Tokuda et al., 1968).

'''Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)''': Age-gap consort relationships occur, highly affectionate (Bagemihl, 1999). Kempf (1917) observed two juvenile males competing to be mounted by an adult male. Homosex helps juveniles get protection, integrate into group (Carpenter, 1942). Older, younger both show sexual excitement; mature-immature relationships are frequent, seem to have sexual basis (Hamilton, 1914). Redican et al. (1974) observed an immature male taking the sexual initiative with an adult male in an intensive relationship.

'''Stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides)''': Chevalier-Skolnikoff (1976) reported mutual excitement and affection in several intense friendship-based mature-immature sexual relationships. These were “rewarding” to all participants (e.g., protection for younger partner). Homosex seemed to foster greater social cohesion.

'''Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana)''': Ogawa (1995) found that male adult-juvenile homosex occurs on a regular basis; either may initiate oral sex on the juvenile; it is never aggressive; both are excited; context is friendly. It seems to serve to reduce tension.

'''Savanna baboons (Papio cynocephalus)''': All males, from juvenile to adult, greet one another via ritualized sexual behaviors. These behaviors (presenting, mounting, fondling) occur briefly (a few seconds), constitute “greetings,” and appear to serve in part formation of coalitions (Bagemihl, 1999; Smuts & Watanabe, 1990).

'''Hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas)''': Zuckerman (1932) observed a three-year sexual relationship between an adult and immature male. Whenever the immature was threatened, the adult immediately rescued it.

'''Gelada baboons (Theropithecus gelada)''': Bernstein (1975) found that mounting occurs between bachelors and immature males in the all-male group. When a bachelor successfully challenges a harem leader, he switches entirely to heterosex (the deposed leader switches to homosex).

'''Mona monkeys (Cercopithecus mona)''': Glenn, Ramsier, and Benson (2006) found that homosex, with oral sex (often with orgasm), is universal in all-male groups, where males spend most of their lives. It involves all combinations from juveniles to adults; aggression is extremely rare. It seems to function to help younger males’ immigration and social skills, as well as the groups’ social cohesion.

'''Patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas)''': Adolescent or younger males often fondle and nuzzle the genitals and scrotum of adult males (Bagemihl, 1999).

==== New World Monkeys ====

'''Squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus)''': Denniston (1980) frequently observed male homosexual behavior, the commonest form being between adults and adolescents. Baldwin (1969) frequently observed sexual mounting and sometimes consortships between older adolescents and much younger juveniles (of both sexes); older adolescents, unlike younger adolescents, were gentle with their younger partners, who consequently allowed the interactions to take place (by contrast, they tended to resist the much rougher initiatives from younger adolescents).

==== Prosimians ====

'''Verreaux’s sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi)''': Homosexual behavior is rare in prosimians. In this lemur species, adult males sometimes mount younger adults or adolescents, who often snap and struggle to wriggle free (Bagemihl, 1999).

=== Table V: Homosexual Behavior Between Mature and Immature Males in Subprimate Mammals ===
All descriptions based on Bagemihl (1999) unless primary sources are indicated.

==== Marine Mammals ====

===== Dolphins and whales =====

'''Boto or Amazon River dolphin (Inia geoffrensis)''': Males participate in a wide variety of homosexual behavior, including various kinds of intercourse. When there is an age difference typically the older penetrates the younger. Pairs interacting sexually display a great deal of mutual affection, which Bagemihl (1999, p. 341) illustrates in a photo, in which an adult and immature partner are touching while swimming side by side.

'''Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)''': Homosexual behavior largely exceeds heterosexual behavior. Adolescents and younger males typically live in all-male groups, where homosexual behavior is common and exclusive. Only as full adults do they attempt to father calves via heterosexual contact. Younger adolescents form homosexual pair-bonds with like-age males, which often last throughout life. When there is an age difference in homosexual sex, either party may penetrate the other—adolescents have been observed penetrating adults (Bagemihl, 1999). McBride and Hebb (1948) observed adult males repeatedly interacting sexually with younger males and described an intense, affectionate bond in one pair. In an extensive ten-year field study, young immature males were found to be the most sexual (most often with male peers, but also with all other age-sex classes); most of adult males’ sexual interactions were with immature males (Mann, 2006).

'''Orca or killer whales (Orcinus orca)''': Orcas are the largest in the dolphin family. Homosexual behavior is integral to male social life. During salmon feasting, males of all ages spend afternoons courting, being affectionate, and engaging in overt homosexual behaviors, with 90% being reciprocated. Sessions last an hour on average. Most involve adolescents and an age difference of at least five years. At least half of all males get involved.

'''Sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus)''': 3–5% of males may be homosexually bonded, with couples consisting of two adults or an older and younger male. Sexual interactions leading to orgasm can take place in groups of primarily younger males.

'''Bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus)''': Intensive male homosexual sessions lasting up to forty minutes occur, involving mainly groups of adolescents and young adults.

===== Seals and Manatees =====

'''Gray seals (Halichoerus grypus)''': Male homosexual behavior is common; males of all ages mount each other on shore after molting.

'''Harbor seals (Phoca vitulina)''': Male homosexual behavior is common, involving males of all ages, but mainly adolescents and adults.

'''Northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris)''': Adolescent and young adult males do same-sex mounting during the molting season. Adult males sometimes mount younger adolescent or juvenile males, but the younger males usually struggle to escape.

'''Australian sea lions (Neophoca cinerea) & New Zealand sea lions (Phocarctos hookeri)''': Male homosexual mounting is common. All ages may be involved, but usually a younger partner mounts an older one. As mating is polygynous, many males never mate heterosexually.

'''West Indian manatees (Trichechus manatus)''': Males can form bachelor herds. Males of all ages intensively interact homosexually, involving embracing, kissing, mouthing, caressing, genital rubbing, and frequent ejaculation.

'''Walruses (Odobenus rosmarus)''': Males are segregated during the nonbreeding summer months. Here, homosexual courtship, affection, and sex are common. Typically, a younger male will display to an older one, and each may mount the other. Groups of younger males may crowd an adult male, making body contact. An adult may sing a courtship song to a group of younger males or a specific younger male companion that accompanies him. Younger and older males also pursue each other during the breeding season. Homosexual behavior is very common if not universal among male Walruses, even during the breeding season, where up to a third of mounting is between younger males or between an adult and a younger male.

==== Hoofed Mammals ====

===== Deer and Moose =====

'''White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)''': Males are sex-segregated most of year. Mounting sometimes occurs between two adults, two yearlings, or an older-younger pair, where the younger mounts the older one (Bagemihl, 1999). Most commonly, it is young males that mount others. Mounting is not based on dominance; no specific function is apparent. Mountees generally do not oppose being mounted if age-discrepant, but do so more if two immature males are involved (Bartós & Holeckova, 2006).

'''Wapiti (Cervus elaphus)''': They are sex-segregated most of year. Mounting occasionally occurs between two adult or adult-yearling males. Male pairs may form companionships, either older-younger or age-equal.

'''Père David’s deer (Elaphurus davidianus)''': Males sometimes mount each other, with the younger mounting the older one.

'''Moose (Alces alces)''': They are often solitary. Yearling males sometimes mount adult males. Sometimes adult males associate with younger male companions called satellites.

===== Antelopes and Gazelles =====

'''Pronghorns (Antilocapra americana)''': Some males get territories and breed. The rest live in bachelor herds, where homosexual mounting occurs to a moderate degree. Males of all ages participate, but adult males usually direct their attentions to adolescents. Mounting is preceded by courting. Most males (70%) never breed.

'''Blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra)''': Males with territories mate with females. The rest live in bachelor herds, where most engage in mounting. This follows friendly sparring. Adult males often perform courtship displays to adolescent males before mounting them. Blackbuck males are predominantly homosexual, leaving the group only once or twice in their lives attempting to breed.

'''Grant’s gazelles (Gazella granti)''': They live in mixed or all-male groups. Homosexual behavior is rare. Adult males usually attack other males trying to mount them.

===== Wild Sheep, Goats, Buffalo =====

'''Bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) & Thinhorn sheep (Ovis dalli)''': Males live in homosexual societies in sex-segregated bands. Only during the rutting season do they meet females. Older males court younger, smaller males and mount them. The mountee facilitates by assuming lordosis. Interactions are non-aggressive; the younger male is usually willing. So pervasive is this, that females will mimic younger males to attract older males. Geist (1975) views older-younger male homosex as an adaptation, allowing the younger males to live in the group.

'''Musk-oxen (Ovibos moschatus)''': They are in mixed or all-male groups. Adult males court and mount adolescent and juvenile males. Younger males do the same with each other. Mountees sometimes resist (as females do), but sometimes assent. About 40% of courting and 10% of mounting are homosexual.

'''Mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus)''': They are often sex-segregated. Adult males court younger males, using the species-typical approach used in courting females. Typically, the yearling male reacts aggressively. Almost one-fifth of courtships during the breeding season occur between adult and yearling males.

'''American bison males (Bison bison)''': Male bison spend most of their time alone or in bachelor herds. In these herds, homosexual mounting, including full penetration, is prevalent, especially among younger males (i.e., adolescents), and exceeds heterosexual mounting in frequency. The mounted animal often facilitates the mounting. Younger males also sometimes form tending bonds with other males, involving following, defending, and mounting or being mounted by their partners (Bagemihl, 1999). Homosexual behavior is not based on dominance, but may serve a bonding function (Vervaecke & Rodin, 2006).

===== Other Hoofed Mammals =====

'''Giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis)''': They are often in all-male groups. Sparring between males is almost always gentle, begins as calves and juveniles, and is most common among adolescents. Participants are often of different sizes, with the smaller, younger one usually initiating. Mounting sometimes accompanies sparring, and mostly involves older adolescents mounting younger ones. These behaviors are not associated with dominance. Homosexual behavior occurs mainly among the young (Pratt & Anderson, 1985).

'''African elephants (Loxodonta africana) & Asiatic elephants (Elephas maximus)''': African and Asiatic male elephants often form all-male herds. Breeding males associate only temporarily with females. Male homosexual mounting occurs regularly, especially among younger males. In African elephants, homosexual mounting may be preceded by extensive affectionate interaction, and both adult and younger males participate. Males also form long-lasting bonds called companionships, mainly between older and younger “attendants”—heterosexual couples do not form long-lasting bonds. The attendant male and adult male often help each other in various ways, and they are constant companions. Sometimes an older male will have two attendant males. In Asiatic male elephants, almost a fifth have a male companion.

==== Other Mammals ====

'''Dwarf cavies (Microcavia australis)''': Dwarf cavies are small rodents that live in colonies of twenty to fifty individuals. Adult males are sexually attracted to juveniles of both sexes. A typical homosexual encounter begins with an adult male and juvenile male sitting together quietly, often in front of the juvenile’s mother, who is not visibly bothered. The two males then engage in affectionate contact, which eventually escalates to sexual behavior. Adult males often have favorite younger males, and will actively seek them out while ignoring other juvenile males. More than half of adult male-juvenile sexual interactions are same-sex. Most males are homosexually involved. Occasionally, an adult male will have an adolescent male companion, who feeds with him and is physically affectionate with him. The adult may allow the adolescent to mount a female he is courting. Adult males in two other species, mocó or rock cavies (Kerodon rupestris) and préa (Galea spixii), sometimes also court juvenile males.

'''Feral cats (Felis catus)''': In an extensive field study, a quarter of males did homosexual mounting, but only occasionally. It always occurred in the presence of estrus females. Mounters were adults, and mountees were adolescents, smaller in size, comparable to adult female size. Mounters bit the backs of mountees’ necks, as they do when mounting females. Older-younger male homosexual mounting appears to be an outlet for heterosexual mountings that were recently frustrated (Yamane, 2006).

=== Table VI: Homosexual Behavior Between Mature and Immature Males in Birзds ===
All descriptions based on Bagemihl (1999)
==== Aquatic and shore birds ====

'''Canada geese (Branta canadensis)''': 18 % of adult males form homosexual bonds with partners, who may be other adults or juveniles.

'''Ruffs (Philomachus pugnax)''': About half of males are involved predominantly in same-sex sex. Certain adult males acquire a territory called a lek, where they display to potential sex partners, male as well as female. Male visitors may be those without leks or younger males, who have not yet developed adult plumage. The younger males rarely are heterosexually involved, but instead do mounting with each other and with adult lek residents.

==== Perching and song birds ====

'''Guianan cock-of-the-rock (Rupicola rupicola)''': Male homosexual mounting between two adolescents and between an adult and adolescent is routine, accounting for about half of all copulations and involving about 40 % of the total male population and 64 % of the adolescent male population. Certain adult males acquire leks, which females and young males visit to see whether they want to mate. In a typical homosexual encounter, while an adult male is displaying his colorful plumage, an adolescent male will land nearby. The adult keeps his back to the adolescent, showing off his plumage and inviting the adolescent to mount him. The adolescent climbs onto the adult’s back, achieves genital contact, and then mounts several times in succession. Adolescents usually visit the display courts of numerous other adult males and may have relations with up to seven adults in a season, including some adults without leks. Adult males who avoid heterosexual contacts are the ones most often mounted by adolescent males.

'''Swallow-tailed manakins (Chiroxiphia caudata)''': Several adult males will form long-term associations and display together on their leks to attract both females and adolescent males. When a young male arrives, the adult males perform a group courtship ritual, in which they take turns jumping up and hovering in front of him. The young male sits motionless as he watches the spectacle. Same-sex sexual behavior likely makes up a sizable proportion of all sexual activity.

'''Blue-backed manakins (Chiroxiphia pareola)''': Pairs of adult males behave similarly to swallow-tailed manakins, displaying to a third male, which is sometimes an adolescent, performing leapfrogging and cartwheels to impress the other male.

'''Bicolored antbirds (Gymnopithys bicolor)''': Male homosexual pair-bonds make up 4–6% of all pair-bonds; partners may be two adults or an older and younger bird. The bonds are initiated by courtship-feeds, in which one offers the other a spider or an insect. The receiving male, unlike a female, then passes it back. Once paired, they become constant companions.

'''Red bishop birds (Euplectes orix)''': In their nesting territories, adult males court both females and males, the latter being younger males who look like females in terms of their plumage coloring. When a younger male approaches, the adult male performs a distinct bumble-flight and displays his plumage to attract the comer.

'''Orange bishop birds (Euplectes franciscanus)''': In captivity, both adult and younger males attempt to mount young males, who usually reject the attempt or react indifferently at most.

'''Red-shouldered widowbirds (Euplectes axillaris)''': Adult males sometimes court younger males.

'''Black-billed magpies (Pica pica)''': Homosexual behavior involving adult males with adolescent or juvenile males occurs occasionally. A typical courtship begins with one male ritually begging the other, followed by the second hopping around the first. Afterward, the two might form a pair-bond, in which they stay near one another, preen one another, and cooperate in evicting intruders.

'''Gray-breasted jays (Aphelocoma ultramarina)''': Adult males have been observed to courtship-feed younger males.

'''Victoria’s riflebirds (Ptiloris victoriae)''': Adult males sometimes court younger males, using spectacular displays that are also used in heterosexual interactions. Male-male courtships occur frequently, although mounting is rarer and is likely to drive the mountee away.

'''Regent bowerbirds (Sericulus chrysocephalus)''': Males build bowers, tunnels of twigs decorated with a variety of colors (e.g., from berries). Adult males display in their bowers to both females and younger males, sometimes ritually offering gifts to their guests. Juvenile males also build bowers and court males and females. When an adult male arrives, the juvenile male behaves in a ritual manner to attract the adult into the bower. Adult males spend 15% of their time displaying to other males, and juvenile males spend 28% of their time doing the same.

'''Satin bowerbirds (Ptilonorhynchus violaceus)''': Adult males have been observed to court younger males.

'''Superb lyrebirds (Menura novaehollandiae)''': Adult males often court adolescent males upon encountering them alone or in groups. The adult may closely follow the adolescent, even for hours, periodically performing a wing display accompanied by serenading the younger male with a variety of vocalizations. Adults will occasionally mount the adolescents, but genital contact may not occur because the younger male does not facilitate the interaction. Adolescent males also court and mount one another, behavior that is usually mutual. Occasionally an adult and adolescent male will engage in a mutual display to one another. Adult males approach groups of adolescents fairly often during breeding season and twice as often outside of it. They spend more than half their time away from their display mounds associating with adolescent males. Most males are bisexual, courting both females and adolescent males. Adolescent males appear to be exclusively homosexual in their behaviour and often form companionships with like-aged males. Male and female lyrebirds live largely separate lives aside from brief encounters during breeding season.

==== Other birds ====

'''Anna’s hummingbirds (Calypte anna)''': Both females and juvenile males visit an adult male’s territory to feed on his supply of currant and blossoms. If a juvenile male visits, the adult male will perform a dive display several times, in which he climbs 150 feet, dives toward the visitor, and makes loud shrieking sounds. After the display, the visitor will usually fly off, with the adult in pursuit, singing at him. If the adult succeeds in attempting to mount the younger male, the latter usually strongly resists, and the adult may attempt to use force. About 25% of sex in this species is between males.

'''Acorn woodpeckers (Melanerpes formicivorus)''': A ritualized group display occurs involving courtship and sex. At dusk, the members of a group gather and begin mounting one another in all combinations. Males mount females and other males, females mount males and other females, young woodpeckers mount older ones, and older woodpeckers mount younger ones. Reciprocal mounting is common. This mounting display is a regular feature in this species, occurring daily all year around.

==Other sources==
*'''Green, Richard (2002). [https://www.ipce.info/library_2/files/green_asb_2002.html "Is pedophilia a mental disorder?"], ''Archives of Sexual Behavior'', 31 (6), 467-471. Citing: De Waal, F. (1990). "Sociosexual behavior used for tension regulation in all age and sex combinations among Bonobos." In J. Feierman (Ed.), ''[https://library.lol/main/3CA15750CD7EC06C3052B55B5E16C76D Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions]'' (Jay R. Feierman, ed, pp. 379–393). '''
*:"Observations concern a near relative of Man, the bonobo, where these “pigmy chimps” are allowed free access to any other bonobo for sexual contact at the San Diego Zoo. Nonfertile combinations (same-sex or juvenile–adult combinations) were as frequent as potentially fertile, adult male–female combinations. Further, one third of sociosexual contacts by an adult with an infant were initiated by the infant (De Waal, 1990)."
* '''[[Steven Angelides]] (2004) [https://sci-hub.ru/10.1215/10642684-10-2-141 Feminism, Child Sexual Abuse, and the Erasure of Child Sexuality]''' ''GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies'', Volume 10, Number 2, pp. 141-177 ; a copy on [https://web.archive.org/web/20130420133540/http://snifferdogonline.com/reports/Child%20Abuse,%20Sexuality%20and%20Violence/Feminism,%20Child%20Sexual%20Abuse,%20and%20the%20Erasure%20of%20Child%20Sexuality.pdf webarchive]
*:"They were often justified as well by cross-species comparisons, which emphasized the naturalness of adult-child sex in other mammals. In Sex Offenders Paul H. Gebhard et al. claimed that "sexual activity between adult and immature animals is common and appears to be biologically normal." Indeed, it "is precisely what we see in various animals, particularly monkeys." This fact lessened "the horror with which society views the adult who has sexual relations with young children."<sup>21</sup> As Robert S. De Ropp summed up, in a more matter-of-fact articulation of the underlying masculinist assumptions: "The craving of the elderly male for the young female is not necessarily confined to the human species. Old stags are always after little ones and the young does are always willing."<sup>22</sup> [...] 21. Paul H. Gebhard et al., Sex Offenders: An Analysis of Types (New York: Harper and Row, 1965), 54, 276, 54. 22. Robert S. De Ropp, Sex Energy: The Sexual Force in Man and Animals (New York: Delacorte, 1969), 111-12."
*'''deMause, Lloyd (2002). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20120224062853/http://psychohistory.com/htm/eln08_childrearing.html The Emotional Life of Nations]'', chapter 8.'''
*:"Primate mothers are widely reported as copulating with their children; indeed, many cannot learn to reproduce unless they have had sex with adults when they were children. Many immature primates "copulate with their mothers...explore adult genitalia and experience manipulation of their own." Our closest ancestors, the bonobo chimps-termed "the erotic champions" of primates-spend much of their time sucking and masturbating the genitals and "genitogenital rubbing" of both male and female juveniles, "to reduce tensions." Primate children are regularly observed being taught to thrust against their mothers' genitals. This "sexualization of the infant" was likely extended when human infants grew much larger heads, since it meant in order to get through the narrow birth canal before the head grew too large human infants had to be "born fetal," extremely immature and increasingly helpless, so that in early humans "maternal attention was not sufficient to care for more helpless infants..."This in turn meant a selection for those babies who could most satisfy the mother's erotic needs-for instance through the extension of non-hairy, erotic skin areas-for they would be best nursed and cared for as an erotic, tension-reducing object. Likewise, those human mothers were selected who had evolved the largest and most erotic breasts and who had genitals shifted around to the front, where they could rub them against their children."
*'''Rind, B., Bauserman, R. and Tromovitch, P. (2000). ''[http://www.ipce.info/library_2/rbt/science_frame.htm Science versus orthodoxy: Anatomy of the congressional condemnation of a scientific article and reflections on remedies for future ideological attacks]''.'''
*:"Ford and Beach (1951), in their seminal review of cross-cultural and cross-species data, observed that "[a]s long as the adult members of a society permit them to do so, immature males and females engage in practically every type of sexual behavior found in grown men and women" (p, 197) They also observed that juvenile sexual activity in monkeys and apes is "no less natural for the young primate than are the chasing, wrestling, and mock fighting that consume so much of his waking life" (p. 255). Psychologists have all but ignored these perspectives in favor of fitting their descriptions and explanations of juvenile sexuality to current Western values."

*'''Rind, Bruce (2009). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20111122131235/https://www.inter-disciplinary.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/gsbs1rind.pdf Social Response to Age-Gap Sex Involving Minors: Empirical, Historical, Cross-Cultural, and Cross-Species Considerations]." Paper presented at the "Good sex, bad sex: Sex law, crime and ethics" conference in Budapest, Hungary, May 4 to 6, 2009.
*:"If age-gap sex involving non-adults is, by nature, as disturbing as most contemporary authorities believe it is, then should we not see evidence for this elsewhere in nature—for example, in our close primate relatives? Age-gap sex in primates is commonplace but shows no evidence of the trauma many think is so [[intrinsic harm|intrinsic]] to these contacts.
*:Bonobos and chimpanzees are our closest animal relatives. Immature males in these two species are highly sexual, much more than immature females. They behave sexually with other immatures and with adults of both sexes, but prefer mature females, with whom they often attempt to initiate sex. In most cases, they show sexual arousal, with erections. The mature females are quite tolerant of the young males and usually allow them to attempt copulation. When immature male chimps are rebuffed by mature females, they typically whimper and throw tantrums. Researchers have concluded that male chimps in early puberty actually need copulatory practice with older females, else their adult copulating behavior will be inept.
*:In bonobos, when a female reaches adolescence, she transfers into a new group, where she pairs up with one adult female in particular, who acts as her “mentor.” This relationship, which is sexually based and lasts about a year, helps the adolescent female integrate into the new group and eventually be accepted by all the other females.
*:Age-gap homosexual relations among males are also quite common in apes and Old World monkeys. Pederasty in gorillas, for example, is pervasive. In this species, while one male dominates a group of females in a harem, the remaining males form an all-male group for many years at a time, in which courtship and copulation occur on a daily basis between adult and adolescent males. Several researchers directly observing this behavior have concluded that it serves to maintain group cohesiveness. In rhesus macaques, sexual relations between mature and immature males are frequent. They often occur despite the presence of receptive females. Young males tend to welcome these contacts and may even compete for older males’ attentions. The relations can be highly affectionate and appear to be functional for the immature males’ development of sexual and gregarious behaviors. Similarly affectionate age-gap male homosexual relations have been observed in various other species, such as orangutans, Hanuman langurs, and stumptail macaques. Among Tibetan macaques, oral-genital contact between adult and juvenile males occurs on a regular basis. Sometimes the younger partner jumps onto the adult’s face to initiate it; other times the adult begins the contact by turning the juvenile upside down. Both younger and older participants generally seem excited. These behaviors are never aggressive and appear to reduce tension between the them. Similar age-gap relations occur daily and universally in Mona monkeys; the sexual interactions are almost never aggressive and appear to help the younger males integrate into the male group and to maintain group cohesion.
*:When it comes to human age-gap sexual relations, the stereotype is that they are, by nature, aggressive encounters, where the older person imposes his will on an unwilling younger partner, who is traumatized and psychologically ruined. It is striking, then, that we find just the opposite in the primate data, where researchers document that eagerness and even initiative on the part of the younger animal are commonplace,26 and they repeatedly describe positive developmental and social functions that these relations appear to serve—just as historians and anthropologists also have also done with regard to other times and cultures."

*'''Rind, Bruce (2024). "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/383699408_Same-Sex_Sexual_Behavior_Age-Class_and_Coalitions_in_Male_Rhesus_Macaques_Macaca_mulatta Same‑Sex Sexual Behavior, Age‑Class, and Coalitions in Male Rhesus Macaques]". ''Archives of Sexual Behavior''. 1-20. 10.1007/s10508-024-02983-6.
*:"In the present study, relations between same-sex sexual behavior (SSB), age-class, and coalitional behavior in male rhesus macaques were examined in a re-analysis of data ﬁrst analyzed and reported by Clive et al. (2023). [...] Most dyads contained at least one non-adult (76%). Young and prime adult mounters most often selected non-adults to mount. Mounters were often sexually motivated: most for adolescents (72%); equally for juveniles (57%) and adults (56%). Finally, the highest rate of SSB with coalitional context appeared in adolescent–adult dyads involved in multiple repeated mounts. SSB, age-class, special friendships, bonding, and coalitions were linked, as reported in some other primate species and human societies cross-culturally. Employing age-class in male SSB analysis improved description and explanation."

* '''Jaroslava Varella Valentova, Andreone Teles Medrado, and Marco Antonio Correa Varella “Male Bisexuality”. In: Todd K. Shackelford (ed.), 2022, [https://annas-archive.org/md5/2d84ebccbbaafc78b4516ef6b129e5a2 The Cambridge Handbook of Evolutionary Perspectives on Sexual Psychology. Vol 4.] ''Cambridge University Press (Virtual Publishing)''.'''
::"Lilley et al. (2020) and Wrangham (1993) complement by describing that nonconceptual sex between individuals of the same sex among nonhuman primates may have been an exaptation of reproductive behavior, which acquired other diverse functions, such as: establishment of dominance, practice by immatures for a future successful copulation, reduce tensions, and help with reconciliations, in addition to facilitating the formation of alliances and reducing the reproductive success of other individuals."

* '''Zanna Clay, Liza R. Moscovice, and Thibaud Gruber “Bonobo Sexual Behavior and Psychology” In: Todd K. Shackelford (ed.), 2022, [https://annas-archive.org/md5/2d84ebccbbaafc78b4516ef6b129e5a2 The Cambridge Handbook of Evolutionary Perspectives on Sexual Psychology. Vol 4.] ''Cambridge University Press (Virtual Publishing)''.'''
::"As bonobos reach juvenility, their sexual behavior becomes more frequent and elaborated, including both participating as third parties as well as actively engaging in sex themselves (Hashimoto, 1997). Excerpts from Kano’s observations of the Wamba bonobos paint an informative picture: ''adults are generally cooperative in awakening the erotic impulses of these juveniles. A female that has finished copulating and GG rubbing will stop and wait when a male juvenile clings to her behind; the female will grasp the juvenile’s hips and insert his penis. [...] The female does her best to accommodate the partners, one by one, without much ado. [...] Adult males are also enthusiastic about “sex education.” After copulation, they mount and thrust at juveniles, either male or female, that approach and present. Without inserting their penis, the adult males rub against the top of the hips and the thigh. Often, instead of thrusts, an adult male raises one ankle in the air and lightly scratches the side of the juvenile’s chest.'' (Kano, 1992, p. 196)"

*''' Joseph H. Manson "Capuchin Sexual Behavior" In: Todd K. Shackelford (ed.), 2022, [https://annas-archive.org/md5/2d84ebccbbaafc78b4516ef6b129e5a2 The Cambridge Handbook of Evolutionary Perspectives on Sexual Psychology. Vol 4.] ''Cambridge University Press (Virtual Publishing)''.'''
::"Cebus subordinate adult males [(Capuchin monkeys comprise a subfamily, Cebinae)] , compared to alpha males, carry and play with infants more frequently, and they direct these behaviors toward male infants much more than toward female infants (Perry, 2012). Because subordinate males are unlikely to be these infants’ fathers (see below), these relationships are not a form of paternal investment but may function as a means of long-term recruitment of allies for male–male competition (Perry, 2012)."
::"Nonconceptive sexual behavior includes copulations by noncycling (i.e., pregnant or lactating) females, sexual behavior in which one or both partners are juveniles, nonconceptive sexual postures (e.g., females mounting males), and same-sex sexual interactions between adults. All four of these phenomena have been observed in capuchins (Fragaszy et al., 2004). Male-male pseudo-copulations in C. capucinus are particularly noteworthy (Manson et al., 1997). [...] As a conspicuous form of intimate contact, these interactions might function to build or test trust (Smuts & Watanabe, 1990; Zahavi, 1977) or to display social bonds to third parties (Wrangham, 1993)."

* '''Jackson R. Ham et al. (2022) [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0376635722001127 The emergence and early development of socio-sexual behavior in beluga calves (Delphinapterus leucas)], ''Behavioural Processes, Volume 200'', doi: 10.1016/j.beproc.2022.104695'''
::"Highlights: • Juvenile socio-sexual behaviors were more frequent when adult males were present. • The sexual repertoire of immature males, but not females, changes with age. • Immature belugas prefer to interact with older belugas. • Social partner preferences change with age."
::"The emergence of socio-sexual behaviors was relatively consistent among immature animals. [...] The presence of an adult male significantly predicted if immature belugas would initiate and participate in socio-sexual behavior. However, partner preferences changed with age. In the first year of life, belugas engaged in sexual behavior with their mother most frequently but preferred to play with older males if given a choice. By the third year of life, belugas engaged in socio-sexual behavior most frequently with other immature animals."

*'''Sommer, V., & Vasey, P. L. (Eds.). (2006). [https://books.google.com/books/about/Homosexual_Behaviour_in_Animals.html?id=KXM3F59y1jkC Homosexual behaviour in animals: An evolutionary perspective]. ''Cambridge University Press.''''' (no e-book, only preview on google books is available)

:: “[An] adolescent [gibbon] was observed soliciting sexual contact with the adult male in his family group. As Edwards and Todd (1991) suggest, the youth may have needed ‘reassurance’ that he was still welcome in the family.” (''see'' Edwards, A.-M. A. R., and Todd, J. D. (1991). Homosexual behavior in wild white-handed gibbons (Hylobates lar). Primates 32: 231–236. DOI: 10.1007/BF02381180)

::“Genital stimulation occurs in context of play in all of the African great apes (Tutin, 1979; Tutin and McGinnis, 1981; Harcourt et al., 1981; Nadler, 1986; Enomoto, 1990; Kano, 1992; Hashimoto, 1997). Frequent genital stimulation behaviour may be a common feature of the African great apes in the early stage of development. During the first year of life, male infant chimpanzees show an interest in the sexual swellings of adult females, and successfully achieve intromission before reaching two years old (Tutin and McGinnis, 1981). Male infant bonobos begin to show sexual behaviour at less than one year of age and have been observed trying to copulate with their mothers (Kano, 1992). Immature gorillas started to show genital stimulation behaviour during the period of infancy (Nadler, 1986; this study).”

:: “Homosexual activity, particularly during immature play, could facilitate social and motor development. Indeed, among macaques, adequate opportunity to engage in mounting when young is necessary for competent performance of heterosexual copulation in adulthood, and the actual sex of mounting partners is irrelevant (Goy and Wallen, 1979).

::Immature langurs, as young as three months, frequently engage in mounting, with both immature and mature partners of either sex. The combination juvenile female–juvenile female and juvenile male–juvenile male is the most frequent (Srivastava et al., 1991).”

::gorillas:
::“[...] even adult male gorillas occasionally exhibit interest in genital stimulation with immatures, and solicit them in the absence of females. Since the genital stimulation behaviour of gorillas has no socio-sexual functions, adult males show such behaviour in a purely sexual context. Frequent courtship and chest-beating displays by the two silverbacks around the young partners and intensive fights between them observed in the all-male group show that homosexual behaviour did not have tension-reduction role but, instead, resulted in increased competition between silverbacks over same-sex partners.

::It is likely that the homosexual behaviour of immature gorillas is a developmental by-product, which may increase the potential of adult males to engage in homosexual behaviour in the context of skewed sex ratios. [...] The formation of all-male groups and homosexual behaviour may possibly contribute to the survival of younger males for future reproduction."

::“…silverbacks may erupt if same-sex partners do not target a single silverback with solicitations to mount them. In such instances, silverbacks may be uncertain as to who has priority of access to a particular same-sex partner. This appeared to be the case for Pt and Ht, both sub-adults, who did not solicit either silverback. The silverbacks subsequently engaged in severe competition for access to these sub-adult male sexual partners. In contrast, when Ts, another sub-adult, and Si, a blackback, showed solicitation to one of the silverbacks, competition for these sexual partners did not erupt. Neither silverback showed intensive courtship to another silverback’s partner. There appeared to be a kind of respect for ‘ownership’ of other’s same-sex partners, as observed in heterosexual copulation (Harcourt, 1978, 1981; Watts, 1996). These observations suggest that homosexual interactions involving silverbacks may be purely sexual in character, because they parallel heterosexual interactions."

::"Another difference in homosexual interactions between silverbacks and immatures was the fixed role in mounting for the former. The two silverbacks always mounted the younger individuals, while both blackbacks and sub-adults took the roles of both mounter and mountee."

:: ''note'': Silverback: a fully mature adult male gorilla often dominant in the group. Blackback: a younger, not yet fully mature male gorilla; typically an adolescent or young adult stage.)

*'''Bixler, R. H. (1992). "Do we/should we behave like animals?" In: W. T. O’Donohue & J. H. Geer (Eds.), The sexual abuse of children: Volume I—Theory and research (pp. 81–107). ''Routledge''. doi: 10.4324/9781315799698-7'''
::drosophila
::"Adult males of many drosophila species court the immature and essentially in the same manner in which they court females (McRobert & Tompkins, 1983). Young males, as well as immature females, excite their adult counterparts with both visual and pheromonal stimuli (Gailey, Hall, & Siegel, 1985; Gailey, Jackson, & Siegel, 1985; Siegel, Hall, Gailey, & Kyriacou, 1984; Tompkins, 1984; Zawistowski & Richmond, 1985). Within hours after they have emerged from their pupal cases (eclosed) males begin to lose their homosexual appeal because they start to synthesize a courtship-inhibiting pheromone. Their attractiveness to adult males declines sharply, but does not evaporate entirely, as the courtship-stimulating pheromone that misled adult males is produced in steadily diminishing quantities. [...] Finally, the courted immature males when placed later with mature females mate significantly faster (p 0.001) than do inexperienced males (McRobert & Tompkins, 1988). [...] The same males that court immature conspecifics also court and copulate with mature females. [...] it is likely that it has committed a recognition error (Aiken, 1981; Colgan, 1983; Tompkins, 1989). However, the immature male clearly benefited from its being mistaken for a female and courted."

::rats
::"Moore and Morelli (1979) found that rat mothers spend more time licking the anogenital region of male pups than that of their sisters. The role of genital stimulation in developing efficient excretory habits is well established; perhaps the differential treatment of the sexes is explicable solely by the greater complexity of male excretory morphology. It is also possible that this difference in treatment affects the eventual sexual behavior of the male or even of its mother."

::mammals in general
::"There also is a common pattern of adult-young sex “play” among mammals in normal settings, much of which is initiated by the immature males and some by females (Byers, 1984; Geist, 1971; Grubb, 1974; Hoffman, 1985; Lent, 1979; Schaller & Mirza, 1974; de Waal, 1990; also see Klemm, Sherry, Schake, & Sis, 1983/1984; Tennessen, Price, & Berg, 1985, for homosexual abuse of young by peers and Lott, 1983/1984, for evidence that homosexual mounting and anal penetration occurs in the wild). Parallels to this mammalian pattern are not found in species that do not play, such as ectotherms, most birds, and some mammals (Smith, Pt. 1, 1984; Wilson, 1975)."

::primates in general
::"Immature primates are confronted by and, even more frequently, seek participation in sexual behavior with adults. The young watch adults or harass them when they copulate and do so with obvious interest (Colvin, 1985; Goodall, 1986; Hrdy, 1977; Thierry, 1986; Tutin, 1979; de Waal, 1982). They explore adult genitalia and experience manipulation of their own (Chevalier-Skolnikoff, 1976; Estrada, Estrada, & Ervin, 1977; Goodall, 1968; Nadler, 1985; Schaller, 1963; Thierry, 1986; de Waal, 1982, 1990); they court and are courted (Cheney, 1978; Hayaki, 1985; Hrdy, 1977; Kummer, 1968). Immature males mount and may copulate with their mothers (Bixler, 1981b; Harlow, Joslyn, Senko, & Dopp, 1966; Missakian, 1973; Sugiyama & Koman, 1979); with other mature females (Cheney, 1978; Chevalier-Skolnikoff, 1976; Colvin, 1985; Estrada, Estrada, & Ervin, 1977; Fossey, 1979; Goodall, 1968, 1986; Harcourt, Fossey, Stewart, & Watts, 1980; Hayaki, 1985; Kummer, 1968; Kummer & Kurt, 1963; Sugiyama & Koman, 1979; Takasaki, 1985; Tardif, 1983; Thierry, 1986), and adult males (Chevalier-Skolnikoff, 1974, 1976; Dunbar, 1984). Immature females are less likely to be involved in copulatory-like behavior with adults but it is by no means rare (Abegglen, 1986; Chevalier-Skolnikoff, 1976; Dunbar, 1984; Kummer & Kurt, 1963; Nadler, 1985; Tardif, 1983; de Waal, 1990)."

==Excerpt Graphic Library==

The EGL on '''Broader Perspectives''' has some relevant information. Just right click/save and reproduce by uploading in short-form media to bypass character limits.

{{Template:EGLBP}}

==External links==

*[https://www.greek-love.com/index.php/general-history/pederasty-amongst-primates/pederasty-japanese-macaques-minoo-leca-gunst-vasey-2014 Male Homosexual Behavior in a Free-Ranging All-Male Group of Japanese Macaques at Minoo, Japan] - Jean-Baptiste Leca et al.
*[https://www.greek-love.com/index.php/general-history/pederasty-amongst-primates/pederasty-mountain-gorillas-yamagiwa Intra- and inter-group interactions of an all-male group of virunga mountain gorillas] - Juichi Yamagiwa.

==References==

[[Category:Official Encyclopedia]][[Category:Research: Broader Perspectives]]

Research: Intergenerational Sexual Behaviors in Animals

2026-07-29T12:29:49Z

Thorn: /* Other sources */

{{research}}<div style="margin-right: 25px; float: left;">__TOC__</div>
Intergenerational sexual activity has been documented in numerous species, particularly closely related primates. Bonobos are one example - see, nature documentaries and home movies: [https://av.tib.eu/media/22174 (1)], [https://fstube.net/w/jhRL37NdsWTscpPr5dkTsS (Backup)]

While this should not be interpreted as an instruction on how humans should behave, it does cast doubt on the biological necessity of arbitrary, morality-based prohibitions against age-discrepant behavior.

==Biological Exuberance==

The following are excerpted from ''[https://libgen.vg/edition.php?id=136630482 Biological Exuberance - Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity]'' by Bruce Bagemihl (2000).

===Heterosexual===

*'''Bonobo''': "Both adult males and females interact sexually with adolescents and juveniles (three-to-nine-year-olds). In fact, young females go through a five-to-six-year period sometimes referred to as ADOLESCENT STERILITY (although no pathology is involved) during which they actively participate in heterosexual mating (often with adults) but never get pregnant. Sexual behavior between adults and infants of both sexes is common - about a third of the time it is initiated by the infant and may involve genital rubbing and full copulatory postures (including penetration of an adult female by a male infant). (''Biological Exuberance - 274'')

*'''Chimpanzee''': Although incestuous matings between adults are not common, mothers engage in sexual activity with their infant son fairly often. Young females typically experience a one-to-three-year period of ADOLESCENT STERILITY after their first menstruation, during which time they mate heterosexually without conceiving. (''Biological Exuberance - 278'')

*'''Gorilla''': "Both males and females also engage in masturbation, and younger animals frequently participate in nonpenetrative sexual activity. Mountings of the latter type are usually incestuous, involving siblings, half siblings, or (more rarely) parents and their offspring (or their siblings' offspring)." (''Biological Exuberance - 283'')

*'''Orangutan''': "Mothers frequently engage in incestuous contact with their infants, manually or orally stimulation the penis or clitoris (or being stimulated by the infant), and may even mount the infants." (''Biological Exuberance - 287'')

*'''Gibbons (White-handed gibbon and Siamang)''': "In one case, a Siamang father was observed fondling his adolescent daughter's vulva with his fingers while her younger brother licked her clitoris. Mothers may invite their juvenile sons - as young as four to five years - to lick and groom their genitals (usually with no hostile reaction from the father)." (''Biological Exuberance - 291'')

*'''Langur and Nilgiri Langur (Presbytis entellus and Presbytis johnii)''': "Females also occasionally mount males, while adult-juvenile heterosexual interactions also occur." (''Biological Exuberance - 296'')

*'''Japanese Macaque''': "Females in some troops frequently form consortships with sexually immature (preadolescent) males;..." [...] "In some troops, a unique form of "baby-sitting" has developed. Although males in this species do not typically participate in parenting, high-ranking males in some populations take care of infants that are not their own for short periods. They groom, carry, embrace, and protect the infants, usually with the consent of their mothers. [...] ,a few male caretakers interact sexually with infants (usually females), masturbating themselves while carrying them or even thrusting against them. (''Biological Exuberance - 305'')

*'''Rhesus Macaque''': "In some cases, though, "aunts" engage in aggressive or sexual interactions with the infants as well and may even try to "kidnap" another female's baby." (''Biological Exuberance - 310'')

*'''Crested-Black Macaque (Macaca Nigra)''': "Infant and very young male Crested Blacks often mount adult females, performing pelvic thrusts and even achieving penetration. " (''Biological Exuberance - 322'')

*'''Savanna Baboon, Hamadryas Baboon:''' "Sexual activity in Baboons also sometimes includes copulation with partners that are not optimal for breeding: adult male Savanna Baboons and adult female Hamadryas Baboons may mate with juvenile animals, incestous matings are common in inbred troops [...]" (''Biological Exuberance - 327'')

*'''Tamarin and Marmosets''': "Both male and female Lion Tamarins (Leontophitecus rosalia) sometimes mount their own offspring of both sexes, including adolescent and younger individuals. Approximately 1 percent of mounting activity in Common Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) occurs among adolescent and younger males." (''Biological Exuberance - 334'')

*'''Dolphin''': "Young dolphins are sexually precocious, and incestuous copulation have been observed between males a few months and their mothers." (p. 346) [...] "In captivity, "baby-sitting" males have been observed harassing mothers, trying to "kidnap" their calves, and even behaving sexually towards the infants "including trying to mate with them). (''Biological Exuberance - 347'')

*'''Orca''': "[...] while heterosexual interactions also occur between adults and adolescents (of both sexes) and youngsters (juveniles as well as calves)." (''Biological Exuberance - 351'')

*'''Northern Elephant Seal (Mirounga angustirostris)''': "As noted above, some male Northern Elephant Seals routinely try to copulate with weaned pups - about half of all pups are subjected to such forced mating or rape attempts, which they usually violently resist. In some cases the pups are severely injured by the bulls, with deep gashes and punctures from neck bites. Aggressive sexual behavior by bulls is the leading cause of mortality among pups on the breeding grounds, accounting for the deaths of about 1 in 200 pups each year." (''Biological Exuberance - 363'')

*'''Northen Fur Seal (Callorhinus Ursinus)''': "[...] male Northern Fur Seals have also been known to attempt forcible copulations with pups of their own species." (''Biological Exuberance - 369'')

*'''White-tailed Dear (Odocoileus virginianus) and Mule or Black-Tailed Deer''': "Incestuous activity - including fawns mounting their mothers - also occurs in these species." (''Biological Exuberance - 381'')

*'''Wapiti, Elk, or Red Deer and Barasingha (Cervus elaphus) or Swamp Deer (Cervus duvauceli)''': "Sexual behavior by calves - including adult-calf interactions - also occurs in these species. Wapiti/Red Deer calves sometimes mount adults (including their mothers, in Red Deer), while female Red Deer occasionally mount calves." (''Biological Exuberance - 385'')

*'''Caribou or Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) and Moose (Alces Alces)''': "Males of booth species sometimes try to mount calves [...]" (''Biological Exuberance - 389'')

*'''Giraffe''': "Giraffes engage in a few forms of nonprocreative heterosexual activity as well: younger females in heat occasionally mount male calves, while calves sometimes mount their mothers." (''Biological Exuberance - 393'')

*'''Blackbuck (Gazelle, Antilope cervicapra)''': "Female Blackbucks sometimes engage in nonreproductive mounts of fawns or young animals." (''Biological Exuberance - 404'')

*'''Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis), Thinhorn or Dall's Sheep (Ovis dalli) and Asiatic Mouflon or Urial (Ovis orientalis)''': "Rams also sometimes mount lambs [...]" (''Biological Exuberance - 408'')

*'''Musk-Ox and Mountain Goat''': "Even during breeding years, some heterosexual courtship activity in both Muskoxen and Mountain Goats may be directed by males toward nonprocreating individuals such as yearlings and calves. [...] Females in this species have been observed mounting adult males and courting, mounting, or being mounted by their own yearlings or kids." (''Biological Exuberance - 412'')

*'''Plains Zebra (Equus quagga) and Takhi or Przewalski's horse (Equus przewalskii)''': "In addition, male Plains Zebras often try to mate with unrelated juvenile females that are not yet sexually mature. In fact, stallions - alone or in groups of up to 18 at a time - may "abduct" adolescent females by separating and chasing them from their family groups, after which they will try to copulate with the young mares. Interestingly, the female shows the behavioral signs of being "in heat" before she reaches the age when she can actually conceive; usually an "abducted" mare returns to her family group after her period of "heat" is finished. [...] Although Takhi males are not as involved in parenting as mares, a stallion may act as a "surrogate mother" to his own foal if it has lost its mother, even allowing the foal to "suckle" on his penis sheath." (''Biological Exuberance - 420'')

*'''Llama''': "Adult males occasionally copulate with yearling females, who are probably not old enough to breed." (''Biological Exuberance - 426'')

*'''Elephant (Afrikanska and Asiatiska)''': "In addition, males sometimes try to mount juvenile animals, who squeal in protest until a female intervenes." (''Biological Exuberance - 430'')

*'''Laughing Hyena''': "Some males, unable to copulate, engage in a form of "masturbation" in which they thrust their penis in the air and spontaneously ejaculate; others have been seen mounting cubs." (''Biological Exuberance - 447'')

*'''Rufous Bettong or Rat Kangaroo (Aepyprymnus rufescens)''': "For example, adult males generally make more sexual approaches to juvenile females than to sexually adult females." (''Biological Exuberance - 454'')

*'''Fat-Tailed Dunnart (Sminthopsis Crassicadudata)''': "Adult male Fat-Tailed Dunnarts sometimes display sexual interest in juvenile females, and incestuous matings have also been recorded." (''Biological Exuberance - 459'')

*'''Red Squirrel (Tamaiasciuris hudsonicus) and Gray Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis)''': "Juveniles, of both species often participate in mounting or sexual chases, for example, including incestuous activity between siblings or mothers being mounted by their offspring." (''Biological Exuberance - 463'')

*'''Hoary Marmot (Marmot caligata)''': "Sexual activity also occurs among juveniles, including mounting of adults." (''Biological Exuberance - 466'')

*'''Dwarf Cavy (Microcavia australis), Cui (Galea musteloides) and Aperea (Cavia aperea)''': "As mentioned above, sexual behavior between adults and juveniles is widespread in these species. About a quarter of all courtship and sexual interactions in Dwarf Cavies involve adult males and juveniles, while adult male Cuis also chin-rump follow juvenile females as young as two weeks old. In addition, juvenile Cuis of both sexes sometimes mount both adult males and females, including their own mothers. [...] Adult males in two other species of Cavies, the Mocó or Rock Cavy (Kerodon Rupestris) and the Préa (Galea Spixii), also sometimes court juvenile males, and youngsters mount adults of both sexes as well." (''Biological Exuberance - 469'')

*'''European Shag (Phalacrocorax Aristotelis)''': "In a few cases, adult male Shags have been observed mating with their own chicks [...]" (''Biological Exuberance - 507'')

*'''Tasmanian Native Hen (tribonyx mortierii)''': "[...] about 10 percent of copulation involve parents mounting their own offspring, including young chicks." (''Biological Exuberance - 521'')

*'''Ring-Billed Gull (Larus delawarensis) and Common or Mew Gull (Larus canus)''': "[...] and about 5 percent of adults court and mount chicks. Most of this activity involves females behaving incestuously with their own offspring, including full copulatory REVERSE MOUNTS of young birds. Mounted chicks may be as young as two weeks old, and they usually collapse under the weight of the adult mounting them and cry out in distress. Some individuals appear to be "habitual molesters" in that they repeatedly interact sexually with chicks, including their own." (''Biological Exuberance - 547'')

*'''Herring Gull (Larus Arentatus)''': "Several forms of heterosexual family abuse and adult-juvenile violence have also been documented in Herring Gulls. Males sometimes incestuously mount their own chicks and have even been seen breaking and eating their own eggs." (''Biological Exuberance - 555'')

*'''Black-Headed Gull (Larus Ridibundus)''': "In addition, males occasionally try to mate with chicks (including their own), who may be only a few days old; juveniles also mount each other)." (''Biological Exuberance - 559'')

===Homosexual===
*"And in the majority of cases, male and female homosexualities present their own unique blends of behaviors and characteristics that defy any simplistic categorization - such as Bonobos, where sexual penetration occurs in female rather than male same-sex activity, where sexual interactions between adults and adolescents are a prominent feature of female interactions, and where males do not form strongly bonded relationships with each other the way females do, but engage in less homosexual activity overall and more affectionate activity such as openmouthed kissing." (''Biological Exuberance - 30'')

*'''Bonobo''': "GG-rubbing occurs among females of all ages, from adolescent to very old, but if an older and a younger female are interacting, often the younger female will be on top. (p. 271) [...] In addition, when new females (usually adolescents) join a troop, they often pair up with an older female with whom they have most of their sexual and affectionate interactions. These bond need not be exclusive - either party may have sex with other females or males - but such mentorlike pairings can last for a year or more until the newcomer is fully integrated into the troop. [...] Manual stimulation of the genitals by a partner also occurs: typically an adolescent male spreads his legs and presents his erect penis to an adult male, who takes the shaft in his hand and caresses it with up-and-down movements." (''Biological Exuberance - 273'')

*'''Gorilla''': "There is often intense competition among the males for "preferred" partners - often the younger males - and older, higher ranking males frequently "guard" their favorite males and fight to protect them from the advances of other males." (''Biological Exuberance - 281'')

*'''White-Handed Gibbon (Hylobates lar) and Siamang (Hylobates syndactylus)''': "Within their nuclear family groups, male Gibbons sometimes engage in homosexual activities with each other. This incestuous activity often takes place between adolescent or younger male and his father (or stepfather, if his parents have divorced and re-paired); in Siamangs it may also occur between brothers." (''Biological Exuberance - 289'')

*'''Hanuman Langur (Presbytis entellus) and Nilgiri Langur (Presbytis Langur)''': "All females participate freely in homosexual mounting, including lactating, pregnant, menstruating, ovulating, and nonovulating females. This behavior is especially common among mothers, who have developed a special "baby-sitting" system: they transfer their young to other individuals in the troop (usually other females but sometimes males) for a short time (a similar pattern is found in Nilgiri Langurs). This allows them to engage in homosexual (and other) activites. Most mounting between females occurs among adults, through some involves adults with juveniles (up to four years old), usually with the younger female mounting the older one. Altough most homosexual participants are unrelated, some mountings are incestous, mostly between half sisters (about 27 percent of all lesbian mounts) and more rarely, between mother and daughter (about 1 percent of mounts); heterosexual matings are virtually never incestuous." (''Biological Exuberance - 294-295'')

*'''Japanese Macaque (Macaca fuscata)''': "Homosexual pairings occur among females of all ages, from adolescents to the very old, and sometimes an adult female will pair with a pubescent female. Interestingly, an incest taboo is in effect for homosexual but not heterosexual courtships: females never choose close relatives (mothers, sisters, daughters, granddaugthers, first cousins) as partners, whereas brother-sister and mother-son consorts do occasionally occur. Aunts and nieces, however, do not generally recognize each other as kin in this species, and so they sometimes consort together." (''Biological Exuberance - 303'')

*'''Crab-Eating Macaque (Macata fascicularis)''': "Males can also develop intense sexual relationships with one another, especially between older and younger males. In one such pair observed in captivity, affectionate embraces frequently led to sexual arousal and homosexual mounting, often accompanied by excited lip-smacking or crooning sounds; the male being mounted sometimes even turned his head to kiss his partner during a mount." (''Biological Exuberance - 317'')

*'''Pig Tailed Macaque (Macaca nemestrina)''': "Some same-sex mountings is incestuous, e.g., between mother and daughter or siblings of either sex." (''Biological Exuberance - 321'')

*'''Crested Black Macaque (Macaca nigra)''': "Younger males often mount older ones in this species." (''Biological Exuberance - 321'')

*'''"Baboon" (other species)''': "Among the Patas Monkeys (Erythrocebus patas), adolescent and younger males often fondle and nuzzles the scrotum and genitals of adult males." (''Biological Exuberance - 328'')

*'''(Common) Squirrel Monkey (Saimiri sciureus)''': "Homosexual mounting sometimes occurs between male Squirrel Monkeys, especially younger individuals or between an older and younger (adult) partner; adult males also perform the genital display to each other." (''Biological Exuberance - 332'')

*'''Lion Tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia) and White-fronted Capuchin Monkeys (Cebus Albifrons)''': "Both male and female Lion Tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia) sometimes mount their own offspring of both sexes, including adolescents and younger individuals. Approximately 1 percent of mounting activity in Common Mamosets (Callithrix Jacchus) occurs among adolescent and younger males (brother living in the same family group). In White-fronted Capuchin Monkeys (Cebus Albifrons), young males occasionally suck and fondle the scrotum of older males, while homosexual activity among females (including mounting) also occurs in Brown Capuchins (C. apella) and Weeper Capuchins (C. olivaceous)." (''Biological Exuberance - 334'')

*'''Verreaux's Sifaka (Propithecus Verreauxi)''': "Male Verreaux's Sifakas sometimes mount other males during the mating season. The mounted animal - usually a younger adult or adolescent male - often snaps at the mounter and tries to wriggle free (as do females trying to escape from unwelcome heterosexual advances)." (''Biological Exuberance - 336'')

*'''Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) and Spinner Dolphin (Stenella lingirostris)''': "If there is an age difference between male partners, either may penetrate the other, and Bottlenose adolescents have even been observed penetrating much older males." (''Biological Exuberance - 343'')

*'''Orca (Orcinus orca)''': "Altough males of all ages participate in homosexual activities, this behaviour is most prevalent among "adolescent" Orcas (sexually mature individuals 12-25 years old) More than three quarters of all sessions involve males who are more than five years apart in age, altough age-mates also interact together (especially among adolescents)." (''Biological Exuberance - 350'')

*'''Gray Seal (Halichoerus grypus) and Northern Elephant Seal (Mirounga angustirostris)''': "Those males who have completed their molt often roll around in pairs near the water and mount each other; bulls of all ages participate in this activity. Both adolescent and younger adult Northern Elephant Seal bulls also engage in homosexual mounting during the molt period. This occurs in shallow waters near the shore, often as part of extended bouts of harmless playfighting among clusters of males. [...] Adult males do not participate in this activity. However, they do sometimes mount younger adolescent and juvenile males (two to four years old). Typically the older male approaches the younger male at rest, moving up alongside him and sometimes placing his front flipper over his back in the position characteristic of heterosexual copulations. Usually the younger male struggles to escape, and the mounter may try to subdue him by pressing or bouncing his neck down on top of him or biting his neck. The older male may have an erection and attempt to penetrate the younger male, but he rarely succeeds. Altough they prefer juveniles or adolescents, a few bulls also try to copulate with much younger animals, such as weaned pups of both sexes (who strongly resist their advances)." (''Biological Exuberance - 361'')

*'''Australian Sea Lion (Neophoca cinerea) and New zealand Sea Lion (Phocarctos hookeri)''': "All age groups participate, altough there is often an age difference between the two males, with the younger male typically mounting the older one (especially in New Zealand Sea Lions)." (''Biological Exuberance - 367 - 368'')

*'''Walrus (Odobenus Rosmarus)''': "Typically a younger male displays to an older one, and courting males often situate themselves in the water near a favorite cliff face, boulder, or rock formation at the water's edge. The spectacular display consists of inflation of the throat pouches - often preceded by head bowing - interspersed with dives by one or both males, and an incredible series of vocalizations that form a courtship "song". (p. 371) [...] Although most homosexual behaviour is confined to the summer haul-outs, younger males sometimes also mount adults or other younger males during the breeding season. Groups of younger Walruses may crowd around an older male and roll on top of him; in addition, an adult male occasionally sings his courtship songs to a group of younger males or is accompanied by a younger attendant male while he sings. Often, his companion surfaces and dives in synchrony with him. This behavior, known as SHADOWING, occurs regardless of whether the adult is courting a female. [...] During breeding season, up to a third of mounting activity may take place between younger males or between adult and younger males, and 2-19 percent of singing males have a younger male companion "shadowing" them." (''Biological Exuberance - 372'')

*'''White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus)''': "Adult male White-tailed Deer sometimes mount each other, as do yearling males (especially during the nonbreeding season); occasionally a younger male mounts an older one during this activity." (''Biological Exuberance - 379'')

*'''Wapiti, Elk, or Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) and Barasingha or Swamp Deer (Cervus duvauceli)''': "Usually the two animals engaging in same-sex activity are fully grown adults, but in male Wapiti homosexual mounting may occur between adult bulls and spikehorns (yearlings whose antlers are spikes, having yet to develop prongs). Red Deer yearlings also participate in same-sex activity including occasional incestuous homosexual mountings by females of their mothers." (''Biological Exuberance - 383 - 384'')

*'''Caribou or Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) and Moose (Alces alces)''': "Caribou sometimes mount each other, as do younger males, while yearling Moose have been observed trying to mount adult bulls. In addition, bull Moose sometimes associate with younger male companions." (''Biological Exuberance - 388'')

*'''Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana)''': "Males of all age groups participate in homosexual courtship and mounting, although adult males usually direct their attentions to adolescent males. Mounting between males sometimes occurs during sparring or play-fighting as well." (''Biological Exuberance - 394'')

*'''Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis) and Thinhorn or Dall's Sheep (Ovis dalli)''': "Typically an older, higher ranking male will court a male younger than him, using a sequence of stylized movements." (''Biological Exuberance - 406'')

*'''Mountain Goat (Oreamnos americanus)''': "Adult male Mountain Goats court younger (yearling) males, again using the species typical heterosexual behavior patterns: the courting male approaches the other in a crouching position, creeping on his stomach with his head stretched forward (a posture referred to as the LOW-STRETCH). He may also flick his tongue in and out of his mouth while making soft bussing sound, jerk his head sideways, and attempt to lick the other male's flanks. Typically the yearling male responds aggressively to the courting adult. Adult males occasionally perform this display toward other adults as well. In addition, yearling females sometimes mount their own mothers. [...] In contrast, yearling Mountain Goats that are courted by older males are primarily heterosexuals, since they reject most same-sex advances." (''Biological Exuberance - 411'')

*'''African Elephant (Loxodonta africana) and Asiatic Elephant (Elephas maximas)''': "Homosexual mating lasts about the same lenght as heterosexual mating, generally less than a minute, altough one male may mount another several times in succession. Both older bulls and younger males participate in this activity. [...] Male Elephants also form "companionships" usually composed of an older bull and an attendant younger male (in contrast, there are no long-lasting heterosexual bonds in these species). In African Elephants, the younger male often helps the older one by guarding him or pulling down branches for him; in other cases, the older bull may help a younger male (or vice versa) who is injured or suffering from blindness of paralysis. The two males are constant companions and generally isolated from other Elephants; occasionally, an older bull will have two attendants. Among Asiatic Elephants, such male companionships appear not to be as long-lasting as in African Elephants. Younger attendant males in African Elephants are sometimes reported to have enlarged genitalia." (''Biological Exuberance - 428 -429'')

*'''Spotted Hyena (Crocuta crocuta)''': "Homosexual mounting between females also occur in this species; in some cases an adolescent or younger adult mounts an older one." (''Biological Exuberance - 446'')

*'''Rufous Bettongs or Rat Kangaroo (Aepyprymnus rufescens)''': "Some homosexual interactions in Rufous Bettongs involve adult females courting and mounting juvenile females and vice versa." (''Biological Exuberance - 454'')

*'''Gray Squirell (Sciurus carolinensis)''': "Gray Squirells are sequentially or chronologically bisexual: juveniles, adolescents, and young adults (up to one and a half years old) show a preference for homosexual activity, while older adults generally exhibit much less same-sex mountings." (''Biological Exuberance - 463'')

*'''Dwarf Cavy (Microcavia australis), Cui or Yellow-Toothed Cavy (Galea musteloides) and Aperea or Wild Cavy (Cavia Aperea)''': "In Dwarf Cavies, adult males are sexually attracted to juveniles of both sexes. A typical homosexual courtship begins with the adult and the younger male sitting quietly together - often right in front of the youngster's mother, who is not visibly disturbed. The two males may kiss and nuzzle their noses together, after which the adult begins to gently nibble on the juvenile's rump. This is often followed by a courtship behavior known as CHIN-RUMP FOLLOWING, in which the adult male places his chin on the youngster's rump, as they move together in circles or figure-eight patterns. If the male is especially aroused, he will stop to pat his paws against the juvenile's rump, sometimes even licking, sniffing, and nuzzling the anus and perineal region while lifting up the youngster's hindquarters with his nose. Adult males frequently have favorite males that they prefer to court and interact sexually with, actively seeking them out while ignoring others. (p. 467) [...] Adult male Apereas sometimes court younger males by RUMPING, in which the adult throws one or both hind legs over the rump of the youngsters. [...] Adult males occasionally also have an adolescent companion; the two males sit and feed together, as well as kiss one another. Sometimes the adult male will permit his companion to mount a female that he is courting. (p. 468) [...] Adult males in two other species of Cavies, the Mocó or Rock Cavy (Kerodon rupestris) and the Preá (Galea spixii), also sometimes court juvenile males, and youngsters mount adults of both sexes as well." (''Biological Exuberance - 469'')

*'''Ring-Billed Gull (Larus delawarensis)''': "For example, one or both partners in a homosexual pair are often younger females: couples in which there is an age difference between the two females - one an adult, the other an adolescent or younger adult - are particularly common in some populations." (''Biological Exuberance - 545'')

*'''Guianan Cock-of-the-rock (Rupicola rupicola)''': "Homosexual activity between adult and adolescent males, as well as among adolescent males, is a routine occurence in Guianan Cock-of-the-Rock. Males court and display to each other, as well as engage in homosexual mounting. (p. 567) [...] If an adolescent male approaches an adult who is courting a female, the female usally leaves (or is chased away), and the two males turn their attentions to each other." (''Biological Exuberance - 568'')

*'''Swallow-Tailed Manakin (Chiroxiphia caudata)''': "Male Swallow-tailed Manakins perform an elaborate group courtship ritual, the JUMP DISPLAY. Sometimes this display is directed toward females, sometimes toward yearling or younger adult males (the latter resembling females in their green plumage, but distinct because of their red-orange caps), and less commonly toward another adult male." (''Biological Exuberance - 572'')

*'''Bicolored Antbird (Gymnopithys bicolor) and Ocellated Antbird (Phaenostictus mcleannani)''': "Homosexual pair-bonds are sometimes long-lasting associations, persisting for many years. Partners may both be adults, or an older bird may pair with a younger one. In Ocellated Antbirds, father-son courtship-feedings also sometimes occur when a younger male remains within the clan structure." (''Biological Exuberance - 576'')

== Rind's cross-species summary==
[[Bruce Rind]]'s article on ''Pederasty(2013)'' <ref>Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''</ref> contains excellent cross-cultural and cross-species summary tables of intergenerational male homosexuality (the tables also are in the graphic excerpts library below). Here is the exact quotation of the tables on animals, which is partly based on the Bagemihl, B. (1999). ''Biological exuberance'' (see above), but with many important details.
=== Table IV: Homosexual Behavior Between Mature and Immature Males in Primates. ===

==== Great Apes ====

'''Bonobos (Pan paniscus)''': Mature males frequently performed thrusts on much younger males who might actively solicit the mounting (Kano, 1980). Common also is an adult male masturbating an adolescent male lying on his back with legs spread apart. Sex serves to reduce social tension (de Waal, 1997).

'''Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)''': Male homosex varies considerably across and within chimp populations (Bagemihl, 1999). Kollar et al. (1968) described multiple age-gap encounters (e.g., a young juvenile male interrupted copulation of an adolescent male and female, then presented to the older male, who mounted him).

'''Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla)''': In all-male groups, adults are most attracted to adolescents; mounting can be initiated by either (Harcourt, 1979; Yamagiwa, 1987, 2006). Courtship and copulation occur daily (Bagemihl, 1999). Age-gap sex may help group cohesiveness (Harcourt, 1979).

'''Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus)''': Homosex is often consensual (heterosex often not), often occurs within a special friendship (Bagemihl, 1999). Example: An adolescent male that received fellatio from a young adult male became very attached to him, and followed him wherever he went (Rijksen, 1978).

==== Lesser Apes ====

'''White-handed gibbons (Hylobates lar)''': Homosex occurs sometimes in father-son pairs (Bagemihl, 1999). Edwards and Todd (1991) observed fifty-five episodes between father and adolescent son, always without tension or aggression, initiated by both; seemed to provide reassurance to the adolescent.

'''Siamangs (Hylobates syndactylus)''': Father-son sex occurs (like gibbons), but is sometimes accompanied by threats, when the younger partner wants to end it before the older one does (unlike gibbons) (Bagemihl, 1999).

Old World Monkeys

'''Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus)''': Immature males frequently engage in mounting, often with like-aged males, but also with mature males (Sommer et al., 2006). Immature males increase their touching, mounting, and embracing of adult males as they mature (Jay, 1965). Weber (1973) found that male-male age-gap mounting was usually initiated by the immature partner, with apparent function of securing social acceptance (juveniles are no longer protected by mothers and turn to other adults; mounting and other physical contact are mechanisms to achieve social integration).

'''Nilgiri langurs (Presbytis johnii)''': Dominant males (alphas) mount subordinate males (juveniles, adolescents, younger adults) in dominance displays, which the subordinates may initiate by presenting. Mounts are brief, with several thrusts but no penetration, and are part of a communication matrix that maintains troop harmony (Hohmann, 1989; Poirier, 1970).

'''Proboscis monkeys (Nasalis larvatus)''': Homosexual mounting occurs in younger males (adolescents and juveniles); it tends to stem from play wrestling. It is resisted by the younger male in some cases (as females sometimes also do in heterosexual mounting). Its frequency is low, as is heterosexual sex (Bagemihl, 1999; Yeager, 1990).

'''Bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata)''': Males of all ages are frequently involved in a wide variety of homosex. Younger males often masturbate other males to orgasm, sometimes eating the semen. Some do only a little homosex, others a great deal (Bagemihl, 1999).

'''Crab-eating macaques (Macaca fascicularis)''': Males can develop intense sexual friendships, especially between older and younger males (with affection, arousal, mounting). Homosexual mounting is both consensual (54%) and nonconsensual (46%). In the former, the mountee fully cooperates and may initiate the mounting (Bagemihl, 1999).

'''Crested black macaques (Macaca nigra)''': Younger males often mount older ones (Bagemihl, 1999). Dixson (1977) frequently observed the oldest male in one troop presenting to younger males, who invariably responded by mounting him, often with erections. Also, ritualized “greeting” gestures (e.g., penis-grabbing), especially by younger males, are common practice (Bagemihl, 1999).

'''Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata)''': All adult and juvenile males were seen presenting to another male (aggression was rare, <3%) (Hanby & Brown, 1974). Takenoshita (1998) observed free-ranging adult-juvenile consort relationships (adults ejaculated, juveniles erected; they foraged, groomed, and attacked others together).

'''Pig-tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina)''': Age-equal and age-gap male-male mounting (juveniles, adolescents, adults) occurs frequently, is not associated with force (as heterosexual mounting sometimes is), and makes up from 8% to 67% of individual males’ overall mounts (Bagemihl, 1999). Dominants invite subordinates to mount them as an elaborate display of tolerance toward subordinates (Oi, 1990) or mount subordinates as a rank maintenance mechanism (Tokuda et al., 1968).

'''Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)''': Age-gap consort relationships occur, highly affectionate (Bagemihl, 1999). Kempf (1917) observed two juvenile males competing to be mounted by an adult male. Homosex helps juveniles get protection, integrate into group (Carpenter, 1942). Older, younger both show sexual excitement; mature-immature relationships are frequent, seem to have sexual basis (Hamilton, 1914). Redican et al. (1974) observed an immature male taking the sexual initiative with an adult male in an intensive relationship.

'''Stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides)''': Chevalier-Skolnikoff (1976) reported mutual excitement and affection in several intense friendship-based mature-immature sexual relationships. These were “rewarding” to all participants (e.g., protection for younger partner). Homosex seemed to foster greater social cohesion.

'''Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana)''': Ogawa (1995) found that male adult-juvenile homosex occurs on a regular basis; either may initiate oral sex on the juvenile; it is never aggressive; both are excited; context is friendly. It seems to serve to reduce tension.

'''Savanna baboons (Papio cynocephalus)''': All males, from juvenile to adult, greet one another via ritualized sexual behaviors. These behaviors (presenting, mounting, fondling) occur briefly (a few seconds), constitute “greetings,” and appear to serve in part formation of coalitions (Bagemihl, 1999; Smuts & Watanabe, 1990).

'''Hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas)''': Zuckerman (1932) observed a three-year sexual relationship between an adult and immature male. Whenever the immature was threatened, the adult immediately rescued it.

'''Gelada baboons (Theropithecus gelada)''': Bernstein (1975) found that mounting occurs between bachelors and immature males in the all-male group. When a bachelor successfully challenges a harem leader, he switches entirely to heterosex (the deposed leader switches to homosex).

'''Mona monkeys (Cercopithecus mona)''': Glenn, Ramsier, and Benson (2006) found that homosex, with oral sex (often with orgasm), is universal in all-male groups, where males spend most of their lives. It involves all combinations from juveniles to adults; aggression is extremely rare. It seems to function to help younger males’ immigration and social skills, as well as the groups’ social cohesion.

'''Patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas)''': Adolescent or younger males often fondle and nuzzle the genitals and scrotum of adult males (Bagemihl, 1999).

==== New World Monkeys ====

'''Squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus)''': Denniston (1980) frequently observed male homosexual behavior, the commonest form being between adults and adolescents. Baldwin (1969) frequently observed sexual mounting and sometimes consortships between older adolescents and much younger juveniles (of both sexes); older adolescents, unlike younger adolescents, were gentle with their younger partners, who consequently allowed the interactions to take place (by contrast, they tended to resist the much rougher initiatives from younger adolescents).

==== Prosimians ====

'''Verreaux’s sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi)''': Homosexual behavior is rare in prosimians. In this lemur species, adult males sometimes mount younger adults or adolescents, who often snap and struggle to wriggle free (Bagemihl, 1999).

=== Table V: Homosexual Behavior Between Mature and Immature Males in Subprimate Mammals ===
All descriptions based on Bagemihl (1999) unless unless primary sources are indicated.

==== Marine Mammals ====

===== Dolphins and whales =====

'''Boto or Amazon River dolphin (Inia geoffrensis)''': Males participate in a wide variety of homosexual behavior, including various kinds of intercourse. When there is an age difference typically the older penetrates the younger. Pairs interacting sexually display a great deal of mutual affection, which Bagemihl (1999, p. 341) illustrates in a photo, in which an adult and immature partner are touching while swimming side by side.

'''Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)''': Homosexual behavior largely exceeds heterosexual behavior. Adolescents and younger males typically live in all-male groups, where homosexual behavior is common and exclusive. Only as full adults do they attempt to father calves via heterosexual contact. Younger adolescents form homosexual pair-bonds with like-age males, which often last throughout life. When there is an age difference in homosexual sex, either party may penetrate the other—adolescents have been observed penetrating adults (Bagemihl, 1999). McBride and Hebb (1948) observed adult males repeatedly interacting sexually with younger males and described an intense, affectionate bond in one pair. In an extensive ten-year field study, young immature males were found to be the most sexual (most often with male peers, but also with all other age-sex classes); most of adult males’ sexual interactions were with immature males (Mann, 2006).

'''Orca or killer whales (Orcinus orca)''': Orcas are the largest in the dolphin family. Homosexual behavior is integral to male social life. During salmon feasting, males of all ages spend afternoons courting, being affectionate, and engaging in overt homosexual behaviors, with 90% being reciprocated. Sessions last an hour on average. Most involve adolescents and an age difference of at least five years. At least half of all males get involved.

'''Sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus)''': 3–5% of males may be homosexually bonded, with couples consisting of two adults or an older and younger male. Sexual interactions leading to orgasm can take place in groups of primarily younger males.

'''Bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus)''': Intensive male homosexual sessions lasting up to forty minutes occur, involving mainly groups of adolescents and young adults.

===== Seals and Manatees =====

'''Gray seals (Halichoerus grypus)''': Male homosexual behavior is common; males of all ages mount each other on shore after molting.

'''Harbor seals (Phoca vitulina)''': Male homosexual behavior is common, involving males of all ages, but mainly adolescents and adults.

'''Northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris)''': Adolescent and young adult males do same-sex mounting during the molting season. Adult males sometimes mount younger adolescent or juvenile males, but the younger males usually struggle to escape.

'''Australian sea lions (Neophoca cinerea) & New Zealand sea lions (Phocarctos hookeri)''': Male homosexual mounting is common. All ages may be involved, but usually a younger partner mounts an older one. As mating is polygynous, many males never mate heterosexually.

'''West Indian manatees (Trichechus manatus)''': Males can form bachelor herds. Males of all ages intensively interact homosexually, involving embracing, kissing, mouthing, caressing, genital rubbing, and frequent ejaculation.

'''Walruses (Odobenus rosmarus)''': Males are segregated during the nonbreeding summer months. Here, homosexual courtship, affection, and sex are common. Typically, a younger male will display to an older one, and each may mount the other. Groups of younger males may crowd an adult male, making body contact. An adult may sing a courtship song to a group of younger males or a specific younger male companion that accompanies him. Younger and older males also pursue each other during the breeding season. Homosexual behavior is very common if not universal among male Walruses, even during the breeding season, where up to a third of mounting is between younger males or between an adult and a younger male.

==== Hoofed Mammals ====

===== Deer and Moose =====

'''White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)''': Males are sex-segregated most of year. Mounting sometimes occurs between two adults, two yearlings, or an older-younger pair, where the younger mounts the older one (Bagemihl, 1999). Most commonly, it is young males that mount others. Mounting is not based on dominance; no specific function is apparent. Mountees generally do not oppose being mounted if age-discrepant, but do so more if two immature males are involved (Bartós & Holeckova, 2006).

'''Wapiti (Cervus elaphus)''': They are sex-segregated most of year. Mounting occasionally occurs between two adult or adult-yearling males. Male pairs may form companionships, either older-younger or age-equal.

'''Père David’s deer (Elaphurus davidianus)''': Males sometimes mount each other, with the younger mounting the older one.

'''Moose (Alces alces)''': They are often solitary. Yearling males sometimes mount adult males. Sometimes adult males associate with younger male companions called satellites.

===== Antelopes and Gazelles =====

'''Pronghorns (Antilocapra americana)''': Some males get territories and breed. The rest live in bachelor herds, where homosexual mounting occurs to a moderate degree. Males of all ages participate, but adult males usually direct their attentions to adolescents. Mounting is preceded by courting. Most males (70%) never breed.

'''Blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra)''': Males with territories mate with females. The rest live in bachelor herds, where most engage in mounting. This follows friendly sparring. Adult males often perform courtship displays to adolescent males before mounting them. Blackbuck males are predominantly homosexual, leaving the group only once or twice in their lives attempting to breed.

'''Grant’s gazelles (Gazella granti)''': They live in mixed or all-male groups. Homosexual behavior is rare. Adult males usually attack other males trying to mount them.

===== Wild Sheep, Goats, Buffalo =====

'''Bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) & Thinhorn sheep (Ovis dalli)''': Males live in homosexual societies in sex-segregated bands. Only during the rutting season do they meet females. Older males court younger, smaller males and mount them. The mountee facilitates by assuming lordosis. Interactions are non-aggressive; the younger male is usually willing. So pervasive is this, that females will mimic younger males to attract older males. Geist (1975) views older-younger male homosex as an adaptation, allowing the younger males to live in the group.

'''Musk-oxen (Ovibos moschatus)''': They are in mixed or all-male groups. Adult males court and mount adolescent and juvenile males. Younger males do the same with each other. Mountees sometimes resist (as females do), but sometimes assent. About 40% of courting and 10% of mounting are homosexual.

'''Mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus)''': They are often sex-segregated. Adult males court younger males, using the species-typical approach used in courting females. Typically, the yearling male reacts aggressively. Almost one-fifth of courtships during the breeding season occur between adult and yearling males.

'''American bison males (Bison bison)''': Male bison spend most of their time alone or in bachelor herds. In these herds, homosexual mounting, including full penetration, is prevalent, especially among younger males (i.e., adolescents), and exceeds heterosexual mounting in frequency. The mounted animal often facilitates the mounting. Younger males also sometimes form tending bonds with other males, involving following, defending, and mounting or being mounted by their partners (Bagemihl, 1999). Homosexual behavior is not based on dominance, but may serve a bonding function (Vervaecke & Rodin, 2006).

===== Other Hoofed Mammals =====

'''Giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis)''': They are often in all-male groups. Sparring between males is almost always gentle, begins as calves and juveniles, and is most common among adolescents. Participants are often of different sizes, with the smaller, younger one usually initiating. Mounting sometimes accompanies sparring, and mostly involves older adolescents mounting younger ones. These behaviors are not associated with dominance. Homosexual behavior occurs mainly among the young (Pratt & Anderson, 1985).

'''African elephants (Loxodonta africana) & Asiatic elephants (Elephas maximus)''': African and Asiatic male elephants often form all-male herds. Breeding males associate only temporarily with females. Male homosexual mounting occurs regularly, especially among younger males. In African elephants, homosexual mounting may be preceded by extensive affectionate interaction, and both adult and younger males participate. Males also form long-lasting bonds called companionships, mainly between older and younger “attendants”—heterosexual couples do not form long-lasting bonds. The attendant male and adult male often help each other in various ways, and they are constant companions. Sometimes an older male will have two attendant males. In Asiatic male elephants, almost a fifth have a male companion.

==== Other Mammals ====

'''Dwarf cavies (Microcavia australis)''': Dwarf cavies are small rodents that live in colonies of twenty to fifty individuals. Adult males are sexually attracted to juveniles of both sexes. A typical homosexual encounter begins with an adult male and juvenile male sitting together quietly, often in front of the juvenile’s mother, who is not visibly bothered. The two males then engage in affectionate contact, which eventually escalates to sexual behavior. Adult males often have favorite younger males, and will actively seek them out while ignoring other juvenile males. More than half of adult male-juvenile sexual interactions are same-sex. Most males are homosexually involved. Occasionally, an adult male will have an adolescent male companion, who feeds with him and is physically affectionate with him. The adult may allow the adolescent to mount a female he is courting. Adult males in two other species, mocó or rock cavies (Kerodon rupestris) and préa (Galea spixii), sometimes also court juvenile males.

'''Feral cats (Felis catus)''': In an extensive field study, a quarter of males did homosexual mounting, but only occasionally. It always occurred in the presence of estrus females. Mounters were adults, and mountees were adolescents, smaller in size, comparable to adult female size. Mounters bit the backs of mountees’ necks, as they do when mounting females. Older-younger male homosexual mounting appears to be an outlet for heterosexual mountings that were recently frustrated (Yamane, 2006).

=== Table VI: Homosexual Behavior Between Mature and Immature Males in Birзds ===
All descriptions based on Bagemihl (1999)
==== Aquatic and shore birds ====

'''Canada geese (Branta canadensis)''': 18 % of adult males form homosexual bonds with partners, who may be other adults or juveniles.

'''Ruffs (Philomachus pugnax)''': About half of males are involved predominantly in same-sex sex. Certain adult males acquire a territory called a lek, where they display to potential sex partners, male as well as female. Male visitors may be those without leks or younger males, who have not yet developed adult plumage. The younger males rarely are heterosexually involved, but instead do mounting with each other and with adult lek residents.

==== Perching and song birds ====

'''Guianan cock-of-the-rock (Rupicola rupicola)''': Male homosexual mounting between two adolescents and between an adult and adolescent is routine, accounting for about half of all copulations and involving about 40 % of the total male population and 64 % of the adolescent male population. Certain adult males acquire leks, which females and young males visit to see whether they want to mate. In a typical homosexual encounter, while an adult male is displaying his colorful plumage, an adolescent male will land nearby. The adult keeps his back to the adolescent, showing off his plumage and inviting the adolescent to mount him. The adolescent climbs onto the adult’s back, achieves genital contact, and then mounts several times in succession. Adolescents usually visit the display courts of numerous other adult males and may have relations with up to seven adults in a season, including some adults without leks. Adult males who avoid heterosexual contacts are the ones most often mounted by adolescent males.

'''Swallow-tailed manakins (Chiroxiphia caudata)''': Several adult males will form long-term associations and display together on their leks to attract both females and adolescent males. When a young male arrives, the adult males perform a group courtship ritual, in which they take turns jumping up and hovering in front of him. The young male sits motionless as he watches the spectacle. Same-sex sexual behavior likely makes up a sizable proportion of all sexual activity.

'''Blue-backed manakins (Chiroxiphia pareola)''': Pairs of adult males behave similarly to swallow-tailed manakins, displaying to a third male, which is sometimes an adolescent, performing leapfrogging and cartwheels to impress the other male.

'''Bicolored antbirds (Gymnopithys bicolor)''': Male homosexual pair-bonds make up 4–6% of all pair-bonds; partners may be two adults or an older and younger bird. The bonds are initiated by courtship-feeds, in which one offers the other a spider or an insect. The receiving male, unlike a female, then passes it back. Once paired, they become constant companions.

'''Red bishop birds (Euplectes orix)''': In their nesting territories, adult males court both females and males, the latter being younger males who look like females in terms of their plumage coloring. When a younger male approaches, the adult male performs a distinct bumble-flight and displays his plumage to attract the comer.

'''Orange bishop birds (Euplectes franciscanus)''': In captivity, both adult and younger males attempt to mount young males, who usually reject the attempt or react indifferently at most.

'''Red-shouldered widowbirds (Euplectes axillaris)''': Adult males sometimes court younger males.

'''Black-billed magpies (Pica pica)''': Homosexual behavior involving adult males with adolescent or juvenile males occurs occasionally. A typical courtship begins with one male ritually begging the other, followed by the second hopping around the first. Afterward, the two might form a pair-bond, in which they stay near one another, preen one another, and cooperate in evicting intruders.

'''Gray-breasted jays (Aphelocoma ultramarina)''': Adult males have been observed to courtship-feed younger males.

'''Victoria’s riflebirds (Ptiloris victoriae)''': Adult males sometimes court younger males, using spectacular displays that are also used in heterosexual interactions. Male-male courtships occur frequently, although mounting is rarer and is likely to drive the mountee away.

'''Regent bowerbirds (Sericulus chrysocephalus)''': Males build bowers, tunnels of twigs decorated with a variety of colors (e.g., from berries). Adult males display in their bowers to both females and younger males, sometimes ritually offering gifts to their guests. Juvenile males also build bowers and court males and females. When an adult male arrives, the juvenile male behaves in a ritual manner to attract the adult into the bower. Adult males spend 15% of their time displaying to other males, and juvenile males spend 28% of their time doing the same.

'''Satin bowerbirds (Ptilonorhynchus violaceus)''': Adult males have been observed to court younger males.

'''Superb lyrebirds (Menura novaehollandiae)''': Adult males often court adolescent males upon encountering them alone or in groups. The adult may closely follow the adolescent, even for hours, periodically performing a wing display accompanied by serenading the younger male with a variety of vocalizations. Adults will occasionally mount the adolescents, but genital contact may not occur because the younger male does not facilitate the interaction. Adolescent males also court and mount one another, behavior that is usually mutual. Occasionally an adult and adolescent male will engage in a mutual display to one another. Adult males approach groups of adolescents fairly often during breeding season and twice as often outside of it. They spend more than half their time away from their display mounds associating with adolescent males. Most males are bisexual, courting both females and adolescent males. Adolescent males appear to be exclusively homosexual in their behaviour and often form companionships with like-aged males. Male and female lyrebirds live largely separate lives aside from brief encounters during breeding season.

==== Other birds ====

'''Anna’s hummingbirds (Calypte anna)''': Both females and juvenile males visit an adult male’s territory to feed on his supply of currant and blossoms. If a juvenile male visits, the adult male will perform a dive display several times, in which he climbs 150 feet, dives toward the visitor, and makes loud shrieking sounds. After the display, the visitor will usually fly off, with the adult in pursuit, singing at him. If the adult succeeds in attempting to mount the younger male, the latter usually strongly resists, and the adult may attempt to use force. About 25% of sex in this species is between males.

'''Acorn woodpeckers (Melanerpes formicivorus)''': A ritualized group display occurs involving courtship and sex. At dusk, the members of a group gather and begin mounting one another in all combinations. Males mount females and other males, females mount males and other females, young woodpeckers mount older ones, and older woodpeckers mount younger ones. Reciprocal mounting is common. This mounting display is a regular feature in this species, occurring daily all year around.

==Other sources==
*'''Green, Richard (2002). [https://www.ipce.info/library_2/files/green_asb_2002.html "Is pedophilia a mental disorder?"], ''Archives of Sexual Behavior'', 31 (6), 467-471. Citing: De Waal, F. (1990). "Sociosexual behavior used for tension regulation in all age and sex combinations among Bonobos." In J. Feierman (Ed.), ''[https://library.lol/main/3CA15750CD7EC06C3052B55B5E16C76D Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions]'' (Jay R. Feierman, ed, pp. 379–393). '''
*:"Observations concern a near relative of Man, the bonobo, where these “pigmy chimps” are allowed free access to any other bonobo for sexual contact at the San Diego Zoo. Nonfertile combinations (same-sex or juvenile–adult combinations) were as frequent as potentially fertile, adult male–female combinations. Further, one third of sociosexual contacts by an adult with an infant were initiated by the infant (De Waal, 1990)."
* '''[[Steven Angelides]] (2004) [https://sci-hub.ru/10.1215/10642684-10-2-141 Feminism, Child Sexual Abuse, and the Erasure of Child Sexuality]''' ''GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies'', Volume 10, Number 2, pp. 141-177 ; a copy on [https://web.archive.org/web/20130420133540/http://snifferdogonline.com/reports/Child%20Abuse,%20Sexuality%20and%20Violence/Feminism,%20Child%20Sexual%20Abuse,%20and%20the%20Erasure%20of%20Child%20Sexuality.pdf webarchive]
*:"They were often justified as well by cross-species comparisons, which emphasized the naturalness of adult-child sex in other mammals. In Sex Offenders Paul H. Gebhard et al. claimed that "sexual activity between adult and immature animals is common and appears to be biologically normal." Indeed, it "is precisely what we see in various animals, particularly monkeys." This fact lessened "the horror with which society views the adult who has sexual relations with young children."<sup>21</sup> As Robert S. De Ropp summed up, in a more matter-of-fact articulation of the underlying masculinist assumptions: "The craving of the elderly male for the young female is not necessarily confined to the human species. Old stags are always after little ones and the young does are always willing."<sup>22</sup> [...] 21. Paul H. Gebhard et al., Sex Offenders: An Analysis of Types (New York: Harper and Row, 1965), 54, 276, 54. 22. Robert S. De Ropp, Sex Energy: The Sexual Force in Man and Animals (New York: Delacorte, 1969), 111-12."
*'''deMause, Lloyd (2002). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20120224062853/http://psychohistory.com/htm/eln08_childrearing.html The Emotional Life of Nations]'', chapter 8.'''
*:"Primate mothers are widely reported as copulating with their children; indeed, many cannot learn to reproduce unless they have had sex with adults when they were children. Many immature primates "copulate with their mothers...explore adult genitalia and experience manipulation of their own." Our closest ancestors, the bonobo chimps-termed "the erotic champions" of primates-spend much of their time sucking and masturbating the genitals and "genitogenital rubbing" of both male and female juveniles, "to reduce tensions." Primate children are regularly observed being taught to thrust against their mothers' genitals. This "sexualization of the infant" was likely extended when human infants grew much larger heads, since it meant in order to get through the narrow birth canal before the head grew too large human infants had to be "born fetal," extremely immature and increasingly helpless, so that in early humans "maternal attention was not sufficient to care for more helpless infants..."This in turn meant a selection for those babies who could most satisfy the mother's erotic needs-for instance through the extension of non-hairy, erotic skin areas-for they would be best nursed and cared for as an erotic, tension-reducing object. Likewise, those human mothers were selected who had evolved the largest and most erotic breasts and who had genitals shifted around to the front, where they could rub them against their children."
*'''Rind, B., Bauserman, R. and Tromovitch, P. (2000). ''[http://www.ipce.info/library_2/rbt/science_frame.htm Science versus orthodoxy: Anatomy of the congressional condemnation of a scientific article and reflections on remedies for future ideological attacks]''.'''
*:"Ford and Beach (1951), in their seminal review of cross-cultural and cross-species data, observed that "[a]s long as the adult members of a society permit them to do so, immature males and females engage in practically every type of sexual behavior found in grown men and women" (p, 197) They also observed that juvenile sexual activity in monkeys and apes is "no less natural for the young primate than are the chasing, wrestling, and mock fighting that consume so much of his waking life" (p. 255). Psychologists have all but ignored these perspectives in favor of fitting their descriptions and explanations of juvenile sexuality to current Western values."

*'''Rind, Bruce (2009). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20111122131235/https://www.inter-disciplinary.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/gsbs1rind.pdf Social Response to Age-Gap Sex Involving Minors: Empirical, Historical, Cross-Cultural, and Cross-Species Considerations]." Paper presented at the "Good sex, bad sex: Sex law, crime and ethics" conference in Budapest, Hungary, May 4 to 6, 2009.
*:"If age-gap sex involving non-adults is, by nature, as disturbing as most contemporary authorities believe it is, then should we not see evidence for this elsewhere in nature—for example, in our close primate relatives? Age-gap sex in primates is commonplace but shows no evidence of the trauma many think is so [[intrinsic harm|intrinsic]] to these contacts.
*:Bonobos and chimpanzees are our closest animal relatives. Immature males in these two species are highly sexual, much more than immature females. They behave sexually with other immatures and with adults of both sexes, but prefer mature females, with whom they often attempt to initiate sex. In most cases, they show sexual arousal, with erections. The mature females are quite tolerant of the young males and usually allow them to attempt copulation. When immature male chimps are rebuffed by mature females, they typically whimper and throw tantrums. Researchers have concluded that male chimps in early puberty actually need copulatory practice with older females, else their adult copulating behavior will be inept.
*:In bonobos, when a female reaches adolescence, she transfers into a new group, where she pairs up with one adult female in particular, who acts as her “mentor.” This relationship, which is sexually based and lasts about a year, helps the adolescent female integrate into the new group and eventually be accepted by all the other females.
*:Age-gap homosexual relations among males are also quite common in apes and Old World monkeys. Pederasty in gorillas, for example, is pervasive. In this species, while one male dominates a group of females in a harem, the remaining males form an all-male group for many years at a time, in which courtship and copulation occur on a daily basis between adult and adolescent males. Several researchers directly observing this behavior have concluded that it serves to maintain group cohesiveness. In rhesus macaques, sexual relations between mature and immature males are frequent. They often occur despite the presence of receptive females. Young males tend to welcome these contacts and may even compete for older males’ attentions. The relations can be highly affectionate and appear to be functional for the immature males’ development of sexual and gregarious behaviors. Similarly affectionate age-gap male homosexual relations have been observed in various other species, such as orangutans, Hanuman langurs, and stumptail macaques. Among Tibetan macaques, oral-genital contact between adult and juvenile males occurs on a regular basis. Sometimes the younger partner jumps onto the adult’s face to initiate it; other times the adult begins the contact by turning the juvenile upside down. Both younger and older participants generally seem excited. These behaviors are never aggressive and appear to reduce tension between the them. Similar age-gap relations occur daily and universally in Mona monkeys; the sexual interactions are almost never aggressive and appear to help the younger males integrate into the male group and to maintain group cohesion.
*:When it comes to human age-gap sexual relations, the stereotype is that they are, by nature, aggressive encounters, where the older person imposes his will on an unwilling younger partner, who is traumatized and psychologically ruined. It is striking, then, that we find just the opposite in the primate data, where researchers document that eagerness and even initiative on the part of the younger animal are commonplace,26 and they repeatedly describe positive developmental and social functions that these relations appear to serve—just as historians and anthropologists also have also done with regard to other times and cultures."

*'''Rind, Bruce (2024). "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/383699408_Same-Sex_Sexual_Behavior_Age-Class_and_Coalitions_in_Male_Rhesus_Macaques_Macaca_mulatta Same‑Sex Sexual Behavior, Age‑Class, and Coalitions in Male Rhesus Macaques]". ''Archives of Sexual Behavior''. 1-20. 10.1007/s10508-024-02983-6.
*:"In the present study, relations between same-sex sexual behavior (SSB), age-class, and coalitional behavior in male rhesus macaques were examined in a re-analysis of data ﬁrst analyzed and reported by Clive et al. (2023). [...] Most dyads contained at least one non-adult (76%). Young and prime adult mounters most often selected non-adults to mount. Mounters were often sexually motivated: most for adolescents (72%); equally for juveniles (57%) and adults (56%). Finally, the highest rate of SSB with coalitional context appeared in adolescent–adult dyads involved in multiple repeated mounts. SSB, age-class, special friendships, bonding, and coalitions were linked, as reported in some other primate species and human societies cross-culturally. Employing age-class in male SSB analysis improved description and explanation."

* '''Jaroslava Varella Valentova, Andreone Teles Medrado, and Marco Antonio Correa Varella “Male Bisexuality”. In: Todd K. Shackelford (ed.), 2022, [https://annas-archive.org/md5/2d84ebccbbaafc78b4516ef6b129e5a2 The Cambridge Handbook of Evolutionary Perspectives on Sexual Psychology. Vol 4.] ''Cambridge University Press (Virtual Publishing)''.'''
::"Lilley et al. (2020) and Wrangham (1993) complement by describing that nonconceptual sex between individuals of the same sex among nonhuman primates may have been an exaptation of reproductive behavior, which acquired other diverse functions, such as: establishment of dominance, practice by immatures for a future successful copulation, reduce tensions, and help with reconciliations, in addition to facilitating the formation of alliances and reducing the reproductive success of other individuals."

* '''Zanna Clay, Liza R. Moscovice, and Thibaud Gruber “Bonobo Sexual Behavior and Psychology” In: Todd K. Shackelford (ed.), 2022, [https://annas-archive.org/md5/2d84ebccbbaafc78b4516ef6b129e5a2 The Cambridge Handbook of Evolutionary Perspectives on Sexual Psychology. Vol 4.] ''Cambridge University Press (Virtual Publishing)''.'''
::"As bonobos reach juvenility, their sexual behavior becomes more frequent and elaborated, including both participating as third parties as well as actively engaging in sex themselves (Hashimoto, 1997). Excerpts from Kano’s observations of the Wamba bonobos paint an informative picture: ''adults are generally cooperative in awakening the erotic impulses of these juveniles. A female that has finished copulating and GG rubbing will stop and wait when a male juvenile clings to her behind; the female will grasp the juvenile’s hips and insert his penis. [...] The female does her best to accommodate the partners, one by one, without much ado. [...] Adult males are also enthusiastic about “sex education.” After copulation, they mount and thrust at juveniles, either male or female, that approach and present. Without inserting their penis, the adult males rub against the top of the hips and the thigh. Often, instead of thrusts, an adult male raises one ankle in the air and lightly scratches the side of the juvenile’s chest.'' (Kano, 1992, p. 196)"

*''' Joseph H. Manson "Capuchin Sexual Behavior" In: Todd K. Shackelford (ed.), 2022, [https://annas-archive.org/md5/2d84ebccbbaafc78b4516ef6b129e5a2 The Cambridge Handbook of Evolutionary Perspectives on Sexual Psychology. Vol 4.] ''Cambridge University Press (Virtual Publishing)''.'''
::"Cebus subordinate adult males [(Capuchin monkeys comprise a subfamily, Cebinae)] , compared to alpha males, carry and play with infants more frequently, and they direct these behaviors toward male infants much more than toward female infants (Perry, 2012). Because subordinate males are unlikely to be these infants’ fathers (see below), these relationships are not a form of paternal investment but may function as a means of long-term recruitment of allies for male–male competition (Perry, 2012)."
::"Nonconceptive sexual behavior includes copulations by noncycling (i.e., pregnant or lactating) females, sexual behavior in which one or both partners are juveniles, nonconceptive sexual postures (e.g., females mounting males), and same-sex sexual interactions between adults. All four of these phenomena have been observed in capuchins (Fragaszy et al., 2004). Male-male pseudo-copulations in C. capucinus are particularly noteworthy (Manson et al., 1997). [...] As a conspicuous form of intimate contact, these interactions might function to build or test trust (Smuts & Watanabe, 1990; Zahavi, 1977) or to display social bonds to third parties (Wrangham, 1993)."

* '''Jackson R. Ham et al. (2022) [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0376635722001127 The emergence and early development of socio-sexual behavior in beluga calves (Delphinapterus leucas)], ''Behavioural Processes, Volume 200'', doi: 10.1016/j.beproc.2022.104695'''
::"Highlights: • Juvenile socio-sexual behaviors were more frequent when adult males were present. • The sexual repertoire of immature males, but not females, changes with age. • Immature belugas prefer to interact with older belugas. • Social partner preferences change with age."
::"The emergence of socio-sexual behaviors was relatively consistent among immature animals. [...] The presence of an adult male significantly predicted if immature belugas would initiate and participate in socio-sexual behavior. However, partner preferences changed with age. In the first year of life, belugas engaged in sexual behavior with their mother most frequently but preferred to play with older males if given a choice. By the third year of life, belugas engaged in socio-sexual behavior most frequently with other immature animals."

*'''Sommer, V., & Vasey, P. L. (Eds.). (2006). [https://books.google.com/books/about/Homosexual_Behaviour_in_Animals.html?id=KXM3F59y1jkC Homosexual behaviour in animals: An evolutionary perspective]. ''Cambridge University Press.''''' (no e-book, only preview on google books is available)

:: “[An] adolescent [gibbon] was observed soliciting sexual contact with the adult male in his family group. As Edwards and Todd (1991) suggest, the youth may have needed ‘reassurance’ that he was still welcome in the family.” (''see'' Edwards, A.-M. A. R., and Todd, J. D. (1991). Homosexual behavior in wild white-handed gibbons (Hylobates lar). Primates 32: 231–236. DOI: 10.1007/BF02381180)

::“Genital stimulation occurs in context of play in all of the African great apes (Tutin, 1979; Tutin and McGinnis, 1981; Harcourt et al., 1981; Nadler, 1986; Enomoto, 1990; Kano, 1992; Hashimoto, 1997). Frequent genital stimulation behaviour may be a common feature of the African great apes in the early stage of development. During the first year of life, male infant chimpanzees show an interest in the sexual swellings of adult females, and successfully achieve intromission before reaching two years old (Tutin and McGinnis, 1981). Male infant bonobos begin to show sexual behaviour at less than one year of age and have been observed trying to copulate with their mothers (Kano, 1992). Immature gorillas started to show genital stimulation behaviour during the period of infancy (Nadler, 1986; this study).”

:: “Homosexual activity, particularly during immature play, could facilitate social and motor development. Indeed, among macaques, adequate opportunity to engage in mounting when young is necessary for competent performance of heterosexual copulation in adulthood, and the actual sex of mounting partners is irrelevant (Goy and Wallen, 1979).

::Immature langurs, as young as three months, frequently engage in mounting, with both immature and mature partners of either sex. The combination juvenile female–juvenile female and juvenile male–juvenile male is the most frequent (Srivastava et al., 1991).”

::gorillas:
::“[...] even adult male gorillas occasionally exhibit interest in genital stimulation with immatures, and solicit them in the absence of females. Since the genital stimulation behaviour of gorillas has no socio-sexual functions, adult males show such behaviour in a purely sexual context. Frequent courtship and chest-beating displays by the two silverbacks around the young partners and intensive fights between them observed in the all-male group show that homosexual behaviour did not have tension-reduction role but, instead, resulted in increased competition between silverbacks over same-sex partners.

::It is likely that the homosexual behaviour of immature gorillas is a developmental by-product, which may increase the potential of adult males to engage in homosexual behaviour in the context of skewed sex ratios. [...] The formation of all-male groups and homosexual behaviour may possibly contribute to the survival of younger males for future reproduction."

::“…silverbacks may erupt if same-sex partners do not target a single silverback with solicitations to mount them. In such instances, silverbacks may be uncertain as to who has priority of access to a particular same-sex partner. This appeared to be the case for Pt and Ht, both sub-adults, who did not solicit either silverback. The silverbacks subsequently engaged in severe competition for access to these sub-adult male sexual partners. In contrast, when Ts, another sub-adult, and Si, a blackback, showed solicitation to one of the silverbacks, competition for these sexual partners did not erupt. Neither silverback showed intensive courtship to another silverback’s partner. There appeared to be a kind of respect for ‘ownership’ of other’s same-sex partners, as observed in heterosexual copulation (Harcourt, 1978, 1981; Watts, 1996). These observations suggest that homosexual interactions involving silverbacks may be purely sexual in character, because they parallel heterosexual interactions."

::"Another difference in homosexual interactions between silverbacks and immatures was the fixed role in mounting for the former. The two silverbacks always mounted the younger individuals, while both blackbacks and sub-adults took the roles of both mounter and mountee."

:: ''note'': Silverback: a fully mature adult male gorilla often dominant in the group. Blackback: a younger, not yet fully mature male gorilla; typically an adolescent or young adult stage.)

*'''Bixler, R. H. (1992). "Do we/should we behave like animals?" In: W. T. O’Donohue & J. H. Geer (Eds.), The sexual abuse of children: Volume I—Theory and research (pp. 81–107). ''Routledge''. doi: 10.4324/9781315799698-7'''
::drosophila
::"Adult males of many drosophila species court the immature and essentially in the same manner in which they court females (McRobert & Tompkins, 1983). Young males, as well as immature females, excite their adult counterparts with both visual and pheromonal stimuli (Gailey, Hall, & Siegel, 1985; Gailey, Jackson, & Siegel, 1985; Siegel, Hall, Gailey, & Kyriacou, 1984; Tompkins, 1984; Zawistowski & Richmond, 1985). Within hours after they have emerged from their pupal cases (eclosed) males begin to lose their homosexual appeal because they start to synthesize a courtship-inhibiting pheromone. Their attractiveness to adult males declines sharply, but does not evaporate entirely, as the courtship-stimulating pheromone that misled adult males is produced in steadily diminishing quantities. [...] Finally, the courted immature males when placed later with mature females mate significantly faster (p 0.001) than do inexperienced males (McRobert & Tompkins, 1988). [...] The same males that court immature conspecifics also court and copulate with mature females. [...] it is likely that it has committed a recognition error (Aiken, 1981; Colgan, 1983; Tompkins, 1989). However, the immature male clearly benefited from its being mistaken for a female and courted."

::rats
::"Moore and Morelli (1979) found that rat mothers spend more time licking the anogenital region of male pups than that of their sisters. The role of genital stimulation in developing efficient excretory habits is well established; perhaps the differential treatment of the sexes is explicable solely by the greater complexity of male excretory morphology. It is also possible that this difference in treatment affects the eventual sexual behavior of the male or even of its mother."

::mammals in general
::"There also is a common pattern of adult-young sex “play” among mammals in normal settings, much of which is initiated by the immature males and some by females (Byers, 1984; Geist, 1971; Grubb, 1974; Hoffman, 1985; Lent, 1979; Schaller & Mirza, 1974; de Waal, 1990; also see Klemm, Sherry, Schake, & Sis, 1983/1984; Tennessen, Price, & Berg, 1985, for homosexual abuse of young by peers and Lott, 1983/1984, for evidence that homosexual mounting and anal penetration occurs in the wild). Parallels to this mammalian pattern are not found in species that do not play, such as ectotherms, most birds, and some mammals (Smith, Pt. 1, 1984; Wilson, 1975)."

::primates in general
::"Immature primates are confronted by and, even more frequently, seek participation in sexual behavior with adults. The young watch adults or harass them when they copulate and do so with obvious interest (Colvin, 1985; Goodall, 1986; Hrdy, 1977; Thierry, 1986; Tutin, 1979; de Waal, 1982). They explore adult genitalia and experience manipulation of their own (Chevalier-Skolnikoff, 1976; Estrada, Estrada, & Ervin, 1977; Goodall, 1968; Nadler, 1985; Schaller, 1963; Thierry, 1986; de Waal, 1982, 1990); they court and are courted (Cheney, 1978; Hayaki, 1985; Hrdy, 1977; Kummer, 1968). Immature males mount and may copulate with their mothers (Bixler, 1981b; Harlow, Joslyn, Senko, & Dopp, 1966; Missakian, 1973; Sugiyama & Koman, 1979); with other mature females (Cheney, 1978; Chevalier-Skolnikoff, 1976; Colvin, 1985; Estrada, Estrada, & Ervin, 1977; Fossey, 1979; Goodall, 1968, 1986; Harcourt, Fossey, Stewart, & Watts, 1980; Hayaki, 1985; Kummer, 1968; Kummer & Kurt, 1963; Sugiyama & Koman, 1979; Takasaki, 1985; Tardif, 1983; Thierry, 1986), and adult males (Chevalier-Skolnikoff, 1974, 1976; Dunbar, 1984). Immature females are less likely to be involved in copulatory-like behavior with adults but it is by no means rare (Abegglen, 1986; Chevalier-Skolnikoff, 1976; Dunbar, 1984; Kummer & Kurt, 1963; Nadler, 1985; Tardif, 1983; de Waal, 1990)."

==Excerpt Graphic Library==

The EGL on '''Broader Perspectives''' has some relevant information. Just right click/save and reproduce by uploading in short-form media to bypass character limits.

{{Template:EGLBP}}

==External links==

*[https://www.greek-love.com/index.php/general-history/pederasty-amongst-primates/pederasty-japanese-macaques-minoo-leca-gunst-vasey-2014 Male Homosexual Behavior in a Free-Ranging All-Male Group of Japanese Macaques at Minoo, Japan] - Jean-Baptiste Leca et al.
*[https://www.greek-love.com/index.php/general-history/pederasty-amongst-primates/pederasty-mountain-gorillas-yamagiwa Intra- and inter-group interactions of an all-male group of virunga mountain gorillas] - Juichi Yamagiwa.

==References==

[[Category:Official Encyclopedia]][[Category:Research: Broader Perspectives]]

Research: Intergenerational Relationships in History

2026-07-28T20:00:04Z

Thorn: /* Native America, 1930s and prior */

{{research}}
There have existed a wide range of western and non-western societies that have tolerated or encouraged intergenerational sexuality. More recent examples are generally ''subcultures'' which run counter to modern sexual morality.
__NOTOC__
==Antiquity==

Much has been written about the '''Ancient Greeks''' and their age-structured pederastic relationship ideals, yet there are many other past civilizations that loved boys.

*[https://greek-love.com/ Greek Love: Pederasty throughout the ages], gives a historical context on Ancient Greece and many other cultures
*[https://www.boywiki.org/en/Historical_boylove_relationships Historical BL Relationships] - BoyWiki - Historical BL Relationships
:*[https://www.boywiki.org/en/Historical_boylove_relationships_in_ancient_Rome Rome]
:*[https://www.boywiki.org/en/Historical_boylove_relationships_in_Japan Japan]
*[https://list.fandom.com/wiki/Pederastic_relationships_in_classical_antiquity Pederastic relationships in classical antiquity] - Fandom
*[[Pederasty in Islam]]

===Ancient Greece===

*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece Wikipedia]
*[https://www.boywiki.org/en/Historical_boylove_relationships_in_ancient_Greece BoyWiki]
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20100309132321/http://www.truthtree.com/pederasty.shtml Truthtree]

To certain parts of Greek society, relationships between men and adolescent boys were not only acceptable, but a desirable form of mentorship and (military) training towards the masculine ideal. As accounts reveal, rules and regulations within this model were particularly strict - arguably more so than in modern societies that condemn pederasty as pathological.

Many Greek men waited until they were about 30 years of age to marry. When they did marry, their partner would often be a girl of 12 or 14.<ref name="bullough">[[Vern Bullough|Bullough, Vern L.]] (2004). "Children and adolescents as sexual beings: a historical overview," ''Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America'', 13(3), 447-459.</ref>

It is certain that pederasty was already widespread in Greek culture in the early Archaic Age (600-800 BC). It had strong institutional character in Crete and Sparta and educational connotations in Athens, and seemingly was derived from earlier initiatory practices in history. It should not be confused with modern adult-adult homosexuality, since the relationships were structured by age and social asymmetry, and the younger participants were expected to marry later. Regarding sexual aspect, the younger participant occupied the passive role. On earlier black-figure vases, the scenes are much more explicit with the predominance of anal intercourse. On later red-figure vases, couples are often represented in an intercrural position, with contact between the thighs rather than a depicted anal act, but anal intercourse still appears to be implicitly assumed. Males generally quitted playing the passive role when their beards appeared.<ref name="bremmer2021"> Jan N. Bremmer (2021) [https://www.amazon.com/Becoming-Man-Ancient-Greece-Rome/dp/3161590082 Becoming a Man in Ancient Greece and Rome. Essays on Myths and Rituals of Initiation.] (available via [[Help:Research_Resources#Information_Freedom_Companions|OPTION 2]])</ref>

<blockquote>
[Pederasty] Had mentoring function (prepared elite boys for adult roles as warriors, citizens). Boyish beauty repeatedly valorized in the arts (e.g., love poetry, pottery); body hair (face, legs) ended boys’ attractiveness; bisexual interests (women, boys) widespread; attraction to other adult men scorned. Notables with pederastic interests: poets (e.g., Alcaeus, Ibycus, Anacreon, Theognis, Pindar); playwrights (e.g., Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides); political leaders (e.g., Solon, Demosthenes, Agesilaus, Philip, Alexander); philosophers (e.g., Socrates, Plato, Zeno, Chrysippus). Eroded with rise of Christianity. Sources: Crompton (2003); Hubbard (2003); Lear (2004); Lear & Cantarella (2008) <ref name="Rind2013"> [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Rind, B. (2013). Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Thomas K Hubbard, Beert Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research: The Debate over Male Intergenerational Relations]]. (pp. 1-90) ''New York: Routledge.'' doi:10.4324/9781315432458</ref>
</blockquote>

In the late Archaic period the male intergenerational institution was no longer dominated by mature adult men initiating adolescents into the adult male world. Younger men increasingly replaced older, adolescents were replaced by younger boys. At the same time, their courtship was represented less directly and more cautiously.<ref name="bremmer2021"/>

Historians including [[Jan Bremmer|Jan N. Bremmer]],<ref name="bremmer2021"/><ref>Jan N. Bremmer (1989) [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315770055-2/greek-pederasty-modern-homosexuality-jan-bremmer Greek Pederasty and Modern Homosexuality]. in: Jan N. Bremmer (ed.) (1989) From Sappho to De Sade: Moments in the History of Sexuality. (available via [[Help:Research_Resources#Information_Freedom_Companions|OPTION 2]])</ref><ref name= "bremmer1980">Bremmer, J. (1980). An enigmatic Indo-European rite: Paederasty. ''Arethusa'', 13(2), 279–298.</ref> Christian Laes,<ref>[https://www.christianlaes.be/ Christian Laes - Personal site]</ref><ref>[https://journals.univie.ac.at/index.php/oezg/article/view/3327 Laes, C. (2017). When Classicists Need to Speak Up: Antiquity and Present Day Pedophilia – Pederasty. ''Österreichische Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaften'', 28(3), 49–70].</ref><ref>Christian Laes, ''Children in the Roman Empire: Outsiders Within'' (Cambridge University Press, 2011).</ref><ref>; Christian Laes and Johan Strubbe, ''Youth in the Roman Empire: The Young and the Restless Years?'' (Cambridge University Press, 2014)</ref><ref>Christian Laes, 'Children and Sexuality: Roman World', in: Julia M. O'Brian (ed.), ''Oxford Encyclopedia of the Bible and Gender Studies'' (Oxford University Press, 2014), 38–42.</ref> [[wikipedia:Andrew Lear|Andrew Lear]],<ref>[https://library.lol/main/53872FCED674EC41DFC6B26B198D1F7F Eva Cantarella and Andrew Lear, ''Images of Pederasty: Boys Were Their God'' (Routledge, 2008)].</ref><ref>Andrew Lear, 'Was Pederasty Problematized? A Diachronic View', in: Mark Masterson/Nancy Sorkin Rabinowitz/James Robson (eds.), ''Sex in Antiquity: Exploring Gender and Sexuality in the Ancient World'' (London/New York, 2015), pp. 115–136.</ref><ref>[https://library.lol/main/35E193AC1C1DADA75905ADD4DE8E0098 Andrew Lear, ''Noble Eros: the idealization of pederasty from the Greek dark ages to the Athens of Socrates'' (2004, PhD Thesis)].</ref> [[Thomas Hubbard]], [[Beert Verstraete|Beert C. Verstraete]],<ref>[https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2009/2009.09.61/ Beert Verstraete, Review of 'The Greeks and Greek Love: A Radical Reappraisal of Homosexuality in Ancient Greece', ''Bryn Mawr Classical Review'', 3. Nov. 2009].</ref> and [[William Percy]], have conducted extensive research on Greek Pederasty and the life of children / young people in Greco-Roman society.

Also in ancient Sparta it was customary for adult noble women to have intercourse with beloved girls before their marriage. It may be considered proven that male paederasty in Sparta had a Lesbian counterpart in female initiation.<ref name= "bremmer1980"/> In the case of Sappho [Lesbos, 700 – 600 BCE] the same ritual background is visible with some evidence of erotic relationships between women and girls. Their relationships also expected to be nonexclusive, i.e. adult women had husbands and girls married men as they grew older.<ref> André Lardinois (1989) [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315770055-3/lesbian-sappho-sappho-lesbos-andr%C3%A9-lardinois Lesbian Sappho and Sappho of Lesbos ]. in: Jan N. Bremmer (ed.) (1989) From Sappho to De Sade: Moments in the History of Sexuality. (available via [[Help:Research_Resources#Information_Freedom_Companions|OPTION 2]])</ref>

=== Goths ===
<blockquote>
The historian Ammianus Marcellinus (31.9.5) [4th century CE] relates that among the Taifali, a tribe connected with the Goths, the boys lived in a state of pederasty until they had killed a boar or a bear.<ref name="bremmer2021"/>
</blockquote>

=== Romans ===
<blockquote>
Valerius Maximus presents a number of stories, the earliest going back to the fourth century [BCE], demonstrating that the practice was known to the Romans too, albeit disapproved of till the end of the Republic. By that time, paederastic friendships were frequently adopted in higher circles and even the moralistic Augustus had had his friend in his younger years. About the Empire we need not go into detail. Any reader of Juvenal, Martial and Petronius can find examples galore. [...] It is important to observe that the Romans explicitly forbid paederasty with free boys but not with slavess in the so-called lex Scantinia, a law dating probably from before Cicero's time [1st century BCE].<ref name= "bremmer1980"/>
</blockquote>

<blockquote>
Boyish beauty thematic in love poetry; attractions were to smooth, hairless bodies regardless of gender (for boys, from puberty to start of beard); exclusive attraction to one gender seen as eccentric; relations with other adult men seen as disgraceful. Notables with pederastic interests included: poets Catullus, Horace, Juvenal, Martial, Tibullus, and Virgil, and emperors Trajan and Hadrian. Tradition eroded with consolidation of Christian sexual morality. Sources: Cantarella (1992); Crompton (2003); Lambert (1984); Williams (1999)<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

=== Celts ===
<blockquote>Regarding the Celts, there is general agreement in our sources that they practiced paederasty. Athenaeus [II–III CE] even tells us that they often slept with two boys at the same time, but this looks as if it is a typical Greek dream-wish. This is the only detailed report we have that goes beyond the pure mention of the practice [...]<ref name= "bremmer1980"/></blockquote>

=== Persians ===
See in detail in [[Pederasty_in_Islam#Persia|Pederasty in Islam]]
<blockquote>It seems reasonable then to accept the occurrence of paederasty among the Persians - although it was forbidden - but our sources do not connect the practice with initiation or men's societies<ref name= "bremmer1980"/></blockquote>

==1st century BCE to 20th Century China==
<blockquote>
''Multiple forms of male homosexuality (especially pederasty) occurred across 2 millennia of dynasties [Ages of Boys Involved 10–18 <ref name="Rind2013" />] ; cut sleeve became term for homosexual love (ca. 0 CE) when emperor cut his sleeve rather than waking up his boy favorite, who was on it; poetry after 220 CE often discussed beauty, charms of boys; marriage to boys was a common Fujian practice (ca. 1000 CE); key seventeeth century author (Li Yu) wrote a book illustrating popular interest in pederasty; Western visitors in nineteenth century expressed shock at prominent Chinese men openly courting boys (aged about 14-15); tradition ended in later nineteenth century with embarrassment at Western repugnance and efforts to modernize.'' Sources: Crompton (2003); Hinsch (1990); Leupp (1995) <ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

An act similar to the "[[Age of Consent]]" was seen in ancient China. The punishment was quite severe, exile for misdemeanors, and hanged or beheaded for serious crimes.
In the Song Dynasty, the legal clause that "intercourse with young women is regarded as rape" began to appear.<ref>[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%85%92%E7%AB%A5%E6%80%A7%E8%99%90%E5%BE%85?oldformat=true#%E5%8F%A4%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B Chinese Wikipedia]</ref>

One historical study <ref>[http://library.lol/main/B05B07B0134835C2F53D030224C75608 Hinsch, Bret. (1990). ''Passions of the Cut Sleeve: The Male Homosexual Tradition in China'' (Berkeley: University of California Press).]</ref> of male same-sex love in China from the Zhou dynasty (start date of 1045/6 BC) to the Qing dynasty in the early twentieth century, dated as starting around 249 BC. Quoting a 1993 review thereof<ref>[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224499309551712 Review of 'Passions of the Cut Sleeve'']</ref>:

<blockquote>
''"Hinsch found that, before 1900, the dominant social construction for males in China was bisexual. Most Chinese men did not see themselves as being divided into strict categories of "homosexuals" and "heterosexuals" but evidenced a relaxed erotic attraction to both sexes. Wealthy married men or unmarried scholars often had a boy (ranging in age from as young as 9 to as old as 25 years) as a concubine, or they patronized boy prostitutes. Chinese philosophers wrote that it was better for a boy to sell his body, as a favorite or a prostitute, than to languish in poverty. Prostitution/concubinage represented one of the few opportunities for lower class boys to raise their economic status and to support their parents comfortably. If a boy became a beloved of a wealthy older man, he was some times offered material wealth or political office when he matured. His patron/lover might even arrange a heterosexual marriage for him and serve as best man at his wedding. Individuals who enjoyed male-male sex were not seen as distinct personality types but merely partook of certain "passions." These passions were termed "passions of the cut sleeve," after the devotion shown by Emperor Ai (ruler 6 B.C.E.-l C.E.), who cut the sleeve off his shirt rather than disturb the sleep of his beloved boy lover Dong Xian."''
</blockquote>

===600BC-1860===

From a [[Text of Pedo history: China|summary of historical research]], [[Edward Brongersma]] identified sadomasochistic trends and a dominant model of concubinage in pre-communist China. Some men were also invested in the boy achieving pleasure, and climax.

=== Until the first half of the last century ===
From the article of Emil M.L.Ng:<ref>Emil M.L.Ng (December 2002) [http://www.sexarchive.info/BIB/pedochin.htm Pedophilia from the Chinese Perspective] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20250129135819/http://www.sexarchive.info/BIB/pedochin.htm web.archive]); Probably from the book 'Pedophilia: Concepts and Controversy, Special Section of Archives of Sexual Behavior' by Kenneth J. Zucker (ed); Vol. 31, No. 6, pp. 465-510</ref>
<blockquote>
''Depictions of “child-romance” in ancient or modern Chinese literature are not difficult to find. They include passages on joyous heterosexual or homosexual activities by children as young as 12 to13 years old with one another or with adults. [...] Until the first half of the last century, there was still the practice of the “child bridegroom” in, but not restricted to, the Hubei region of China (Lou 1970). A male child of any age, even before birth, could by parental arrangement take an adult woman as a wife. The purpose could be to consolidate family status and relationship, or simply to have someone to help taking care of the child. After marriage, the couple slept in one bed like all other husbands and wives. No one would pay attention to what type of sexual relationship they might have and when. In the normal course of events, they would begin with those sex plays they were capable of and wanted, until one day, when the child was old enough to desire and do it, they had coitus. After the boy grew still older, he usually took a second wife closer to his age, but he would continue to keep, love and respect the first wife.''
</blockquote>

==11th-19th Century Japan==
<blockquote>
''From eleventh to nineteenth centuries, bisexuality (women, boys) was pervasive; over time pederasty appeared in three contexts (monastic, samurai, kabuki theater), the first two as mentorships with boys of ranking families, the last as prostitution; among samurai, it fostered loyalty and sacrifice in youths training to be warriors; shoguns and warlords from twelfth to eighteenth centuries involved in pederasty reads like a Who’s Who of military- political history; key seventeenth century author (Saikaku) illustrated its pervasive presence; another described typical ages of interest (10–13 = “blossoming flower;” 14–17 = “flourishing flower;” 18–21 = “falling flower”); tradition ended in late nineteenth century in response to Western abhorrence and efforts to modernize.'' Sources: Crompton (2003); Leupp (1995); Watanabe & Iwata (1989)<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

In medieval [[Pederasty in Japanese culture|Japan]] (14th–16th centuries), it was customary for elite families to entrust their young sons to the care of renowned Buddhist priests from whom they received a premier education in Buddhist scriptures, poetry, music, and dance. When the boys reached adolescence, some underwent coming-of-age rites, others entered the priesthood, and several extended their education, becoming chigo, or Buddhist acolytes. Chigo served their masters as personal attendants and as sexual partners. During religious ceremonies—adorned in colorful robes, their faces made up and hair styled in long ponytails—they entertained local donors and pilgrims with music and dance.<ref>[https://wapercyfoundation.org/?p=1133 See the original and the William Percy Foundation's review of: Tales of Idolized Boys: Male-Male Love in Medieval Japanese Buddhist Narratives, by Sachi Schmidt-Hori]</ref>

''Nanshoku'' is the Japanese word for eroticism between adolescent and adult males during this time period and after, and such relationships are well-documented amongst the samurai and in literature. For example, Ihara Saikaku's collection of stories ''Nanshoku ōkagami: honchō waka fūzoku'' (The Great Mirror of Male Love: the Custom of Boy Love in Our Land). Nanshoku was depicted in erotica known as ''shunga'' (spring pictures). Kitagawa Utamaro produced shunga artwork, and although the government took relaxed attitude toward regulating visual art, one image earned Utamaro 50 days in manacles. ''Machiba Hisayoshi'' (c.1803-4) is a colored woodblock print of the ruler Hideyoshi leaning toward a pageboy, caressing the youth's wrist, with Utamaro being punished not because of the late shōgun's conduct but because representations of high nobility were forbidden. One of Japanese literature's great lovers was Ariwara no Narihira, protagonist of the classic ''Ise monogatari''. As a boy he was the subject of what became a well-known love poem, 'Iwatsutsuji' (Azaleas on the Cliffs), written by an unknown priest in the 9th century. Seven hundred and fifty years later, the shōgunate's poetry tutor, Kitamura Kigin, compiled an anthology intended to show this long tradition of idealized relations between male youths and men, naming it after the poem.<ref>[https://www.ipce.info/library_3/files/nanshoku_en.htm Nanshoku, Male-Male Eroticism in Japan. Koinos Magazine #40 (2003/4) and #41 (2004/1).]</ref>

Other scholarly sources for this time period include.<ref>Gary Leupp. ''Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan''. Gregory Pflugfelder. ''Cartographies of Desire: Male-Male Sexuality in Japanese Discourse, 1600-1950''.</ref> Another notable book is ''The Love of the Samurai: A Thousand Years of Japanese Homosexuality'' (1989), which details the institutionalized boy-love/pederasty of the Japanese samurai.<ref>''The Love of the Samurai: A Thousand Years of Japanese Homosexuality''. By Tsuneo Watanabe and Jun'ichi Iwata. Translated by D. R. Roberts.
Gay Men's Press, London, 1989.</ref> As one scholar summarized:

<blockquote>
''Each samurai took a pubescent boy as a page and assistant, and many of these wakashu youths became the lovers of their adult samurai sponsors. Since the samurai trained his wakashu to become a samurai (by about age 23), this homosexual relationship also fulfilled an educative function similar to the teacher-student Buddhist tradition.''

''Under the shoguns a new art form emerged which celebrated male beauty. In 1374 an eleven year old boy dancer ''[Zeami Motokiyo]''<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeami_Motokiyo Wiki page for Motokiyo]</ref> became the lover of the shogun, and under the shogun’s loving patronage he became a genius playwright and founder of the No theater for the shogun’s court.''<ref>[https://doi.org/10.3149/jms.0101.71 Walter L. Williams, 'From Samurai to Capitalist: Male Love, Men’s Roles, and the Rise Of Homophobia in Japan', ''Men's Studies'', Vol. 1, Issue 1 (1992), p. 73.]</ref>
</blockquote>

== 6th-17th Century Korea ==
<blockquote>
''Pederasty at times common in the imperial realm. By sixth century CE, imperial court had hwarang (“flower boys”), a corps of young warriors made up of aristocratic youth chosen for beauty, education, and martial prowess. Various kings through the fourteenth century known to have had pederastic relations at the court. Monastic pederasty was widespread. Popularity of “beautiful boys” in seventeenth century entertainment indicates pederasty was common among the gentry. It was especially common among provincial gentlemen, some of whom kept boy-wives, a practice openly acknowledged in their villages.'' Source: Leupp (1995)<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

==Renaissance Italy (15th Century) ==
Florence was famed for its widespread homosexual culture, which manifested as a normative pederasty involving boys between the ages of thirteen and eighteen in relationship with adult men.<ref>At the margins: minority groups in premodern Italy By Stephen J. Milner; p62</ref> This reputation was so much that in 1432 the city established "Gli Ufficiali di Notte" (The Officers of the Night) to root out the practice of sodomy. From that year until 1502, the number of men charged with sodomy numbered greater than 17,000, of which 3,000 were convicted. However this number also includes heterosexual sodomy. This also gave rise to a number of proverbs illuminating the views of the common people towards the practice. Among them are ''If you crave joys, tumble some boys.'' <ref>Florentine proverb, ca. [[1480]]. After [[Sabadino degli Arienti]] in ''Le Porretane.''Michael Rocke, ''Forbidden friendships: Homosexuality and Male Culture in Renaissance Florence,'' Oxford, 1996; p.87</ref> This reputation is also reflected in the fact that the Germans adopted the word ''Florenzer'', when they were talking about a pederast.<ref>Rocke, Michael, (1996), ''[https://libgen.is/search.php?req=Forbidden+Friendships%3A+Homosexuality+and+male+Culture+in+Renaissance+Florence&lg_topic=libgen&open=0&view=simple&res=25&phrase=1&column=def Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and male Culture in Renaissance Florence]'', ISBN 978-0195122923</ref><ref>Ruggiero, Guido, (1985), ''The Boundaries of Eros'', ISBN 978-0195056969</ref> The Neapolitans on the other hand when speaking of pederasty, called it ''Il vizio inglese,'' "the English vice".<ref>[[Sir Richard Burton|R. F. Burton]], ''Terminal Essay''</ref>

From John A. Garrity's research:<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200807005522/http://williamapercy.com/wiki/index.php?title=Jack_Garridy Sexuality in the Lives of Florentine Renaissance Artists] by John A. Garrity (Jack Garridy) (in pdfs archived from Percy Wiki)</ref>

<blockquote>
''"Rocke concludes that up to two-thirds of all sexually active males in Florence were at least rumored to be involved in sodomitical activity. ''[...]'' Sodomy was so much the norm in Renaissance Florence that Rocke finds no “subculture” ''[...]'' the norm should be characterized as bisexual activity, a two or three on Kinsey scale. By the age of sixteen, a typical male was taking the passive role in sodomy with an older partner ''[...]'' Citizens accepted passivity as a normal part of adolescence to such an extent that eventually it was not even prosecuted. ''[...]'' The oldest active partners recorded were in their seventies. The youngest passives were eight years old. ''[...]'' By age thirty most men gave up their passion for youths and married women. ''[...]'' Overall, Rocke’s finds are surprisingly similar to the ancient Greeks ''[...]'' These male relationships were often mutual and romantic."''<ref>See Michael Rocke, [https://annas-archive.org/md5/ac0dab2ba53be8a3a5b6d8967749d7b7 ''Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and Male Culture in Renaissance Florence''] (Oxford University Press, 1998).</ref>
</blockquote>

From the article by Isabella Paduano:<ref>[https://www.theflorentine.net/2022/10/24/queer-history-florence/ The queer history of Florence] by Isabella Paduano (2022)</ref>

<blockquote>"[F]''or the people of Renaissance Florence, a man’s sexuality could be quite fluid, as long as it didn’t threaten his masculinity. This is why a practice now known as pederasty prevailed, where “mature” men (those over 20) would have sex with adolescent boys. Today, this age imbalance seems unacceptable, but at the time it was the norm, with any deviation threatening a man’s masculinity. This was an ancient tradition, dating back to the Greeks and Romans.''[...]'' The papers show that an outright majority of men in the city were incriminated for sodomy at least once: 17,000 men out of the city’s total population of 40,000 people."''
</blockquote>

Summary from Rind (2013)<ref name="Rind2013" />:
<blockquote>
The majority of younger men and adolescent boys in all classes (working to elite) in Florence and other Tuscan cities were involved. This practice represented an unbroken continuance of the ancient Roman practice. Despite severe penalties (e.g., torture, death) based on belief in God’s retribution, cases were often treated leniently (e.g., fines) through much of the Renaissance, a pragmatic response to its pervasiveness. Notables with pederastic interests: Donatello, Verrocchio, da Vinci, Botticelli, Pontormo, Bronzino, Cellini, and Caravaggio. The tradition was eroded through stepped-up religiously based anti-sodomy campaigns, especially Savonarola’s in the 1490s, along with harsher penalties with more determined enforcement. The tradition was also entrenched in other areas such as Venice. Sources: Crompton (2003); Moulton (2003); Rocke (1996); Ruggiero (1985); Saslow (1986, 1989)
</blockquote>
==15th-17th Century Europe==

[[Helmut Kentler]] observes:<ref>[https://www.boychat.org/messages/1634288.htm CHILDREN’S SEXUALITY, by Helmut Kentler], in the German edition of the book [[Show Me!]]. [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1DD05vy-WuM_-BH5tfbSswOXEQQt5OnYS37zhAtyx0x0/edit?tab=t.0#heading=h.r733n6h5ens]</ref>

<blockquote>
''Scientific research has, in the last decades, rediscovered and evaluated evidence from numerous sources, showing that in Central Europe through the 17th century a pro-sexual attitude prevailed that today – despite a liberalizing trend – would be seen as alien and dangerous and its revival prevented at all costs. J. van Ussel, one of the best authorities on pro-sexual manners and customs of that time, gives the following sketch:''

:''It was generally accepted that the satisfaction of the sex drive was necessary for good health. In some cities, brothels were set up by the authorities. Physicality was practiced in a way that we have forgotten today. People commonly touch, caress, hug and kiss; nurses and parents masturbate young children, to calm them. Older people have contact with young people that we would today call sexual. This self-satisfaction begins to be fought only at the start of the 18th Century by doctors and later by many clergy. Premarital and extramarital sexual relations are mainstreamed. Insufficient contraception (birth control) is condemned by the churches. The rulers and the aristocracy practice promiscuity, which is hardly ever criticized. Students and soldiers do what they please. The clergy are not exactly celibate. At home folks sleep naked, the whole family and the employees together in one room. Even in the bath house you’re naked. On ceremonial occasions the prettiest girls in the city are naked on display. A rich vocabulary for the sexual is available. The young people do not need sex education because they see the world of adults, experiencing and learning what they need to know.”''

''As a matter of course young children already knew sexual facts; this appears most clearly from a collection of dialogues, written in Latin by Erasmus of Rotterdam and published in 1522, dedicated to his then six-year-old godson. The title indicates the intention of the book: “Dialogues, not only put together to refine the Latin of the children, but above all for the purpose of education for life.”''
</blockquote>

==18th Century England==
Girls as young as 12 were highly-valued for their attractiveness as prostitutes in England during the 18th century. Young, pubescent boys were also popular. The [[Age of Consent]] was not raised from 10 until the 19th century.<ref name="bullough" />

==16th-19th Century Russia==
There is a lot of evidence of quite tolerant attitude toward boylove in some periods of the past in Russia:
<blockquote>
According to the Englishman Perry, who served in Russia under Peter I for several years, "the dreadful sin of sodomy is hardly considered a crime in this country; when drunk, they are very inclined to it." [...] It is likely that sodomy, which became widespread in Russian society during the 16th and 17th centuries, was borrowed by Russians from the Muslim East, particularly from Persia and Turkey. [Despite the fact that], as a precaution against this vice, a moral code for monks, introduced as early as the 14th century, included a provision stating that they should "not befriend young children or teach them from books." In the monastic rule of Joseph Volotsky, it was forbidden to keep "beardless youths" in monasteries. [editor's translation] <ref>[https://libgen.li/ads267edbd1c32fbbe3cd644e38adc1e285RC85NHNN Averkiyev S.S. (2015) Influence of the Tatars on the Life of the Russian People. pp. 175-180]</ref></blockquote>

19th century, the Chuckchee, natives in Northern Siberia - sex with boys was considered normal and in no way kept secret.
<blockquote>Young, handsome boys adorn themselves and flirt openly with their admirers. This is all the more striking because nothing impedes sex with girls and the boys themselves start to have heterosexual intercourse from ten years on.” (Wrangel, quoted by Erman 1871, 164).<ref>[https://brongersma.info/Loving_boys_I 'Loving Boys I'] by [[Edward Brongersma]]; 1986</ref></blockquote>

== 17th Century Caribbean Pirates ==
<blockquote>
Lived in all-male arrangements with mixed ages from young adolescents or younger through older men. Sexual relations between men, especially pirate captains (e.g., Blackbeard), and adolescent boys were common. Sources: Burg (1995); Williams (1992)<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

== Indigenous Americas ==
===Up to 17th Century Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas ===
<blockquote>
Among sixteenth and seventeenth century Mayans, missionaries reported a custom of youth-younger boy marriages. [...] Missionaries reported religious-based pederasty as common among the Aztecs and Incas. Sources: Greenberg (1988); Williams (1992)<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

=== 19th Century Coerunas Indians of Brazil ===
<blockquote>
An apprentice healer would go into the woods for an extended time with an older healer, who would transmit his special powers to the youth through sexual relations and also directly instruct him on the art of curing illnesses. Source: Greenberg (1988) <ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

===Mohave (Native America), 1930s and prior===
George Devreux wrote in 1937:
:''"Casual homosexual relations in childhood were frequent in the past, and according to my informants, seem to be on the increase ''[...]'' Complete nudity and any lack of supervision, especially for boys, who remained naked until they reached puberty, combined with incessant sexual talk on the part of adults, must have furthered the desire for sex experience. ''[...]'' Adults seldom had sexual intercourse with children of their own sex, although betrothal of young girls to old men or seduction of very young boys by adult women was not rare."''<ref>Devereux, George. (1937). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41447338 Institutionalized homosexuality of the Mohave Indians]. ''Human Biology'', 9, pp. 498–527.</ref>

==19th Century Albania==

From Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe - ''Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature'', New York University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-8147-7468-7.<ref>[https://annas-archive.org/search?q=Islamic+Homosexualities Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe - ''Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature'', New York University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-8147-7468-7.]</ref>

<blockquote>
Albanian pederasty was a custom reported by numerous Western travellers in the nineteenth century including Edvard Westermarck, John Cam Hobhouse, who in his travel diary, reports that pederasty was "openly practised," and Johann Georg von Hahn, also known as "the father of Albanian studies." According to such reports it was commonly and socially accepted that young people between the ages of sixteen and twenty-four would woo children aged twelve to seventeen.<ref>[http://www.archiviolgbtq.it/fileadmin/documenti/luglio2006/naecke.pdf], [https://archive.org/details/warmbrothersquee00tobi], [https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pederastia_albanese#CITEREFRobert_Elsie_(2000)], [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_pEKOOuRWu00C]</ref>

In literature, the oldest lover is called ashik (from the Arabic word ishq, "passionate love") and the beloved, dyllber (from the Turkish dilber, "beautiful"). A Gheg Albanian married at the age of 24 or 25, and then usually, but not always, gave up love with boys.

The practice was limited with the advent of communism in 1944.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/nationalhealthsg0000unse]</ref>
</blockquote>

Murray's original quote included more references which could not be found online.

==America (Mid 19th-20th) Century ==

The ''Huffington Post'' wrote about Thomas Lowry's "The Story the Soldiers Wouldn't Tell: Sex in the Civil War":

:''"Chapter 11 of Lowry's book opens the closet door on gender-bending and same-sex trysts. And Lowry reveals that during the Civil War conventional gender roles and sexual behavior could not be strictly tethered to a heterosexual paradigm. With men outnumbering women, especially at social events like balls, "Drummer Boys" -- children as young as 9 and 10 years old -- dressed in drag. And in some occasions, the intimacy between soldiers and Drummer boys reached beyond just a public waltz. For example, Lowry references a ball put on by a Massachusetts regiment stationed in Virginia in 1864 about young drummer boys dressed as women. One man wrote to his wife: "Some of the real women went, but the boy girls were so much better looking that they left. ...We had some little Drummer Boys dressed up and I'll bet you could not tell them from girls if you did not know them. ...Some of ''[the Drummer Boys]'' looked good enough to lay with and I guess some of them did get laid with. ...I know I slept with mine.""''<ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/americas-gay-confederate-_b_851815 HuffPo - American Civil War]</ref>

Pederasty was common among american "Hobos":
<blockquote>
''Between 1880 and 1930, sexual relations between men and adolescent boys were commonplace among transient workers in the Pacific Northwest. Developing industries (e.g., lumber, mining) drew in large numbers of unmarried men and male youths from other parts of the United States to perform backbreaking work. They lived and worked in all-male societies, which fostered intergenerational sex (rather than age-equal sex). Their relations were social, not just sexual—the boys often served domestic functions for the men. In return, they got various benefits (e.g., advice, apprenticing, emotional support, safety, protection). By the 1930s, these all-male societies eroded, owing to mechanization (which reduced brute-strength work) and population expansion (with more women). These changes, along with constant policing activity (the middle class saw pederasty as a threat to their youth and the family), helped to dissolve the tradition.'' Sources: Boag, (2003); Flynt (1927); Williams (1992)<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

==Prewar (and postwar) Siwa, Egypt==

:''"In 1937 the anthropologist Walter Cline wrote the first detailed ethnography of the Siwans in which he noted: "All normal Siwan men and boys practice sodomy...among themselves the natives are not ashamed of this; they talk about it as openly as they talk about love of women, and many if not most of their fights arise from homosexual competition....Prominent men lend their sons to each other. All Siwans know the matings which have taken place among their sheiks and their sheiks' sons....Most of the boys used in sodomy are between twelve and eighteen years of age." After an expedition to Siwa, the archaeologist Count Byron de Prorok reported in 1937 "an enthusiasm [that] could not have been approached even in Sodom... Homosexuality was not merely rampant, it was raging...Every dancer had his boyfriend...[and] chiefs had harems of boys"."''<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siwa_Oasis De Porok, Count Byron (1936). In Quest of Lost Worlds. New York: Dutton. p. 64.]</ref><ref>[https://www.greek-love.com/near-east-north-africa/egypt/siwa-oasis-robin-maugham-pederasty THE OASIS OF SIWA IN 1947-8, BY ROBIN MAUGHAM]</ref><ref>[https://www.greek-love.com/near-east-north-africa/egypt/the-people-of-siwah-by-walter-cline NOTES ON THE PEOPLE OF SIWAH BY WALTER CLINE]</ref>

The socialist Gay/[[Boylove|BL]] activist and independent scholar [[David Thorstad]], wrote of his experience of Siwa for ''Gayme Magazine''.<ref>[http://williamapercy.com/wiki/images/Siwa_today.pdf Siwa Today - David Thorstad]</ref> He wrote:

:''"Probably the most stricking feature of Siwan sexuality is the traditional practice of men lending their sons to other men. Prior to 1928, this was sometimes accompanied by a written aggreement (known as a "marriage contract"), a dowry (much greater than the dowry for a girl), banquets and celebrations. ''[...]'' One investigator earlier in the century claimed that male children were preferred because they cost less to raise than girls, and that the boy was "a very fruitful source of profit for the father, not for the work he does, but because he is hired by his father to another man to be used as a catamite [i.e. a boy who has sex with men]. Sometimes two men exchange their sons. If they are asked about this, they are not ashamed to mention it".''

For this quote, Thorstad cites a source which is now used on Wikipedia's [[Wikipedia:Siwa_Oasis|Siwa page]]: Mahmud Mohammad Abd Allah, (1917).<ref>[https://archive.org/details/harvardafricans01deptgoog Mahmud Mohammad Abd Allah, (1917). Siwan Customs]. In ''Harvard African Studies'', 7, p. 7.</ref>

==Muslim societies of the 8th-19th centuries, and present Afghanistan==
<blockquote>
Pervasive in Muslim societies (North Africa, Western-Central Asia) eighth to nineteenth centuries; pederastic attractions seen just as normal as heterosexual ones; main interest in boys was early to mid-teens, peaking at about 14; appeal vanished with beard (about 16, 17); adult men scorned if passive partners in homosexual relationships; manly behavior was to be active (partner gender did not matter); staggering amount of love poetry shows obsession with boyish beauty, seen as comparable to women’s; poets attracted to boys constitutes a Who’s Who; desire for boys, but not behavior or lust, was permissible under Islam, but behavior was common nevertheless; tradition ended in late nineteenth century, because of Western colonialism, with its abhorrence of the tradition and the local embarrassment this created, along with local assimilation of European concepts and efforts to modernize. Sources: Baldauf (1988); Crompton (2003); Massad (2007); Murray & Roscoe (1998); Patanè (2006); Rahman (1989); Rouayheb (2005); Schild (1988); Wright & Rowson (1997)<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

As detailed in [[Pederasty in Islam]], Afghanistan is one of many Islamic cultures in which pederasty is practised with feminized boys. This derives from the strict gender segregation in Afghan society, and gives rise to the famous saying "women are for children, boys are for pleasure".<ref>[https://fuf.se/magasin/magapril-women-are-for-children-boys-are-for-pleasure/ Women are for children, boys are for pleasure]</ref>

==1960s, 1970s, Baltimore==

During these decades there were notable gay subcultures in America where young boys were allowed to have sexual interactions with men with little fear of ostracism or psychological trauma. Baltimore is one often recalled example of this.

==1960s, 1970s, Hippie Communes==

Inter- and intra-generational sex with minors was accommodated in late 20th century American hippie communes, but for children, sex was a pleasant distraction and not central to their leisure time. Details on these subcultures are covered by researchers such as Berger, Constantine and Johnston, cited in our [[Research: Activating Janssen|review project of Janssen's ''Growing Up Sexually'']].

==1960s, 1970s England==

As is common, when the sources of scandalous allegations are further investigated at a later date, the banality of the situation reveals itself. For example, with reference to Duncroft (Girls School), [[Mark Smith]] and Ros Burnett note "Accounts of the girls’ sexual experience and behaviour indicate a degree of agency in sexual activity, which challenges the current orthodoxy of them as victims of predatory adults. The former residents we spoke to did not regard themselves as victims and any sexual activity they might have entered into was considered to have been [[consent|consensual]] and in some cases initiated by the girls (although none claimed to have any knowledge of Savile being involved sexually with girls at Duncroft)."<ref>[https://sci-hub.se/10.1108/ijssp-03-2017-0029 The origins of the Jimmy Savile scandal]</ref>

Girls' (12-15) relationships with older boys and men were a cause for concern in the 70s, but were in most cases chalked off as cautions when they came to the attention of police. This was because the relationships were seen as normative/traditional or otherwise willingly engaged in by the girls.<ref>[https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-1971(79)80005-6 Mawby, R. I. (1979). Policing the age of consent. Journal of Adolescence, 2(1), 41–49]</ref>

Relationships of peribubertal boys with older boys were common in boarding schools :
<blockquote>
Deeply sentimentalized, erotically based attachments were common in many all-male private boarding schools before 1970s between older (about 17–18) and younger (about 12–13) boys; older teens sought “cute” boys, calling them “talent,” “crushes,” or “tarts;” younger boys competed to be selected (for the many favors, privileges it entailed); older-younger pairs exchanged notes, poetry, and other items of endearment; after graduating, most moved on to heterosexuality. Sources: Chandos (1984); Gathorne-Hardy (1978); Lambert & Lambert (1968); Lewis (1955); Nash (1961) <ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

==1970s, 1980s, Netherlands==

The Netherlands is a fairly recent example of a culture in which intergenerational sexual relationships were partially tolerated during a particularly liberal period of history. For some time, sexual relationships between a child above the age of 12 and an adult would remain legally immune to prosecution for as long as the younger partner, their parents or a welfare entity did not complain. Such authorities were much less inclined to lodge complaints during this period, leading to a markedly non-hysterical climate in which many such relationships succeeded. One writer to document such positive relationships was [[Theo Sandfort]], whose most famous study <ref>[http://www.ipce.info/host/sandfort_87/ Sandfort Study]</ref> remains an outstanding example of this unique period in time.

==1980s, 1990s, Thailand==

Professor Vicharn Vitiyasai of Chang Mai University emphasizes that, 'In Thai society, boys begin to buy women when they are around 13 years old; 50 per cent of 16-year-old boys and 90 per cent of university students go to brothels. Married men also think it natural to entertain business clients and friends by taking them to brothels, and they visit brothels themselves as a part of the joy of travel.'"<ref>Yayori Matsui, Women in the New Asia, 1999</ref>

==1980s, 1990s, Mexico==

In a [[Media:A pueblo homosexuality David Thorstad 1988.pdf|1988 Christopher Street Feature]], [[David Thorstad]] immerses himself in a rural Mexican community and finds that homosexuality is very much part of everyday life for younger men and boys. Sex work is also engaged in, but this is peripheral.

==General==
:''"As mentioned earlier, our Western civilization has not always believed that children should be protected from all sexual contact. In medieval Europe, children were still freely touched, caressed, and fondled by every member of the household. Particularly in rural areas, parents, nurses, or servants were accustomed to masturbating small children to please them or to keep them quiet. (This practice is also found in many non-European societies. In the United States today, it is still alive among the Hopi Indians.)"''<ref>[[Erwin Haeberle|Haeberle, Erwin J.]] (1983). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20120419005050/http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/ATLAS_EN/html/childhood_sex_play.html The Sex Atlas]''. The Continuum Publishing Company.</ref>

''Encyclopedia of Male Homosexual Poetry and its Reception History'' by [[Paul Knobel]]<ref>[http://www.sexarchive.info/BIB/hombib/ Encyclopedia of Male Homosexual Poetry and its Reception History] by [[Paul Knobel]] - free access encyclopedia at the Sexarchive by [[Erwin Haeberle]]; also see the work with Overview entries from this encyclopedia - [http://www.sexarchive.info/BIB/knobelworld.htm A World Overview of Male Homosexual Poetry] </ref> contains hundreds of mentions of dancing and singing boys tradition, along with sexual and romantic themes in poetry dedicated to them, in different cultures in history.

==Excerpt Graphic Library==

The EGL on '''Broader Perspectives''' has some relevant information. Just right click/save and reproduce by uploading in short-form media to bypass character limits.

{{Template:EGLBP}}

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Official Encyclopedia]][[Category:Research: Broader Perspectives]][[Category:Research into effects on Children]]

Research: Intergenerational Relationships in History

2026-07-28T19:56:46Z

Thorn:

{{research}}
There have existed a wide range of western and non-western societies that have tolerated or encouraged intergenerational sexuality. More recent examples are generally ''subcultures'' which run counter to modern sexual morality.
__NOTOC__
==Antiquity==

Much has been written about the '''Ancient Greeks''' and their age-structured pederastic relationship ideals, yet there are many other past civilizations that loved boys.

*[https://greek-love.com/ Greek Love: Pederasty throughout the ages], gives a historical context on Ancient Greece and many other cultures
*[https://www.boywiki.org/en/Historical_boylove_relationships Historical BL Relationships] - BoyWiki - Historical BL Relationships
:*[https://www.boywiki.org/en/Historical_boylove_relationships_in_ancient_Rome Rome]
:*[https://www.boywiki.org/en/Historical_boylove_relationships_in_Japan Japan]
*[https://list.fandom.com/wiki/Pederastic_relationships_in_classical_antiquity Pederastic relationships in classical antiquity] - Fandom
*[[Pederasty in Islam]]

===Ancient Greece===

*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece Wikipedia]
*[https://www.boywiki.org/en/Historical_boylove_relationships_in_ancient_Greece BoyWiki]
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20100309132321/http://www.truthtree.com/pederasty.shtml Truthtree]

To certain parts of Greek society, relationships between men and adolescent boys were not only acceptable, but a desirable form of mentorship and (military) training towards the masculine ideal. As accounts reveal, rules and regulations within this model were particularly strict - arguably more so than in modern societies that condemn pederasty as pathological.

Many Greek men waited until they were about 30 years of age to marry. When they did marry, their partner would often be a girl of 12 or 14.<ref name="bullough">[[Vern Bullough|Bullough, Vern L.]] (2004). "Children and adolescents as sexual beings: a historical overview," ''Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America'', 13(3), 447-459.</ref>

It is certain that pederasty was already widespread in Greek culture in the early Archaic Age (600-800 BC). It had strong institutional character in Crete and Sparta and educational connotations in Athens, and seemingly was derived from earlier initiatory practices in history. It should not be confused with modern adult-adult homosexuality, since the relationships were structured by age and social asymmetry, and the younger participants were expected to marry later. Regarding sexual aspect, the younger participant occupied the passive role. On earlier black-figure vases, the scenes are much more explicit with the predominance of anal intercourse. On later red-figure vases, couples are often represented in an intercrural position, with contact between the thighs rather than a depicted anal act, but anal intercourse still appears to be implicitly assumed. Males generally quitted playing the passive role when their beards appeared.<ref name="bremmer2021"> Jan N. Bremmer (2021) [https://www.amazon.com/Becoming-Man-Ancient-Greece-Rome/dp/3161590082 Becoming a Man in Ancient Greece and Rome. Essays on Myths and Rituals of Initiation.] (available via [[Help:Research_Resources#Information_Freedom_Companions|OPTION 2]])</ref>

<blockquote>
[Pederasty] Had mentoring function (prepared elite boys for adult roles as warriors, citizens). Boyish beauty repeatedly valorized in the arts (e.g., love poetry, pottery); body hair (face, legs) ended boys’ attractiveness; bisexual interests (women, boys) widespread; attraction to other adult men scorned. Notables with pederastic interests: poets (e.g., Alcaeus, Ibycus, Anacreon, Theognis, Pindar); playwrights (e.g., Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides); political leaders (e.g., Solon, Demosthenes, Agesilaus, Philip, Alexander); philosophers (e.g., Socrates, Plato, Zeno, Chrysippus). Eroded with rise of Christianity. Sources: Crompton (2003); Hubbard (2003); Lear (2004); Lear & Cantarella (2008) <ref name="Rind2013"> [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Rind, B. (2013). Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Thomas K Hubbard, Beert Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research: The Debate over Male Intergenerational Relations]]. (pp. 1-90) ''New York: Routledge.'' doi:10.4324/9781315432458</ref>
</blockquote>

In the late Archaic period the male intergenerational institution was no longer dominated by mature adult men initiating adolescents into the adult male world. Younger men increasingly replaced older, adolescents were replaced by younger boys. At the same time, their courtship was represented less directly and more cautiously.<ref name="bremmer2021"/>

Historians including [[Jan Bremmer|Jan N. Bremmer]],<ref name="bremmer2021"/><ref>Jan N. Bremmer (1989) [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315770055-2/greek-pederasty-modern-homosexuality-jan-bremmer Greek Pederasty and Modern Homosexuality]. in: Jan N. Bremmer (ed.) (1989) From Sappho to De Sade: Moments in the History of Sexuality. (available via [[Help:Research_Resources#Information_Freedom_Companions|OPTION 2]])</ref><ref name= "bremmer1980">Bremmer, J. (1980). An enigmatic Indo-European rite: Paederasty. ''Arethusa'', 13(2), 279–298.</ref> Christian Laes,<ref>[https://www.christianlaes.be/ Christian Laes - Personal site]</ref><ref>[https://journals.univie.ac.at/index.php/oezg/article/view/3327 Laes, C. (2017). When Classicists Need to Speak Up: Antiquity and Present Day Pedophilia – Pederasty. ''Österreichische Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaften'', 28(3), 49–70].</ref><ref>Christian Laes, ''Children in the Roman Empire: Outsiders Within'' (Cambridge University Press, 2011).</ref><ref>; Christian Laes and Johan Strubbe, ''Youth in the Roman Empire: The Young and the Restless Years?'' (Cambridge University Press, 2014)</ref><ref>Christian Laes, 'Children and Sexuality: Roman World', in: Julia M. O'Brian (ed.), ''Oxford Encyclopedia of the Bible and Gender Studies'' (Oxford University Press, 2014), 38–42.</ref> [[wikipedia:Andrew Lear|Andrew Lear]],<ref>[https://library.lol/main/53872FCED674EC41DFC6B26B198D1F7F Eva Cantarella and Andrew Lear, ''Images of Pederasty: Boys Were Their God'' (Routledge, 2008)].</ref><ref>Andrew Lear, 'Was Pederasty Problematized? A Diachronic View', in: Mark Masterson/Nancy Sorkin Rabinowitz/James Robson (eds.), ''Sex in Antiquity: Exploring Gender and Sexuality in the Ancient World'' (London/New York, 2015), pp. 115–136.</ref><ref>[https://library.lol/main/35E193AC1C1DADA75905ADD4DE8E0098 Andrew Lear, ''Noble Eros: the idealization of pederasty from the Greek dark ages to the Athens of Socrates'' (2004, PhD Thesis)].</ref> [[Thomas Hubbard]], [[Beert Verstraete|Beert C. Verstraete]],<ref>[https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2009/2009.09.61/ Beert Verstraete, Review of 'The Greeks and Greek Love: A Radical Reappraisal of Homosexuality in Ancient Greece', ''Bryn Mawr Classical Review'', 3. Nov. 2009].</ref> and [[William Percy]], have conducted extensive research on Greek Pederasty and the life of children / young people in Greco-Roman society.

Also in ancient Sparta it was customary for adult noble women to have intercourse with beloved girls before their marriage. It may be considered proven that male paederasty in Sparta had a Lesbian counterpart in female initiation.<ref name= "bremmer1980"/> In the case of Sappho [Lesbos, 700 – 600 BCE] the same ritual background is visible with some evidence of erotic relationships between women and girls. Their relationships also expected to be nonexclusive, i.e. adult women had husbands and girls married men as they grew older.<ref> André Lardinois (1989) [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315770055-3/lesbian-sappho-sappho-lesbos-andr%C3%A9-lardinois Lesbian Sappho and Sappho of Lesbos ]. in: Jan N. Bremmer (ed.) (1989) From Sappho to De Sade: Moments in the History of Sexuality. (available via [[Help:Research_Resources#Information_Freedom_Companions|OPTION 2]])</ref>

=== Goths ===
<blockquote>
The historian Ammianus Marcellinus (31.9.5) [4th century CE] relates that among the Taifali, a tribe connected with the Goths, the boys lived in a state of pederasty until they had killed a boar or a bear.<ref name="bremmer2021"/>
</blockquote>

=== Romans ===
<blockquote>
Valerius Maximus presents a number of stories, the earliest going back to the fourth century [BCE], demonstrating that the practice was known to the Romans too, albeit disapproved of till the end of the Republic. By that time, paederastic friendships were frequently adopted in higher circles and even the moralistic Augustus had had his friend in his younger years. About the Empire we need not go into detail. Any reader of Juvenal, Martial and Petronius can find examples galore. [...] It is important to observe that the Romans explicitly forbid paederasty with free boys but not with slavess in the so-called lex Scantinia, a law dating probably from before Cicero's time [1st century BCE].<ref name= "bremmer1980"/>
</blockquote>

<blockquote>
Boyish beauty thematic in love poetry; attractions were to smooth, hairless bodies regardless of gender (for boys, from puberty to start of beard); exclusive attraction to one gender seen as eccentric; relations with other adult men seen as disgraceful. Notables with pederastic interests included: poets Catullus, Horace, Juvenal, Martial, Tibullus, and Virgil, and emperors Trajan and Hadrian. Tradition eroded with consolidation of Christian sexual morality. Sources: Cantarella (1992); Crompton (2003); Lambert (1984); Williams (1999)<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

=== Celts ===
<blockquote>Regarding the Celts, there is general agreement in our sources that they practiced paederasty. Athenaeus [II–III CE] even tells us that they often slept with two boys at the same time, but this looks as if it is a typical Greek dream-wish. This is the only detailed report we have that goes beyond the pure mention of the practice [...]<ref name= "bremmer1980"/></blockquote>

=== Persians ===
See in detail in [[Pederasty_in_Islam#Persia|Pederasty in Islam]]
<blockquote>It seems reasonable then to accept the occurrence of paederasty among the Persians - although it was forbidden - but our sources do not connect the practice with initiation or men's societies<ref name= "bremmer1980"/></blockquote>

==1st century BCE to 20th Century China==
<blockquote>
''Multiple forms of male homosexuality (especially pederasty) occurred across 2 millennia of dynasties [Ages of Boys Involved 10–18 <ref name="Rind2013" />] ; cut sleeve became term for homosexual love (ca. 0 CE) when emperor cut his sleeve rather than waking up his boy favorite, who was on it; poetry after 220 CE often discussed beauty, charms of boys; marriage to boys was a common Fujian practice (ca. 1000 CE); key seventeeth century author (Li Yu) wrote a book illustrating popular interest in pederasty; Western visitors in nineteenth century expressed shock at prominent Chinese men openly courting boys (aged about 14-15); tradition ended in later nineteenth century with embarrassment at Western repugnance and efforts to modernize.'' Sources: Crompton (2003); Hinsch (1990); Leupp (1995) <ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

An act similar to the "[[Age of Consent]]" was seen in ancient China. The punishment was quite severe, exile for misdemeanors, and hanged or beheaded for serious crimes.
In the Song Dynasty, the legal clause that "intercourse with young women is regarded as rape" began to appear.<ref>[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%85%92%E7%AB%A5%E6%80%A7%E8%99%90%E5%BE%85?oldformat=true#%E5%8F%A4%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B Chinese Wikipedia]</ref>

One historical study <ref>[http://library.lol/main/B05B07B0134835C2F53D030224C75608 Hinsch, Bret. (1990). ''Passions of the Cut Sleeve: The Male Homosexual Tradition in China'' (Berkeley: University of California Press).]</ref> of male same-sex love in China from the Zhou dynasty (start date of 1045/6 BC) to the Qing dynasty in the early twentieth century, dated as starting around 249 BC. Quoting a 1993 review thereof<ref>[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224499309551712 Review of 'Passions of the Cut Sleeve'']</ref>:

<blockquote>
''"Hinsch found that, before 1900, the dominant social construction for males in China was bisexual. Most Chinese men did not see themselves as being divided into strict categories of "homosexuals" and "heterosexuals" but evidenced a relaxed erotic attraction to both sexes. Wealthy married men or unmarried scholars often had a boy (ranging in age from as young as 9 to as old as 25 years) as a concubine, or they patronized boy prostitutes. Chinese philosophers wrote that it was better for a boy to sell his body, as a favorite or a prostitute, than to languish in poverty. Prostitution/concubinage represented one of the few opportunities for lower class boys to raise their economic status and to support their parents comfortably. If a boy became a beloved of a wealthy older man, he was some times offered material wealth or political office when he matured. His patron/lover might even arrange a heterosexual marriage for him and serve as best man at his wedding. Individuals who enjoyed male-male sex were not seen as distinct personality types but merely partook of certain "passions." These passions were termed "passions of the cut sleeve," after the devotion shown by Emperor Ai (ruler 6 B.C.E.-l C.E.), who cut the sleeve off his shirt rather than disturb the sleep of his beloved boy lover Dong Xian."''
</blockquote>

===600BC-1860===

From a [[Text of Pedo history: China|summary of historical research]], [[Edward Brongersma]] identified sadomasochistic trends and a dominant model of concubinage in pre-communist China. Some men were also invested in the boy achieving pleasure, and climax.

=== Until the first half of the last century ===
From the article of Emil M.L.Ng:<ref>Emil M.L.Ng (December 2002) [http://www.sexarchive.info/BIB/pedochin.htm Pedophilia from the Chinese Perspective] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20250129135819/http://www.sexarchive.info/BIB/pedochin.htm web.archive]); Probably from the book 'Pedophilia: Concepts and Controversy, Special Section of Archives of Sexual Behavior' by Kenneth J. Zucker (ed); Vol. 31, No. 6, pp. 465-510</ref>
<blockquote>
''Depictions of “child-romance” in ancient or modern Chinese literature are not difficult to find. They include passages on joyous heterosexual or homosexual activities by children as young as 12 to13 years old with one another or with adults. [...] Until the first half of the last century, there was still the practice of the “child bridegroom” in, but not restricted to, the Hubei region of China (Lou 1970). A male child of any age, even before birth, could by parental arrangement take an adult woman as a wife. The purpose could be to consolidate family status and relationship, or simply to have someone to help taking care of the child. After marriage, the couple slept in one bed like all other husbands and wives. No one would pay attention to what type of sexual relationship they might have and when. In the normal course of events, they would begin with those sex plays they were capable of and wanted, until one day, when the child was old enough to desire and do it, they had coitus. After the boy grew still older, he usually took a second wife closer to his age, but he would continue to keep, love and respect the first wife.''
</blockquote>

==11th-19th Century Japan==
<blockquote>
''From eleventh to nineteenth centuries, bisexuality (women, boys) was pervasive; over time pederasty appeared in three contexts (monastic, samurai, kabuki theater), the first two as mentorships with boys of ranking families, the last as prostitution; among samurai, it fostered loyalty and sacrifice in youths training to be warriors; shoguns and warlords from twelfth to eighteenth centuries involved in pederasty reads like a Who’s Who of military- political history; key seventeenth century author (Saikaku) illustrated its pervasive presence; another described typical ages of interest (10–13 = “blossoming flower;” 14–17 = “flourishing flower;” 18–21 = “falling flower”); tradition ended in late nineteenth century in response to Western abhorrence and efforts to modernize.'' Sources: Crompton (2003); Leupp (1995); Watanabe & Iwata (1989)<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

In medieval [[Pederasty in Japanese culture|Japan]] (14th–16th centuries), it was customary for elite families to entrust their young sons to the care of renowned Buddhist priests from whom they received a premier education in Buddhist scriptures, poetry, music, and dance. When the boys reached adolescence, some underwent coming-of-age rites, others entered the priesthood, and several extended their education, becoming chigo, or Buddhist acolytes. Chigo served their masters as personal attendants and as sexual partners. During religious ceremonies—adorned in colorful robes, their faces made up and hair styled in long ponytails—they entertained local donors and pilgrims with music and dance.<ref>[https://wapercyfoundation.org/?p=1133 See the original and the William Percy Foundation's review of: Tales of Idolized Boys: Male-Male Love in Medieval Japanese Buddhist Narratives, by Sachi Schmidt-Hori]</ref>

''Nanshoku'' is the Japanese word for eroticism between adolescent and adult males during this time period and after, and such relationships are well-documented amongst the samurai and in literature. For example, Ihara Saikaku's collection of stories ''Nanshoku ōkagami: honchō waka fūzoku'' (The Great Mirror of Male Love: the Custom of Boy Love in Our Land). Nanshoku was depicted in erotica known as ''shunga'' (spring pictures). Kitagawa Utamaro produced shunga artwork, and although the government took relaxed attitude toward regulating visual art, one image earned Utamaro 50 days in manacles. ''Machiba Hisayoshi'' (c.1803-4) is a colored woodblock print of the ruler Hideyoshi leaning toward a pageboy, caressing the youth's wrist, with Utamaro being punished not because of the late shōgun's conduct but because representations of high nobility were forbidden. One of Japanese literature's great lovers was Ariwara no Narihira, protagonist of the classic ''Ise monogatari''. As a boy he was the subject of what became a well-known love poem, 'Iwatsutsuji' (Azaleas on the Cliffs), written by an unknown priest in the 9th century. Seven hundred and fifty years later, the shōgunate's poetry tutor, Kitamura Kigin, compiled an anthology intended to show this long tradition of idealized relations between male youths and men, naming it after the poem.<ref>[https://www.ipce.info/library_3/files/nanshoku_en.htm Nanshoku, Male-Male Eroticism in Japan. Koinos Magazine #40 (2003/4) and #41 (2004/1).]</ref>

Other scholarly sources for this time period include.<ref>Gary Leupp. ''Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan''. Gregory Pflugfelder. ''Cartographies of Desire: Male-Male Sexuality in Japanese Discourse, 1600-1950''.</ref> Another notable book is ''The Love of the Samurai: A Thousand Years of Japanese Homosexuality'' (1989), which details the institutionalized boy-love/pederasty of the Japanese samurai.<ref>''The Love of the Samurai: A Thousand Years of Japanese Homosexuality''. By Tsuneo Watanabe and Jun'ichi Iwata. Translated by D. R. Roberts.
Gay Men's Press, London, 1989.</ref> As one scholar summarized:

<blockquote>
''Each samurai took a pubescent boy as a page and assistant, and many of these wakashu youths became the lovers of their adult samurai sponsors. Since the samurai trained his wakashu to become a samurai (by about age 23), this homosexual relationship also fulfilled an educative function similar to the teacher-student Buddhist tradition.''

''Under the shoguns a new art form emerged which celebrated male beauty. In 1374 an eleven year old boy dancer ''[Zeami Motokiyo]''<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeami_Motokiyo Wiki page for Motokiyo]</ref> became the lover of the shogun, and under the shogun’s loving patronage he became a genius playwright and founder of the No theater for the shogun’s court.''<ref>[https://doi.org/10.3149/jms.0101.71 Walter L. Williams, 'From Samurai to Capitalist: Male Love, Men’s Roles, and the Rise Of Homophobia in Japan', ''Men's Studies'', Vol. 1, Issue 1 (1992), p. 73.]</ref>
</blockquote>

== 6th-17th Century Korea ==
<blockquote>
''Pederasty at times common in the imperial realm. By sixth century CE, imperial court had hwarang (“flower boys”), a corps of young warriors made up of aristocratic youth chosen for beauty, education, and martial prowess. Various kings through the fourteenth century known to have had pederastic relations at the court. Monastic pederasty was widespread. Popularity of “beautiful boys” in seventeenth century entertainment indicates pederasty was common among the gentry. It was especially common among provincial gentlemen, some of whom kept boy-wives, a practice openly acknowledged in their villages.'' Source: Leupp (1995)<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

==Renaissance Italy (15th Century) ==
Florence was famed for its widespread homosexual culture, which manifested as a normative pederasty involving boys between the ages of thirteen and eighteen in relationship with adult men.<ref>At the margins: minority groups in premodern Italy By Stephen J. Milner; p62</ref> This reputation was so much that in 1432 the city established "Gli Ufficiali di Notte" (The Officers of the Night) to root out the practice of sodomy. From that year until 1502, the number of men charged with sodomy numbered greater than 17,000, of which 3,000 were convicted. However this number also includes heterosexual sodomy. This also gave rise to a number of proverbs illuminating the views of the common people towards the practice. Among them are ''If you crave joys, tumble some boys.'' <ref>Florentine proverb, ca. [[1480]]. After [[Sabadino degli Arienti]] in ''Le Porretane.''Michael Rocke, ''Forbidden friendships: Homosexuality and Male Culture in Renaissance Florence,'' Oxford, 1996; p.87</ref> This reputation is also reflected in the fact that the Germans adopted the word ''Florenzer'', when they were talking about a pederast.<ref>Rocke, Michael, (1996), ''[https://libgen.is/search.php?req=Forbidden+Friendships%3A+Homosexuality+and+male+Culture+in+Renaissance+Florence&lg_topic=libgen&open=0&view=simple&res=25&phrase=1&column=def Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and male Culture in Renaissance Florence]'', ISBN 978-0195122923</ref><ref>Ruggiero, Guido, (1985), ''The Boundaries of Eros'', ISBN 978-0195056969</ref> The Neapolitans on the other hand when speaking of pederasty, called it ''Il vizio inglese,'' "the English vice".<ref>[[Sir Richard Burton|R. F. Burton]], ''Terminal Essay''</ref>

From John A. Garrity's research:<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200807005522/http://williamapercy.com/wiki/index.php?title=Jack_Garridy Sexuality in the Lives of Florentine Renaissance Artists] by John A. Garrity (Jack Garridy) (in pdfs archived from Percy Wiki)</ref>

<blockquote>
''"Rocke concludes that up to two-thirds of all sexually active males in Florence were at least rumored to be involved in sodomitical activity. ''[...]'' Sodomy was so much the norm in Renaissance Florence that Rocke finds no “subculture” ''[...]'' the norm should be characterized as bisexual activity, a two or three on Kinsey scale. By the age of sixteen, a typical male was taking the passive role in sodomy with an older partner ''[...]'' Citizens accepted passivity as a normal part of adolescence to such an extent that eventually it was not even prosecuted. ''[...]'' The oldest active partners recorded were in their seventies. The youngest passives were eight years old. ''[...]'' By age thirty most men gave up their passion for youths and married women. ''[...]'' Overall, Rocke’s finds are surprisingly similar to the ancient Greeks ''[...]'' These male relationships were often mutual and romantic."''<ref>See Michael Rocke, [https://annas-archive.org/md5/ac0dab2ba53be8a3a5b6d8967749d7b7 ''Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and Male Culture in Renaissance Florence''] (Oxford University Press, 1998).</ref>
</blockquote>

From the article by Isabella Paduano:<ref>[https://www.theflorentine.net/2022/10/24/queer-history-florence/ The queer history of Florence] by Isabella Paduano (2022)</ref>

<blockquote>"[F]''or the people of Renaissance Florence, a man’s sexuality could be quite fluid, as long as it didn’t threaten his masculinity. This is why a practice now known as pederasty prevailed, where “mature” men (those over 20) would have sex with adolescent boys. Today, this age imbalance seems unacceptable, but at the time it was the norm, with any deviation threatening a man’s masculinity. This was an ancient tradition, dating back to the Greeks and Romans.''[...]'' The papers show that an outright majority of men in the city were incriminated for sodomy at least once: 17,000 men out of the city’s total population of 40,000 people."''
</blockquote>

Summary from Rind (2013)<ref name="Rind2013" />:
<blockquote>
The majority of younger men and adolescent boys in all classes (working to elite) in Florence and other Tuscan cities were involved. This practice represented an unbroken continuance of the ancient Roman practice. Despite severe penalties (e.g., torture, death) based on belief in God’s retribution, cases were often treated leniently (e.g., fines) through much of the Renaissance, a pragmatic response to its pervasiveness. Notables with pederastic interests: Donatello, Verrocchio, da Vinci, Botticelli, Pontormo, Bronzino, Cellini, and Caravaggio. The tradition was eroded through stepped-up religiously based anti-sodomy campaigns, especially Savonarola’s in the 1490s, along with harsher penalties with more determined enforcement. The tradition was also entrenched in other areas such as Venice. Sources: Crompton (2003); Moulton (2003); Rocke (1996); Ruggiero (1985); Saslow (1986, 1989)
</blockquote>
==15th-17th Century Europe==

[[Helmut Kentler]] observes:<ref>[https://www.boychat.org/messages/1634288.htm CHILDREN’S SEXUALITY, by Helmut Kentler], in the German edition of the book [[Show Me!]]. [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1DD05vy-WuM_-BH5tfbSswOXEQQt5OnYS37zhAtyx0x0/edit?tab=t.0#heading=h.r733n6h5ens]</ref>

<blockquote>
''Scientific research has, in the last decades, rediscovered and evaluated evidence from numerous sources, showing that in Central Europe through the 17th century a pro-sexual attitude prevailed that today – despite a liberalizing trend – would be seen as alien and dangerous and its revival prevented at all costs. J. van Ussel, one of the best authorities on pro-sexual manners and customs of that time, gives the following sketch:''

:''It was generally accepted that the satisfaction of the sex drive was necessary for good health. In some cities, brothels were set up by the authorities. Physicality was practiced in a way that we have forgotten today. People commonly touch, caress, hug and kiss; nurses and parents masturbate young children, to calm them. Older people have contact with young people that we would today call sexual. This self-satisfaction begins to be fought only at the start of the 18th Century by doctors and later by many clergy. Premarital and extramarital sexual relations are mainstreamed. Insufficient contraception (birth control) is condemned by the churches. The rulers and the aristocracy practice promiscuity, which is hardly ever criticized. Students and soldiers do what they please. The clergy are not exactly celibate. At home folks sleep naked, the whole family and the employees together in one room. Even in the bath house you’re naked. On ceremonial occasions the prettiest girls in the city are naked on display. A rich vocabulary for the sexual is available. The young people do not need sex education because they see the world of adults, experiencing and learning what they need to know.”''

''As a matter of course young children already knew sexual facts; this appears most clearly from a collection of dialogues, written in Latin by Erasmus of Rotterdam and published in 1522, dedicated to his then six-year-old godson. The title indicates the intention of the book: “Dialogues, not only put together to refine the Latin of the children, but above all for the purpose of education for life.”''
</blockquote>

==18th Century England==
Girls as young as 12 were highly-valued for their attractiveness as prostitutes in England during the 18th century. Young, pubescent boys were also popular. The [[Age of Consent]] was not raised from 10 until the 19th century.<ref name="bullough" />

==16th-19th Century Russia==
There is a lot of evidence of quite tolerant attitude toward boylove in some periods of the past in Russia:
<blockquote>
According to the Englishman Perry, who served in Russia under Peter I for several years, "the dreadful sin of sodomy is hardly considered a crime in this country; when drunk, they are very inclined to it." [...] It is likely that sodomy, which became widespread in Russian society during the 16th and 17th centuries, was borrowed by Russians from the Muslim East, particularly from Persia and Turkey. [Despite the fact that], as a precaution against this vice, a moral code for monks, introduced as early as the 14th century, included a provision stating that they should "not befriend young children or teach them from books." In the monastic rule of Joseph Volotsky, it was forbidden to keep "beardless youths" in monasteries. [editor's translation] <ref>[https://libgen.li/ads267edbd1c32fbbe3cd644e38adc1e285RC85NHNN Averkiyev S.S. (2015) Influence of the Tatars on the Life of the Russian People. pp. 175-180]</ref></blockquote>

19th century, the Chuckchee, natives in Northern Siberia - sex with boys was considered normal and in no way kept secret.
<blockquote>Young, handsome boys adorn themselves and flirt openly with their admirers. This is all the more striking because nothing impedes sex with girls and the boys themselves start to have heterosexual intercourse from ten years on.” (Wrangel, quoted by Erman 1871, 164).<ref>[https://brongersma.info/Loving_boys_I 'Loving Boys I'] by [[Edward Brongersma]]; 1986</ref></blockquote>

== 17th Century Caribbean Pirates ==
<blockquote>
Lived in all-male arrangements with mixed ages from young adolescents or younger through older men. Sexual relations between men, especially pirate captains (e.g., Blackbeard), and adolescent boys were common. Sources: Burg (1995); Williams (1992)<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

== Indigenous Americas ==
===Up to 17th Century Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas ===
<blockquote>
Among sixteenth and seventeenth century Mayans, missionaries reported a custom of youth-younger boy marriages. [...] Missionaries reported religious-based pederasty as common among the Aztecs and Incas. Sources: Greenberg (1988); Williams (1992)<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

=== 19th Century Coerunas Indians of Brazil ===
<blockquote>
An apprentice healer would go into the woods for an extended time with an older healer, who would transmit his special powers to the youth through sexual relations and also directly instruct him on the art of curing illnesses. Source: Greenberg (1988) <ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

===Native America, 1930s and prior===
George Devreux wrote in 1937:
:''"Casual homosexual relations in childhood were frequent in the past, and according to my informants, seem to be on the increase ''[...]'' Complete nudity and any lack of supervision, especially for boys, who remained naked until they reached puberty, combined with incessant sexual talk on the part of adults, must have furthered the desire for sex experience. ''[...]'' Adults seldom had sexual intercourse with children of their own sex, although betrothal of young girls to old men or seduction of very young boys by adult women was not rare."''<ref>Devereux, George. (1937). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41447338 Institutionalized homosexuality of the Mohave Indians]. ''Human Biology'', 9, pp. 498–527.</ref>

==19th Century Albania==

From Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe - ''Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature'', New York University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-8147-7468-7.<ref>[https://annas-archive.org/search?q=Islamic+Homosexualities Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe - ''Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature'', New York University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-8147-7468-7.]</ref>

<blockquote>
Albanian pederasty was a custom reported by numerous Western travellers in the nineteenth century including Edvard Westermarck, John Cam Hobhouse, who in his travel diary, reports that pederasty was "openly practised," and Johann Georg von Hahn, also known as "the father of Albanian studies." According to such reports it was commonly and socially accepted that young people between the ages of sixteen and twenty-four would woo children aged twelve to seventeen.<ref>[http://www.archiviolgbtq.it/fileadmin/documenti/luglio2006/naecke.pdf], [https://archive.org/details/warmbrothersquee00tobi], [https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pederastia_albanese#CITEREFRobert_Elsie_(2000)], [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_pEKOOuRWu00C]</ref>

In literature, the oldest lover is called ashik (from the Arabic word ishq, "passionate love") and the beloved, dyllber (from the Turkish dilber, "beautiful"). A Gheg Albanian married at the age of 24 or 25, and then usually, but not always, gave up love with boys.

The practice was limited with the advent of communism in 1944.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/nationalhealthsg0000unse]</ref>
</blockquote>

Murray's original quote included more references which could not be found online.

==America (Mid 19th-20th) Century ==

The ''Huffington Post'' wrote about Thomas Lowry's "The Story the Soldiers Wouldn't Tell: Sex in the Civil War":

:''"Chapter 11 of Lowry's book opens the closet door on gender-bending and same-sex trysts. And Lowry reveals that during the Civil War conventional gender roles and sexual behavior could not be strictly tethered to a heterosexual paradigm. With men outnumbering women, especially at social events like balls, "Drummer Boys" -- children as young as 9 and 10 years old -- dressed in drag. And in some occasions, the intimacy between soldiers and Drummer boys reached beyond just a public waltz. For example, Lowry references a ball put on by a Massachusetts regiment stationed in Virginia in 1864 about young drummer boys dressed as women. One man wrote to his wife: "Some of the real women went, but the boy girls were so much better looking that they left. ...We had some little Drummer Boys dressed up and I'll bet you could not tell them from girls if you did not know them. ...Some of ''[the Drummer Boys]'' looked good enough to lay with and I guess some of them did get laid with. ...I know I slept with mine.""''<ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/americas-gay-confederate-_b_851815 HuffPo - American Civil War]</ref>

Pederasty was common among american "Hobos":
<blockquote>
''Between 1880 and 1930, sexual relations between men and adolescent boys were commonplace among transient workers in the Pacific Northwest. Developing industries (e.g., lumber, mining) drew in large numbers of unmarried men and male youths from other parts of the United States to perform backbreaking work. They lived and worked in all-male societies, which fostered intergenerational sex (rather than age-equal sex). Their relations were social, not just sexual—the boys often served domestic functions for the men. In return, they got various benefits (e.g., advice, apprenticing, emotional support, safety, protection). By the 1930s, these all-male societies eroded, owing to mechanization (which reduced brute-strength work) and population expansion (with more women). These changes, along with constant policing activity (the middle class saw pederasty as a threat to their youth and the family), helped to dissolve the tradition.'' Sources: Boag, (2003); Flynt (1927); Williams (1992)<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

==Prewar (and postwar) Siwa, Egypt==

:''"In 1937 the anthropologist Walter Cline wrote the first detailed ethnography of the Siwans in which he noted: "All normal Siwan men and boys practice sodomy...among themselves the natives are not ashamed of this; they talk about it as openly as they talk about love of women, and many if not most of their fights arise from homosexual competition....Prominent men lend their sons to each other. All Siwans know the matings which have taken place among their sheiks and their sheiks' sons....Most of the boys used in sodomy are between twelve and eighteen years of age." After an expedition to Siwa, the archaeologist Count Byron de Prorok reported in 1937 "an enthusiasm [that] could not have been approached even in Sodom... Homosexuality was not merely rampant, it was raging...Every dancer had his boyfriend...[and] chiefs had harems of boys"."''<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siwa_Oasis De Porok, Count Byron (1936). In Quest of Lost Worlds. New York: Dutton. p. 64.]</ref><ref>[https://www.greek-love.com/near-east-north-africa/egypt/siwa-oasis-robin-maugham-pederasty THE OASIS OF SIWA IN 1947-8, BY ROBIN MAUGHAM]</ref><ref>[https://www.greek-love.com/near-east-north-africa/egypt/the-people-of-siwah-by-walter-cline NOTES ON THE PEOPLE OF SIWAH BY WALTER CLINE]</ref>

The socialist Gay/[[Boylove|BL]] activist and independent scholar [[David Thorstad]], wrote of his experience of Siwa for ''Gayme Magazine''.<ref>[http://williamapercy.com/wiki/images/Siwa_today.pdf Siwa Today - David Thorstad]</ref> He wrote:

:''"Probably the most stricking feature of Siwan sexuality is the traditional practice of men lending their sons to other men. Prior to 1928, this was sometimes accompanied by a written aggreement (known as a "marriage contract"), a dowry (much greater than the dowry for a girl), banquets and celebrations. ''[...]'' One investigator earlier in the century claimed that male children were preferred because they cost less to raise than girls, and that the boy was "a very fruitful source of profit for the father, not for the work he does, but because he is hired by his father to another man to be used as a catamite [i.e. a boy who has sex with men]. Sometimes two men exchange their sons. If they are asked about this, they are not ashamed to mention it".''

For this quote, Thorstad cites a source which is now used on Wikipedia's [[Wikipedia:Siwa_Oasis|Siwa page]]: Mahmud Mohammad Abd Allah, (1917).<ref>[https://archive.org/details/harvardafricans01deptgoog Mahmud Mohammad Abd Allah, (1917). Siwan Customs]. In ''Harvard African Studies'', 7, p. 7.</ref>

==Muslim societies of the 8th-19th centuries, and present Afghanistan==
<blockquote>
Pervasive in Muslim societies (North Africa, Western-Central Asia) eighth to nineteenth centuries; pederastic attractions seen just as normal as heterosexual ones; main interest in boys was early to mid-teens, peaking at about 14; appeal vanished with beard (about 16, 17); adult men scorned if passive partners in homosexual relationships; manly behavior was to be active (partner gender did not matter); staggering amount of love poetry shows obsession with boyish beauty, seen as comparable to women’s; poets attracted to boys constitutes a Who’s Who; desire for boys, but not behavior or lust, was permissible under Islam, but behavior was common nevertheless; tradition ended in late nineteenth century, because of Western colonialism, with its abhorrence of the tradition and the local embarrassment this created, along with local assimilation of European concepts and efforts to modernize. Sources: Baldauf (1988); Crompton (2003); Massad (2007); Murray & Roscoe (1998); Patanè (2006); Rahman (1989); Rouayheb (2005); Schild (1988); Wright & Rowson (1997)<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

As detailed in [[Pederasty in Islam]], Afghanistan is one of many Islamic cultures in which pederasty is practised with feminized boys. This derives from the strict gender segregation in Afghan society, and gives rise to the famous saying "women are for children, boys are for pleasure".<ref>[https://fuf.se/magasin/magapril-women-are-for-children-boys-are-for-pleasure/ Women are for children, boys are for pleasure]</ref>

==1960s, 1970s, Baltimore==

During these decades there were notable gay subcultures in America where young boys were allowed to have sexual interactions with men with little fear of ostracism or psychological trauma. Baltimore is one often recalled example of this.

==1960s, 1970s, Hippie Communes==

Inter- and intra-generational sex with minors was accommodated in late 20th century American hippie communes, but for children, sex was a pleasant distraction and not central to their leisure time. Details on these subcultures are covered by researchers such as Berger, Constantine and Johnston, cited in our [[Research: Activating Janssen|review project of Janssen's ''Growing Up Sexually'']].

==1960s, 1970s England==

As is common, when the sources of scandalous allegations are further investigated at a later date, the banality of the situation reveals itself. For example, with reference to Duncroft (Girls School), [[Mark Smith]] and Ros Burnett note "Accounts of the girls’ sexual experience and behaviour indicate a degree of agency in sexual activity, which challenges the current orthodoxy of them as victims of predatory adults. The former residents we spoke to did not regard themselves as victims and any sexual activity they might have entered into was considered to have been [[consent|consensual]] and in some cases initiated by the girls (although none claimed to have any knowledge of Savile being involved sexually with girls at Duncroft)."<ref>[https://sci-hub.se/10.1108/ijssp-03-2017-0029 The origins of the Jimmy Savile scandal]</ref>

Girls' (12-15) relationships with older boys and men were a cause for concern in the 70s, but were in most cases chalked off as cautions when they came to the attention of police. This was because the relationships were seen as normative/traditional or otherwise willingly engaged in by the girls.<ref>[https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-1971(79)80005-6 Mawby, R. I. (1979). Policing the age of consent. Journal of Adolescence, 2(1), 41–49]</ref>

Relationships of peribubertal boys with older boys were common in boarding schools :
<blockquote>
Deeply sentimentalized, erotically based attachments were common in many all-male private boarding schools before 1970s between older (about 17–18) and younger (about 12–13) boys; older teens sought “cute” boys, calling them “talent,” “crushes,” or “tarts;” younger boys competed to be selected (for the many favors, privileges it entailed); older-younger pairs exchanged notes, poetry, and other items of endearment; after graduating, most moved on to heterosexuality. Sources: Chandos (1984); Gathorne-Hardy (1978); Lambert & Lambert (1968); Lewis (1955); Nash (1961) <ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

==1970s, 1980s, Netherlands==

The Netherlands is a fairly recent example of a culture in which intergenerational sexual relationships were partially tolerated during a particularly liberal period of history. For some time, sexual relationships between a child above the age of 12 and an adult would remain legally immune to prosecution for as long as the younger partner, their parents or a welfare entity did not complain. Such authorities were much less inclined to lodge complaints during this period, leading to a markedly non-hysterical climate in which many such relationships succeeded. One writer to document such positive relationships was [[Theo Sandfort]], whose most famous study <ref>[http://www.ipce.info/host/sandfort_87/ Sandfort Study]</ref> remains an outstanding example of this unique period in time.

==1980s, 1990s, Thailand==

Professor Vicharn Vitiyasai of Chang Mai University emphasizes that, 'In Thai society, boys begin to buy women when they are around 13 years old; 50 per cent of 16-year-old boys and 90 per cent of university students go to brothels. Married men also think it natural to entertain business clients and friends by taking them to brothels, and they visit brothels themselves as a part of the joy of travel.'"<ref>Yayori Matsui, Women in the New Asia, 1999</ref>

==1980s, 1990s, Mexico==

In a [[Media:A pueblo homosexuality David Thorstad 1988.pdf|1988 Christopher Street Feature]], [[David Thorstad]] immerses himself in a rural Mexican community and finds that homosexuality is very much part of everyday life for younger men and boys. Sex work is also engaged in, but this is peripheral.

==General==
:''"As mentioned earlier, our Western civilization has not always believed that children should be protected from all sexual contact. In medieval Europe, children were still freely touched, caressed, and fondled by every member of the household. Particularly in rural areas, parents, nurses, or servants were accustomed to masturbating small children to please them or to keep them quiet. (This practice is also found in many non-European societies. In the United States today, it is still alive among the Hopi Indians.)"''<ref>[[Erwin Haeberle|Haeberle, Erwin J.]] (1983). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20120419005050/http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/ATLAS_EN/html/childhood_sex_play.html The Sex Atlas]''. The Continuum Publishing Company.</ref>

''Encyclopedia of Male Homosexual Poetry and its Reception History'' by [[Paul Knobel]]<ref>[http://www.sexarchive.info/BIB/hombib/ Encyclopedia of Male Homosexual Poetry and its Reception History] by [[Paul Knobel]] - free access encyclopedia at the Sexarchive by [[Erwin Haeberle]]; also see the work with Overview entries from this encyclopedia - [http://www.sexarchive.info/BIB/knobelworld.htm A World Overview of Male Homosexual Poetry] </ref> contains hundreds of mentions of dancing and singing boys tradition, along with sexual and romantic themes in poetry dedicated to them, in different cultures in history.

==Excerpt Graphic Library==

The EGL on '''Broader Perspectives''' has some relevant information. Just right click/save and reproduce by uploading in short-form media to bypass character limits.

{{Template:EGLBP}}

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Official Encyclopedia]][[Category:Research: Broader Perspectives]][[Category:Research into effects on Children]]

Research: Intergenerational Relationships in History

2026-07-28T19:48:33Z

Thorn:

{{research}}
There have existed a wide range of western and non-western societies that have tolerated or encouraged intergenerational sexuality. More recent examples are generally ''subcultures'' which run counter to modern sexual morality.
__NOTOC__
==Antiquity==

Much has been written about the '''Ancient Greeks''' and their age-structured pederastic relationship ideals, yet there are many other past civilizations that loved boys.

*[https://greek-love.com/ Greek Love: Pederasty throughout the ages], gives a historical context on Ancient Greece and many other cultures
*[https://www.boywiki.org/en/Historical_boylove_relationships Historical BL Relationships] - BoyWiki - Historical BL Relationships
:*[https://www.boywiki.org/en/Historical_boylove_relationships_in_ancient_Rome Rome]
:*[https://www.boywiki.org/en/Historical_boylove_relationships_in_Japan Japan]
*[https://list.fandom.com/wiki/Pederastic_relationships_in_classical_antiquity Pederastic relationships in classical antiquity] - Fandom
*[[Pederasty in Islam]]

===Ancient Greece===

*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece Wikipedia]
*[https://www.boywiki.org/en/Historical_boylove_relationships_in_ancient_Greece BoyWiki]
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20100309132321/http://www.truthtree.com/pederasty.shtml Truthtree]

To certain parts of Greek society, relationships between men and adolescent boys were not only acceptable, but a desirable form of mentorship and (military) training towards the masculine ideal. As accounts reveal, rules and regulations within this model were particularly strict - arguably more so than in modern societies that condemn pederasty as pathological.

Many Greek men waited until they were about 30 years of age to marry. When they did marry, their partner would often be a girl of 12 or 14.<ref name="bullough">[[Vern Bullough|Bullough, Vern L.]] (2004). "Children and adolescents as sexual beings: a historical overview," ''Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America'', 13(3), 447-459.</ref>

It is certain that pederasty was already widespread in Greek culture in the early Archaic Age (600-800 BC). It had strong institutional character in Crete and Sparta and educational connotations in Athens, and seemingly was derived from earlier initiatory practices in history. It should not be confused with modern adult-adult homosexuality, since the relationships were structured by age and social asymmetry, and the younger participants were expected to marry later. Regarding sexual aspect, the younger participant occupied the passive role. On earlier black-figure vases, the scenes are much more explicit with the predominance of anal intercourse. On later red-figure vases, couples are often represented in an intercrural position, with contact between the thighs rather than a depicted anal act, but anal intercourse still appears to be implicitly assumed. Males generally quitted playing the passive role when their beards appeared.<ref name="bremmer2021"> Jan N. Bremmer (2021) [https://www.amazon.com/Becoming-Man-Ancient-Greece-Rome/dp/3161590082 Becoming a Man in Ancient Greece and Rome. Essays on Myths and Rituals of Initiation.] (available via [[Help:Research_Resources#Information_Freedom_Companions|OPTION 2]])</ref>

<blockquote>
[Pederasty] Had mentoring function (prepared elite boys for adult roles as warriors, citizens). Boyish beauty repeatedly valorized in the arts (e.g., love poetry, pottery); body hair (face, legs) ended boys’ attractiveness; bisexual interests (women, boys) widespread; attraction to other adult men scorned. Notables with pederastic interests: poets (e.g., Alcaeus, Ibycus, Anacreon, Theognis, Pindar); playwrights (e.g., Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides); political leaders (e.g., Solon, Demosthenes, Agesilaus, Philip, Alexander); philosophers (e.g., Socrates, Plato, Zeno, Chrysippus). Eroded with rise of Christianity. Sources: Crompton (2003); Hubbard (2003); Lear (2004); Lear & Cantarella (2008) <ref name="Rind2013"> [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Rind, B. (2013). Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Thomas K Hubbard, Beert Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research: The Debate over Male Intergenerational Relations]]. (pp. 1-90) ''New York: Routledge.'' doi:10.4324/9781315432458</ref>
</blockquote>

In the late Archaic period the male intergenerational institution was no longer dominated by mature adult men initiating adolescents into the adult male world. Younger men increasingly replaced older, adolescents were replaced by younger boys. At the same time, their courtship was represented less directly and more cautiously.<ref name="bremmer2021"/>

Historians including [[Jan Bremmer|Jan N. Bremmer]],<ref name="bremmer2021"/><ref>Jan N. Bremmer (1989) [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315770055-2/greek-pederasty-modern-homosexuality-jan-bremmer Greek Pederasty and Modern Homosexuality]. in: Jan N. Bremmer (ed.) (1989) From Sappho to De Sade: Moments in the History of Sexuality. (available via [[Help:Research_Resources#Information_Freedom_Companions|OPTION 2]])</ref><ref name= "bremmer1980">Bremmer, J. (1980). An enigmatic Indo-European rite: Paederasty. ''Arethusa'', 13(2), 279–298.</ref> Christian Laes,<ref>[https://www.christianlaes.be/ Christian Laes - Personal site]</ref><ref>[https://journals.univie.ac.at/index.php/oezg/article/view/3327 Laes, C. (2017). When Classicists Need to Speak Up: Antiquity and Present Day Pedophilia – Pederasty. ''Österreichische Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaften'', 28(3), 49–70].</ref><ref>Christian Laes, ''Children in the Roman Empire: Outsiders Within'' (Cambridge University Press, 2011).</ref><ref>; Christian Laes and Johan Strubbe, ''Youth in the Roman Empire: The Young and the Restless Years?'' (Cambridge University Press, 2014)</ref><ref>Christian Laes, 'Children and Sexuality: Roman World', in: Julia M. O'Brian (ed.), ''Oxford Encyclopedia of the Bible and Gender Studies'' (Oxford University Press, 2014), 38–42.</ref> [[wikipedia:Andrew Lear|Andrew Lear]],<ref>[https://library.lol/main/53872FCED674EC41DFC6B26B198D1F7F Eva Cantarella and Andrew Lear, ''Images of Pederasty: Boys Were Their God'' (Routledge, 2008)].</ref><ref>Andrew Lear, 'Was Pederasty Problematized? A Diachronic View', in: Mark Masterson/Nancy Sorkin Rabinowitz/James Robson (eds.), ''Sex in Antiquity: Exploring Gender and Sexuality in the Ancient World'' (London/New York, 2015), pp. 115–136.</ref><ref>[https://library.lol/main/35E193AC1C1DADA75905ADD4DE8E0098 Andrew Lear, ''Noble Eros: the idealization of pederasty from the Greek dark ages to the Athens of Socrates'' (2004, PhD Thesis)].</ref> [[Thomas Hubbard]], [[Beert Verstraete|Beert C. Verstraete]],<ref>[https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2009/2009.09.61/ Beert Verstraete, Review of 'The Greeks and Greek Love: A Radical Reappraisal of Homosexuality in Ancient Greece', ''Bryn Mawr Classical Review'', 3. Nov. 2009].</ref> and [[William Percy]], have conducted extensive research on Greek Pederasty and the life of children / young people in Greco-Roman society.

Also in ancient Sparta it was customary for adult noble women to have intercourse with beloved girls before their marriage. It may be considered proven that male paederasty in Sparta had a Lesbian counterpart in female initiation.<ref name= "bremmer1980"/> In the case of Sappho [Lesbos, 700 – 600 BCE] the same ritual background is visible with some evidence of erotic relationships between women and girls. Their relationships also expected to be nonexclusive, i.e. adult women had husbands and girls married men as they grew older.<ref> André Lardinois (1989) [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315770055-3/lesbian-sappho-sappho-lesbos-andr%C3%A9-lardinois Lesbian Sappho and Sappho of Lesbos ]. in: Jan N. Bremmer (ed.) (1989) From Sappho to De Sade: Moments in the History of Sexuality. (available via [[Help:Research_Resources#Information_Freedom_Companions|OPTION 2]])</ref>

=== Goths ===
<blockquote>
The historian Ammianus Marcellinus (31.9.5) [4th century CE] relates that among the Taifali, a tribe connected with the Goths, the boys lived in a state of pederasty until they had killed a boar or a bear.<ref name="bremmer2021"/>
</blockquote>

=== Romans ===
<blockquote>
Valerius Maximus presents a number of stories, the earliest going back to the fourth century [BCE], demonstrating that the practice was known to the Romans too, albeit disapproved of till the end of the Republic. By that time, paederastic friendships were frequently adopted in higher circles and even the moralistic Augustus had had his friend in his younger years. About the Empire we need not go into detail. Any reader of Juvenal, Martial and Petronius can find examples galore. [...] It is important to observe that the Romans explicitly forbid paederasty with free boys but not with slavess in the so-called lex Scantinia, a law dating probably from before Cicero's time [1st century BCE].<ref name= "bremmer1980"/>
</blockquote>

<blockquote>
Boyish beauty thematic in love poetry; attractions were to smooth, hairless bodies regardless of gender (for boys, from puberty to start of beard); exclusive attraction to one gender seen as eccentric; relations with other adult men seen as disgraceful. Notables with pederastic interests included: poets Catullus, Horace, Juvenal, Martial, Tibullus, and Virgil, and emperors Trajan and Hadrian. Tradition eroded with consolidation of Christian sexual morality. Sources: Cantarella (1992); Crompton (2003); Lambert (1984); Williams (1999)<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

=== Celts ===
<blockquote>Regarding the Celts, there is general agreement in our sources that they practiced paederasty. Athenaeus [II–III CE] even tells us that they often slept with two boys at the same time, but this looks as if it is a typical Greek dream-wish. This is the only detailed report we have that goes beyond the pure mention of the practice [...]<ref name= "bremmer1980"/></blockquote>

=== Persians ===
See in detail in [[Pederasty_in_Islam#Persia|Pederasty in Islam]]
<blockquote>It seems reasonable then to accept the occurrence of paederasty among the Persians - although it was forbidden - but our sources do not connect the practice with initiation or men's societies<ref name= "bremmer1980"/></blockquote>

==1st century BCE to 20th Century China==
<blockquote>
''Multiple forms of male homosexuality (especially pederasty) occurred across 2 millennia of dynasties [Ages of Boys Involved 10–18 <ref name="Rind2013" />] ; cut sleeve became term for homosexual love (ca. 0 CE) when emperor cut his sleeve rather than waking up his boy favorite, who was on it; poetry after 220 CE often discussed beauty, charms of boys; marriage to boys was a common Fujian practice (ca. 1000 CE); key seventeeth century author (Li Yu) wrote a book illustrating popular interest in pederasty; Western visitors in nineteenth century expressed shock at prominent Chinese men openly courting boys (aged about 14-15); tradition ended in later nineteenth century with embarrassment at Western repugnance and efforts to modernize.'' Sources: Crompton (2003); Hinsch (1990); Leupp (1995) <ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

An act similar to the "[[Age of Consent]]" was seen in ancient China. The punishment was quite severe, exile for misdemeanors, and hanged or beheaded for serious crimes.
In the Song Dynasty, the legal clause that "intercourse with young women is regarded as rape" began to appear.<ref>[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%85%92%E7%AB%A5%E6%80%A7%E8%99%90%E5%BE%85?oldformat=true#%E5%8F%A4%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B Chinese Wikipedia]</ref>

One historical study <ref>[http://library.lol/main/B05B07B0134835C2F53D030224C75608 Hinsch, Bret. (1990). ''Passions of the Cut Sleeve: The Male Homosexual Tradition in China'' (Berkeley: University of California Press).]</ref> of male same-sex love in China from the Zhou dynasty (start date of 1045/6 BC) to the Qing dynasty in the early twentieth century, dated as starting around 249 BC. Quoting a 1993 review thereof<ref>[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224499309551712 Review of 'Passions of the Cut Sleeve'']</ref>:

<blockquote>
''"Hinsch found that, before 1900, the dominant social construction for males in China was bisexual. Most Chinese men did not see themselves as being divided into strict categories of "homosexuals" and "heterosexuals" but evidenced a relaxed erotic attraction to both sexes. Wealthy married men or unmarried scholars often had a boy (ranging in age from as young as 9 to as old as 25 years) as a concubine, or they patronized boy prostitutes. Chinese philosophers wrote that it was better for a boy to sell his body, as a favorite or a prostitute, than to languish in poverty. Prostitution/concubinage represented one of the few opportunities for lower class boys to raise their economic status and to support their parents comfortably. If a boy became a beloved of a wealthy older man, he was some times offered material wealth or political office when he matured. His patron/lover might even arrange a heterosexual marriage for him and serve as best man at his wedding. Individuals who enjoyed male-male sex were not seen as distinct personality types but merely partook of certain "passions." These passions were termed "passions of the cut sleeve," after the devotion shown by Emperor Ai (ruler 6 B.C.E.-l C.E.), who cut the sleeve off his shirt rather than disturb the sleep of his beloved boy lover Dong Xian."''
</blockquote>

===600BC-1860===

From a [[Text of Pedo history: China|summary of historical research]], [[Edward Brongersma]] identified sadomasochistic trends and a dominant model of concubinage in pre-communist China. Some men were also invested in the boy achieving pleasure, and climax.

=== Until the first half of the last century ===
From the article of Emil M.L.Ng:<ref>Emil M.L.Ng (December 2002) [http://www.sexarchive.info/BIB/pedochin.htm Pedophilia from the Chinese Perspective] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20250129135819/http://www.sexarchive.info/BIB/pedochin.htm web.archive]); Probably from the book 'Pedophilia: Concepts and Controversy, Special Section of Archives of Sexual Behavior' by Kenneth J. Zucker (ed); Vol. 31, No. 6, pp. 465-510</ref>
<blockquote>
''Depictions of “child-romance” in ancient or modern Chinese literature are not difficult to find. They include passages on joyous heterosexual or homosexual activities by children as young as 12 to13 years old with one another or with adults. [...] Until the first half of the last century, there was still the practice of the “child bridegroom” in, but not restricted to, the Hubei region of China (Lou 1970). A male child of any age, even before birth, could by parental arrangement take an adult woman as a wife. The purpose could be to consolidate family status and relationship, or simply to have someone to help taking care of the child. After marriage, the couple slept in one bed like all other husbands and wives. No one would pay attention to what type of sexual relationship they might have and when. In the normal course of events, they would begin with those sex plays they were capable of and wanted, until one day, when the child was old enough to desire and do it, they had coitus. After the boy grew still older, he usually took a second wife closer to his age, but he would continue to keep, love and respect the first wife.''
</blockquote>

==Renaissance Italy (15th Century) ==
Florence was famed for its widespread homosexual culture, which manifested as a normative pederasty involving boys between the ages of thirteen and eighteen in relationship with adult men.<ref>At the margins: minority groups in premodern Italy By Stephen J. Milner; p62</ref> This reputation was so much that in 1432 the city established "Gli Ufficiali di Notte" (The Officers of the Night) to root out the practice of sodomy. From that year until 1502, the number of men charged with sodomy numbered greater than 17,000, of which 3,000 were convicted. However this number also includes heterosexual sodomy. This also gave rise to a number of proverbs illuminating the views of the common people towards the practice. Among them are ''If you crave joys, tumble some boys.'' <ref>Florentine proverb, ca. [[1480]]. After [[Sabadino degli Arienti]] in ''Le Porretane.''Michael Rocke, ''Forbidden friendships: Homosexuality and Male Culture in Renaissance Florence,'' Oxford, 1996; p.87</ref> This reputation is also reflected in the fact that the Germans adopted the word ''Florenzer'', when they were talking about a pederast.<ref>Rocke, Michael, (1996), ''[https://libgen.is/search.php?req=Forbidden+Friendships%3A+Homosexuality+and+male+Culture+in+Renaissance+Florence&lg_topic=libgen&open=0&view=simple&res=25&phrase=1&column=def Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and male Culture in Renaissance Florence]'', ISBN 978-0195122923</ref><ref>Ruggiero, Guido, (1985), ''The Boundaries of Eros'', ISBN 978-0195056969</ref> The Neapolitans on the other hand when speaking of pederasty, called it ''Il vizio inglese,'' "the English vice".<ref>[[Sir Richard Burton|R. F. Burton]], ''Terminal Essay''</ref>

From John A. Garrity's research:<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200807005522/http://williamapercy.com/wiki/index.php?title=Jack_Garridy Sexuality in the Lives of Florentine Renaissance Artists] by John A. Garrity (Jack Garridy) (in pdfs archived from Percy Wiki)</ref>

<blockquote>
''"Rocke concludes that up to two-thirds of all sexually active males in Florence were at least rumored to be involved in sodomitical activity. ''[...]'' Sodomy was so much the norm in Renaissance Florence that Rocke finds no “subculture” ''[...]'' the norm should be characterized as bisexual activity, a two or three on Kinsey scale. By the age of sixteen, a typical male was taking the passive role in sodomy with an older partner ''[...]'' Citizens accepted passivity as a normal part of adolescence to such an extent that eventually it was not even prosecuted. ''[...]'' The oldest active partners recorded were in their seventies. The youngest passives were eight years old. ''[...]'' By age thirty most men gave up their passion for youths and married women. ''[...]'' Overall, Rocke’s finds are surprisingly similar to the ancient Greeks ''[...]'' These male relationships were often mutual and romantic."''<ref>See Michael Rocke, [https://annas-archive.org/md5/ac0dab2ba53be8a3a5b6d8967749d7b7 ''Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and Male Culture in Renaissance Florence''] (Oxford University Press, 1998).</ref>
</blockquote>

From the article by Isabella Paduano:<ref>[https://www.theflorentine.net/2022/10/24/queer-history-florence/ The queer history of Florence] by Isabella Paduano (2022)</ref>

<blockquote>"[F]''or the people of Renaissance Florence, a man’s sexuality could be quite fluid, as long as it didn’t threaten his masculinity. This is why a practice now known as pederasty prevailed, where “mature” men (those over 20) would have sex with adolescent boys. Today, this age imbalance seems unacceptable, but at the time it was the norm, with any deviation threatening a man’s masculinity. This was an ancient tradition, dating back to the Greeks and Romans.''[...]'' The papers show that an outright majority of men in the city were incriminated for sodomy at least once: 17,000 men out of the city’s total population of 40,000 people."''
</blockquote>

Summary from Rind (2013)<ref name="Rind2013" />:
<blockquote>
The majority of younger men and adolescent boys in all classes (working to elite) in Florence and other Tuscan cities were involved. This practice represented an unbroken continuance of the ancient Roman practice. Despite severe penalties (e.g., torture, death) based on belief in God’s retribution, cases were often treated leniently (e.g., fines) through much of the Renaissance, a pragmatic response to its pervasiveness. Notables with pederastic interests: Donatello, Verrocchio, da Vinci, Botticelli, Pontormo, Bronzino, Cellini, and Caravaggio. The tradition was eroded through stepped-up religiously based anti-sodomy campaigns, especially Savonarola’s in the 1490s, along with harsher penalties with more determined enforcement. The tradition was also entrenched in other areas such as Venice. Sources: Crompton (2003); Moulton (2003); Rocke (1996); Ruggiero (1985); Saslow (1986, 1989)
</blockquote>

==11th-19th Century Japan==
<blockquote>
''From eleventh to nineteenth centuries, bisexuality (women, boys) was pervasive; over time pederasty appeared in three contexts (monastic, samurai, kabuki theater), the first two as mentorships with boys of ranking families, the last as prostitution; among samurai, it fostered loyalty and sacrifice in youths training to be warriors; shoguns and warlords from twelfth to eighteenth centuries involved in pederasty reads like a Who’s Who of military- political history; key seventeenth century author (Saikaku) illustrated its pervasive presence; another described typical ages of interest (10–13 = “blossoming flower;” 14–17 = “flourishing flower;” 18–21 = “falling flower”); tradition ended in late nineteenth century in response to Western abhorrence and efforts to modernize.'' Sources: Crompton (2003); Leupp (1995); Watanabe & Iwata (1989)<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

In medieval [[Pederasty in Japanese culture|Japan]] (14th–16th centuries), it was customary for elite families to entrust their young sons to the care of renowned Buddhist priests from whom they received a premier education in Buddhist scriptures, poetry, music, and dance. When the boys reached adolescence, some underwent coming-of-age rites, others entered the priesthood, and several extended their education, becoming chigo, or Buddhist acolytes. Chigo served their masters as personal attendants and as sexual partners. During religious ceremonies—adorned in colorful robes, their faces made up and hair styled in long ponytails—they entertained local donors and pilgrims with music and dance.<ref>[https://wapercyfoundation.org/?p=1133 See the original and the William Percy Foundation's review of: Tales of Idolized Boys: Male-Male Love in Medieval Japanese Buddhist Narratives, by Sachi Schmidt-Hori]</ref>

''Nanshoku'' is the Japanese word for eroticism between adolescent and adult males during this time period and after, and such relationships are well-documented amongst the samurai and in literature. For example, Ihara Saikaku's collection of stories ''Nanshoku ōkagami: honchō waka fūzoku'' (The Great Mirror of Male Love: the Custom of Boy Love in Our Land). Nanshoku was depicted in erotica known as ''shunga'' (spring pictures). Kitagawa Utamaro produced shunga artwork, and although the government took relaxed attitude toward regulating visual art, one image earned Utamaro 50 days in manacles. ''Machiba Hisayoshi'' (c.1803-4) is a colored woodblock print of the ruler Hideyoshi leaning toward a pageboy, caressing the youth's wrist, with Utamaro being punished not because of the late shōgun's conduct but because representations of high nobility were forbidden. One of Japanese literature's great lovers was Ariwara no Narihira, protagonist of the classic ''Ise monogatari''. As a boy he was the subject of what became a well-known love poem, 'Iwatsutsuji' (Azaleas on the Cliffs), written by an unknown priest in the 9th century. Seven hundred and fifty years later, the shōgunate's poetry tutor, Kitamura Kigin, compiled an anthology intended to show this long tradition of idealized relations between male youths and men, naming it after the poem.<ref>[https://www.ipce.info/library_3/files/nanshoku_en.htm Nanshoku, Male-Male Eroticism in Japan. Koinos Magazine #40 (2003/4) and #41 (2004/1).]</ref>

Other scholarly sources for this time period include.<ref>Gary Leupp. ''Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan''. Gregory Pflugfelder. ''Cartographies of Desire: Male-Male Sexuality in Japanese Discourse, 1600-1950''.</ref> Another notable book is ''The Love of the Samurai: A Thousand Years of Japanese Homosexuality'' (1989), which details the institutionalized boy-love/pederasty of the Japanese samurai.<ref>''The Love of the Samurai: A Thousand Years of Japanese Homosexuality''. By Tsuneo Watanabe and Jun'ichi Iwata. Translated by D. R. Roberts.
Gay Men's Press, London, 1989.</ref> As one scholar summarized:

<blockquote>
''Each samurai took a pubescent boy as a page and assistant, and many of these wakashu youths became the lovers of their adult samurai sponsors. Since the samurai trained his wakashu to become a samurai (by about age 23), this homosexual relationship also fulfilled an educative function similar to the teacher-student Buddhist tradition.''

''Under the shoguns a new art form emerged which celebrated male beauty. In 1374 an eleven year old boy dancer ''[Zeami Motokiyo]''<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeami_Motokiyo Wiki page for Motokiyo]</ref> became the lover of the shogun, and under the shogun’s loving patronage he became a genius playwright and founder of the No theater for the shogun’s court.''<ref>[https://doi.org/10.3149/jms.0101.71 Walter L. Williams, 'From Samurai to Capitalist: Male Love, Men’s Roles, and the Rise Of Homophobia in Japan', ''Men's Studies'', Vol. 1, Issue 1 (1992), p. 73.]</ref>
</blockquote>

== 6th-17th Century Korea ==
<blockquote>
''Pederasty at times common in the imperial realm. By sixth century CE, imperial court had hwarang (“flower boys”), a corps of young warriors made up of aristocratic youth chosen for beauty, education, and martial prowess. Various kings through the fourteenth century known to have had pederastic relations at the court. Monastic pederasty was widespread. Popularity of “beautiful boys” in seventeenth century entertainment indicates pederasty was common among the gentry. It was especially common among provincial gentlemen, some of whom kept boy-wives, a practice openly acknowledged in their villages.'' Source: Leupp (1995)<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

==15th-17th Century Europe==

[[Helmut Kentler]] observes:<ref>[https://www.boychat.org/messages/1634288.htm CHILDREN’S SEXUALITY, by Helmut Kentler], in the German edition of the book [[Show Me!]]. [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1DD05vy-WuM_-BH5tfbSswOXEQQt5OnYS37zhAtyx0x0/edit?tab=t.0#heading=h.r733n6h5ens]</ref>

<blockquote>
''Scientific research has, in the last decades, rediscovered and evaluated evidence from numerous sources, showing that in Central Europe through the 17th century a pro-sexual attitude prevailed that today – despite a liberalizing trend – would be seen as alien and dangerous and its revival prevented at all costs. J. van Ussel, one of the best authorities on pro-sexual manners and customs of that time, gives the following sketch:''

:''It was generally accepted that the satisfaction of the sex drive was necessary for good health. In some cities, brothels were set up by the authorities. Physicality was practiced in a way that we have forgotten today. People commonly touch, caress, hug and kiss; nurses and parents masturbate young children, to calm them. Older people have contact with young people that we would today call sexual. This self-satisfaction begins to be fought only at the start of the 18th Century by doctors and later by many clergy. Premarital and extramarital sexual relations are mainstreamed. Insufficient contraception (birth control) is condemned by the churches. The rulers and the aristocracy practice promiscuity, which is hardly ever criticized. Students and soldiers do what they please. The clergy are not exactly celibate. At home folks sleep naked, the whole family and the employees together in one room. Even in the bath house you’re naked. On ceremonial occasions the prettiest girls in the city are naked on display. A rich vocabulary for the sexual is available. The young people do not need sex education because they see the world of adults, experiencing and learning what they need to know.”''

''As a matter of course young children already knew sexual facts; this appears most clearly from a collection of dialogues, written in Latin by Erasmus of Rotterdam and published in 1522, dedicated to his then six-year-old godson. The title indicates the intention of the book: “Dialogues, not only put together to refine the Latin of the children, but above all for the purpose of education for life.”''
</blockquote>

==18th Century England==
Girls as young as 12 were highly-valued for their attractiveness as prostitutes in England during the 18th century. Young, pubescent boys were also popular. The [[Age of Consent]] was not raised from 10 until the 19th century.<ref name="bullough" />

==16th-19th Century Russia==
There is a lot of evidence of quite tolerant attitude toward boylove in some periods of the past in Russia:
<blockquote>
According to the Englishman Perry, who served in Russia under Peter I for several years, "the dreadful sin of sodomy is hardly considered a crime in this country; when drunk, they are very inclined to it." [...] It is likely that sodomy, which became widespread in Russian society during the 16th and 17th centuries, was borrowed by Russians from the Muslim East, particularly from Persia and Turkey. [Despite the fact that], as a precaution against this vice, a moral code for monks, introduced as early as the 14th century, included a provision stating that they should "not befriend young children or teach them from books." In the monastic rule of Joseph Volotsky, it was forbidden to keep "beardless youths" in monasteries. [editor's translation] <ref>[https://libgen.li/ads267edbd1c32fbbe3cd644e38adc1e285RC85NHNN Averkiyev S.S. (2015) Influence of the Tatars on the Life of the Russian People. pp. 175-180]</ref></blockquote>

19th century, the Chuckchee, natives in Northern Siberia - sex with boys was considered normal and in no way kept secret.
<blockquote>Young, handsome boys adorn themselves and flirt openly with their admirers. This is all the more striking because nothing impedes sex with girls and the boys themselves start to have heterosexual intercourse from ten years on.” (Wrangel, quoted by Erman 1871, 164).<ref>[https://brongersma.info/Loving_boys_I 'Loving Boys I'] by [[Edward Brongersma]]; 1986</ref></blockquote>

== Indigenous Americas ==
===Up to 17th Century Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas ===
<blockquote>
Among sixteenth and seventeenth century Mayans, missionaries reported a custom of youth-younger boy marriages. [...] Missionaries reported religious-based pederasty as common among the Aztecs and Incas. Sources: Greenberg (1988); Williams (1992)<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

=== 19th Century Coerunas Indians of Brazil ===
<blockquote>
An apprentice healer would go into the woods for an extended time with an older healer, who would transmit his special powers to the youth through sexual relations and also directly instruct him on the art of curing illnesses. Source: Greenberg (1988) <ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

===Native America, 1930s and prior===
George Devreux wrote in 1937:
:''"Casual homosexual relations in childhood were frequent in the past, and according to my informants, seem to be on the increase ''[...]'' Complete nudity and any lack of supervision, especially for boys, who remained naked until they reached puberty, combined with incessant sexual talk on the part of adults, must have furthered the desire for sex experience. ''[...]'' Adults seldom had sexual intercourse with children of their own sex, although betrothal of young girls to old men or seduction of very young boys by adult women was not rare."''<ref>Devereux, George. (1937). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41447338 Institutionalized homosexuality of the Mohave Indians]. ''Human Biology'', 9, pp. 498–527.</ref>

== 17th Century Caribbean Pirates ==
<blockquote>
Lived in all-male arrangements with mixed ages from young adolescents or younger through older men. Sexual relations between men, especially pirate captains (e.g., Blackbeard), and adolescent boys were common. Sources: Burg (1995); Williams (1992)<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

==19th Century Albania==

From Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe - ''Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature'', New York University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-8147-7468-7.<ref>[https://annas-archive.org/search?q=Islamic+Homosexualities Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe - ''Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature'', New York University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-8147-7468-7.]</ref>

<blockquote>
Albanian pederasty was a custom reported by numerous Western travellers in the nineteenth century including Edvard Westermarck, John Cam Hobhouse, who in his travel diary, reports that pederasty was "openly practised," and Johann Georg von Hahn, also known as "the father of Albanian studies." According to such reports it was commonly and socially accepted that young people between the ages of sixteen and twenty-four would woo children aged twelve to seventeen.<ref>[http://www.archiviolgbtq.it/fileadmin/documenti/luglio2006/naecke.pdf], [https://archive.org/details/warmbrothersquee00tobi], [https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pederastia_albanese#CITEREFRobert_Elsie_(2000)], [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_pEKOOuRWu00C]</ref>

In literature, the oldest lover is called ashik (from the Arabic word ishq, "passionate love") and the beloved, dyllber (from the Turkish dilber, "beautiful"). A Gheg Albanian married at the age of 24 or 25, and then usually, but not always, gave up love with boys.

The practice was limited with the advent of communism in 1944.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/nationalhealthsg0000unse]</ref>
</blockquote>

Murray's original quote included more references which could not be found online.

==America (Mid 19th-20th) Century ==

The ''Huffington Post'' wrote about Thomas Lowry's "The Story the Soldiers Wouldn't Tell: Sex in the Civil War":

:''"Chapter 11 of Lowry's book opens the closet door on gender-bending and same-sex trysts. And Lowry reveals that during the Civil War conventional gender roles and sexual behavior could not be strictly tethered to a heterosexual paradigm. With men outnumbering women, especially at social events like balls, "Drummer Boys" -- children as young as 9 and 10 years old -- dressed in drag. And in some occasions, the intimacy between soldiers and Drummer boys reached beyond just a public waltz. For example, Lowry references a ball put on by a Massachusetts regiment stationed in Virginia in 1864 about young drummer boys dressed as women. One man wrote to his wife: "Some of the real women went, but the boy girls were so much better looking that they left. ...We had some little Drummer Boys dressed up and I'll bet you could not tell them from girls if you did not know them. ...Some of ''[the Drummer Boys]'' looked good enough to lay with and I guess some of them did get laid with. ...I know I slept with mine.""''<ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/americas-gay-confederate-_b_851815 HuffPo - American Civil War]</ref>

<blockquote>
''Between 1880 and 1930, sexual relations between men and adolescent boys were commonplace among transient workers [Hobos] in the Pacific Northwest. Developing industries (e.g., lumber, mining) drew in large numbers of unmarried men and male youths from other parts of the United States to perform backbreaking work. They lived and worked in all-male societies, which fostered intergenerational sex (rather than age-equal sex). Their relations were social, not just sexual—the boys often served domestic functions for the men. In return, they got various benefits (e.g., advice, apprenticing, emotional support, safety, protection). By the 1930s, these all-male societies eroded, owing to mechanization (which reduced brute-strength work) and population expansion (with more women). These changes, along with constant policing activity (the middle class saw pederasty as a threat to their youth and the family), helped to dissolve the tradition.'' Sources: Boag, (2003); Flynt (1927); Williams (1992)<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

==Prewar (and postwar) Siwa, Egypt==

:''"In 1937 the anthropologist Walter Cline wrote the first detailed ethnography of the Siwans in which he noted: "All normal Siwan men and boys practice sodomy...among themselves the natives are not ashamed of this; they talk about it as openly as they talk about love of women, and many if not most of their fights arise from homosexual competition....Prominent men lend their sons to each other. All Siwans know the matings which have taken place among their sheiks and their sheiks' sons....Most of the boys used in sodomy are between twelve and eighteen years of age." After an expedition to Siwa, the archaeologist Count Byron de Prorok reported in 1937 "an enthusiasm [that] could not have been approached even in Sodom... Homosexuality was not merely rampant, it was raging...Every dancer had his boyfriend...[and] chiefs had harems of boys"."''<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siwa_Oasis De Porok, Count Byron (1936). In Quest of Lost Worlds. New York: Dutton. p. 64.]</ref><ref>[https://www.greek-love.com/near-east-north-africa/egypt/siwa-oasis-robin-maugham-pederasty THE OASIS OF SIWA IN 1947-8, BY ROBIN MAUGHAM]</ref><ref>[https://www.greek-love.com/near-east-north-africa/egypt/the-people-of-siwah-by-walter-cline NOTES ON THE PEOPLE OF SIWAH BY WALTER CLINE]</ref>

The socialist Gay/[[Boylove|BL]] activist and independent scholar [[David Thorstad]], wrote of his experience of Siwa for ''Gayme Magazine''.<ref>[http://williamapercy.com/wiki/images/Siwa_today.pdf Siwa Today - David Thorstad]</ref> He wrote:

:''"Probably the most stricking feature of Siwan sexuality is the traditional practice of men lending their sons to other men. Prior to 1928, this was sometimes accompanied by a written aggreement (known as a "marriage contract"), a dowry (much greater than the dowry for a girl), banquets and celebrations. ''[...]'' One investigator earlier in the century claimed that male children were preferred because they cost less to raise than girls, and that the boy was "a very fruitful source of profit for the father, not for the work he does, but because he is hired by his father to another man to be used as a catamite [i.e. a boy who has sex with men]. Sometimes two men exchange their sons. If they are asked about this, they are not ashamed to mention it".''

For this quote, Thorstad cites a source which is now used on Wikipedia's [[Wikipedia:Siwa_Oasis|Siwa page]]: Mahmud Mohammad Abd Allah, (1917).<ref>[https://archive.org/details/harvardafricans01deptgoog Mahmud Mohammad Abd Allah, (1917). Siwan Customs]. In ''Harvard African Studies'', 7, p. 7.</ref>

==Muslim societies of the 8th-19th centuries, and present Afghanistan==
<blockquote>
Pervasive in Muslim societies (North Africa, Western-Central Asia) eighth to nineteenth centuries; pederastic attractions seen just as normal as heterosexual ones; main interest in boys was early to mid-teens, peaking at about 14; appeal vanished with beard (about 16, 17); adult men scorned if passive partners in homosexual relationships; manly behavior was to be active (partner gender did not matter); staggering amount of love poetry shows obsession with boyish beauty, seen as comparable to women’s; poets attracted to boys constitutes a Who’s Who; desire for boys, but not behavior or lust, was permissible under Islam, but behavior was common nevertheless; tradition ended in late nineteenth century, because of Western colonialism, with its abhorrence of the tradition and the local embarrassment this created, along with local assimilation of European concepts and efforts to modernize. Sources: Baldauf (1988); Crompton (2003); Massad (2007); Murray & Roscoe (1998); Patanè (2006); Rahman (1989); Rouayheb (2005); Schild (1988); Wright & Rowson (1997)<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

As detailed in [[Pederasty in Islam]], Afghanistan is one of many Islamic cultures in which pederasty is practised with feminized boys. This derives from the strict gender segregation in Afghan society, and gives rise to the famous saying "women are for children, boys are for pleasure".<ref>[https://fuf.se/magasin/magapril-women-are-for-children-boys-are-for-pleasure/ Women are for children, boys are for pleasure]</ref>

==1960s, 1970s, Baltimore==

During these decades there were notable gay subcultures in America where young boys were allowed to have sexual interactions with men with little fear of ostracism or psychological trauma. Baltimore is one often recalled example of this.

==1960s, 1970s, Hippie Communes==

Inter- and intra-generational sex with minors was accommodated in late 20th century American hippie communes, but for children, sex was a pleasant distraction and not central to their leisure time. Details on these subcultures are covered by researchers such as Berger, Constantine and Johnston, cited in our [[Research: Activating Janssen|review project of Janssen's ''Growing Up Sexually'']].

==1960s, 1970s England==

As is common, when the sources of scandalous allegations are further investigated at a later date, the banality of the situation reveals itself. For example, with reference to Duncroft (Girls School), [[Mark Smith]] and Ros Burnett note "Accounts of the girls’ sexual experience and behaviour indicate a degree of agency in sexual activity, which challenges the current orthodoxy of them as victims of predatory adults. The former residents we spoke to did not regard themselves as victims and any sexual activity they might have entered into was considered to have been [[consent|consensual]] and in some cases initiated by the girls (although none claimed to have any knowledge of Savile being involved sexually with girls at Duncroft)."<ref>[https://sci-hub.se/10.1108/ijssp-03-2017-0029 The origins of the Jimmy Savile scandal]</ref>

Girls' (12-15) relationships with older boys and men were a cause for concern in the 70s, but were in most cases chalked off as cautions when they came to the attention of police. This was because the relationships were seen as normative/traditional or otherwise willingly engaged in by the girls.<ref>[https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-1971(79)80005-6 Mawby, R. I. (1979). Policing the age of consent. Journal of Adolescence, 2(1), 41–49]</ref>

Relationships of peribubertal boys with older boys were common in boarding schools :
<blockquote>
Deeply sentimentalized, erotically based attachments were common in many all-male private boarding schools before 1970s between older (about 17–18) and younger (about 12–13) boys; older teens sought “cute” boys, calling them “talent,” “crushes,” or “tarts;” younger boys competed to be selected (for the many favors, privileges it entailed); older-younger pairs exchanged notes, poetry, and other items of endearment; after graduating, most moved on to heterosexuality. Sources: Chandos (1984); Gathorne-Hardy (1978); Lambert & Lambert (1968); Lewis (1955); Nash (1961) <ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

==1970s, 1980s, Netherlands==

The Netherlands is a fairly recent example of a culture in which intergenerational sexual relationships were partially tolerated during a particularly liberal period of history. For some time, sexual relationships between a child above the age of 12 and an adult would remain legally immune to prosecution for as long as the younger partner, their parents or a welfare entity did not complain. Such authorities were much less inclined to lodge complaints during this period, leading to a markedly non-hysterical climate in which many such relationships succeeded. One writer to document such positive relationships was [[Theo Sandfort]], whose most famous study <ref>[http://www.ipce.info/host/sandfort_87/ Sandfort Study]</ref> remains an outstanding example of this unique period in time.

==1980s, 1990s, Thailand==

Professor Vicharn Vitiyasai of Chang Mai University emphasizes that, 'In Thai society, boys begin to buy women when they are around 13 years old; 50 per cent of 16-year-old boys and 90 per cent of university students go to brothels. Married men also think it natural to entertain business clients and friends by taking them to brothels, and they visit brothels themselves as a part of the joy of travel.'"<ref>Yayori Matsui, Women in the New Asia, 1999</ref>

==1980s, 1990s, Mexico==

In a [[Media:A pueblo homosexuality David Thorstad 1988.pdf|1988 Christopher Street Feature]], [[David Thorstad]] immerses himself in a rural Mexican community and finds that homosexuality is very much part of everyday life for younger men and boys. Sex work is also engaged in, but this is peripheral.

==General==
:''"As mentioned earlier, our Western civilization has not always believed that children should be protected from all sexual contact. In medieval Europe, children were still freely touched, caressed, and fondled by every member of the household. Particularly in rural areas, parents, nurses, or servants were accustomed to masturbating small children to please them or to keep them quiet. (This practice is also found in many non-European societies. In the United States today, it is still alive among the Hopi Indians.)"''<ref>[[Erwin Haeberle|Haeberle, Erwin J.]] (1983). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20120419005050/http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/ATLAS_EN/html/childhood_sex_play.html The Sex Atlas]''. The Continuum Publishing Company.</ref>

''Encyclopedia of Male Homosexual Poetry and its Reception History'' by [[Paul Knobel]]<ref>[http://www.sexarchive.info/BIB/hombib/ Encyclopedia of Male Homosexual Poetry and its Reception History] by [[Paul Knobel]] - free access encyclopedia at the Sexarchive by [[Erwin Haeberle]]; also see the work with Overview entries from this encyclopedia - [http://www.sexarchive.info/BIB/knobelworld.htm A World Overview of Male Homosexual Poetry] </ref> contains hundreds of mentions of dancing and singing boys tradition, along with sexual and romantic themes in poetry dedicated to them, in different cultures in history.

==Excerpt Graphic Library==

The EGL on '''Broader Perspectives''' has some relevant information. Just right click/save and reproduce by uploading in short-form media to bypass character limits.

{{Template:EGLBP}}

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Official Encyclopedia]][[Category:Research: Broader Perspectives]][[Category:Research into effects on Children]]

Research: Intergenerational Relationships in History

2026-07-28T19:35:17Z

Thorn: /* 16th-17th Century Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas */

{{research}}
There have existed a wide range of western and non-western societies that have tolerated or encouraged intergenerational sexuality. More recent examples are generally ''subcultures'' which run counter to modern sexual morality.
__NOTOC__
==Antiquity==

Much has been written about the '''Ancient Greeks''' and their age-structured pederastic relationship ideals, yet there are many other past civilizations that loved boys.

*[https://greek-love.com/ Greek Love: Pederasty throughout the ages], gives a historical context on Ancient Greece and many other cultures
*[https://www.boywiki.org/en/Historical_boylove_relationships Historical BL Relationships] - BoyWiki - Historical BL Relationships
:*[https://www.boywiki.org/en/Historical_boylove_relationships_in_ancient_Rome Rome]
:*[https://www.boywiki.org/en/Historical_boylove_relationships_in_Japan Japan]
*[https://list.fandom.com/wiki/Pederastic_relationships_in_classical_antiquity Pederastic relationships in classical antiquity] - Fandom
*[[Pederasty in Islam]]

===Ancient Greece===

*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece Wikipedia]
*[https://www.boywiki.org/en/Historical_boylove_relationships_in_ancient_Greece BoyWiki]
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20100309132321/http://www.truthtree.com/pederasty.shtml Truthtree]

To certain parts of Greek society, relationships between men and adolescent boys were not only acceptable, but a desirable form of mentorship and (military) training towards the masculine ideal. As accounts reveal, rules and regulations within this model were particularly strict - arguably more so than in modern societies that condemn pederasty as pathological.

Many Greek men waited until they were about 30 years of age to marry. When they did marry, their partner would often be a girl of 12 or 14.<ref name="bullough">[[Vern Bullough|Bullough, Vern L.]] (2004). "Children and adolescents as sexual beings: a historical overview," ''Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America'', 13(3), 447-459.</ref>

It is certain that pederasty was already widespread in Greek culture in the early Archaic Age (600-800 BC). It had strong institutional character in Crete and Sparta and educational connotations in Athens, and seemingly was derived from earlier initiatory practices in history. It should not be confused with modern adult-adult homosexuality, since the relationships were structured by age and social asymmetry, and the younger participants were expected to marry later. Regarding sexual aspect, the younger participant occupied the passive role. On earlier black-figure vases, the scenes are much more explicit with the predominance of anal intercourse. On later red-figure vases, couples are often represented in an intercrural position, with contact between the thighs rather than a depicted anal act, but anal intercourse still appears to be implicitly assumed. Males generally quitted playing the passive role when their beards appeared.<ref name="bremmer2021"> Jan N. Bremmer (2021) [https://www.amazon.com/Becoming-Man-Ancient-Greece-Rome/dp/3161590082 Becoming a Man in Ancient Greece and Rome. Essays on Myths and Rituals of Initiation.] (available via [[Help:Research_Resources#Information_Freedom_Companions|OPTION 2]])</ref>

<blockquote>
[Pederasty] Had mentoring function (prepared elite boys for adult roles as warriors, citizens). Boyish beauty repeatedly valorized in the arts (e.g., love poetry, pottery); body hair (face, legs) ended boys’ attractiveness; bisexual interests (women, boys) widespread; attraction to other adult men scorned. Notables with pederastic interests: poets (e.g., Alcaeus, Ibycus, Anacreon, Theognis, Pindar); playwrights (e.g., Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides); political leaders (e.g., Solon, Demosthenes, Agesilaus, Philip, Alexander); philosophers (e.g., Socrates, Plato, Zeno, Chrysippus). Eroded with rise of Christianity. Sources: Crompton (2003); Hubbard (2003); Lear (2004); Lear & Cantarella (2008) <ref name="Rind2013"> [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Rind, B. (2013). Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Thomas K Hubbard, Beert Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research: The Debate over Male Intergenerational Relations]]. (pp. 1-90) ''New York: Routledge.'' doi:10.4324/9781315432458</ref>
</blockquote>

In the late Archaic period the male intergenerational institution was no longer dominated by mature adult men initiating adolescents into the adult male world. Younger men increasingly replaced older, adolescents were replaced by younger boys. At the same time, their courtship was represented less directly and more cautiously.<ref name="bremmer2021"/>

Historians including [[Jan Bremmer|Jan N. Bremmer]],<ref name="bremmer2021"/><ref>Jan N. Bremmer (1989) [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315770055-2/greek-pederasty-modern-homosexuality-jan-bremmer Greek Pederasty and Modern Homosexuality]. in: Jan N. Bremmer (ed.) (1989) From Sappho to De Sade: Moments in the History of Sexuality. (available via [[Help:Research_Resources#Information_Freedom_Companions|OPTION 2]])</ref><ref name= "bremmer1980">Bremmer, J. (1980). An enigmatic Indo-European rite: Paederasty. ''Arethusa'', 13(2), 279–298.</ref> Christian Laes,<ref>[https://www.christianlaes.be/ Christian Laes - Personal site]</ref><ref>[https://journals.univie.ac.at/index.php/oezg/article/view/3327 Laes, C. (2017). When Classicists Need to Speak Up: Antiquity and Present Day Pedophilia – Pederasty. ''Österreichische Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaften'', 28(3), 49–70].</ref><ref>Christian Laes, ''Children in the Roman Empire: Outsiders Within'' (Cambridge University Press, 2011).</ref><ref>; Christian Laes and Johan Strubbe, ''Youth in the Roman Empire: The Young and the Restless Years?'' (Cambridge University Press, 2014)</ref><ref>Christian Laes, 'Children and Sexuality: Roman World', in: Julia M. O'Brian (ed.), ''Oxford Encyclopedia of the Bible and Gender Studies'' (Oxford University Press, 2014), 38–42.</ref> [[wikipedia:Andrew Lear|Andrew Lear]],<ref>[https://library.lol/main/53872FCED674EC41DFC6B26B198D1F7F Eva Cantarella and Andrew Lear, ''Images of Pederasty: Boys Were Their God'' (Routledge, 2008)].</ref><ref>Andrew Lear, 'Was Pederasty Problematized? A Diachronic View', in: Mark Masterson/Nancy Sorkin Rabinowitz/James Robson (eds.), ''Sex in Antiquity: Exploring Gender and Sexuality in the Ancient World'' (London/New York, 2015), pp. 115–136.</ref><ref>[https://library.lol/main/35E193AC1C1DADA75905ADD4DE8E0098 Andrew Lear, ''Noble Eros: the idealization of pederasty from the Greek dark ages to the Athens of Socrates'' (2004, PhD Thesis)].</ref> [[Thomas Hubbard]], [[Beert Verstraete|Beert C. Verstraete]],<ref>[https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2009/2009.09.61/ Beert Verstraete, Review of 'The Greeks and Greek Love: A Radical Reappraisal of Homosexuality in Ancient Greece', ''Bryn Mawr Classical Review'', 3. Nov. 2009].</ref> and [[William Percy]], have conducted extensive research on Greek Pederasty and the life of children / young people in Greco-Roman society.

Also in ancient Sparta it was customary for adult noble women to have intercourse with beloved girls before their marriage. It may be considered proven that male paederasty in Sparta had a Lesbian counterpart in female initiation.<ref name= "bremmer1980"/> In the case of Sappho [Lesbos, 700 – 600 BCE] the same ritual background is visible with some evidence of erotic relationships between women and girls. Their relationships also expected to be nonexclusive, i.e. adult women had husbands and girls married men as they grew older.<ref> André Lardinois (1989) [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315770055-3/lesbian-sappho-sappho-lesbos-andr%C3%A9-lardinois Lesbian Sappho and Sappho of Lesbos ]. in: Jan N. Bremmer (ed.) (1989) From Sappho to De Sade: Moments in the History of Sexuality. (available via [[Help:Research_Resources#Information_Freedom_Companions|OPTION 2]])</ref>

=== Goths ===
<blockquote>
The historian Ammianus Marcellinus (31.9.5) [4th century CE] relates that among the Taifali, a tribe connected with the Goths, the boys lived in a state of pederasty until they had killed a boar or a bear.<ref name="bremmer2021"/>
</blockquote>

=== Romans ===
<blockquote>
Valerius Maximus presents a number of stories, the earliest going back to the fourth century [BCE], demonstrating that the practice was known to the Romans too, albeit disapproved of till the end of the Republic. By that time, paederastic friendships were frequently adopted in higher circles and even the moralistic Augustus had had his friend in his younger years. About the Empire we need not go into detail. Any reader of Juvenal, Martial and Petronius can find examples galore. [...] It is important to observe that the Romans explicitly forbid paederasty with free boys but not with slavess in the so-called lex Scantinia, a law dating probably from before Cicero's time [1st century BCE].<ref name= "bremmer1980"/>
</blockquote>

<blockquote>
Boyish beauty thematic in love poetry; attractions were to smooth, hairless bodies regardless of gender (for boys, from puberty to start of beard); exclusive attraction to one gender seen as eccentric; relations with other adult men seen as disgraceful. Notables with pederastic interests included: poets Catullus, Horace, Juvenal, Martial, Tibullus, and Virgil, and emperors Trajan and Hadrian. Tradition eroded with consolidation of Christian sexual morality. Sources: Cantarella (1992); Crompton (2003); Lambert (1984); Williams (1999)<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

=== Celts ===
<blockquote>Regarding the Celts, there is general agreement in our sources that they practiced paederasty. Athenaeus [II–III CE] even tells us that they often slept with two boys at the same time, but this looks as if it is a typical Greek dream-wish. This is the only detailed report we have that goes beyond the pure mention of the practice [...]<ref name= "bremmer1980"/></blockquote>

=== Persians ===
See in detail in [[Pederasty_in_Islam#Persia|Pederasty in Islam]]
<blockquote>It seems reasonable then to accept the occurrence of paederasty among the Persians - although it was forbidden - but our sources do not connect the practice with initiation or men's societies<ref name= "bremmer1980"/></blockquote>

==1st century BCE to 20th Century China==
<blockquote>
''Multiple forms of male homosexuality (especially pederasty) occurred across 2 millennia of dynasties [Ages of Boys Involved 10–18 <ref name="Rind2013" />] ; cut sleeve became term for homosexual love (ca. 0 CE) when emperor cut his sleeve rather than waking up his boy favorite, who was on it; poetry after 220 CE often discussed beauty, charms of boys; marriage to boys was a common Fujian practice (ca. 1000 CE); key seventeeth century author (Li Yu) wrote a book illustrating popular interest in pederasty; Western visitors in nineteenth century expressed shock at prominent Chinese men openly courting boys (aged about 14-15); tradition ended in later nineteenth century with embarrassment at Western repugnance and efforts to modernize.'' Sources: Crompton (2003); Hinsch (1990); Leupp (1995) <ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

An act similar to the "[[Age of Consent]]" was seen in ancient China. The punishment was quite severe, exile for misdemeanors, and hanged or beheaded for serious crimes.
In the Song Dynasty, the legal clause that "intercourse with young women is regarded as rape" began to appear.<ref>[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%85%92%E7%AB%A5%E6%80%A7%E8%99%90%E5%BE%85?oldformat=true#%E5%8F%A4%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B Chinese Wikipedia]</ref>

One historical study <ref>[http://library.lol/main/B05B07B0134835C2F53D030224C75608 Hinsch, Bret. (1990). ''Passions of the Cut Sleeve: The Male Homosexual Tradition in China'' (Berkeley: University of California Press).]</ref> of male same-sex love in China from the Zhou dynasty (start date of 1045/6 BC) to the Qing dynasty in the early twentieth century, dated as starting around 249 BC. Quoting a 1993 review thereof<ref>[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224499309551712 Review of 'Passions of the Cut Sleeve'']</ref>:

<blockquote>
''"Hinsch found that, before 1900, the dominant social construction for males in China was bisexual. Most Chinese men did not see themselves as being divided into strict categories of "homosexuals" and "heterosexuals" but evidenced a relaxed erotic attraction to both sexes. Wealthy married men or unmarried scholars often had a boy (ranging in age from as young as 9 to as old as 25 years) as a concubine, or they patronized boy prostitutes. Chinese philosophers wrote that it was better for a boy to sell his body, as a favorite or a prostitute, than to languish in poverty. Prostitution/concubinage represented one of the few opportunities for lower class boys to raise their economic status and to support their parents comfortably. If a boy became a beloved of a wealthy older man, he was some times offered material wealth or political office when he matured. His patron/lover might even arrange a heterosexual marriage for him and serve as best man at his wedding. Individuals who enjoyed male-male sex were not seen as distinct personality types but merely partook of certain "passions." These passions were termed "passions of the cut sleeve," after the devotion shown by Emperor Ai (ruler 6 B.C.E.-l C.E.), who cut the sleeve off his shirt rather than disturb the sleep of his beloved boy lover Dong Xian."''
</blockquote>

===600BC-1860===

From a [[Text of Pedo history: China|summary of historical research]], [[Edward Brongersma]] identified sadomasochistic trends and a dominant model of concubinage in pre-communist China. Some men were also invested in the boy achieving pleasure, and climax.

=== Until the first half of the last century ===
From the article of Emil M.L.Ng:<ref>Emil M.L.Ng (December 2002) [http://www.sexarchive.info/BIB/pedochin.htm Pedophilia from the Chinese Perspective] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20250129135819/http://www.sexarchive.info/BIB/pedochin.htm web.archive]); Probably from the book 'Pedophilia: Concepts and Controversy, Special Section of Archives of Sexual Behavior' by Kenneth J. Zucker (ed); Vol. 31, No. 6, pp. 465-510</ref>
<blockquote>
''Depictions of “child-romance” in ancient or modern Chinese literature are not difficult to find. They include passages on joyous heterosexual or homosexual activities by children as young as 12 to13 years old with one another or with adults. [...] Until the first half of the last century, there was still the practice of the “child bridegroom” in, but not restricted to, the Hubei region of China (Lou 1970). A male child of any age, even before birth, could by parental arrangement take an adult woman as a wife. The purpose could be to consolidate family status and relationship, or simply to have someone to help taking care of the child. After marriage, the couple slept in one bed like all other husbands and wives. No one would pay attention to what type of sexual relationship they might have and when. In the normal course of events, they would begin with those sex plays they were capable of and wanted, until one day, when the child was old enough to desire and do it, they had coitus. After the boy grew still older, he usually took a second wife closer to his age, but he would continue to keep, love and respect the first wife.''
</blockquote>

==Renaissance Italy (15th Century) ==
Florence was famed for its widespread homosexual culture, which manifested as a normative pederasty involving boys between the ages of thirteen and eighteen in relationship with adult men.<ref>At the margins: minority groups in premodern Italy By Stephen J. Milner; p62</ref> This reputation was so much that in 1432 the city established "Gli Ufficiali di Notte" (The Officers of the Night) to root out the practice of sodomy. From that year until 1502, the number of men charged with sodomy numbered greater than 17,000, of which 3,000 were convicted. However this number also includes heterosexual sodomy. This also gave rise to a number of proverbs illuminating the views of the common people towards the practice. Among them are ''If you crave joys, tumble some boys.'' <ref>Florentine proverb, ca. [[1480]]. After [[Sabadino degli Arienti]] in ''Le Porretane.''Michael Rocke, ''Forbidden friendships: Homosexuality and Male Culture in Renaissance Florence,'' Oxford, 1996; p.87</ref> This reputation is also reflected in the fact that the Germans adopted the word ''Florenzer'', when they were talking about a pederast.<ref>Rocke, Michael, (1996), ''[https://libgen.is/search.php?req=Forbidden+Friendships%3A+Homosexuality+and+male+Culture+in+Renaissance+Florence&lg_topic=libgen&open=0&view=simple&res=25&phrase=1&column=def Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and male Culture in Renaissance Florence]'', ISBN 978-0195122923</ref><ref>Ruggiero, Guido, (1985), ''The Boundaries of Eros'', ISBN 978-0195056969</ref> The Neapolitans on the other hand when speaking of pederasty, called it ''Il vizio inglese,'' "the English vice".<ref>[[Sir Richard Burton|R. F. Burton]], ''Terminal Essay''</ref>

From John A. Garrity's research:<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200807005522/http://williamapercy.com/wiki/index.php?title=Jack_Garridy Sexuality in the Lives of Florentine Renaissance Artists] by John A. Garrity (Jack Garridy) (in pdfs archived from Percy Wiki)</ref>

<blockquote>
''"Rocke concludes that up to two-thirds of all sexually active males in Florence were at least rumored to be involved in sodomitical activity. ''[...]'' Sodomy was so much the norm in Renaissance Florence that Rocke finds no “subculture” ''[...]'' the norm should be characterized as bisexual activity, a two or three on Kinsey scale. By the age of sixteen, a typical male was taking the passive role in sodomy with an older partner ''[...]'' Citizens accepted passivity as a normal part of adolescence to such an extent that eventually it was not even prosecuted. ''[...]'' The oldest active partners recorded were in their seventies. The youngest passives were eight years old. ''[...]'' By age thirty most men gave up their passion for youths and married women. ''[...]'' Overall, Rocke’s finds are surprisingly similar to the ancient Greeks ''[...]'' These male relationships were often mutual and romantic."''<ref>See Michael Rocke, [https://annas-archive.org/md5/ac0dab2ba53be8a3a5b6d8967749d7b7 ''Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and Male Culture in Renaissance Florence''] (Oxford University Press, 1998).</ref>
</blockquote>

From the article by Isabella Paduano:<ref>[https://www.theflorentine.net/2022/10/24/queer-history-florence/ The queer history of Florence] by Isabella Paduano (2022)</ref>

<blockquote>"[F]''or the people of Renaissance Florence, a man’s sexuality could be quite fluid, as long as it didn’t threaten his masculinity. This is why a practice now known as pederasty prevailed, where “mature” men (those over 20) would have sex with adolescent boys. Today, this age imbalance seems unacceptable, but at the time it was the norm, with any deviation threatening a man’s masculinity. This was an ancient tradition, dating back to the Greeks and Romans.''[...]'' The papers show that an outright majority of men in the city were incriminated for sodomy at least once: 17,000 men out of the city’s total population of 40,000 people."''
</blockquote>

Summary from Rind (2013)<ref name="Rind2013" />:
<blockquote>
The majority of younger men and adolescent boys in all classes (working to elite) in Florence and other Tuscan cities were involved. This practice represented an unbroken continuance of the ancient Roman practice. Despite severe penalties (e.g., torture, death) based on belief in God’s retribution, cases were often treated leniently (e.g., fines) through much of the Renaissance, a pragmatic response to its pervasiveness. Notables with pederastic interests: Donatello, Verrocchio, da Vinci, Botticelli, Pontormo, Bronzino, Cellini, and Caravaggio. The tradition was eroded through stepped-up religiously based anti-sodomy campaigns, especially Savonarola’s in the 1490s, along with harsher penalties with more determined enforcement. The tradition was also entrenched in other areas such as Venice. Sources: Crompton (2003); Moulton (2003); Rocke (1996); Ruggiero (1985); Saslow (1986, 1989)
</blockquote>

==11th-19th Century Japan==
<blockquote>
''From eleventh to nineteenth centuries, bisexuality (women, boys) was pervasive; over time pederasty appeared in three contexts (monastic, samurai, kabuki theater), the first two as mentorships with boys of ranking families, the last as prostitution; among samurai, it fostered loyalty and sacrifice in youths training to be warriors; shoguns and warlords from twelfth to eighteenth centuries involved in pederasty reads like a Who’s Who of military- political history; key seventeenth century author (Saikaku) illustrated its pervasive presence; another described typical ages of interest (10–13 = “blossoming flower;” 14–17 = “flourishing flower;” 18–21 = “falling flower”); tradition ended in late nineteenth century in response to Western abhorrence and efforts to modernize.'' Sources: Crompton (2003); Leupp (1995); Watanabe & Iwata (1989)<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

In medieval [[Pederasty in Japanese culture|Japan]] (14th–16th centuries), it was customary for elite families to entrust their young sons to the care of renowned Buddhist priests from whom they received a premier education in Buddhist scriptures, poetry, music, and dance. When the boys reached adolescence, some underwent coming-of-age rites, others entered the priesthood, and several extended their education, becoming chigo, or Buddhist acolytes. Chigo served their masters as personal attendants and as sexual partners. During religious ceremonies—adorned in colorful robes, their faces made up and hair styled in long ponytails—they entertained local donors and pilgrims with music and dance.<ref>[https://wapercyfoundation.org/?p=1133 See the original and the William Percy Foundation's review of: Tales of Idolized Boys: Male-Male Love in Medieval Japanese Buddhist Narratives, by Sachi Schmidt-Hori]</ref>

''Nanshoku'' is the Japanese word for eroticism between adolescent and adult males during this time period and after, and such relationships are well-documented amongst the samurai and in literature. For example, Ihara Saikaku's collection of stories ''Nanshoku ōkagami: honchō waka fūzoku'' (The Great Mirror of Male Love: the Custom of Boy Love in Our Land). Nanshoku was depicted in erotica known as ''shunga'' (spring pictures). Kitagawa Utamaro produced shunga artwork, and although the government took relaxed attitude toward regulating visual art, one image earned Utamaro 50 days in manacles. ''Machiba Hisayoshi'' (c.1803-4) is a colored woodblock print of the ruler Hideyoshi leaning toward a pageboy, caressing the youth's wrist, with Utamaro being punished not because of the late shōgun's conduct but because representations of high nobility were forbidden. One of Japanese literature's great lovers was Ariwara no Narihira, protagonist of the classic ''Ise monogatari''. As a boy he was the subject of what became a well-known love poem, 'Iwatsutsuji' (Azaleas on the Cliffs), written by an unknown priest in the 9th century. Seven hundred and fifty years later, the shōgunate's poetry tutor, Kitamura Kigin, compiled an anthology intended to show this long tradition of idealized relations between male youths and men, naming it after the poem.<ref>[https://www.ipce.info/library_3/files/nanshoku_en.htm Nanshoku, Male-Male Eroticism in Japan. Koinos Magazine #40 (2003/4) and #41 (2004/1).]</ref>

Other scholarly sources for this time period include.<ref>Gary Leupp. ''Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan''. Gregory Pflugfelder. ''Cartographies of Desire: Male-Male Sexuality in Japanese Discourse, 1600-1950''.</ref> Another notable book is ''The Love of the Samurai: A Thousand Years of Japanese Homosexuality'' (1989), which details the institutionalized boy-love/pederasty of the Japanese samurai.<ref>''The Love of the Samurai: A Thousand Years of Japanese Homosexuality''. By Tsuneo Watanabe and Jun'ichi Iwata. Translated by D. R. Roberts.
Gay Men's Press, London, 1989.</ref> As one scholar summarized:

<blockquote>
''Each samurai took a pubescent boy as a page and assistant, and many of these wakashu youths became the lovers of their adult samurai sponsors. Since the samurai trained his wakashu to become a samurai (by about age 23), this homosexual relationship also fulfilled an educative function similar to the teacher-student Buddhist tradition.''

''Under the shoguns a new art form emerged which celebrated male beauty. In 1374 an eleven year old boy dancer ''[Zeami Motokiyo]''<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeami_Motokiyo Wiki page for Motokiyo]</ref> became the lover of the shogun, and under the shogun’s loving patronage he became a genius playwright and founder of the No theater for the shogun’s court.''<ref>[https://doi.org/10.3149/jms.0101.71 Walter L. Williams, 'From Samurai to Capitalist: Male Love, Men’s Roles, and the Rise Of Homophobia in Japan', ''Men's Studies'', Vol. 1, Issue 1 (1992), p. 73.]</ref>
</blockquote>

== 6th-17th Century Korea ==
<blockquote>
''Pederasty at times common in the imperial realm. By sixth century CE, imperial court had hwarang (“flower boys”), a corps of young warriors made up of aristocratic youth chosen for beauty, education, and martial prowess. Various kings through the fourteenth century known to have had pederastic relations at the court. Monastic pederasty was widespread. Popularity of “beautiful boys” in seventeenth century entertainment indicates pederasty was common among the gentry. It was especially common among provincial gentlemen, some of whom kept boy-wives, a practice openly acknowledged in their villages.'' Source: Leupp (1995)<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

==15th-17th Century Europe==

[[Helmut Kentler]] observes:<ref>[https://www.boychat.org/messages/1634288.htm CHILDREN’S SEXUALITY, by Helmut Kentler], in the German edition of the book [[Show Me!]]. [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1DD05vy-WuM_-BH5tfbSswOXEQQt5OnYS37zhAtyx0x0/edit?tab=t.0#heading=h.r733n6h5ens]</ref>

<blockquote>
''Scientific research has, in the last decades, rediscovered and evaluated evidence from numerous sources, showing that in Central Europe through the 17th century a pro-sexual attitude prevailed that today – despite a liberalizing trend – would be seen as alien and dangerous and its revival prevented at all costs. J. van Ussel, one of the best authorities on pro-sexual manners and customs of that time, gives the following sketch:''

:''It was generally accepted that the satisfaction of the sex drive was necessary for good health. In some cities, brothels were set up by the authorities. Physicality was practiced in a way that we have forgotten today. People commonly touch, caress, hug and kiss; nurses and parents masturbate young children, to calm them. Older people have contact with young people that we would today call sexual. This self-satisfaction begins to be fought only at the start of the 18th Century by doctors and later by many clergy. Premarital and extramarital sexual relations are mainstreamed. Insufficient contraception (birth control) is condemned by the churches. The rulers and the aristocracy practice promiscuity, which is hardly ever criticized. Students and soldiers do what they please. The clergy are not exactly celibate. At home folks sleep naked, the whole family and the employees together in one room. Even in the bath house you’re naked. On ceremonial occasions the prettiest girls in the city are naked on display. A rich vocabulary for the sexual is available. The young people do not need sex education because they see the world of adults, experiencing and learning what they need to know.”''

''As a matter of course young children already knew sexual facts; this appears most clearly from a collection of dialogues, written in Latin by Erasmus of Rotterdam and published in 1522, dedicated to his then six-year-old godson. The title indicates the intention of the book: “Dialogues, not only put together to refine the Latin of the children, but above all for the purpose of education for life.”''
</blockquote>

==18th Century England==
Girls as young as 12 were highly-valued for their attractiveness as prostitutes in England during the 18th century. Young, pubescent boys were also popular. The [[Age of Consent]] was not raised from 10 until the 19th century.<ref name="bullough" />

==16th-17th Century Russia==
There is a lot of evidence of quite tolerant attitude toward boylove in some periods of the past in Russia:
<blockquote>
According to the Englishman Perry, who served in Russia under Peter I for several years, "the dreadful sin of sodomy is hardly considered a crime in this country; when drunk, they are very inclined to it." [...] It is likely that sodomy, which became widespread in Russian society during the 16th and 17th centuries, was borrowed by Russians from the Muslim East, particularly from Persia and Turkey. [Despite the fact that], as a precaution against this vice, a moral code for monks, introduced as early as the 14th century, included a provision stating that they should "not befriend young children or teach them from books." In the monastic rule of Joseph Volotsky, it was forbidden to keep "beardless youths" in monasteries. [editor's translation] <ref>[https://libgen.li/ads267edbd1c32fbbe3cd644e38adc1e285RC85NHNN Averkiyev S.S. (2015) Influence of the Tatars on the Life of the Russian People. pp. 175-180]</ref></blockquote>

==Up to 17th Century Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas ==
<blockquote>
Among sixteenth and seventeenth century Mayans, missionaries reported a custom of youth-younger boy marriages. [...] Missionaries reported religious-based pederasty as common among the Aztecs and Incas. Sources: Greenberg (1988); Williams (1992)<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

== 19th Century Coerunas Indians of Brazil ==
<blockquote>
An apprentice healer would go into the woods for an extended time with an older healer, who would transmit his special powers to the youth through sexual relations and also directly instruct him on the art of curing illnesses. Source: Greenberg (1988) <ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

== 17th Century Caribbean Pirates ==
<blockquote>
Lived in all-male arrangements with mixed ages from young adolescents or younger through older men. Sexual relations between men, especially pirate captains (e.g., Blackbeard), and adolescent boys were common. Sources: Burg (1995); Williams (1992)<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

==19th and early 20th Century Hobos (USA)==
<blockquote>
Between 1880 and 1930, sexual relations between men and adolescent boys were commonplace among transient workers in the Pacific Northwest. Developing industries (e.g., lumber, mining) drew in large numbers of unmarried men and male youths from other parts of the United States to perform backbreaking work. They lived and worked in all-male societies, which fostered intergenerational sex (rather than age-equal sex). Their relations were social, not just sexual—the boys often served domestic functions for the men. In return, they got various benefits (e.g., advice, apprenticing, emotional support, safety, protection). By the 1930s, these all-male societies eroded, owing to mechanization (which reduced brute-strength work) and population expansion (with more women). These changes, along with constant policing activity (the middle class saw pederasty as a threat to their youth and the family), helped to dissolve the tradition. Sources: Boag, (2003); Flynt (1927); Williams (1992)<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

==19th Century Russia==

The Chuckchee in Northern Siberia - sex with boys was considered normal and in no way kept secret.

<blockquote>Young, handsome boys adorn themselves and flirt openly with their admirers. This is all the more striking because nothing impedes sex with girls and the boys themselves start to have heterosexual intercourse from ten years on.” (Wrangel, quoted by Erman 1871, 164).<ref>[https://brongersma.info/Loving_boys_I 'Loving Boys I'] by [[Edward Brongersma]]; 1986</ref></blockquote>

==19th Century Albania==

From Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe - ''Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature'', New York University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-8147-7468-7.<ref>[https://annas-archive.org/search?q=Islamic+Homosexualities Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe - ''Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature'', New York University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-8147-7468-7.]</ref>

<blockquote>
Albanian pederasty was a custom reported by numerous Western travellers in the nineteenth century including Edvard Westermarck, John Cam Hobhouse, who in his travel diary, reports that pederasty was "openly practised," and Johann Georg von Hahn, also known as "the father of Albanian studies." According to such reports it was commonly and socially accepted that young people between the ages of sixteen and twenty-four would woo children aged twelve to seventeen.<ref>[http://www.archiviolgbtq.it/fileadmin/documenti/luglio2006/naecke.pdf], [https://archive.org/details/warmbrothersquee00tobi], [https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pederastia_albanese#CITEREFRobert_Elsie_(2000)], [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_pEKOOuRWu00C]</ref>

In literature, the oldest lover is called ashik (from the Arabic word ishq, "passionate love") and the beloved, dyllber (from the Turkish dilber, "beautiful"). A Gheg Albanian married at the age of 24 or 25, and then usually, but not always, gave up love with boys.

The practice was limited with the advent of communism in 1944.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/nationalhealthsg0000unse]</ref>
</blockquote>

Murray's original quote included more references which could not be found online.

==America (Mid 19th-20th) Century ==

The ''Huffington Post'' wrote about Thomas Lowry's "The Story the Soldiers Wouldn't Tell: Sex in the Civil War":

:''"Chapter 11 of Lowry's book opens the closet door on gender-bending and same-sex trysts. And Lowry reveals that during the Civil War conventional gender roles and sexual behavior could not be strictly tethered to a heterosexual paradigm. With men outnumbering women, especially at social events like balls, "Drummer Boys" -- children as young as 9 and 10 years old -- dressed in drag. And in some occasions, the intimacy between soldiers and Drummer boys reached beyond just a public waltz. For example, Lowry references a ball put on by a Massachusetts regiment stationed in Virginia in 1864 about young drummer boys dressed as women. One man wrote to his wife: "Some of the real women went, but the boy girls were so much better looking that they left. ...We had some little Drummer Boys dressed up and I'll bet you could not tell them from girls if you did not know them. ...Some of ''[the Drummer Boys]'' looked good enough to lay with and I guess some of them did get laid with. ...I know I slept with mine.""''<ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/americas-gay-confederate-_b_851815 HuffPo - American Civil War]</ref>

==Native America, 1930s and prior==

George Devreux wrote in 1937:

:''"Casual homosexual relations in childhood were frequent in the past, and according to my informants, seem to be on the increase ''[...]'' Complete nudity and any lack of supervision, especially for boys, who remained naked until they reached puberty, combined with incessant sexual talk on the part of adults, must have furthered the desire for sex experience. ''[...]'' Adults seldom had sexual intercourse with children of their own sex, although betrothal of young girls to old men or seduction of very young boys by adult women was not rare."''<ref>Devereux, George. (1937). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41447338 Institutionalized homosexuality of the Mohave Indians]. ''Human Biology'', 9, pp. 498–527.</ref>

==Prewar (and postwar) Siwa, Egypt==

:''"In 1937 the anthropologist Walter Cline wrote the first detailed ethnography of the Siwans in which he noted: "All normal Siwan men and boys practice sodomy...among themselves the natives are not ashamed of this; they talk about it as openly as they talk about love of women, and many if not most of their fights arise from homosexual competition....Prominent men lend their sons to each other. All Siwans know the matings which have taken place among their sheiks and their sheiks' sons....Most of the boys used in sodomy are between twelve and eighteen years of age." After an expedition to Siwa, the archaeologist Count Byron de Prorok reported in 1937 "an enthusiasm [that] could not have been approached even in Sodom... Homosexuality was not merely rampant, it was raging...Every dancer had his boyfriend...[and] chiefs had harems of boys"."''<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siwa_Oasis De Porok, Count Byron (1936). In Quest of Lost Worlds. New York: Dutton. p. 64.]</ref><ref>[https://www.greek-love.com/near-east-north-africa/egypt/siwa-oasis-robin-maugham-pederasty THE OASIS OF SIWA IN 1947-8, BY ROBIN MAUGHAM]</ref><ref>[https://www.greek-love.com/near-east-north-africa/egypt/the-people-of-siwah-by-walter-cline NOTES ON THE PEOPLE OF SIWAH BY WALTER CLINE]</ref>

The socialist Gay/[[Boylove|BL]] activist and independent scholar [[David Thorstad]], wrote of his experience of Siwa for ''Gayme Magazine''.<ref>[http://williamapercy.com/wiki/images/Siwa_today.pdf Siwa Today - David Thorstad]</ref> He wrote:

:''"Probably the most stricking feature of Siwan sexuality is the traditional practice of men lending their sons to other men. Prior to 1928, this was sometimes accompanied by a written aggreement (known as a "marriage contract"), a dowry (much greater than the dowry for a girl), banquets and celebrations. ''[...]'' One investigator earlier in the century claimed that male children were preferred because they cost less to raise than girls, and that the boy was "a very fruitful source of profit for the father, not for the work he does, but because he is hired by his father to another man to be used as a catamite [i.e. a boy who has sex with men]. Sometimes two men exchange their sons. If they are asked about this, they are not ashamed to mention it".''

For this quote, Thorstad cites a source which is now used on Wikipedia's [[Wikipedia:Siwa_Oasis|Siwa page]]: Mahmud Mohammad Abd Allah, (1917).<ref>[https://archive.org/details/harvardafricans01deptgoog Mahmud Mohammad Abd Allah, (1917). Siwan Customs]. In ''Harvard African Studies'', 7, p. 7.</ref>

==Muslim societies of the 8th-19th centuries, and present Afghanistan==
<blockquote>
Pervasive in Muslim societies (North Africa, Western-Central Asia) eighth to nineteenth centuries; pederastic attractions seen just as normal as heterosexual ones; main interest in boys was early to mid-teens, peaking at about 14; appeal vanished with beard (about 16, 17); adult men scorned if passive partners in homosexual relationships; manly behavior was to be active (partner gender did not matter); staggering amount of love poetry shows obsession with boyish beauty, seen as comparable to women’s; poets attracted to boys constitutes a Who’s Who; desire for boys, but not behavior or lust, was permissible under Islam, but behavior was common nevertheless; tradition ended in late nineteenth century, because of Western colonialism, with its abhorrence of the tradition and the local embarrassment this created, along with local assimilation of European concepts and efforts to modernize. Sources: Baldauf (1988); Crompton (2003); Massad (2007); Murray & Roscoe (1998); Patanè (2006); Rahman (1989); Rouayheb (2005); Schild (1988); Wright & Rowson (1997)<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

As detailed in [[Pederasty in Islam]], Afghanistan is one of many Islamic cultures in which pederasty is practised with feminized boys. This derives from the strict gender segregation in Afghan society, and gives rise to the famous saying "women are for children, boys are for pleasure".<ref>[https://fuf.se/magasin/magapril-women-are-for-children-boys-are-for-pleasure/ Women are for children, boys are for pleasure]</ref>

==1960s, 1970s, Baltimore==

During these decades there were notable gay subcultures in America where young boys were allowed to have sexual interactions with men with little fear of ostracism or psychological trauma. Baltimore is one often recalled example of this.

==1960s, 1970s, Hippie Communes==

Inter- and intra-generational sex with minors was accommodated in late 20th century American hippie communes, but for children, sex was a pleasant distraction and not central to their leisure time. Details on these subcultures are covered by researchers such as Berger, Constantine and Johnston, cited in our [[Research: Activating Janssen|review project of Janssen's ''Growing Up Sexually'']].

==1960s, 1970s England==

As is common, when the sources of scandalous allegations are further investigated at a later date, the banality of the situation reveals itself. For example, with reference to Duncroft (Girls School), [[Mark Smith]] and Ros Burnett note "Accounts of the girls’ sexual experience and behaviour indicate a degree of agency in sexual activity, which challenges the current orthodoxy of them as victims of predatory adults. The former residents we spoke to did not regard themselves as victims and any sexual activity they might have entered into was considered to have been [[consent|consensual]] and in some cases initiated by the girls (although none claimed to have any knowledge of Savile being involved sexually with girls at Duncroft)."<ref>[https://sci-hub.se/10.1108/ijssp-03-2017-0029 The origins of the Jimmy Savile scandal]</ref>

Girls' (12-15) relationships with older boys and men were a cause for concern in the 70s, but were in most cases chalked off as cautions when they came to the attention of police. This was because the relationships were seen as normative/traditional or otherwise willingly engaged in by the girls.<ref>[https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-1971(79)80005-6 Mawby, R. I. (1979). Policing the age of consent. Journal of Adolescence, 2(1), 41–49]</ref>

Relationships of peribubertal boys with older boys were common in boarding schools :
<blockquote>
Deeply sentimentalized, erotically based attachments were common in many all-male private boarding schools before 1970s between older (about 17–18) and younger (about 12–13) boys; older teens sought “cute” boys, calling them “talent,” “crushes,” or “tarts;” younger boys competed to be selected (for the many favors, privileges it entailed); older-younger pairs exchanged notes, poetry, and other items of endearment; after graduating, most moved on to heterosexuality. Sources: Chandos (1984); Gathorne-Hardy (1978); Lambert & Lambert (1968); Lewis (1955); Nash (1961) <ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

==1970s, 1980s, Netherlands==

The Netherlands is a fairly recent example of a culture in which intergenerational sexual relationships were partially tolerated during a particularly liberal period of history. For some time, sexual relationships between a child above the age of 12 and an adult would remain legally immune to prosecution for as long as the younger partner, their parents or a welfare entity did not complain. Such authorities were much less inclined to lodge complaints during this period, leading to a markedly non-hysterical climate in which many such relationships succeeded. One writer to document such positive relationships was [[Theo Sandfort]], whose most famous study <ref>[http://www.ipce.info/host/sandfort_87/ Sandfort Study]</ref> remains an outstanding example of this unique period in time.

==1980s, 1990s, Thailand==

Professor Vicharn Vitiyasai of Chang Mai University emphasizes that, 'In Thai society, boys begin to buy women when they are around 13 years old; 50 per cent of 16-year-old boys and 90 per cent of university students go to brothels. Married men also think it natural to entertain business clients and friends by taking them to brothels, and they visit brothels themselves as a part of the joy of travel.'"<ref>Yayori Matsui, Women in the New Asia, 1999</ref>

==1980s, 1990s, Mexico==

In a [[Media:A pueblo homosexuality David Thorstad 1988.pdf|1988 Christopher Street Feature]], [[David Thorstad]] immerses himself in a rural Mexican community and finds that homosexuality is very much part of everyday life for younger men and boys. Sex work is also engaged in, but this is peripheral.

==General==
:''"As mentioned earlier, our Western civilization has not always believed that children should be protected from all sexual contact. In medieval Europe, children were still freely touched, caressed, and fondled by every member of the household. Particularly in rural areas, parents, nurses, or servants were accustomed to masturbating small children to please them or to keep them quiet. (This practice is also found in many non-European societies. In the United States today, it is still alive among the Hopi Indians.)"''<ref>[[Erwin Haeberle|Haeberle, Erwin J.]] (1983). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20120419005050/http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/ATLAS_EN/html/childhood_sex_play.html The Sex Atlas]''. The Continuum Publishing Company.</ref>

''Encyclopedia of Male Homosexual Poetry and its Reception History'' by [[Paul Knobel]]<ref>[http://www.sexarchive.info/BIB/hombib/ Encyclopedia of Male Homosexual Poetry and its Reception History] by [[Paul Knobel]] - free access encyclopedia at the Sexarchive by [[Erwin Haeberle]]; also see the work with Overview entries from this encyclopedia - [http://www.sexarchive.info/BIB/knobelworld.htm A World Overview of Male Homosexual Poetry] </ref> contains hundreds of mentions of dancing and singing boys tradition, along with sexual and romantic themes in poetry dedicated to them, in different cultures in history.

==Excerpt Graphic Library==

The EGL on '''Broader Perspectives''' has some relevant information. Just right click/save and reproduce by uploading in short-form media to bypass character limits.

{{Template:EGLBP}}

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Official Encyclopedia]][[Category:Research: Broader Perspectives]][[Category:Research into effects on Children]]

Research: Intergenerational Relationships in History

2026-07-28T19:32:25Z

Thorn: /* 11th-19th Century Japan */

{{research}}
There have existed a wide range of western and non-western societies that have tolerated or encouraged intergenerational sexuality. More recent examples are generally ''subcultures'' which run counter to modern sexual morality.
__NOTOC__
==Antiquity==

Much has been written about the '''Ancient Greeks''' and their age-structured pederastic relationship ideals, yet there are many other past civilizations that loved boys.

*[https://greek-love.com/ Greek Love: Pederasty throughout the ages], gives a historical context on Ancient Greece and many other cultures
*[https://www.boywiki.org/en/Historical_boylove_relationships Historical BL Relationships] - BoyWiki - Historical BL Relationships
:*[https://www.boywiki.org/en/Historical_boylove_relationships_in_ancient_Rome Rome]
:*[https://www.boywiki.org/en/Historical_boylove_relationships_in_Japan Japan]
*[https://list.fandom.com/wiki/Pederastic_relationships_in_classical_antiquity Pederastic relationships in classical antiquity] - Fandom
*[[Pederasty in Islam]]

===Ancient Greece===

*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece Wikipedia]
*[https://www.boywiki.org/en/Historical_boylove_relationships_in_ancient_Greece BoyWiki]
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20100309132321/http://www.truthtree.com/pederasty.shtml Truthtree]

To certain parts of Greek society, relationships between men and adolescent boys were not only acceptable, but a desirable form of mentorship and (military) training towards the masculine ideal. As accounts reveal, rules and regulations within this model were particularly strict - arguably more so than in modern societies that condemn pederasty as pathological.

Many Greek men waited until they were about 30 years of age to marry. When they did marry, their partner would often be a girl of 12 or 14.<ref name="bullough">[[Vern Bullough|Bullough, Vern L.]] (2004). "Children and adolescents as sexual beings: a historical overview," ''Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America'', 13(3), 447-459.</ref>

It is certain that pederasty was already widespread in Greek culture in the early Archaic Age (600-800 BC). It had strong institutional character in Crete and Sparta and educational connotations in Athens, and seemingly was derived from earlier initiatory practices in history. It should not be confused with modern adult-adult homosexuality, since the relationships were structured by age and social asymmetry, and the younger participants were expected to marry later. Regarding sexual aspect, the younger participant occupied the passive role. On earlier black-figure vases, the scenes are much more explicit with the predominance of anal intercourse. On later red-figure vases, couples are often represented in an intercrural position, with contact between the thighs rather than a depicted anal act, but anal intercourse still appears to be implicitly assumed. Males generally quitted playing the passive role when their beards appeared.<ref name="bremmer2021"> Jan N. Bremmer (2021) [https://www.amazon.com/Becoming-Man-Ancient-Greece-Rome/dp/3161590082 Becoming a Man in Ancient Greece and Rome. Essays on Myths and Rituals of Initiation.] (available via [[Help:Research_Resources#Information_Freedom_Companions|OPTION 2]])</ref>

<blockquote>
[Pederasty] Had mentoring function (prepared elite boys for adult roles as warriors, citizens). Boyish beauty repeatedly valorized in the arts (e.g., love poetry, pottery); body hair (face, legs) ended boys’ attractiveness; bisexual interests (women, boys) widespread; attraction to other adult men scorned. Notables with pederastic interests: poets (e.g., Alcaeus, Ibycus, Anacreon, Theognis, Pindar); playwrights (e.g., Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides); political leaders (e.g., Solon, Demosthenes, Agesilaus, Philip, Alexander); philosophers (e.g., Socrates, Plato, Zeno, Chrysippus). Eroded with rise of Christianity. Sources: Crompton (2003); Hubbard (2003); Lear (2004); Lear & Cantarella (2008) <ref name="Rind2013"> [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Rind, B. (2013). Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Thomas K Hubbard, Beert Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research: The Debate over Male Intergenerational Relations]]. (pp. 1-90) ''New York: Routledge.'' doi:10.4324/9781315432458</ref>
</blockquote>

In the late Archaic period the male intergenerational institution was no longer dominated by mature adult men initiating adolescents into the adult male world. Younger men increasingly replaced older, adolescents were replaced by younger boys. At the same time, their courtship was represented less directly and more cautiously.<ref name="bremmer2021"/>

Historians including [[Jan Bremmer|Jan N. Bremmer]],<ref name="bremmer2021"/><ref>Jan N. Bremmer (1989) [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315770055-2/greek-pederasty-modern-homosexuality-jan-bremmer Greek Pederasty and Modern Homosexuality]. in: Jan N. Bremmer (ed.) (1989) From Sappho to De Sade: Moments in the History of Sexuality. (available via [[Help:Research_Resources#Information_Freedom_Companions|OPTION 2]])</ref><ref name= "bremmer1980">Bremmer, J. (1980). An enigmatic Indo-European rite: Paederasty. ''Arethusa'', 13(2), 279–298.</ref> Christian Laes,<ref>[https://www.christianlaes.be/ Christian Laes - Personal site]</ref><ref>[https://journals.univie.ac.at/index.php/oezg/article/view/3327 Laes, C. (2017). When Classicists Need to Speak Up: Antiquity and Present Day Pedophilia – Pederasty. ''Österreichische Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaften'', 28(3), 49–70].</ref><ref>Christian Laes, ''Children in the Roman Empire: Outsiders Within'' (Cambridge University Press, 2011).</ref><ref>; Christian Laes and Johan Strubbe, ''Youth in the Roman Empire: The Young and the Restless Years?'' (Cambridge University Press, 2014)</ref><ref>Christian Laes, 'Children and Sexuality: Roman World', in: Julia M. O'Brian (ed.), ''Oxford Encyclopedia of the Bible and Gender Studies'' (Oxford University Press, 2014), 38–42.</ref> [[wikipedia:Andrew Lear|Andrew Lear]],<ref>[https://library.lol/main/53872FCED674EC41DFC6B26B198D1F7F Eva Cantarella and Andrew Lear, ''Images of Pederasty: Boys Were Their God'' (Routledge, 2008)].</ref><ref>Andrew Lear, 'Was Pederasty Problematized? A Diachronic View', in: Mark Masterson/Nancy Sorkin Rabinowitz/James Robson (eds.), ''Sex in Antiquity: Exploring Gender and Sexuality in the Ancient World'' (London/New York, 2015), pp. 115–136.</ref><ref>[https://library.lol/main/35E193AC1C1DADA75905ADD4DE8E0098 Andrew Lear, ''Noble Eros: the idealization of pederasty from the Greek dark ages to the Athens of Socrates'' (2004, PhD Thesis)].</ref> [[Thomas Hubbard]], [[Beert Verstraete|Beert C. Verstraete]],<ref>[https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2009/2009.09.61/ Beert Verstraete, Review of 'The Greeks and Greek Love: A Radical Reappraisal of Homosexuality in Ancient Greece', ''Bryn Mawr Classical Review'', 3. Nov. 2009].</ref> and [[William Percy]], have conducted extensive research on Greek Pederasty and the life of children / young people in Greco-Roman society.

Also in ancient Sparta it was customary for adult noble women to have intercourse with beloved girls before their marriage. It may be considered proven that male paederasty in Sparta had a Lesbian counterpart in female initiation.<ref name= "bremmer1980"/> In the case of Sappho [Lesbos, 700 – 600 BCE] the same ritual background is visible with some evidence of erotic relationships between women and girls. Their relationships also expected to be nonexclusive, i.e. adult women had husbands and girls married men as they grew older.<ref> André Lardinois (1989) [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315770055-3/lesbian-sappho-sappho-lesbos-andr%C3%A9-lardinois Lesbian Sappho and Sappho of Lesbos ]. in: Jan N. Bremmer (ed.) (1989) From Sappho to De Sade: Moments in the History of Sexuality. (available via [[Help:Research_Resources#Information_Freedom_Companions|OPTION 2]])</ref>

=== Goths ===
<blockquote>
The historian Ammianus Marcellinus (31.9.5) [4th century CE] relates that among the Taifali, a tribe connected with the Goths, the boys lived in a state of pederasty until they had killed a boar or a bear.<ref name="bremmer2021"/>
</blockquote>

=== Romans ===
<blockquote>
Valerius Maximus presents a number of stories, the earliest going back to the fourth century [BCE], demonstrating that the practice was known to the Romans too, albeit disapproved of till the end of the Republic. By that time, paederastic friendships were frequently adopted in higher circles and even the moralistic Augustus had had his friend in his younger years. About the Empire we need not go into detail. Any reader of Juvenal, Martial and Petronius can find examples galore. [...] It is important to observe that the Romans explicitly forbid paederasty with free boys but not with slavess in the so-called lex Scantinia, a law dating probably from before Cicero's time [1st century BCE].<ref name= "bremmer1980"/>
</blockquote>

<blockquote>
Boyish beauty thematic in love poetry; attractions were to smooth, hairless bodies regardless of gender (for boys, from puberty to start of beard); exclusive attraction to one gender seen as eccentric; relations with other adult men seen as disgraceful. Notables with pederastic interests included: poets Catullus, Horace, Juvenal, Martial, Tibullus, and Virgil, and emperors Trajan and Hadrian. Tradition eroded with consolidation of Christian sexual morality. Sources: Cantarella (1992); Crompton (2003); Lambert (1984); Williams (1999)<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

=== Celts ===
<blockquote>Regarding the Celts, there is general agreement in our sources that they practiced paederasty. Athenaeus [II–III CE] even tells us that they often slept with two boys at the same time, but this looks as if it is a typical Greek dream-wish. This is the only detailed report we have that goes beyond the pure mention of the practice [...]<ref name= "bremmer1980"/></blockquote>

=== Persians ===
See in detail in [[Pederasty_in_Islam#Persia|Pederasty in Islam]]
<blockquote>It seems reasonable then to accept the occurrence of paederasty among the Persians - although it was forbidden - but our sources do not connect the practice with initiation or men's societies<ref name= "bremmer1980"/></blockquote>

==1st century BCE to 20th Century China==
<blockquote>
''Multiple forms of male homosexuality (especially pederasty) occurred across 2 millennia of dynasties [Ages of Boys Involved 10–18 <ref name="Rind2013" />] ; cut sleeve became term for homosexual love (ca. 0 CE) when emperor cut his sleeve rather than waking up his boy favorite, who was on it; poetry after 220 CE often discussed beauty, charms of boys; marriage to boys was a common Fujian practice (ca. 1000 CE); key seventeeth century author (Li Yu) wrote a book illustrating popular interest in pederasty; Western visitors in nineteenth century expressed shock at prominent Chinese men openly courting boys (aged about 14-15); tradition ended in later nineteenth century with embarrassment at Western repugnance and efforts to modernize.'' Sources: Crompton (2003); Hinsch (1990); Leupp (1995) <ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

An act similar to the "[[Age of Consent]]" was seen in ancient China. The punishment was quite severe, exile for misdemeanors, and hanged or beheaded for serious crimes.
In the Song Dynasty, the legal clause that "intercourse with young women is regarded as rape" began to appear.<ref>[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%85%92%E7%AB%A5%E6%80%A7%E8%99%90%E5%BE%85?oldformat=true#%E5%8F%A4%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B Chinese Wikipedia]</ref>

One historical study <ref>[http://library.lol/main/B05B07B0134835C2F53D030224C75608 Hinsch, Bret. (1990). ''Passions of the Cut Sleeve: The Male Homosexual Tradition in China'' (Berkeley: University of California Press).]</ref> of male same-sex love in China from the Zhou dynasty (start date of 1045/6 BC) to the Qing dynasty in the early twentieth century, dated as starting around 249 BC. Quoting a 1993 review thereof<ref>[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224499309551712 Review of 'Passions of the Cut Sleeve'']</ref>:

<blockquote>
''"Hinsch found that, before 1900, the dominant social construction for males in China was bisexual. Most Chinese men did not see themselves as being divided into strict categories of "homosexuals" and "heterosexuals" but evidenced a relaxed erotic attraction to both sexes. Wealthy married men or unmarried scholars often had a boy (ranging in age from as young as 9 to as old as 25 years) as a concubine, or they patronized boy prostitutes. Chinese philosophers wrote that it was better for a boy to sell his body, as a favorite or a prostitute, than to languish in poverty. Prostitution/concubinage represented one of the few opportunities for lower class boys to raise their economic status and to support their parents comfortably. If a boy became a beloved of a wealthy older man, he was some times offered material wealth or political office when he matured. His patron/lover might even arrange a heterosexual marriage for him and serve as best man at his wedding. Individuals who enjoyed male-male sex were not seen as distinct personality types but merely partook of certain "passions." These passions were termed "passions of the cut sleeve," after the devotion shown by Emperor Ai (ruler 6 B.C.E.-l C.E.), who cut the sleeve off his shirt rather than disturb the sleep of his beloved boy lover Dong Xian."''
</blockquote>

===600BC-1860===

From a [[Text of Pedo history: China|summary of historical research]], [[Edward Brongersma]] identified sadomasochistic trends and a dominant model of concubinage in pre-communist China. Some men were also invested in the boy achieving pleasure, and climax.

=== Until the first half of the last century ===
From the article of Emil M.L.Ng:<ref>Emil M.L.Ng (December 2002) [http://www.sexarchive.info/BIB/pedochin.htm Pedophilia from the Chinese Perspective] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20250129135819/http://www.sexarchive.info/BIB/pedochin.htm web.archive]); Probably from the book 'Pedophilia: Concepts and Controversy, Special Section of Archives of Sexual Behavior' by Kenneth J. Zucker (ed); Vol. 31, No. 6, pp. 465-510</ref>
<blockquote>
''Depictions of “child-romance” in ancient or modern Chinese literature are not difficult to find. They include passages on joyous heterosexual or homosexual activities by children as young as 12 to13 years old with one another or with adults. [...] Until the first half of the last century, there was still the practice of the “child bridegroom” in, but not restricted to, the Hubei region of China (Lou 1970). A male child of any age, even before birth, could by parental arrangement take an adult woman as a wife. The purpose could be to consolidate family status and relationship, or simply to have someone to help taking care of the child. After marriage, the couple slept in one bed like all other husbands and wives. No one would pay attention to what type of sexual relationship they might have and when. In the normal course of events, they would begin with those sex plays they were capable of and wanted, until one day, when the child was old enough to desire and do it, they had coitus. After the boy grew still older, he usually took a second wife closer to his age, but he would continue to keep, love and respect the first wife.''
</blockquote>

==Renaissance Italy (15th Century) ==
Florence was famed for its widespread homosexual culture, which manifested as a normative pederasty involving boys between the ages of thirteen and eighteen in relationship with adult men.<ref>At the margins: minority groups in premodern Italy By Stephen J. Milner; p62</ref> This reputation was so much that in 1432 the city established "Gli Ufficiali di Notte" (The Officers of the Night) to root out the practice of sodomy. From that year until 1502, the number of men charged with sodomy numbered greater than 17,000, of which 3,000 were convicted. However this number also includes heterosexual sodomy. This also gave rise to a number of proverbs illuminating the views of the common people towards the practice. Among them are ''If you crave joys, tumble some boys.'' <ref>Florentine proverb, ca. [[1480]]. After [[Sabadino degli Arienti]] in ''Le Porretane.''Michael Rocke, ''Forbidden friendships: Homosexuality and Male Culture in Renaissance Florence,'' Oxford, 1996; p.87</ref> This reputation is also reflected in the fact that the Germans adopted the word ''Florenzer'', when they were talking about a pederast.<ref>Rocke, Michael, (1996), ''[https://libgen.is/search.php?req=Forbidden+Friendships%3A+Homosexuality+and+male+Culture+in+Renaissance+Florence&lg_topic=libgen&open=0&view=simple&res=25&phrase=1&column=def Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and male Culture in Renaissance Florence]'', ISBN 978-0195122923</ref><ref>Ruggiero, Guido, (1985), ''The Boundaries of Eros'', ISBN 978-0195056969</ref> The Neapolitans on the other hand when speaking of pederasty, called it ''Il vizio inglese,'' "the English vice".<ref>[[Sir Richard Burton|R. F. Burton]], ''Terminal Essay''</ref>

From John A. Garrity's research:<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200807005522/http://williamapercy.com/wiki/index.php?title=Jack_Garridy Sexuality in the Lives of Florentine Renaissance Artists] by John A. Garrity (Jack Garridy) (in pdfs archived from Percy Wiki)</ref>

<blockquote>
''"Rocke concludes that up to two-thirds of all sexually active males in Florence were at least rumored to be involved in sodomitical activity. ''[...]'' Sodomy was so much the norm in Renaissance Florence that Rocke finds no “subculture” ''[...]'' the norm should be characterized as bisexual activity, a two or three on Kinsey scale. By the age of sixteen, a typical male was taking the passive role in sodomy with an older partner ''[...]'' Citizens accepted passivity as a normal part of adolescence to such an extent that eventually it was not even prosecuted. ''[...]'' The oldest active partners recorded were in their seventies. The youngest passives were eight years old. ''[...]'' By age thirty most men gave up their passion for youths and married women. ''[...]'' Overall, Rocke’s finds are surprisingly similar to the ancient Greeks ''[...]'' These male relationships were often mutual and romantic."''<ref>See Michael Rocke, [https://annas-archive.org/md5/ac0dab2ba53be8a3a5b6d8967749d7b7 ''Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and Male Culture in Renaissance Florence''] (Oxford University Press, 1998).</ref>
</blockquote>

From the article by Isabella Paduano:<ref>[https://www.theflorentine.net/2022/10/24/queer-history-florence/ The queer history of Florence] by Isabella Paduano (2022)</ref>

<blockquote>"[F]''or the people of Renaissance Florence, a man’s sexuality could be quite fluid, as long as it didn’t threaten his masculinity. This is why a practice now known as pederasty prevailed, where “mature” men (those over 20) would have sex with adolescent boys. Today, this age imbalance seems unacceptable, but at the time it was the norm, with any deviation threatening a man’s masculinity. This was an ancient tradition, dating back to the Greeks and Romans.''[...]'' The papers show that an outright majority of men in the city were incriminated for sodomy at least once: 17,000 men out of the city’s total population of 40,000 people."''
</blockquote>

Summary from Rind (2013)<ref name="Rind2013" />:
<blockquote>
The majority of younger men and adolescent boys in all classes (working to elite) in Florence and other Tuscan cities were involved. This practice represented an unbroken continuance of the ancient Roman practice. Despite severe penalties (e.g., torture, death) based on belief in God’s retribution, cases were often treated leniently (e.g., fines) through much of the Renaissance, a pragmatic response to its pervasiveness. Notables with pederastic interests: Donatello, Verrocchio, da Vinci, Botticelli, Pontormo, Bronzino, Cellini, and Caravaggio. The tradition was eroded through stepped-up religiously based anti-sodomy campaigns, especially Savonarola’s in the 1490s, along with harsher penalties with more determined enforcement. The tradition was also entrenched in other areas such as Venice. Sources: Crompton (2003); Moulton (2003); Rocke (1996); Ruggiero (1985); Saslow (1986, 1989)
</blockquote>

==11th-19th Century Japan==
<blockquote>
''From eleventh to nineteenth centuries, bisexuality (women, boys) was pervasive; over time pederasty appeared in three contexts (monastic, samurai, kabuki theater), the first two as mentorships with boys of ranking families, the last as prostitution; among samurai, it fostered loyalty and sacrifice in youths training to be warriors; shoguns and warlords from twelfth to eighteenth centuries involved in pederasty reads like a Who’s Who of military- political history; key seventeenth century author (Saikaku) illustrated its pervasive presence; another described typical ages of interest (10–13 = “blossoming flower;” 14–17 = “flourishing flower;” 18–21 = “falling flower”); tradition ended in late nineteenth century in response to Western abhorrence and efforts to modernize.'' Sources: Crompton (2003); Leupp (1995); Watanabe & Iwata (1989)<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

In medieval [[Pederasty in Japanese culture|Japan]] (14th–16th centuries), it was customary for elite families to entrust their young sons to the care of renowned Buddhist priests from whom they received a premier education in Buddhist scriptures, poetry, music, and dance. When the boys reached adolescence, some underwent coming-of-age rites, others entered the priesthood, and several extended their education, becoming chigo, or Buddhist acolytes. Chigo served their masters as personal attendants and as sexual partners. During religious ceremonies—adorned in colorful robes, their faces made up and hair styled in long ponytails—they entertained local donors and pilgrims with music and dance.<ref>[https://wapercyfoundation.org/?p=1133 See the original and the William Percy Foundation's review of: Tales of Idolized Boys: Male-Male Love in Medieval Japanese Buddhist Narratives, by Sachi Schmidt-Hori]</ref>

''Nanshoku'' is the Japanese word for eroticism between adolescent and adult males during this time period and after, and such relationships are well-documented amongst the samurai and in literature. For example, Ihara Saikaku's collection of stories ''Nanshoku ōkagami: honchō waka fūzoku'' (The Great Mirror of Male Love: the Custom of Boy Love in Our Land). Nanshoku was depicted in erotica known as ''shunga'' (spring pictures). Kitagawa Utamaro produced shunga artwork, and although the government took relaxed attitude toward regulating visual art, one image earned Utamaro 50 days in manacles. ''Machiba Hisayoshi'' (c.1803-4) is a colored woodblock print of the ruler Hideyoshi leaning toward a pageboy, caressing the youth's wrist, with Utamaro being punished not because of the late shōgun's conduct but because representations of high nobility were forbidden. One of Japanese literature's great lovers was Ariwara no Narihira, protagonist of the classic ''Ise monogatari''. As a boy he was the subject of what became a well-known love poem, 'Iwatsutsuji' (Azaleas on the Cliffs), written by an unknown priest in the 9th century. Seven hundred and fifty years later, the shōgunate's poetry tutor, Kitamura Kigin, compiled an anthology intended to show this long tradition of idealized relations between male youths and men, naming it after the poem.<ref>[https://www.ipce.info/library_3/files/nanshoku_en.htm Nanshoku, Male-Male Eroticism in Japan. Koinos Magazine #40 (2003/4) and #41 (2004/1).]</ref>

Other scholarly sources for this time period include.<ref>Gary Leupp. ''Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan''. Gregory Pflugfelder. ''Cartographies of Desire: Male-Male Sexuality in Japanese Discourse, 1600-1950''.</ref> Another notable book is ''The Love of the Samurai: A Thousand Years of Japanese Homosexuality'' (1989), which details the institutionalized boy-love/pederasty of the Japanese samurai.<ref>''The Love of the Samurai: A Thousand Years of Japanese Homosexuality''. By Tsuneo Watanabe and Jun'ichi Iwata. Translated by D. R. Roberts.
Gay Men's Press, London, 1989.</ref> As one scholar summarized:

<blockquote>
''Each samurai took a pubescent boy as a page and assistant, and many of these wakashu youths became the lovers of their adult samurai sponsors. Since the samurai trained his wakashu to become a samurai (by about age 23), this homosexual relationship also fulfilled an educative function similar to the teacher-student Buddhist tradition.''

''Under the shoguns a new art form emerged which celebrated male beauty. In 1374 an eleven year old boy dancer ''[Zeami Motokiyo]''<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeami_Motokiyo Wiki page for Motokiyo]</ref> became the lover of the shogun, and under the shogun’s loving patronage he became a genius playwright and founder of the No theater for the shogun’s court.''<ref>[https://doi.org/10.3149/jms.0101.71 Walter L. Williams, 'From Samurai to Capitalist: Male Love, Men’s Roles, and the Rise Of Homophobia in Japan', ''Men's Studies'', Vol. 1, Issue 1 (1992), p. 73.]</ref>
</blockquote>

== 6th-17th Century Korea ==
<blockquote>
''Pederasty at times common in the imperial realm. By sixth century CE, imperial court had hwarang (“flower boys”), a corps of young warriors made up of aristocratic youth chosen for beauty, education, and martial prowess. Various kings through the fourteenth century known to have had pederastic relations at the court. Monastic pederasty was widespread. Popularity of “beautiful boys” in seventeenth century entertainment indicates pederasty was common among the gentry. It was especially common among provincial gentlemen, some of whom kept boy-wives, a practice openly acknowledged in their villages.'' Source: Leupp (1995)<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

==15th-17th Century Europe==

[[Helmut Kentler]] observes:<ref>[https://www.boychat.org/messages/1634288.htm CHILDREN’S SEXUALITY, by Helmut Kentler], in the German edition of the book [[Show Me!]]. [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1DD05vy-WuM_-BH5tfbSswOXEQQt5OnYS37zhAtyx0x0/edit?tab=t.0#heading=h.r733n6h5ens]</ref>

<blockquote>
''Scientific research has, in the last decades, rediscovered and evaluated evidence from numerous sources, showing that in Central Europe through the 17th century a pro-sexual attitude prevailed that today – despite a liberalizing trend – would be seen as alien and dangerous and its revival prevented at all costs. J. van Ussel, one of the best authorities on pro-sexual manners and customs of that time, gives the following sketch:''

:''It was generally accepted that the satisfaction of the sex drive was necessary for good health. In some cities, brothels were set up by the authorities. Physicality was practiced in a way that we have forgotten today. People commonly touch, caress, hug and kiss; nurses and parents masturbate young children, to calm them. Older people have contact with young people that we would today call sexual. This self-satisfaction begins to be fought only at the start of the 18th Century by doctors and later by many clergy. Premarital and extramarital sexual relations are mainstreamed. Insufficient contraception (birth control) is condemned by the churches. The rulers and the aristocracy practice promiscuity, which is hardly ever criticized. Students and soldiers do what they please. The clergy are not exactly celibate. At home folks sleep naked, the whole family and the employees together in one room. Even in the bath house you’re naked. On ceremonial occasions the prettiest girls in the city are naked on display. A rich vocabulary for the sexual is available. The young people do not need sex education because they see the world of adults, experiencing and learning what they need to know.”''

''As a matter of course young children already knew sexual facts; this appears most clearly from a collection of dialogues, written in Latin by Erasmus of Rotterdam and published in 1522, dedicated to his then six-year-old godson. The title indicates the intention of the book: “Dialogues, not only put together to refine the Latin of the children, but above all for the purpose of education for life.”''
</blockquote>

==18th Century England==
Girls as young as 12 were highly-valued for their attractiveness as prostitutes in England during the 18th century. Young, pubescent boys were also popular. The [[Age of Consent]] was not raised from 10 until the 19th century.<ref name="bullough" />

==16th-17th Century Russia==
There is a lot of evidence of quite tolerant attitude toward boylove in some periods of the past in Russia:
<blockquote>
According to the Englishman Perry, who served in Russia under Peter I for several years, "the dreadful sin of sodomy is hardly considered a crime in this country; when drunk, they are very inclined to it." [...] It is likely that sodomy, which became widespread in Russian society during the 16th and 17th centuries, was borrowed by Russians from the Muslim East, particularly from Persia and Turkey. [Despite the fact that], as a precaution against this vice, a moral code for monks, introduced as early as the 14th century, included a provision stating that they should "not befriend young children or teach them from books." In the monastic rule of Joseph Volotsky, it was forbidden to keep "beardless youths" in monasteries. [editor's translation] <ref>[https://libgen.li/ads267edbd1c32fbbe3cd644e38adc1e285RC85NHNN Averkiyev S.S. (2015) Influence of the Tatars on the Life of the Russian People. pp. 175-180]</ref></blockquote>

==16th-17th Century Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas ==
<blockquote>
Among sixteenth and seventeenth century Mayans, missionaries reported a custom of youth-younger boy marriages. [...] Missionaries reported religious-based pederasty as common among the Aztecs and Incas. Sources: Greenberg (1988); Williams (1992)<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

== 19th Century Coerunas Indians of Brazil ==
<blockquote>
An apprentice healer would go into the woods for an extended time with an older healer, who would transmit his special powers to the youth through sexual relations and also directly instruct him on the art of curing illnesses. Source: Greenberg (1988) <ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

== 17th Century Caribbean Pirates ==
<blockquote>
Lived in all-male arrangements with mixed ages from young adolescents or younger through older men. Sexual relations between men, especially pirate captains (e.g., Blackbeard), and adolescent boys were common. Sources: Burg (1995); Williams (1992)<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

==19th and early 20th Century Hobos (USA)==
<blockquote>
Between 1880 and 1930, sexual relations between men and adolescent boys were commonplace among transient workers in the Pacific Northwest. Developing industries (e.g., lumber, mining) drew in large numbers of unmarried men and male youths from other parts of the United States to perform backbreaking work. They lived and worked in all-male societies, which fostered intergenerational sex (rather than age-equal sex). Their relations were social, not just sexual—the boys often served domestic functions for the men. In return, they got various benefits (e.g., advice, apprenticing, emotional support, safety, protection). By the 1930s, these all-male societies eroded, owing to mechanization (which reduced brute-strength work) and population expansion (with more women). These changes, along with constant policing activity (the middle class saw pederasty as a threat to their youth and the family), helped to dissolve the tradition. Sources: Boag, (2003); Flynt (1927); Williams (1992)<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

==19th Century Russia==

The Chuckchee in Northern Siberia - sex with boys was considered normal and in no way kept secret.

<blockquote>Young, handsome boys adorn themselves and flirt openly with their admirers. This is all the more striking because nothing impedes sex with girls and the boys themselves start to have heterosexual intercourse from ten years on.” (Wrangel, quoted by Erman 1871, 164).<ref>[https://brongersma.info/Loving_boys_I 'Loving Boys I'] by [[Edward Brongersma]]; 1986</ref></blockquote>

==19th Century Albania==

From Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe - ''Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature'', New York University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-8147-7468-7.<ref>[https://annas-archive.org/search?q=Islamic+Homosexualities Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe - ''Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature'', New York University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-8147-7468-7.]</ref>

<blockquote>
Albanian pederasty was a custom reported by numerous Western travellers in the nineteenth century including Edvard Westermarck, John Cam Hobhouse, who in his travel diary, reports that pederasty was "openly practised," and Johann Georg von Hahn, also known as "the father of Albanian studies." According to such reports it was commonly and socially accepted that young people between the ages of sixteen and twenty-four would woo children aged twelve to seventeen.<ref>[http://www.archiviolgbtq.it/fileadmin/documenti/luglio2006/naecke.pdf], [https://archive.org/details/warmbrothersquee00tobi], [https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pederastia_albanese#CITEREFRobert_Elsie_(2000)], [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_pEKOOuRWu00C]</ref>

In literature, the oldest lover is called ashik (from the Arabic word ishq, "passionate love") and the beloved, dyllber (from the Turkish dilber, "beautiful"). A Gheg Albanian married at the age of 24 or 25, and then usually, but not always, gave up love with boys.

The practice was limited with the advent of communism in 1944.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/nationalhealthsg0000unse]</ref>
</blockquote>

Murray's original quote included more references which could not be found online.

==America (Mid 19th-20th) Century ==

The ''Huffington Post'' wrote about Thomas Lowry's "The Story the Soldiers Wouldn't Tell: Sex in the Civil War":

:''"Chapter 11 of Lowry's book opens the closet door on gender-bending and same-sex trysts. And Lowry reveals that during the Civil War conventional gender roles and sexual behavior could not be strictly tethered to a heterosexual paradigm. With men outnumbering women, especially at social events like balls, "Drummer Boys" -- children as young as 9 and 10 years old -- dressed in drag. And in some occasions, the intimacy between soldiers and Drummer boys reached beyond just a public waltz. For example, Lowry references a ball put on by a Massachusetts regiment stationed in Virginia in 1864 about young drummer boys dressed as women. One man wrote to his wife: "Some of the real women went, but the boy girls were so much better looking that they left. ...We had some little Drummer Boys dressed up and I'll bet you could not tell them from girls if you did not know them. ...Some of ''[the Drummer Boys]'' looked good enough to lay with and I guess some of them did get laid with. ...I know I slept with mine.""''<ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/americas-gay-confederate-_b_851815 HuffPo - American Civil War]</ref>

==Native America, 1930s and prior==

George Devreux wrote in 1937:

:''"Casual homosexual relations in childhood were frequent in the past, and according to my informants, seem to be on the increase ''[...]'' Complete nudity and any lack of supervision, especially for boys, who remained naked until they reached puberty, combined with incessant sexual talk on the part of adults, must have furthered the desire for sex experience. ''[...]'' Adults seldom had sexual intercourse with children of their own sex, although betrothal of young girls to old men or seduction of very young boys by adult women was not rare."''<ref>Devereux, George. (1937). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41447338 Institutionalized homosexuality of the Mohave Indians]. ''Human Biology'', 9, pp. 498–527.</ref>

==Prewar (and postwar) Siwa, Egypt==

:''"In 1937 the anthropologist Walter Cline wrote the first detailed ethnography of the Siwans in which he noted: "All normal Siwan men and boys practice sodomy...among themselves the natives are not ashamed of this; they talk about it as openly as they talk about love of women, and many if not most of their fights arise from homosexual competition....Prominent men lend their sons to each other. All Siwans know the matings which have taken place among their sheiks and their sheiks' sons....Most of the boys used in sodomy are between twelve and eighteen years of age." After an expedition to Siwa, the archaeologist Count Byron de Prorok reported in 1937 "an enthusiasm [that] could not have been approached even in Sodom... Homosexuality was not merely rampant, it was raging...Every dancer had his boyfriend...[and] chiefs had harems of boys"."''<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siwa_Oasis De Porok, Count Byron (1936). In Quest of Lost Worlds. New York: Dutton. p. 64.]</ref><ref>[https://www.greek-love.com/near-east-north-africa/egypt/siwa-oasis-robin-maugham-pederasty THE OASIS OF SIWA IN 1947-8, BY ROBIN MAUGHAM]</ref><ref>[https://www.greek-love.com/near-east-north-africa/egypt/the-people-of-siwah-by-walter-cline NOTES ON THE PEOPLE OF SIWAH BY WALTER CLINE]</ref>

The socialist Gay/[[Boylove|BL]] activist and independent scholar [[David Thorstad]], wrote of his experience of Siwa for ''Gayme Magazine''.<ref>[http://williamapercy.com/wiki/images/Siwa_today.pdf Siwa Today - David Thorstad]</ref> He wrote:

:''"Probably the most stricking feature of Siwan sexuality is the traditional practice of men lending their sons to other men. Prior to 1928, this was sometimes accompanied by a written aggreement (known as a "marriage contract"), a dowry (much greater than the dowry for a girl), banquets and celebrations. ''[...]'' One investigator earlier in the century claimed that male children were preferred because they cost less to raise than girls, and that the boy was "a very fruitful source of profit for the father, not for the work he does, but because he is hired by his father to another man to be used as a catamite [i.e. a boy who has sex with men]. Sometimes two men exchange their sons. If they are asked about this, they are not ashamed to mention it".''

For this quote, Thorstad cites a source which is now used on Wikipedia's [[Wikipedia:Siwa_Oasis|Siwa page]]: Mahmud Mohammad Abd Allah, (1917).<ref>[https://archive.org/details/harvardafricans01deptgoog Mahmud Mohammad Abd Allah, (1917). Siwan Customs]. In ''Harvard African Studies'', 7, p. 7.</ref>

==Muslim societies of the 8th-19th centuries, and present Afghanistan==
<blockquote>
Pervasive in Muslim societies (North Africa, Western-Central Asia) eighth to nineteenth centuries; pederastic attractions seen just as normal as heterosexual ones; main interest in boys was early to mid-teens, peaking at about 14; appeal vanished with beard (about 16, 17); adult men scorned if passive partners in homosexual relationships; manly behavior was to be active (partner gender did not matter); staggering amount of love poetry shows obsession with boyish beauty, seen as comparable to women’s; poets attracted to boys constitutes a Who’s Who; desire for boys, but not behavior or lust, was permissible under Islam, but behavior was common nevertheless; tradition ended in late nineteenth century, because of Western colonialism, with its abhorrence of the tradition and the local embarrassment this created, along with local assimilation of European concepts and efforts to modernize. Sources: Baldauf (1988); Crompton (2003); Massad (2007); Murray & Roscoe (1998); Patanè (2006); Rahman (1989); Rouayheb (2005); Schild (1988); Wright & Rowson (1997)<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

As detailed in [[Pederasty in Islam]], Afghanistan is one of many Islamic cultures in which pederasty is practised with feminized boys. This derives from the strict gender segregation in Afghan society, and gives rise to the famous saying "women are for children, boys are for pleasure".<ref>[https://fuf.se/magasin/magapril-women-are-for-children-boys-are-for-pleasure/ Women are for children, boys are for pleasure]</ref>

==1960s, 1970s, Baltimore==

During these decades there were notable gay subcultures in America where young boys were allowed to have sexual interactions with men with little fear of ostracism or psychological trauma. Baltimore is one often recalled example of this.

==1960s, 1970s, Hippie Communes==

Inter- and intra-generational sex with minors was accommodated in late 20th century American hippie communes, but for children, sex was a pleasant distraction and not central to their leisure time. Details on these subcultures are covered by researchers such as Berger, Constantine and Johnston, cited in our [[Research: Activating Janssen|review project of Janssen's ''Growing Up Sexually'']].

==1960s, 1970s England==

As is common, when the sources of scandalous allegations are further investigated at a later date, the banality of the situation reveals itself. For example, with reference to Duncroft (Girls School), [[Mark Smith]] and Ros Burnett note "Accounts of the girls’ sexual experience and behaviour indicate a degree of agency in sexual activity, which challenges the current orthodoxy of them as victims of predatory adults. The former residents we spoke to did not regard themselves as victims and any sexual activity they might have entered into was considered to have been [[consent|consensual]] and in some cases initiated by the girls (although none claimed to have any knowledge of Savile being involved sexually with girls at Duncroft)."<ref>[https://sci-hub.se/10.1108/ijssp-03-2017-0029 The origins of the Jimmy Savile scandal]</ref>

Girls' (12-15) relationships with older boys and men were a cause for concern in the 70s, but were in most cases chalked off as cautions when they came to the attention of police. This was because the relationships were seen as normative/traditional or otherwise willingly engaged in by the girls.<ref>[https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-1971(79)80005-6 Mawby, R. I. (1979). Policing the age of consent. Journal of Adolescence, 2(1), 41–49]</ref>

Relationships of peribubertal boys with older boys were common in boarding schools :
<blockquote>
Deeply sentimentalized, erotically based attachments were common in many all-male private boarding schools before 1970s between older (about 17–18) and younger (about 12–13) boys; older teens sought “cute” boys, calling them “talent,” “crushes,” or “tarts;” younger boys competed to be selected (for the many favors, privileges it entailed); older-younger pairs exchanged notes, poetry, and other items of endearment; after graduating, most moved on to heterosexuality. Sources: Chandos (1984); Gathorne-Hardy (1978); Lambert & Lambert (1968); Lewis (1955); Nash (1961) <ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

==1970s, 1980s, Netherlands==

The Netherlands is a fairly recent example of a culture in which intergenerational sexual relationships were partially tolerated during a particularly liberal period of history. For some time, sexual relationships between a child above the age of 12 and an adult would remain legally immune to prosecution for as long as the younger partner, their parents or a welfare entity did not complain. Such authorities were much less inclined to lodge complaints during this period, leading to a markedly non-hysterical climate in which many such relationships succeeded. One writer to document such positive relationships was [[Theo Sandfort]], whose most famous study <ref>[http://www.ipce.info/host/sandfort_87/ Sandfort Study]</ref> remains an outstanding example of this unique period in time.

==1980s, 1990s, Thailand==

Professor Vicharn Vitiyasai of Chang Mai University emphasizes that, 'In Thai society, boys begin to buy women when they are around 13 years old; 50 per cent of 16-year-old boys and 90 per cent of university students go to brothels. Married men also think it natural to entertain business clients and friends by taking them to brothels, and they visit brothels themselves as a part of the joy of travel.'"<ref>Yayori Matsui, Women in the New Asia, 1999</ref>

==1980s, 1990s, Mexico==

In a [[Media:A pueblo homosexuality David Thorstad 1988.pdf|1988 Christopher Street Feature]], [[David Thorstad]] immerses himself in a rural Mexican community and finds that homosexuality is very much part of everyday life for younger men and boys. Sex work is also engaged in, but this is peripheral.

==General==
:''"As mentioned earlier, our Western civilization has not always believed that children should be protected from all sexual contact. In medieval Europe, children were still freely touched, caressed, and fondled by every member of the household. Particularly in rural areas, parents, nurses, or servants were accustomed to masturbating small children to please them or to keep them quiet. (This practice is also found in many non-European societies. In the United States today, it is still alive among the Hopi Indians.)"''<ref>[[Erwin Haeberle|Haeberle, Erwin J.]] (1983). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20120419005050/http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/ATLAS_EN/html/childhood_sex_play.html The Sex Atlas]''. The Continuum Publishing Company.</ref>

''Encyclopedia of Male Homosexual Poetry and its Reception History'' by [[Paul Knobel]]<ref>[http://www.sexarchive.info/BIB/hombib/ Encyclopedia of Male Homosexual Poetry and its Reception History] by [[Paul Knobel]] - free access encyclopedia at the Sexarchive by [[Erwin Haeberle]]; also see the work with Overview entries from this encyclopedia - [http://www.sexarchive.info/BIB/knobelworld.htm A World Overview of Male Homosexual Poetry] </ref> contains hundreds of mentions of dancing and singing boys tradition, along with sexual and romantic themes in poetry dedicated to them, in different cultures in history.

==Excerpt Graphic Library==

The EGL on '''Broader Perspectives''' has some relevant information. Just right click/save and reproduce by uploading in short-form media to bypass character limits.

{{Template:EGLBP}}

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Official Encyclopedia]][[Category:Research: Broader Perspectives]][[Category:Research into effects on Children]]

Research: Intergenerational Relationships in History

2026-07-28T19:28:07Z

Thorn: /* 11th-19th Century Japan */

{{research}}
There have existed a wide range of western and non-western societies that have tolerated or encouraged intergenerational sexuality. More recent examples are generally ''subcultures'' which run counter to modern sexual morality.
__NOTOC__
==Antiquity==

Much has been written about the '''Ancient Greeks''' and their age-structured pederastic relationship ideals, yet there are many other past civilizations that loved boys.

*[https://greek-love.com/ Greek Love: Pederasty throughout the ages], gives a historical context on Ancient Greece and many other cultures
*[https://www.boywiki.org/en/Historical_boylove_relationships Historical BL Relationships] - BoyWiki - Historical BL Relationships
:*[https://www.boywiki.org/en/Historical_boylove_relationships_in_ancient_Rome Rome]
:*[https://www.boywiki.org/en/Historical_boylove_relationships_in_Japan Japan]
*[https://list.fandom.com/wiki/Pederastic_relationships_in_classical_antiquity Pederastic relationships in classical antiquity] - Fandom
*[[Pederasty in Islam]]

===Ancient Greece===

*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece Wikipedia]
*[https://www.boywiki.org/en/Historical_boylove_relationships_in_ancient_Greece BoyWiki]
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20100309132321/http://www.truthtree.com/pederasty.shtml Truthtree]

To certain parts of Greek society, relationships between men and adolescent boys were not only acceptable, but a desirable form of mentorship and (military) training towards the masculine ideal. As accounts reveal, rules and regulations within this model were particularly strict - arguably more so than in modern societies that condemn pederasty as pathological.

Many Greek men waited until they were about 30 years of age to marry. When they did marry, their partner would often be a girl of 12 or 14.<ref name="bullough">[[Vern Bullough|Bullough, Vern L.]] (2004). "Children and adolescents as sexual beings: a historical overview," ''Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America'', 13(3), 447-459.</ref>

It is certain that pederasty was already widespread in Greek culture in the early Archaic Age (600-800 BC). It had strong institutional character in Crete and Sparta and educational connotations in Athens, and seemingly was derived from earlier initiatory practices in history. It should not be confused with modern adult-adult homosexuality, since the relationships were structured by age and social asymmetry, and the younger participants were expected to marry later. Regarding sexual aspect, the younger participant occupied the passive role. On earlier black-figure vases, the scenes are much more explicit with the predominance of anal intercourse. On later red-figure vases, couples are often represented in an intercrural position, with contact between the thighs rather than a depicted anal act, but anal intercourse still appears to be implicitly assumed. Males generally quitted playing the passive role when their beards appeared.<ref name="bremmer2021"> Jan N. Bremmer (2021) [https://www.amazon.com/Becoming-Man-Ancient-Greece-Rome/dp/3161590082 Becoming a Man in Ancient Greece and Rome. Essays on Myths and Rituals of Initiation.] (available via [[Help:Research_Resources#Information_Freedom_Companions|OPTION 2]])</ref>

<blockquote>
[Pederasty] Had mentoring function (prepared elite boys for adult roles as warriors, citizens). Boyish beauty repeatedly valorized in the arts (e.g., love poetry, pottery); body hair (face, legs) ended boys’ attractiveness; bisexual interests (women, boys) widespread; attraction to other adult men scorned. Notables with pederastic interests: poets (e.g., Alcaeus, Ibycus, Anacreon, Theognis, Pindar); playwrights (e.g., Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides); political leaders (e.g., Solon, Demosthenes, Agesilaus, Philip, Alexander); philosophers (e.g., Socrates, Plato, Zeno, Chrysippus). Eroded with rise of Christianity. Sources: Crompton (2003); Hubbard (2003); Lear (2004); Lear & Cantarella (2008) <ref name="Rind2013"> [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Rind, B. (2013). Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Thomas K Hubbard, Beert Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research: The Debate over Male Intergenerational Relations]]. (pp. 1-90) ''New York: Routledge.'' doi:10.4324/9781315432458</ref>
</blockquote>

In the late Archaic period the male intergenerational institution was no longer dominated by mature adult men initiating adolescents into the adult male world. Younger men increasingly replaced older, adolescents were replaced by younger boys. At the same time, their courtship was represented less directly and more cautiously.<ref name="bremmer2021"/>

Historians including [[Jan Bremmer|Jan N. Bremmer]],<ref name="bremmer2021"/><ref>Jan N. Bremmer (1989) [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315770055-2/greek-pederasty-modern-homosexuality-jan-bremmer Greek Pederasty and Modern Homosexuality]. in: Jan N. Bremmer (ed.) (1989) From Sappho to De Sade: Moments in the History of Sexuality. (available via [[Help:Research_Resources#Information_Freedom_Companions|OPTION 2]])</ref><ref name= "bremmer1980">Bremmer, J. (1980). An enigmatic Indo-European rite: Paederasty. ''Arethusa'', 13(2), 279–298.</ref> Christian Laes,<ref>[https://www.christianlaes.be/ Christian Laes - Personal site]</ref><ref>[https://journals.univie.ac.at/index.php/oezg/article/view/3327 Laes, C. (2017). When Classicists Need to Speak Up: Antiquity and Present Day Pedophilia – Pederasty. ''Österreichische Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaften'', 28(3), 49–70].</ref><ref>Christian Laes, ''Children in the Roman Empire: Outsiders Within'' (Cambridge University Press, 2011).</ref><ref>; Christian Laes and Johan Strubbe, ''Youth in the Roman Empire: The Young and the Restless Years?'' (Cambridge University Press, 2014)</ref><ref>Christian Laes, 'Children and Sexuality: Roman World', in: Julia M. O'Brian (ed.), ''Oxford Encyclopedia of the Bible and Gender Studies'' (Oxford University Press, 2014), 38–42.</ref> [[wikipedia:Andrew Lear|Andrew Lear]],<ref>[https://library.lol/main/53872FCED674EC41DFC6B26B198D1F7F Eva Cantarella and Andrew Lear, ''Images of Pederasty: Boys Were Their God'' (Routledge, 2008)].</ref><ref>Andrew Lear, 'Was Pederasty Problematized? A Diachronic View', in: Mark Masterson/Nancy Sorkin Rabinowitz/James Robson (eds.), ''Sex in Antiquity: Exploring Gender and Sexuality in the Ancient World'' (London/New York, 2015), pp. 115–136.</ref><ref>[https://library.lol/main/35E193AC1C1DADA75905ADD4DE8E0098 Andrew Lear, ''Noble Eros: the idealization of pederasty from the Greek dark ages to the Athens of Socrates'' (2004, PhD Thesis)].</ref> [[Thomas Hubbard]], [[Beert Verstraete|Beert C. Verstraete]],<ref>[https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2009/2009.09.61/ Beert Verstraete, Review of 'The Greeks and Greek Love: A Radical Reappraisal of Homosexuality in Ancient Greece', ''Bryn Mawr Classical Review'', 3. Nov. 2009].</ref> and [[William Percy]], have conducted extensive research on Greek Pederasty and the life of children / young people in Greco-Roman society.

Also in ancient Sparta it was customary for adult noble women to have intercourse with beloved girls before their marriage. It may be considered proven that male paederasty in Sparta had a Lesbian counterpart in female initiation.<ref name= "bremmer1980"/> In the case of Sappho [Lesbos, 700 – 600 BCE] the same ritual background is visible with some evidence of erotic relationships between women and girls. Their relationships also expected to be nonexclusive, i.e. adult women had husbands and girls married men as they grew older.<ref> André Lardinois (1989) [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315770055-3/lesbian-sappho-sappho-lesbos-andr%C3%A9-lardinois Lesbian Sappho and Sappho of Lesbos ]. in: Jan N. Bremmer (ed.) (1989) From Sappho to De Sade: Moments in the History of Sexuality. (available via [[Help:Research_Resources#Information_Freedom_Companions|OPTION 2]])</ref>

=== Goths ===
<blockquote>
The historian Ammianus Marcellinus (31.9.5) [4th century CE] relates that among the Taifali, a tribe connected with the Goths, the boys lived in a state of pederasty until they had killed a boar or a bear.<ref name="bremmer2021"/>
</blockquote>

=== Romans ===
<blockquote>
Valerius Maximus presents a number of stories, the earliest going back to the fourth century [BCE], demonstrating that the practice was known to the Romans too, albeit disapproved of till the end of the Republic. By that time, paederastic friendships were frequently adopted in higher circles and even the moralistic Augustus had had his friend in his younger years. About the Empire we need not go into detail. Any reader of Juvenal, Martial and Petronius can find examples galore. [...] It is important to observe that the Romans explicitly forbid paederasty with free boys but not with slavess in the so-called lex Scantinia, a law dating probably from before Cicero's time [1st century BCE].<ref name= "bremmer1980"/>
</blockquote>

<blockquote>
Boyish beauty thematic in love poetry; attractions were to smooth, hairless bodies regardless of gender (for boys, from puberty to start of beard); exclusive attraction to one gender seen as eccentric; relations with other adult men seen as disgraceful. Notables with pederastic interests included: poets Catullus, Horace, Juvenal, Martial, Tibullus, and Virgil, and emperors Trajan and Hadrian. Tradition eroded with consolidation of Christian sexual morality. Sources: Cantarella (1992); Crompton (2003); Lambert (1984); Williams (1999)<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

=== Celts ===
<blockquote>Regarding the Celts, there is general agreement in our sources that they practiced paederasty. Athenaeus [II–III CE] even tells us that they often slept with two boys at the same time, but this looks as if it is a typical Greek dream-wish. This is the only detailed report we have that goes beyond the pure mention of the practice [...]<ref name= "bremmer1980"/></blockquote>

=== Persians ===
See in detail in [[Pederasty_in_Islam#Persia|Pederasty in Islam]]
<blockquote>It seems reasonable then to accept the occurrence of paederasty among the Persians - although it was forbidden - but our sources do not connect the practice with initiation or men's societies<ref name= "bremmer1980"/></blockquote>

==1st century BCE to 20th Century China==
<blockquote>
''Multiple forms of male homosexuality (especially pederasty) occurred across 2 millennia of dynasties [Ages of Boys Involved 10–18 <ref name="Rind2013" />] ; cut sleeve became term for homosexual love (ca. 0 CE) when emperor cut his sleeve rather than waking up his boy favorite, who was on it; poetry after 220 CE often discussed beauty, charms of boys; marriage to boys was a common Fujian practice (ca. 1000 CE); key seventeeth century author (Li Yu) wrote a book illustrating popular interest in pederasty; Western visitors in nineteenth century expressed shock at prominent Chinese men openly courting boys (aged about 14-15); tradition ended in later nineteenth century with embarrassment at Western repugnance and efforts to modernize.'' Sources: Crompton (2003); Hinsch (1990); Leupp (1995) <ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

An act similar to the "[[Age of Consent]]" was seen in ancient China. The punishment was quite severe, exile for misdemeanors, and hanged or beheaded for serious crimes.
In the Song Dynasty, the legal clause that "intercourse with young women is regarded as rape" began to appear.<ref>[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%85%92%E7%AB%A5%E6%80%A7%E8%99%90%E5%BE%85?oldformat=true#%E5%8F%A4%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B Chinese Wikipedia]</ref>

One historical study <ref>[http://library.lol/main/B05B07B0134835C2F53D030224C75608 Hinsch, Bret. (1990). ''Passions of the Cut Sleeve: The Male Homosexual Tradition in China'' (Berkeley: University of California Press).]</ref> of male same-sex love in China from the Zhou dynasty (start date of 1045/6 BC) to the Qing dynasty in the early twentieth century, dated as starting around 249 BC. Quoting a 1993 review thereof<ref>[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224499309551712 Review of 'Passions of the Cut Sleeve'']</ref>:

<blockquote>
''"Hinsch found that, before 1900, the dominant social construction for males in China was bisexual. Most Chinese men did not see themselves as being divided into strict categories of "homosexuals" and "heterosexuals" but evidenced a relaxed erotic attraction to both sexes. Wealthy married men or unmarried scholars often had a boy (ranging in age from as young as 9 to as old as 25 years) as a concubine, or they patronized boy prostitutes. Chinese philosophers wrote that it was better for a boy to sell his body, as a favorite or a prostitute, than to languish in poverty. Prostitution/concubinage represented one of the few opportunities for lower class boys to raise their economic status and to support their parents comfortably. If a boy became a beloved of a wealthy older man, he was some times offered material wealth or political office when he matured. His patron/lover might even arrange a heterosexual marriage for him and serve as best man at his wedding. Individuals who enjoyed male-male sex were not seen as distinct personality types but merely partook of certain "passions." These passions were termed "passions of the cut sleeve," after the devotion shown by Emperor Ai (ruler 6 B.C.E.-l C.E.), who cut the sleeve off his shirt rather than disturb the sleep of his beloved boy lover Dong Xian."''
</blockquote>

===600BC-1860===

From a [[Text of Pedo history: China|summary of historical research]], [[Edward Brongersma]] identified sadomasochistic trends and a dominant model of concubinage in pre-communist China. Some men were also invested in the boy achieving pleasure, and climax.

=== Until the first half of the last century ===
From the article of Emil M.L.Ng:<ref>Emil M.L.Ng (December 2002) [http://www.sexarchive.info/BIB/pedochin.htm Pedophilia from the Chinese Perspective] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20250129135819/http://www.sexarchive.info/BIB/pedochin.htm web.archive]); Probably from the book 'Pedophilia: Concepts and Controversy, Special Section of Archives of Sexual Behavior' by Kenneth J. Zucker (ed); Vol. 31, No. 6, pp. 465-510</ref>
<blockquote>
''Depictions of “child-romance” in ancient or modern Chinese literature are not difficult to find. They include passages on joyous heterosexual or homosexual activities by children as young as 12 to13 years old with one another or with adults. [...] Until the first half of the last century, there was still the practice of the “child bridegroom” in, but not restricted to, the Hubei region of China (Lou 1970). A male child of any age, even before birth, could by parental arrangement take an adult woman as a wife. The purpose could be to consolidate family status and relationship, or simply to have someone to help taking care of the child. After marriage, the couple slept in one bed like all other husbands and wives. No one would pay attention to what type of sexual relationship they might have and when. In the normal course of events, they would begin with those sex plays they were capable of and wanted, until one day, when the child was old enough to desire and do it, they had coitus. After the boy grew still older, he usually took a second wife closer to his age, but he would continue to keep, love and respect the first wife.''
</blockquote>

==Renaissance Italy (15th Century) ==
Florence was famed for its widespread homosexual culture, which manifested as a normative pederasty involving boys between the ages of thirteen and eighteen in relationship with adult men.<ref>At the margins: minority groups in premodern Italy By Stephen J. Milner; p62</ref> This reputation was so much that in 1432 the city established "Gli Ufficiali di Notte" (The Officers of the Night) to root out the practice of sodomy. From that year until 1502, the number of men charged with sodomy numbered greater than 17,000, of which 3,000 were convicted. However this number also includes heterosexual sodomy. This also gave rise to a number of proverbs illuminating the views of the common people towards the practice. Among them are ''If you crave joys, tumble some boys.'' <ref>Florentine proverb, ca. [[1480]]. After [[Sabadino degli Arienti]] in ''Le Porretane.''Michael Rocke, ''Forbidden friendships: Homosexuality and Male Culture in Renaissance Florence,'' Oxford, 1996; p.87</ref> This reputation is also reflected in the fact that the Germans adopted the word ''Florenzer'', when they were talking about a pederast.<ref>Rocke, Michael, (1996), ''[https://libgen.is/search.php?req=Forbidden+Friendships%3A+Homosexuality+and+male+Culture+in+Renaissance+Florence&lg_topic=libgen&open=0&view=simple&res=25&phrase=1&column=def Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and male Culture in Renaissance Florence]'', ISBN 978-0195122923</ref><ref>Ruggiero, Guido, (1985), ''The Boundaries of Eros'', ISBN 978-0195056969</ref> The Neapolitans on the other hand when speaking of pederasty, called it ''Il vizio inglese,'' "the English vice".<ref>[[Sir Richard Burton|R. F. Burton]], ''Terminal Essay''</ref>

From John A. Garrity's research:<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200807005522/http://williamapercy.com/wiki/index.php?title=Jack_Garridy Sexuality in the Lives of Florentine Renaissance Artists] by John A. Garrity (Jack Garridy) (in pdfs archived from Percy Wiki)</ref>

<blockquote>
''"Rocke concludes that up to two-thirds of all sexually active males in Florence were at least rumored to be involved in sodomitical activity. ''[...]'' Sodomy was so much the norm in Renaissance Florence that Rocke finds no “subculture” ''[...]'' the norm should be characterized as bisexual activity, a two or three on Kinsey scale. By the age of sixteen, a typical male was taking the passive role in sodomy with an older partner ''[...]'' Citizens accepted passivity as a normal part of adolescence to such an extent that eventually it was not even prosecuted. ''[...]'' The oldest active partners recorded were in their seventies. The youngest passives were eight years old. ''[...]'' By age thirty most men gave up their passion for youths and married women. ''[...]'' Overall, Rocke’s finds are surprisingly similar to the ancient Greeks ''[...]'' These male relationships were often mutual and romantic."''<ref>See Michael Rocke, [https://annas-archive.org/md5/ac0dab2ba53be8a3a5b6d8967749d7b7 ''Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and Male Culture in Renaissance Florence''] (Oxford University Press, 1998).</ref>
</blockquote>

From the article by Isabella Paduano:<ref>[https://www.theflorentine.net/2022/10/24/queer-history-florence/ The queer history of Florence] by Isabella Paduano (2022)</ref>

<blockquote>"[F]''or the people of Renaissance Florence, a man’s sexuality could be quite fluid, as long as it didn’t threaten his masculinity. This is why a practice now known as pederasty prevailed, where “mature” men (those over 20) would have sex with adolescent boys. Today, this age imbalance seems unacceptable, but at the time it was the norm, with any deviation threatening a man’s masculinity. This was an ancient tradition, dating back to the Greeks and Romans.''[...]'' The papers show that an outright majority of men in the city were incriminated for sodomy at least once: 17,000 men out of the city’s total population of 40,000 people."''
</blockquote>

Summary from Rind (2013)<ref name="Rind2013" />:
<blockquote>
The majority of younger men and adolescent boys in all classes (working to elite) in Florence and other Tuscan cities were involved. This practice represented an unbroken continuance of the ancient Roman practice. Despite severe penalties (e.g., torture, death) based on belief in God’s retribution, cases were often treated leniently (e.g., fines) through much of the Renaissance, a pragmatic response to its pervasiveness. Notables with pederastic interests: Donatello, Verrocchio, da Vinci, Botticelli, Pontormo, Bronzino, Cellini, and Caravaggio. The tradition was eroded through stepped-up religiously based anti-sodomy campaigns, especially Savonarola’s in the 1490s, along with harsher penalties with more determined enforcement. The tradition was also entrenched in other areas such as Venice. Sources: Crompton (2003); Moulton (2003); Rocke (1996); Ruggiero (1985); Saslow (1986, 1989)
</blockquote>

==11th-19th Century Japan==
<blockquote>
''From eleventh to nineteenth centuries, bisexuality (women, boys) was pervasive; over time pederasty appeared in three contexts (monastic, samurai, kabuki theater), the first two as mentorships with boys of ranking families, the last as prostitution; among samurai, it fostered loyalty and sacrifice in youths training to be warriors; shoguns and warlords from twelfth to eighteenth centuries involved in pederasty reads like a Who’s Who of military- political history; key seventeenth century author (Saikaku) illustrated its pervasive presence; another described typical ages of interest (10–13 = “blossoming flower;” 14–17 = “flourishing flower;” 18–21 = “falling flower”); tradition ended in late nineteenth century in response to Western abhorrence and efforts to modernize.'' Sources: Crompton (2003); Leupp (1995); Watanabe & Iwata (1989)<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

In medieval [[Pederasty in Japanese culture|Japan]] (14th–16th centuries), it was customary for elite families to entrust their young sons to the care of renowned Buddhist priests from whom they received a premier education in Buddhist scriptures, poetry, music, and dance. When the boys reached adolescence, some underwent coming-of-age rites, others entered the priesthood, and several extended their education, becoming chigo, or Buddhist acolytes. Chigo served their masters as personal attendants and as sexual partners. During religious ceremonies—adorned in colorful robes, their faces made up and hair styled in long ponytails—they entertained local donors and pilgrims with music and dance.<ref>[https://wapercyfoundation.org/?p=1133 See the original and the William Percy Foundation's review of: Tales of Idolized Boys: Male-Male Love in Medieval Japanese Buddhist Narratives, by Sachi Schmidt-Hori]</ref>

''Nanshoku'' is the Japanese word for eroticism between adolescent and adult males during this time period and after, and such relationships are well-documented amongst the samurai and in literature. For example, Ihara Saikaku's collection of stories ''Nanshoku ōkagami: honchō waka fūzoku'' (The Great Mirror of Male Love: the Custom of Boy Love in Our Land). Nanshoku was depicted in erotica known as ''shunga'' (spring pictures). Kitagawa Utamaro produced shunga artwork, and although the government took relaxed attitude toward regulating visual art, one image earned Utamaro 50 days in manacles. ''Machiba Hisayoshi'' (c.1803-4) is a colored woodblock print of the ruler Hideyoshi leaning toward a pageboy, caressing the youth's wrist, with Utamaro being punished not because of the late shōgun's conduct but because representations of high nobility were forbidden. One of Japanese literature's great lovers was Ariwara no Narihira, protagonist of the classic ''Ise monogatari''. As a boy he was the subject of what became a well-known love poem, 'Iwatsutsuji' (Azaleas on the Cliffs), written by an unknown priest in the 9th century. Seven hundred and fifty years later, the shōgunate's poetry tutor, Kitamura Kigin, compiled an anthology intended to show this long tradition of idealized relations between male youths and men, naming it after the poem.<ref>[https://www.ipce.info/library_3/files/nanshoku_en.htm Nanshoku, Male-Male Eroticism in Japan. Koinos Magazine #40 (2003/4) and #41 (2004/1).]</ref>

Other scholarly sources for this time period include.<ref>Gary Leupp. ''Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan''. Gregory Pflugfelder. ''Cartographies of Desire: Male-Male Sexuality in Japanese Discourse, 1600-1950''.</ref> Another notable book is ''The Love of the Samurai: A Thousand Years of Japanese Homosexuality'' (1989), which details the institutionalized boy-love/pederasty of the Japanese samurai.<ref>''The Love of the Samurai: A Thousand Years of Japanese Homosexuality''. By Tsuneo Watanabe and Jun'ichi Iwata. Translated by D. R. Roberts.
Gay Men's Press, London, 1989.</ref> As one scholar summarized:

<blockquote>
''Each samurai took a pubescent boy as a page and assistant, and many of these wakashu youths became the lovers of their adult samurai sponsors. Since the samurai trained his wakashu to become a samurai (by about age 23), this homosexual relationship also fulfilled an educative function similar to the teacher-student Buddhist tradition.''

''Under the shoguns a new art form emerged which celebrated male beauty. In 1374 an eleven year old boy dancer ''[Zeami Motokiyo]''<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeami_Motokiyo Wiki page for Motokiyo]</ref> became the lover of the shogun, and under the shogun’s loving patronage he became a genius playwright and founder of the No theater for the shogun’s court.''<ref>[https://doi.org/10.3149/jms.0101.71 Walter L. Williams, 'From Samurai to Capitalist: Male Love, Men’s Roles, and the Rise Of Homophobia in Japan', ''Men's Studies'', Vol. 1, Issue 1 (1992), p. 73.]</ref>
</blockquote>

==15th-17th Century Europe==

[[Helmut Kentler]] observes:<ref>[https://www.boychat.org/messages/1634288.htm CHILDREN’S SEXUALITY, by Helmut Kentler], in the German edition of the book [[Show Me!]]. [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1DD05vy-WuM_-BH5tfbSswOXEQQt5OnYS37zhAtyx0x0/edit?tab=t.0#heading=h.r733n6h5ens]</ref>

<blockquote>
''Scientific research has, in the last decades, rediscovered and evaluated evidence from numerous sources, showing that in Central Europe through the 17th century a pro-sexual attitude prevailed that today – despite a liberalizing trend – would be seen as alien and dangerous and its revival prevented at all costs. J. van Ussel, one of the best authorities on pro-sexual manners and customs of that time, gives the following sketch:''

:''It was generally accepted that the satisfaction of the sex drive was necessary for good health. In some cities, brothels were set up by the authorities. Physicality was practiced in a way that we have forgotten today. People commonly touch, caress, hug and kiss; nurses and parents masturbate young children, to calm them. Older people have contact with young people that we would today call sexual. This self-satisfaction begins to be fought only at the start of the 18th Century by doctors and later by many clergy. Premarital and extramarital sexual relations are mainstreamed. Insufficient contraception (birth control) is condemned by the churches. The rulers and the aristocracy practice promiscuity, which is hardly ever criticized. Students and soldiers do what they please. The clergy are not exactly celibate. At home folks sleep naked, the whole family and the employees together in one room. Even in the bath house you’re naked. On ceremonial occasions the prettiest girls in the city are naked on display. A rich vocabulary for the sexual is available. The young people do not need sex education because they see the world of adults, experiencing and learning what they need to know.”''

''As a matter of course young children already knew sexual facts; this appears most clearly from a collection of dialogues, written in Latin by Erasmus of Rotterdam and published in 1522, dedicated to his then six-year-old godson. The title indicates the intention of the book: “Dialogues, not only put together to refine the Latin of the children, but above all for the purpose of education for life.”''
</blockquote>

==18th Century England==
Girls as young as 12 were highly-valued for their attractiveness as prostitutes in England during the 18th century. Young, pubescent boys were also popular. The [[Age of Consent]] was not raised from 10 until the 19th century.<ref name="bullough" />

==16th-17th Century Russia==
There is a lot of evidence of quite tolerant attitude toward boylove in some periods of the past in Russia:
<blockquote>
According to the Englishman Perry, who served in Russia under Peter I for several years, "the dreadful sin of sodomy is hardly considered a crime in this country; when drunk, they are very inclined to it." [...] It is likely that sodomy, which became widespread in Russian society during the 16th and 17th centuries, was borrowed by Russians from the Muslim East, particularly from Persia and Turkey. [Despite the fact that], as a precaution against this vice, a moral code for monks, introduced as early as the 14th century, included a provision stating that they should "not befriend young children or teach them from books." In the monastic rule of Joseph Volotsky, it was forbidden to keep "beardless youths" in monasteries. [editor's translation] <ref>[https://libgen.li/ads267edbd1c32fbbe3cd644e38adc1e285RC85NHNN Averkiyev S.S. (2015) Influence of the Tatars on the Life of the Russian People. pp. 175-180]</ref></blockquote>

==16th-17th Century Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas ==
<blockquote>
Among sixteenth and seventeenth century Mayans, missionaries reported a custom of youth-younger boy marriages. [...] Missionaries reported religious-based pederasty as common among the Aztecs and Incas. Sources: Greenberg (1988); Williams (1992)<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

== 19th Century Coerunas Indians of Brazil ==
<blockquote>
An apprentice healer would go into the woods for an extended time with an older healer, who would transmit his special powers to the youth through sexual relations and also directly instruct him on the art of curing illnesses. Source: Greenberg (1988) <ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

== 17th Century Caribbean Pirates ==
<blockquote>
Lived in all-male arrangements with mixed ages from young adolescents or younger through older men. Sexual relations between men, especially pirate captains (e.g., Blackbeard), and adolescent boys were common. Sources: Burg (1995); Williams (1992)<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

==19th and early 20th Century Hobos (USA)==
<blockquote>
Between 1880 and 1930, sexual relations between men and adolescent boys were commonplace among transient workers in the Pacific Northwest. Developing industries (e.g., lumber, mining) drew in large numbers of unmarried men and male youths from other parts of the United States to perform backbreaking work. They lived and worked in all-male societies, which fostered intergenerational sex (rather than age-equal sex). Their relations were social, not just sexual—the boys often served domestic functions for the men. In return, they got various benefits (e.g., advice, apprenticing, emotional support, safety, protection). By the 1930s, these all-male societies eroded, owing to mechanization (which reduced brute-strength work) and population expansion (with more women). These changes, along with constant policing activity (the middle class saw pederasty as a threat to their youth and the family), helped to dissolve the tradition. Sources: Boag, (2003); Flynt (1927); Williams (1992)<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

==19th Century Russia==

The Chuckchee in Northern Siberia - sex with boys was considered normal and in no way kept secret.

<blockquote>Young, handsome boys adorn themselves and flirt openly with their admirers. This is all the more striking because nothing impedes sex with girls and the boys themselves start to have heterosexual intercourse from ten years on.” (Wrangel, quoted by Erman 1871, 164).<ref>[https://brongersma.info/Loving_boys_I 'Loving Boys I'] by [[Edward Brongersma]]; 1986</ref></blockquote>

==19th Century Albania==

From Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe - ''Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature'', New York University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-8147-7468-7.<ref>[https://annas-archive.org/search?q=Islamic+Homosexualities Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe - ''Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature'', New York University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-8147-7468-7.]</ref>

<blockquote>
Albanian pederasty was a custom reported by numerous Western travellers in the nineteenth century including Edvard Westermarck, John Cam Hobhouse, who in his travel diary, reports that pederasty was "openly practised," and Johann Georg von Hahn, also known as "the father of Albanian studies." According to such reports it was commonly and socially accepted that young people between the ages of sixteen and twenty-four would woo children aged twelve to seventeen.<ref>[http://www.archiviolgbtq.it/fileadmin/documenti/luglio2006/naecke.pdf], [https://archive.org/details/warmbrothersquee00tobi], [https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pederastia_albanese#CITEREFRobert_Elsie_(2000)], [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_pEKOOuRWu00C]</ref>

In literature, the oldest lover is called ashik (from the Arabic word ishq, "passionate love") and the beloved, dyllber (from the Turkish dilber, "beautiful"). A Gheg Albanian married at the age of 24 or 25, and then usually, but not always, gave up love with boys.

The practice was limited with the advent of communism in 1944.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/nationalhealthsg0000unse]</ref>
</blockquote>

Murray's original quote included more references which could not be found online.

==America (Mid 19th-20th) Century ==

The ''Huffington Post'' wrote about Thomas Lowry's "The Story the Soldiers Wouldn't Tell: Sex in the Civil War":

:''"Chapter 11 of Lowry's book opens the closet door on gender-bending and same-sex trysts. And Lowry reveals that during the Civil War conventional gender roles and sexual behavior could not be strictly tethered to a heterosexual paradigm. With men outnumbering women, especially at social events like balls, "Drummer Boys" -- children as young as 9 and 10 years old -- dressed in drag. And in some occasions, the intimacy between soldiers and Drummer boys reached beyond just a public waltz. For example, Lowry references a ball put on by a Massachusetts regiment stationed in Virginia in 1864 about young drummer boys dressed as women. One man wrote to his wife: "Some of the real women went, but the boy girls were so much better looking that they left. ...We had some little Drummer Boys dressed up and I'll bet you could not tell them from girls if you did not know them. ...Some of ''[the Drummer Boys]'' looked good enough to lay with and I guess some of them did get laid with. ...I know I slept with mine.""''<ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/americas-gay-confederate-_b_851815 HuffPo - American Civil War]</ref>

==Native America, 1930s and prior==

George Devreux wrote in 1937:

:''"Casual homosexual relations in childhood were frequent in the past, and according to my informants, seem to be on the increase ''[...]'' Complete nudity and any lack of supervision, especially for boys, who remained naked until they reached puberty, combined with incessant sexual talk on the part of adults, must have furthered the desire for sex experience. ''[...]'' Adults seldom had sexual intercourse with children of their own sex, although betrothal of young girls to old men or seduction of very young boys by adult women was not rare."''<ref>Devereux, George. (1937). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41447338 Institutionalized homosexuality of the Mohave Indians]. ''Human Biology'', 9, pp. 498–527.</ref>

==Prewar (and postwar) Siwa, Egypt==

:''"In 1937 the anthropologist Walter Cline wrote the first detailed ethnography of the Siwans in which he noted: "All normal Siwan men and boys practice sodomy...among themselves the natives are not ashamed of this; they talk about it as openly as they talk about love of women, and many if not most of their fights arise from homosexual competition....Prominent men lend their sons to each other. All Siwans know the matings which have taken place among their sheiks and their sheiks' sons....Most of the boys used in sodomy are between twelve and eighteen years of age." After an expedition to Siwa, the archaeologist Count Byron de Prorok reported in 1937 "an enthusiasm [that] could not have been approached even in Sodom... Homosexuality was not merely rampant, it was raging...Every dancer had his boyfriend...[and] chiefs had harems of boys"."''<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siwa_Oasis De Porok, Count Byron (1936). In Quest of Lost Worlds. New York: Dutton. p. 64.]</ref><ref>[https://www.greek-love.com/near-east-north-africa/egypt/siwa-oasis-robin-maugham-pederasty THE OASIS OF SIWA IN 1947-8, BY ROBIN MAUGHAM]</ref><ref>[https://www.greek-love.com/near-east-north-africa/egypt/the-people-of-siwah-by-walter-cline NOTES ON THE PEOPLE OF SIWAH BY WALTER CLINE]</ref>

The socialist Gay/[[Boylove|BL]] activist and independent scholar [[David Thorstad]], wrote of his experience of Siwa for ''Gayme Magazine''.<ref>[http://williamapercy.com/wiki/images/Siwa_today.pdf Siwa Today - David Thorstad]</ref> He wrote:

:''"Probably the most stricking feature of Siwan sexuality is the traditional practice of men lending their sons to other men. Prior to 1928, this was sometimes accompanied by a written aggreement (known as a "marriage contract"), a dowry (much greater than the dowry for a girl), banquets and celebrations. ''[...]'' One investigator earlier in the century claimed that male children were preferred because they cost less to raise than girls, and that the boy was "a very fruitful source of profit for the father, not for the work he does, but because he is hired by his father to another man to be used as a catamite [i.e. a boy who has sex with men]. Sometimes two men exchange their sons. If they are asked about this, they are not ashamed to mention it".''

For this quote, Thorstad cites a source which is now used on Wikipedia's [[Wikipedia:Siwa_Oasis|Siwa page]]: Mahmud Mohammad Abd Allah, (1917).<ref>[https://archive.org/details/harvardafricans01deptgoog Mahmud Mohammad Abd Allah, (1917). Siwan Customs]. In ''Harvard African Studies'', 7, p. 7.</ref>

==Muslim societies of the 8th-19th centuries, and present Afghanistan==
<blockquote>
Pervasive in Muslim societies (North Africa, Western-Central Asia) eighth to nineteenth centuries; pederastic attractions seen just as normal as heterosexual ones; main interest in boys was early to mid-teens, peaking at about 14; appeal vanished with beard (about 16, 17); adult men scorned if passive partners in homosexual relationships; manly behavior was to be active (partner gender did not matter); staggering amount of love poetry shows obsession with boyish beauty, seen as comparable to women’s; poets attracted to boys constitutes a Who’s Who; desire for boys, but not behavior or lust, was permissible under Islam, but behavior was common nevertheless; tradition ended in late nineteenth century, because of Western colonialism, with its abhorrence of the tradition and the local embarrassment this created, along with local assimilation of European concepts and efforts to modernize. Sources: Baldauf (1988); Crompton (2003); Massad (2007); Murray & Roscoe (1998); Patanè (2006); Rahman (1989); Rouayheb (2005); Schild (1988); Wright & Rowson (1997)<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

As detailed in [[Pederasty in Islam]], Afghanistan is one of many Islamic cultures in which pederasty is practised with feminized boys. This derives from the strict gender segregation in Afghan society, and gives rise to the famous saying "women are for children, boys are for pleasure".<ref>[https://fuf.se/magasin/magapril-women-are-for-children-boys-are-for-pleasure/ Women are for children, boys are for pleasure]</ref>

==1960s, 1970s, Baltimore==

During these decades there were notable gay subcultures in America where young boys were allowed to have sexual interactions with men with little fear of ostracism or psychological trauma. Baltimore is one often recalled example of this.

==1960s, 1970s, Hippie Communes==

Inter- and intra-generational sex with minors was accommodated in late 20th century American hippie communes, but for children, sex was a pleasant distraction and not central to their leisure time. Details on these subcultures are covered by researchers such as Berger, Constantine and Johnston, cited in our [[Research: Activating Janssen|review project of Janssen's ''Growing Up Sexually'']].

==1960s, 1970s England==

As is common, when the sources of scandalous allegations are further investigated at a later date, the banality of the situation reveals itself. For example, with reference to Duncroft (Girls School), [[Mark Smith]] and Ros Burnett note "Accounts of the girls’ sexual experience and behaviour indicate a degree of agency in sexual activity, which challenges the current orthodoxy of them as victims of predatory adults. The former residents we spoke to did not regard themselves as victims and any sexual activity they might have entered into was considered to have been [[consent|consensual]] and in some cases initiated by the girls (although none claimed to have any knowledge of Savile being involved sexually with girls at Duncroft)."<ref>[https://sci-hub.se/10.1108/ijssp-03-2017-0029 The origins of the Jimmy Savile scandal]</ref>

Girls' (12-15) relationships with older boys and men were a cause for concern in the 70s, but were in most cases chalked off as cautions when they came to the attention of police. This was because the relationships were seen as normative/traditional or otherwise willingly engaged in by the girls.<ref>[https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-1971(79)80005-6 Mawby, R. I. (1979). Policing the age of consent. Journal of Adolescence, 2(1), 41–49]</ref>

Relationships of peribubertal boys with older boys were common in boarding schools :
<blockquote>
Deeply sentimentalized, erotically based attachments were common in many all-male private boarding schools before 1970s between older (about 17–18) and younger (about 12–13) boys; older teens sought “cute” boys, calling them “talent,” “crushes,” or “tarts;” younger boys competed to be selected (for the many favors, privileges it entailed); older-younger pairs exchanged notes, poetry, and other items of endearment; after graduating, most moved on to heterosexuality. Sources: Chandos (1984); Gathorne-Hardy (1978); Lambert & Lambert (1968); Lewis (1955); Nash (1961) <ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

==1970s, 1980s, Netherlands==

The Netherlands is a fairly recent example of a culture in which intergenerational sexual relationships were partially tolerated during a particularly liberal period of history. For some time, sexual relationships between a child above the age of 12 and an adult would remain legally immune to prosecution for as long as the younger partner, their parents or a welfare entity did not complain. Such authorities were much less inclined to lodge complaints during this period, leading to a markedly non-hysterical climate in which many such relationships succeeded. One writer to document such positive relationships was [[Theo Sandfort]], whose most famous study <ref>[http://www.ipce.info/host/sandfort_87/ Sandfort Study]</ref> remains an outstanding example of this unique period in time.

==1980s, 1990s, Thailand==

Professor Vicharn Vitiyasai of Chang Mai University emphasizes that, 'In Thai society, boys begin to buy women when they are around 13 years old; 50 per cent of 16-year-old boys and 90 per cent of university students go to brothels. Married men also think it natural to entertain business clients and friends by taking them to brothels, and they visit brothels themselves as a part of the joy of travel.'"<ref>Yayori Matsui, Women in the New Asia, 1999</ref>

==1980s, 1990s, Mexico==

In a [[Media:A pueblo homosexuality David Thorstad 1988.pdf|1988 Christopher Street Feature]], [[David Thorstad]] immerses himself in a rural Mexican community and finds that homosexuality is very much part of everyday life for younger men and boys. Sex work is also engaged in, but this is peripheral.

==General==
:''"As mentioned earlier, our Western civilization has not always believed that children should be protected from all sexual contact. In medieval Europe, children were still freely touched, caressed, and fondled by every member of the household. Particularly in rural areas, parents, nurses, or servants were accustomed to masturbating small children to please them or to keep them quiet. (This practice is also found in many non-European societies. In the United States today, it is still alive among the Hopi Indians.)"''<ref>[[Erwin Haeberle|Haeberle, Erwin J.]] (1983). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20120419005050/http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/ATLAS_EN/html/childhood_sex_play.html The Sex Atlas]''. The Continuum Publishing Company.</ref>

''Encyclopedia of Male Homosexual Poetry and its Reception History'' by [[Paul Knobel]]<ref>[http://www.sexarchive.info/BIB/hombib/ Encyclopedia of Male Homosexual Poetry and its Reception History] by [[Paul Knobel]] - free access encyclopedia at the Sexarchive by [[Erwin Haeberle]]; also see the work with Overview entries from this encyclopedia - [http://www.sexarchive.info/BIB/knobelworld.htm A World Overview of Male Homosexual Poetry] </ref> contains hundreds of mentions of dancing and singing boys tradition, along with sexual and romantic themes in poetry dedicated to them, in different cultures in history.

==Excerpt Graphic Library==

The EGL on '''Broader Perspectives''' has some relevant information. Just right click/save and reproduce by uploading in short-form media to bypass character limits.

{{Template:EGLBP}}

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Official Encyclopedia]][[Category:Research: Broader Perspectives]][[Category:Research into effects on Children]]

Research: Intergenerational Relationships in History

2026-07-28T19:26:41Z

Thorn: /* 14th-16th Century Japan */

{{research}}
There have existed a wide range of western and non-western societies that have tolerated or encouraged intergenerational sexuality. More recent examples are generally ''subcultures'' which run counter to modern sexual morality.
__NOTOC__
==Antiquity==

Much has been written about the '''Ancient Greeks''' and their age-structured pederastic relationship ideals, yet there are many other past civilizations that loved boys.

*[https://greek-love.com/ Greek Love: Pederasty throughout the ages], gives a historical context on Ancient Greece and many other cultures
*[https://www.boywiki.org/en/Historical_boylove_relationships Historical BL Relationships] - BoyWiki - Historical BL Relationships
:*[https://www.boywiki.org/en/Historical_boylove_relationships_in_ancient_Rome Rome]
:*[https://www.boywiki.org/en/Historical_boylove_relationships_in_Japan Japan]
*[https://list.fandom.com/wiki/Pederastic_relationships_in_classical_antiquity Pederastic relationships in classical antiquity] - Fandom
*[[Pederasty in Islam]]

===Ancient Greece===

*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece Wikipedia]
*[https://www.boywiki.org/en/Historical_boylove_relationships_in_ancient_Greece BoyWiki]
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20100309132321/http://www.truthtree.com/pederasty.shtml Truthtree]

To certain parts of Greek society, relationships between men and adolescent boys were not only acceptable, but a desirable form of mentorship and (military) training towards the masculine ideal. As accounts reveal, rules and regulations within this model were particularly strict - arguably more so than in modern societies that condemn pederasty as pathological.

Many Greek men waited until they were about 30 years of age to marry. When they did marry, their partner would often be a girl of 12 or 14.<ref name="bullough">[[Vern Bullough|Bullough, Vern L.]] (2004). "Children and adolescents as sexual beings: a historical overview," ''Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America'', 13(3), 447-459.</ref>

It is certain that pederasty was already widespread in Greek culture in the early Archaic Age (600-800 BC). It had strong institutional character in Crete and Sparta and educational connotations in Athens, and seemingly was derived from earlier initiatory practices in history. It should not be confused with modern adult-adult homosexuality, since the relationships were structured by age and social asymmetry, and the younger participants were expected to marry later. Regarding sexual aspect, the younger participant occupied the passive role. On earlier black-figure vases, the scenes are much more explicit with the predominance of anal intercourse. On later red-figure vases, couples are often represented in an intercrural position, with contact between the thighs rather than a depicted anal act, but anal intercourse still appears to be implicitly assumed. Males generally quitted playing the passive role when their beards appeared.<ref name="bremmer2021"> Jan N. Bremmer (2021) [https://www.amazon.com/Becoming-Man-Ancient-Greece-Rome/dp/3161590082 Becoming a Man in Ancient Greece and Rome. Essays on Myths and Rituals of Initiation.] (available via [[Help:Research_Resources#Information_Freedom_Companions|OPTION 2]])</ref>

<blockquote>
[Pederasty] Had mentoring function (prepared elite boys for adult roles as warriors, citizens). Boyish beauty repeatedly valorized in the arts (e.g., love poetry, pottery); body hair (face, legs) ended boys’ attractiveness; bisexual interests (women, boys) widespread; attraction to other adult men scorned. Notables with pederastic interests: poets (e.g., Alcaeus, Ibycus, Anacreon, Theognis, Pindar); playwrights (e.g., Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides); political leaders (e.g., Solon, Demosthenes, Agesilaus, Philip, Alexander); philosophers (e.g., Socrates, Plato, Zeno, Chrysippus). Eroded with rise of Christianity. Sources: Crompton (2003); Hubbard (2003); Lear (2004); Lear & Cantarella (2008) <ref name="Rind2013"> [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Rind, B. (2013). Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Thomas K Hubbard, Beert Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research: The Debate over Male Intergenerational Relations]]. (pp. 1-90) ''New York: Routledge.'' doi:10.4324/9781315432458</ref>
</blockquote>

In the late Archaic period the male intergenerational institution was no longer dominated by mature adult men initiating adolescents into the adult male world. Younger men increasingly replaced older, adolescents were replaced by younger boys. At the same time, their courtship was represented less directly and more cautiously.<ref name="bremmer2021"/>

Historians including [[Jan Bremmer|Jan N. Bremmer]],<ref name="bremmer2021"/><ref>Jan N. Bremmer (1989) [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315770055-2/greek-pederasty-modern-homosexuality-jan-bremmer Greek Pederasty and Modern Homosexuality]. in: Jan N. Bremmer (ed.) (1989) From Sappho to De Sade: Moments in the History of Sexuality. (available via [[Help:Research_Resources#Information_Freedom_Companions|OPTION 2]])</ref><ref name= "bremmer1980">Bremmer, J. (1980). An enigmatic Indo-European rite: Paederasty. ''Arethusa'', 13(2), 279–298.</ref> Christian Laes,<ref>[https://www.christianlaes.be/ Christian Laes - Personal site]</ref><ref>[https://journals.univie.ac.at/index.php/oezg/article/view/3327 Laes, C. (2017). When Classicists Need to Speak Up: Antiquity and Present Day Pedophilia – Pederasty. ''Österreichische Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaften'', 28(3), 49–70].</ref><ref>Christian Laes, ''Children in the Roman Empire: Outsiders Within'' (Cambridge University Press, 2011).</ref><ref>; Christian Laes and Johan Strubbe, ''Youth in the Roman Empire: The Young and the Restless Years?'' (Cambridge University Press, 2014)</ref><ref>Christian Laes, 'Children and Sexuality: Roman World', in: Julia M. O'Brian (ed.), ''Oxford Encyclopedia of the Bible and Gender Studies'' (Oxford University Press, 2014), 38–42.</ref> [[wikipedia:Andrew Lear|Andrew Lear]],<ref>[https://library.lol/main/53872FCED674EC41DFC6B26B198D1F7F Eva Cantarella and Andrew Lear, ''Images of Pederasty: Boys Were Their God'' (Routledge, 2008)].</ref><ref>Andrew Lear, 'Was Pederasty Problematized? A Diachronic View', in: Mark Masterson/Nancy Sorkin Rabinowitz/James Robson (eds.), ''Sex in Antiquity: Exploring Gender and Sexuality in the Ancient World'' (London/New York, 2015), pp. 115–136.</ref><ref>[https://library.lol/main/35E193AC1C1DADA75905ADD4DE8E0098 Andrew Lear, ''Noble Eros: the idealization of pederasty from the Greek dark ages to the Athens of Socrates'' (2004, PhD Thesis)].</ref> [[Thomas Hubbard]], [[Beert Verstraete|Beert C. Verstraete]],<ref>[https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2009/2009.09.61/ Beert Verstraete, Review of 'The Greeks and Greek Love: A Radical Reappraisal of Homosexuality in Ancient Greece', ''Bryn Mawr Classical Review'', 3. Nov. 2009].</ref> and [[William Percy]], have conducted extensive research on Greek Pederasty and the life of children / young people in Greco-Roman society.

Also in ancient Sparta it was customary for adult noble women to have intercourse with beloved girls before their marriage. It may be considered proven that male paederasty in Sparta had a Lesbian counterpart in female initiation.<ref name= "bremmer1980"/> In the case of Sappho [Lesbos, 700 – 600 BCE] the same ritual background is visible with some evidence of erotic relationships between women and girls. Their relationships also expected to be nonexclusive, i.e. adult women had husbands and girls married men as they grew older.<ref> André Lardinois (1989) [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315770055-3/lesbian-sappho-sappho-lesbos-andr%C3%A9-lardinois Lesbian Sappho and Sappho of Lesbos ]. in: Jan N. Bremmer (ed.) (1989) From Sappho to De Sade: Moments in the History of Sexuality. (available via [[Help:Research_Resources#Information_Freedom_Companions|OPTION 2]])</ref>

=== Goths ===
<blockquote>
The historian Ammianus Marcellinus (31.9.5) [4th century CE] relates that among the Taifali, a tribe connected with the Goths, the boys lived in a state of pederasty until they had killed a boar or a bear.<ref name="bremmer2021"/>
</blockquote>

=== Romans ===
<blockquote>
Valerius Maximus presents a number of stories, the earliest going back to the fourth century [BCE], demonstrating that the practice was known to the Romans too, albeit disapproved of till the end of the Republic. By that time, paederastic friendships were frequently adopted in higher circles and even the moralistic Augustus had had his friend in his younger years. About the Empire we need not go into detail. Any reader of Juvenal, Martial and Petronius can find examples galore. [...] It is important to observe that the Romans explicitly forbid paederasty with free boys but not with slavess in the so-called lex Scantinia, a law dating probably from before Cicero's time [1st century BCE].<ref name= "bremmer1980"/>
</blockquote>

<blockquote>
Boyish beauty thematic in love poetry; attractions were to smooth, hairless bodies regardless of gender (for boys, from puberty to start of beard); exclusive attraction to one gender seen as eccentric; relations with other adult men seen as disgraceful. Notables with pederastic interests included: poets Catullus, Horace, Juvenal, Martial, Tibullus, and Virgil, and emperors Trajan and Hadrian. Tradition eroded with consolidation of Christian sexual morality. Sources: Cantarella (1992); Crompton (2003); Lambert (1984); Williams (1999)<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

=== Celts ===
<blockquote>Regarding the Celts, there is general agreement in our sources that they practiced paederasty. Athenaeus [II–III CE] even tells us that they often slept with two boys at the same time, but this looks as if it is a typical Greek dream-wish. This is the only detailed report we have that goes beyond the pure mention of the practice [...]<ref name= "bremmer1980"/></blockquote>

=== Persians ===
See in detail in [[Pederasty_in_Islam#Persia|Pederasty in Islam]]
<blockquote>It seems reasonable then to accept the occurrence of paederasty among the Persians - although it was forbidden - but our sources do not connect the practice with initiation or men's societies<ref name= "bremmer1980"/></blockquote>

==1st century BCE to 20th Century China==
<blockquote>
''Multiple forms of male homosexuality (especially pederasty) occurred across 2 millennia of dynasties [Ages of Boys Involved 10–18 <ref name="Rind2013" />] ; cut sleeve became term for homosexual love (ca. 0 CE) when emperor cut his sleeve rather than waking up his boy favorite, who was on it; poetry after 220 CE often discussed beauty, charms of boys; marriage to boys was a common Fujian practice (ca. 1000 CE); key seventeeth century author (Li Yu) wrote a book illustrating popular interest in pederasty; Western visitors in nineteenth century expressed shock at prominent Chinese men openly courting boys (aged about 14-15); tradition ended in later nineteenth century with embarrassment at Western repugnance and efforts to modernize.'' Sources: Crompton (2003); Hinsch (1990); Leupp (1995) <ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

An act similar to the "[[Age of Consent]]" was seen in ancient China. The punishment was quite severe, exile for misdemeanors, and hanged or beheaded for serious crimes.
In the Song Dynasty, the legal clause that "intercourse with young women is regarded as rape" began to appear.<ref>[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%85%92%E7%AB%A5%E6%80%A7%E8%99%90%E5%BE%85?oldformat=true#%E5%8F%A4%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B Chinese Wikipedia]</ref>

One historical study <ref>[http://library.lol/main/B05B07B0134835C2F53D030224C75608 Hinsch, Bret. (1990). ''Passions of the Cut Sleeve: The Male Homosexual Tradition in China'' (Berkeley: University of California Press).]</ref> of male same-sex love in China from the Zhou dynasty (start date of 1045/6 BC) to the Qing dynasty in the early twentieth century, dated as starting around 249 BC. Quoting a 1993 review thereof<ref>[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224499309551712 Review of 'Passions of the Cut Sleeve'']</ref>:

<blockquote>
''"Hinsch found that, before 1900, the dominant social construction for males in China was bisexual. Most Chinese men did not see themselves as being divided into strict categories of "homosexuals" and "heterosexuals" but evidenced a relaxed erotic attraction to both sexes. Wealthy married men or unmarried scholars often had a boy (ranging in age from as young as 9 to as old as 25 years) as a concubine, or they patronized boy prostitutes. Chinese philosophers wrote that it was better for a boy to sell his body, as a favorite or a prostitute, than to languish in poverty. Prostitution/concubinage represented one of the few opportunities for lower class boys to raise their economic status and to support their parents comfortably. If a boy became a beloved of a wealthy older man, he was some times offered material wealth or political office when he matured. His patron/lover might even arrange a heterosexual marriage for him and serve as best man at his wedding. Individuals who enjoyed male-male sex were not seen as distinct personality types but merely partook of certain "passions." These passions were termed "passions of the cut sleeve," after the devotion shown by Emperor Ai (ruler 6 B.C.E.-l C.E.), who cut the sleeve off his shirt rather than disturb the sleep of his beloved boy lover Dong Xian."''
</blockquote>

===600BC-1860===

From a [[Text of Pedo history: China|summary of historical research]], [[Edward Brongersma]] identified sadomasochistic trends and a dominant model of concubinage in pre-communist China. Some men were also invested in the boy achieving pleasure, and climax.

=== Until the first half of the last century ===
From the article of Emil M.L.Ng:<ref>Emil M.L.Ng (December 2002) [http://www.sexarchive.info/BIB/pedochin.htm Pedophilia from the Chinese Perspective] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20250129135819/http://www.sexarchive.info/BIB/pedochin.htm web.archive]); Probably from the book 'Pedophilia: Concepts and Controversy, Special Section of Archives of Sexual Behavior' by Kenneth J. Zucker (ed); Vol. 31, No. 6, pp. 465-510</ref>
<blockquote>
''Depictions of “child-romance” in ancient or modern Chinese literature are not difficult to find. They include passages on joyous heterosexual or homosexual activities by children as young as 12 to13 years old with one another or with adults. [...] Until the first half of the last century, there was still the practice of the “child bridegroom” in, but not restricted to, the Hubei region of China (Lou 1970). A male child of any age, even before birth, could by parental arrangement take an adult woman as a wife. The purpose could be to consolidate family status and relationship, or simply to have someone to help taking care of the child. After marriage, the couple slept in one bed like all other husbands and wives. No one would pay attention to what type of sexual relationship they might have and when. In the normal course of events, they would begin with those sex plays they were capable of and wanted, until one day, when the child was old enough to desire and do it, they had coitus. After the boy grew still older, he usually took a second wife closer to his age, but he would continue to keep, love and respect the first wife.''
</blockquote>

==Renaissance Italy (15th Century) ==
Florence was famed for its widespread homosexual culture, which manifested as a normative pederasty involving boys between the ages of thirteen and eighteen in relationship with adult men.<ref>At the margins: minority groups in premodern Italy By Stephen J. Milner; p62</ref> This reputation was so much that in 1432 the city established "Gli Ufficiali di Notte" (The Officers of the Night) to root out the practice of sodomy. From that year until 1502, the number of men charged with sodomy numbered greater than 17,000, of which 3,000 were convicted. However this number also includes heterosexual sodomy. This also gave rise to a number of proverbs illuminating the views of the common people towards the practice. Among them are ''If you crave joys, tumble some boys.'' <ref>Florentine proverb, ca. [[1480]]. After [[Sabadino degli Arienti]] in ''Le Porretane.''Michael Rocke, ''Forbidden friendships: Homosexuality and Male Culture in Renaissance Florence,'' Oxford, 1996; p.87</ref> This reputation is also reflected in the fact that the Germans adopted the word ''Florenzer'', when they were talking about a pederast.<ref>Rocke, Michael, (1996), ''[https://libgen.is/search.php?req=Forbidden+Friendships%3A+Homosexuality+and+male+Culture+in+Renaissance+Florence&lg_topic=libgen&open=0&view=simple&res=25&phrase=1&column=def Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and male Culture in Renaissance Florence]'', ISBN 978-0195122923</ref><ref>Ruggiero, Guido, (1985), ''The Boundaries of Eros'', ISBN 978-0195056969</ref> The Neapolitans on the other hand when speaking of pederasty, called it ''Il vizio inglese,'' "the English vice".<ref>[[Sir Richard Burton|R. F. Burton]], ''Terminal Essay''</ref>

From John A. Garrity's research:<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200807005522/http://williamapercy.com/wiki/index.php?title=Jack_Garridy Sexuality in the Lives of Florentine Renaissance Artists] by John A. Garrity (Jack Garridy) (in pdfs archived from Percy Wiki)</ref>

<blockquote>
''"Rocke concludes that up to two-thirds of all sexually active males in Florence were at least rumored to be involved in sodomitical activity. ''[...]'' Sodomy was so much the norm in Renaissance Florence that Rocke finds no “subculture” ''[...]'' the norm should be characterized as bisexual activity, a two or three on Kinsey scale. By the age of sixteen, a typical male was taking the passive role in sodomy with an older partner ''[...]'' Citizens accepted passivity as a normal part of adolescence to such an extent that eventually it was not even prosecuted. ''[...]'' The oldest active partners recorded were in their seventies. The youngest passives were eight years old. ''[...]'' By age thirty most men gave up their passion for youths and married women. ''[...]'' Overall, Rocke’s finds are surprisingly similar to the ancient Greeks ''[...]'' These male relationships were often mutual and romantic."''<ref>See Michael Rocke, [https://annas-archive.org/md5/ac0dab2ba53be8a3a5b6d8967749d7b7 ''Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and Male Culture in Renaissance Florence''] (Oxford University Press, 1998).</ref>
</blockquote>

From the article by Isabella Paduano:<ref>[https://www.theflorentine.net/2022/10/24/queer-history-florence/ The queer history of Florence] by Isabella Paduano (2022)</ref>

<blockquote>"[F]''or the people of Renaissance Florence, a man’s sexuality could be quite fluid, as long as it didn’t threaten his masculinity. This is why a practice now known as pederasty prevailed, where “mature” men (those over 20) would have sex with adolescent boys. Today, this age imbalance seems unacceptable, but at the time it was the norm, with any deviation threatening a man’s masculinity. This was an ancient tradition, dating back to the Greeks and Romans.''[...]'' The papers show that an outright majority of men in the city were incriminated for sodomy at least once: 17,000 men out of the city’s total population of 40,000 people."''
</blockquote>

Summary from Rind (2013)<ref name="Rind2013" />:
<blockquote>
The majority of younger men and adolescent boys in all classes (working to elite) in Florence and other Tuscan cities were involved. This practice represented an unbroken continuance of the ancient Roman practice. Despite severe penalties (e.g., torture, death) based on belief in God’s retribution, cases were often treated leniently (e.g., fines) through much of the Renaissance, a pragmatic response to its pervasiveness. Notables with pederastic interests: Donatello, Verrocchio, da Vinci, Botticelli, Pontormo, Bronzino, Cellini, and Caravaggio. The tradition was eroded through stepped-up religiously based anti-sodomy campaigns, especially Savonarola’s in the 1490s, along with harsher penalties with more determined enforcement. The tradition was also entrenched in other areas such as Venice. Sources: Crompton (2003); Moulton (2003); Rocke (1996); Ruggiero (1985); Saslow (1986, 1989)
</blockquote>

==11th-19th Century Japan==
<blockquote>
''From eleventh to nineteenth centuries, bisexuality (women, boys) was pervasive; over time pederasty appeared in three contexts (monastic, samurai, kabuki theater), the first two as mentorships with boys of ranking families, the last as prostitution; among samurai, it fostered loyalty and sacrifice in youths training to be warriors; shoguns and warlords from twelfth to eighteenth centuries involved in pederasty reads like a Who’s Who of military- political history; key seventeenth century author (Saikaku) illustrated its pervasive presence; another described typical ages of interest (10–13 = “blossoming flower;” 14–17 = “flourishing flower;” 18–21 = “falling flower”); tradition ended in late nineteenth century in response to Western abhorrence and efforts to modernize. Sources: Crompton (2003); Leupp (1995); Watanabe & Iwata (1989)''<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

In medieval [[Pederasty in Japanese culture|Japan]] (14th–16th centuries), it was customary for elite families to entrust their young sons to the care of renowned Buddhist priests from whom they received a premier education in Buddhist scriptures, poetry, music, and dance. When the boys reached adolescence, some underwent coming-of-age rites, others entered the priesthood, and several extended their education, becoming chigo, or Buddhist acolytes. Chigo served their masters as personal attendants and as sexual partners. During religious ceremonies—adorned in colorful robes, their faces made up and hair styled in long ponytails—they entertained local donors and pilgrims with music and dance.<ref>[https://wapercyfoundation.org/?p=1133 See the original and the William Percy Foundation's review of: Tales of Idolized Boys: Male-Male Love in Medieval Japanese Buddhist Narratives, by Sachi Schmidt-Hori]</ref>

''Nanshoku'' is the Japanese word for eroticism between adolescent and adult males during this time period and after, and such relationships are well-documented amongst the samurai and in literature. For example, Ihara Saikaku's collection of stories ''Nanshoku ōkagami: honchō waka fūzoku'' (The Great Mirror of Male Love: the Custom of Boy Love in Our Land). Nanshoku was depicted in erotica known as ''shunga'' (spring pictures). Kitagawa Utamaro produced shunga artwork, and although the government took relaxed attitude toward regulating visual art, one image earned Utamaro 50 days in manacles. ''Machiba Hisayoshi'' (c.1803-4) is a colored woodblock print of the ruler Hideyoshi leaning toward a pageboy, caressing the youth's wrist, with Utamaro being punished not because of the late shōgun's conduct but because representations of high nobility were forbidden. One of Japanese literature's great lovers was Ariwara no Narihira, protagonist of the classic ''Ise monogatari''. As a boy he was the subject of what became a well-known love poem, 'Iwatsutsuji' (Azaleas on the Cliffs), written by an unknown priest in the 9th century. Seven hundred and fifty years later, the shōgunate's poetry tutor, Kitamura Kigin, compiled an anthology intended to show this long tradition of idealized relations between male youths and men, naming it after the poem.<ref>[https://www.ipce.info/library_3/files/nanshoku_en.htm Nanshoku, Male-Male Eroticism in Japan. Koinos Magazine #40 (2003/4) and #41 (2004/1).]</ref>

Other scholarly sources for this time period include.<ref>Gary Leupp. ''Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan''. Gregory Pflugfelder. ''Cartographies of Desire: Male-Male Sexuality in Japanese Discourse, 1600-1950''.</ref> Another notable book is ''The Love of the Samurai: A Thousand Years of Japanese Homosexuality'' (1989), which details the institutionalized boy-love/pederasty of the Japanese samurai.<ref>''The Love of the Samurai: A Thousand Years of Japanese Homosexuality''. By Tsuneo Watanabe and Jun'ichi Iwata. Translated by D. R. Roberts.
Gay Men's Press, London, 1989.</ref> As one scholar summarized:

<blockquote>
''Each samurai took a pubescent boy as a page and assistant, and many of these wakashu youths became the lovers of their adult samurai sponsors. Since the samurai trained his wakashu to become a samurai (by about age 23), this homosexual relationship also fulfilled an educative function similar to the teacher-student Buddhist tradition.''

''Under the shoguns a new art form emerged which celebrated male beauty. In 1374 an eleven year old boy dancer ''[Zeami Motokiyo]''<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeami_Motokiyo Wiki page for Motokiyo]</ref> became the lover of the shogun, and under the shogun’s loving patronage he became a genius playwright and founder of the No theater for the shogun’s court.''<ref>[https://doi.org/10.3149/jms.0101.71 Walter L. Williams, 'From Samurai to Capitalist: Male Love, Men’s Roles, and the Rise Of Homophobia in Japan', ''Men's Studies'', Vol. 1, Issue 1 (1992), p. 73.]</ref>
</blockquote>

==15th-17th Century Europe==

[[Helmut Kentler]] observes:<ref>[https://www.boychat.org/messages/1634288.htm CHILDREN’S SEXUALITY, by Helmut Kentler], in the German edition of the book [[Show Me!]]. [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1DD05vy-WuM_-BH5tfbSswOXEQQt5OnYS37zhAtyx0x0/edit?tab=t.0#heading=h.r733n6h5ens]</ref>

<blockquote>
''Scientific research has, in the last decades, rediscovered and evaluated evidence from numerous sources, showing that in Central Europe through the 17th century a pro-sexual attitude prevailed that today – despite a liberalizing trend – would be seen as alien and dangerous and its revival prevented at all costs. J. van Ussel, one of the best authorities on pro-sexual manners and customs of that time, gives the following sketch:''

:''It was generally accepted that the satisfaction of the sex drive was necessary for good health. In some cities, brothels were set up by the authorities. Physicality was practiced in a way that we have forgotten today. People commonly touch, caress, hug and kiss; nurses and parents masturbate young children, to calm them. Older people have contact with young people that we would today call sexual. This self-satisfaction begins to be fought only at the start of the 18th Century by doctors and later by many clergy. Premarital and extramarital sexual relations are mainstreamed. Insufficient contraception (birth control) is condemned by the churches. The rulers and the aristocracy practice promiscuity, which is hardly ever criticized. Students and soldiers do what they please. The clergy are not exactly celibate. At home folks sleep naked, the whole family and the employees together in one room. Even in the bath house you’re naked. On ceremonial occasions the prettiest girls in the city are naked on display. A rich vocabulary for the sexual is available. The young people do not need sex education because they see the world of adults, experiencing and learning what they need to know.”''

''As a matter of course young children already knew sexual facts; this appears most clearly from a collection of dialogues, written in Latin by Erasmus of Rotterdam and published in 1522, dedicated to his then six-year-old godson. The title indicates the intention of the book: “Dialogues, not only put together to refine the Latin of the children, but above all for the purpose of education for life.”''
</blockquote>

==18th Century England==
Girls as young as 12 were highly-valued for their attractiveness as prostitutes in England during the 18th century. Young, pubescent boys were also popular. The [[Age of Consent]] was not raised from 10 until the 19th century.<ref name="bullough" />

==16th-17th Century Russia==
There is a lot of evidence of quite tolerant attitude toward boylove in some periods of the past in Russia:
<blockquote>
According to the Englishman Perry, who served in Russia under Peter I for several years, "the dreadful sin of sodomy is hardly considered a crime in this country; when drunk, they are very inclined to it." [...] It is likely that sodomy, which became widespread in Russian society during the 16th and 17th centuries, was borrowed by Russians from the Muslim East, particularly from Persia and Turkey. [Despite the fact that], as a precaution against this vice, a moral code for monks, introduced as early as the 14th century, included a provision stating that they should "not befriend young children or teach them from books." In the monastic rule of Joseph Volotsky, it was forbidden to keep "beardless youths" in monasteries. [editor's translation] <ref>[https://libgen.li/ads267edbd1c32fbbe3cd644e38adc1e285RC85NHNN Averkiyev S.S. (2015) Influence of the Tatars on the Life of the Russian People. pp. 175-180]</ref></blockquote>

==16th-17th Century Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas ==
<blockquote>
Among sixteenth and seventeenth century Mayans, missionaries reported a custom of youth-younger boy marriages. [...] Missionaries reported religious-based pederasty as common among the Aztecs and Incas. Sources: Greenberg (1988); Williams (1992)<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

== 19th Century Coerunas Indians of Brazil ==
<blockquote>
An apprentice healer would go into the woods for an extended time with an older healer, who would transmit his special powers to the youth through sexual relations and also directly instruct him on the art of curing illnesses. Source: Greenberg (1988) <ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

== 17th Century Caribbean Pirates ==
<blockquote>
Lived in all-male arrangements with mixed ages from young adolescents or younger through older men. Sexual relations between men, especially pirate captains (e.g., Blackbeard), and adolescent boys were common. Sources: Burg (1995); Williams (1992)<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

==19th and early 20th Century Hobos (USA)==
<blockquote>
Between 1880 and 1930, sexual relations between men and adolescent boys were commonplace among transient workers in the Pacific Northwest. Developing industries (e.g., lumber, mining) drew in large numbers of unmarried men and male youths from other parts of the United States to perform backbreaking work. They lived and worked in all-male societies, which fostered intergenerational sex (rather than age-equal sex). Their relations were social, not just sexual—the boys often served domestic functions for the men. In return, they got various benefits (e.g., advice, apprenticing, emotional support, safety, protection). By the 1930s, these all-male societies eroded, owing to mechanization (which reduced brute-strength work) and population expansion (with more women). These changes, along with constant policing activity (the middle class saw pederasty as a threat to their youth and the family), helped to dissolve the tradition. Sources: Boag, (2003); Flynt (1927); Williams (1992)<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

==19th Century Russia==

The Chuckchee in Northern Siberia - sex with boys was considered normal and in no way kept secret.

<blockquote>Young, handsome boys adorn themselves and flirt openly with their admirers. This is all the more striking because nothing impedes sex with girls and the boys themselves start to have heterosexual intercourse from ten years on.” (Wrangel, quoted by Erman 1871, 164).<ref>[https://brongersma.info/Loving_boys_I 'Loving Boys I'] by [[Edward Brongersma]]; 1986</ref></blockquote>

==19th Century Albania==

From Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe - ''Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature'', New York University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-8147-7468-7.<ref>[https://annas-archive.org/search?q=Islamic+Homosexualities Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe - ''Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature'', New York University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-8147-7468-7.]</ref>

<blockquote>
Albanian pederasty was a custom reported by numerous Western travellers in the nineteenth century including Edvard Westermarck, John Cam Hobhouse, who in his travel diary, reports that pederasty was "openly practised," and Johann Georg von Hahn, also known as "the father of Albanian studies." According to such reports it was commonly and socially accepted that young people between the ages of sixteen and twenty-four would woo children aged twelve to seventeen.<ref>[http://www.archiviolgbtq.it/fileadmin/documenti/luglio2006/naecke.pdf], [https://archive.org/details/warmbrothersquee00tobi], [https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pederastia_albanese#CITEREFRobert_Elsie_(2000)], [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_pEKOOuRWu00C]</ref>

In literature, the oldest lover is called ashik (from the Arabic word ishq, "passionate love") and the beloved, dyllber (from the Turkish dilber, "beautiful"). A Gheg Albanian married at the age of 24 or 25, and then usually, but not always, gave up love with boys.

The practice was limited with the advent of communism in 1944.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/nationalhealthsg0000unse]</ref>
</blockquote>

Murray's original quote included more references which could not be found online.

==America (Mid 19th-20th) Century ==

The ''Huffington Post'' wrote about Thomas Lowry's "The Story the Soldiers Wouldn't Tell: Sex in the Civil War":

:''"Chapter 11 of Lowry's book opens the closet door on gender-bending and same-sex trysts. And Lowry reveals that during the Civil War conventional gender roles and sexual behavior could not be strictly tethered to a heterosexual paradigm. With men outnumbering women, especially at social events like balls, "Drummer Boys" -- children as young as 9 and 10 years old -- dressed in drag. And in some occasions, the intimacy between soldiers and Drummer boys reached beyond just a public waltz. For example, Lowry references a ball put on by a Massachusetts regiment stationed in Virginia in 1864 about young drummer boys dressed as women. One man wrote to his wife: "Some of the real women went, but the boy girls were so much better looking that they left. ...We had some little Drummer Boys dressed up and I'll bet you could not tell them from girls if you did not know them. ...Some of ''[the Drummer Boys]'' looked good enough to lay with and I guess some of them did get laid with. ...I know I slept with mine.""''<ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/americas-gay-confederate-_b_851815 HuffPo - American Civil War]</ref>

==Native America, 1930s and prior==

George Devreux wrote in 1937:

:''"Casual homosexual relations in childhood were frequent in the past, and according to my informants, seem to be on the increase ''[...]'' Complete nudity and any lack of supervision, especially for boys, who remained naked until they reached puberty, combined with incessant sexual talk on the part of adults, must have furthered the desire for sex experience. ''[...]'' Adults seldom had sexual intercourse with children of their own sex, although betrothal of young girls to old men or seduction of very young boys by adult women was not rare."''<ref>Devereux, George. (1937). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41447338 Institutionalized homosexuality of the Mohave Indians]. ''Human Biology'', 9, pp. 498–527.</ref>

==Prewar (and postwar) Siwa, Egypt==

:''"In 1937 the anthropologist Walter Cline wrote the first detailed ethnography of the Siwans in which he noted: "All normal Siwan men and boys practice sodomy...among themselves the natives are not ashamed of this; they talk about it as openly as they talk about love of women, and many if not most of their fights arise from homosexual competition....Prominent men lend their sons to each other. All Siwans know the matings which have taken place among their sheiks and their sheiks' sons....Most of the boys used in sodomy are between twelve and eighteen years of age." After an expedition to Siwa, the archaeologist Count Byron de Prorok reported in 1937 "an enthusiasm [that] could not have been approached even in Sodom... Homosexuality was not merely rampant, it was raging...Every dancer had his boyfriend...[and] chiefs had harems of boys"."''<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siwa_Oasis De Porok, Count Byron (1936). In Quest of Lost Worlds. New York: Dutton. p. 64.]</ref><ref>[https://www.greek-love.com/near-east-north-africa/egypt/siwa-oasis-robin-maugham-pederasty THE OASIS OF SIWA IN 1947-8, BY ROBIN MAUGHAM]</ref><ref>[https://www.greek-love.com/near-east-north-africa/egypt/the-people-of-siwah-by-walter-cline NOTES ON THE PEOPLE OF SIWAH BY WALTER CLINE]</ref>

The socialist Gay/[[Boylove|BL]] activist and independent scholar [[David Thorstad]], wrote of his experience of Siwa for ''Gayme Magazine''.<ref>[http://williamapercy.com/wiki/images/Siwa_today.pdf Siwa Today - David Thorstad]</ref> He wrote:

:''"Probably the most stricking feature of Siwan sexuality is the traditional practice of men lending their sons to other men. Prior to 1928, this was sometimes accompanied by a written aggreement (known as a "marriage contract"), a dowry (much greater than the dowry for a girl), banquets and celebrations. ''[...]'' One investigator earlier in the century claimed that male children were preferred because they cost less to raise than girls, and that the boy was "a very fruitful source of profit for the father, not for the work he does, but because he is hired by his father to another man to be used as a catamite [i.e. a boy who has sex with men]. Sometimes two men exchange their sons. If they are asked about this, they are not ashamed to mention it".''

For this quote, Thorstad cites a source which is now used on Wikipedia's [[Wikipedia:Siwa_Oasis|Siwa page]]: Mahmud Mohammad Abd Allah, (1917).<ref>[https://archive.org/details/harvardafricans01deptgoog Mahmud Mohammad Abd Allah, (1917). Siwan Customs]. In ''Harvard African Studies'', 7, p. 7.</ref>

==Muslim societies of the 8th-19th centuries, and present Afghanistan==
<blockquote>
Pervasive in Muslim societies (North Africa, Western-Central Asia) eighth to nineteenth centuries; pederastic attractions seen just as normal as heterosexual ones; main interest in boys was early to mid-teens, peaking at about 14; appeal vanished with beard (about 16, 17); adult men scorned if passive partners in homosexual relationships; manly behavior was to be active (partner gender did not matter); staggering amount of love poetry shows obsession with boyish beauty, seen as comparable to women’s; poets attracted to boys constitutes a Who’s Who; desire for boys, but not behavior or lust, was permissible under Islam, but behavior was common nevertheless; tradition ended in late nineteenth century, because of Western colonialism, with its abhorrence of the tradition and the local embarrassment this created, along with local assimilation of European concepts and efforts to modernize. Sources: Baldauf (1988); Crompton (2003); Massad (2007); Murray & Roscoe (1998); Patanè (2006); Rahman (1989); Rouayheb (2005); Schild (1988); Wright & Rowson (1997)<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

As detailed in [[Pederasty in Islam]], Afghanistan is one of many Islamic cultures in which pederasty is practised with feminized boys. This derives from the strict gender segregation in Afghan society, and gives rise to the famous saying "women are for children, boys are for pleasure".<ref>[https://fuf.se/magasin/magapril-women-are-for-children-boys-are-for-pleasure/ Women are for children, boys are for pleasure]</ref>

==1960s, 1970s, Baltimore==

During these decades there were notable gay subcultures in America where young boys were allowed to have sexual interactions with men with little fear of ostracism or psychological trauma. Baltimore is one often recalled example of this.

==1960s, 1970s, Hippie Communes==

Inter- and intra-generational sex with minors was accommodated in late 20th century American hippie communes, but for children, sex was a pleasant distraction and not central to their leisure time. Details on these subcultures are covered by researchers such as Berger, Constantine and Johnston, cited in our [[Research: Activating Janssen|review project of Janssen's ''Growing Up Sexually'']].

==1960s, 1970s England==

As is common, when the sources of scandalous allegations are further investigated at a later date, the banality of the situation reveals itself. For example, with reference to Duncroft (Girls School), [[Mark Smith]] and Ros Burnett note "Accounts of the girls’ sexual experience and behaviour indicate a degree of agency in sexual activity, which challenges the current orthodoxy of them as victims of predatory adults. The former residents we spoke to did not regard themselves as victims and any sexual activity they might have entered into was considered to have been [[consent|consensual]] and in some cases initiated by the girls (although none claimed to have any knowledge of Savile being involved sexually with girls at Duncroft)."<ref>[https://sci-hub.se/10.1108/ijssp-03-2017-0029 The origins of the Jimmy Savile scandal]</ref>

Girls' (12-15) relationships with older boys and men were a cause for concern in the 70s, but were in most cases chalked off as cautions when they came to the attention of police. This was because the relationships were seen as normative/traditional or otherwise willingly engaged in by the girls.<ref>[https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-1971(79)80005-6 Mawby, R. I. (1979). Policing the age of consent. Journal of Adolescence, 2(1), 41–49]</ref>

Relationships of peribubertal boys with older boys were common in boarding schools :
<blockquote>
Deeply sentimentalized, erotically based attachments were common in many all-male private boarding schools before 1970s between older (about 17–18) and younger (about 12–13) boys; older teens sought “cute” boys, calling them “talent,” “crushes,” or “tarts;” younger boys competed to be selected (for the many favors, privileges it entailed); older-younger pairs exchanged notes, poetry, and other items of endearment; after graduating, most moved on to heterosexuality. Sources: Chandos (1984); Gathorne-Hardy (1978); Lambert & Lambert (1968); Lewis (1955); Nash (1961) <ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

==1970s, 1980s, Netherlands==

The Netherlands is a fairly recent example of a culture in which intergenerational sexual relationships were partially tolerated during a particularly liberal period of history. For some time, sexual relationships between a child above the age of 12 and an adult would remain legally immune to prosecution for as long as the younger partner, their parents or a welfare entity did not complain. Such authorities were much less inclined to lodge complaints during this period, leading to a markedly non-hysterical climate in which many such relationships succeeded. One writer to document such positive relationships was [[Theo Sandfort]], whose most famous study <ref>[http://www.ipce.info/host/sandfort_87/ Sandfort Study]</ref> remains an outstanding example of this unique period in time.

==1980s, 1990s, Thailand==

Professor Vicharn Vitiyasai of Chang Mai University emphasizes that, 'In Thai society, boys begin to buy women when they are around 13 years old; 50 per cent of 16-year-old boys and 90 per cent of university students go to brothels. Married men also think it natural to entertain business clients and friends by taking them to brothels, and they visit brothels themselves as a part of the joy of travel.'"<ref>Yayori Matsui, Women in the New Asia, 1999</ref>

==1980s, 1990s, Mexico==

In a [[Media:A pueblo homosexuality David Thorstad 1988.pdf|1988 Christopher Street Feature]], [[David Thorstad]] immerses himself in a rural Mexican community and finds that homosexuality is very much part of everyday life for younger men and boys. Sex work is also engaged in, but this is peripheral.

==General==
:''"As mentioned earlier, our Western civilization has not always believed that children should be protected from all sexual contact. In medieval Europe, children were still freely touched, caressed, and fondled by every member of the household. Particularly in rural areas, parents, nurses, or servants were accustomed to masturbating small children to please them or to keep them quiet. (This practice is also found in many non-European societies. In the United States today, it is still alive among the Hopi Indians.)"''<ref>[[Erwin Haeberle|Haeberle, Erwin J.]] (1983). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20120419005050/http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/ATLAS_EN/html/childhood_sex_play.html The Sex Atlas]''. The Continuum Publishing Company.</ref>

''Encyclopedia of Male Homosexual Poetry and its Reception History'' by [[Paul Knobel]]<ref>[http://www.sexarchive.info/BIB/hombib/ Encyclopedia of Male Homosexual Poetry and its Reception History] by [[Paul Knobel]] - free access encyclopedia at the Sexarchive by [[Erwin Haeberle]]; also see the work with Overview entries from this encyclopedia - [http://www.sexarchive.info/BIB/knobelworld.htm A World Overview of Male Homosexual Poetry] </ref> contains hundreds of mentions of dancing and singing boys tradition, along with sexual and romantic themes in poetry dedicated to them, in different cultures in history.

==Excerpt Graphic Library==

The EGL on '''Broader Perspectives''' has some relevant information. Just right click/save and reproduce by uploading in short-form media to bypass character limits.

{{Template:EGLBP}}

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Official Encyclopedia]][[Category:Research: Broader Perspectives]][[Category:Research into effects on Children]]

Research: Intergenerational Relationships in History

2026-07-28T19:19:52Z

Thorn: /* 10th to 20th Century China */

{{research}}
There have existed a wide range of western and non-western societies that have tolerated or encouraged intergenerational sexuality. More recent examples are generally ''subcultures'' which run counter to modern sexual morality.
__NOTOC__
==Antiquity==

Much has been written about the '''Ancient Greeks''' and their age-structured pederastic relationship ideals, yet there are many other past civilizations that loved boys.

*[https://greek-love.com/ Greek Love: Pederasty throughout the ages], gives a historical context on Ancient Greece and many other cultures
*[https://www.boywiki.org/en/Historical_boylove_relationships Historical BL Relationships] - BoyWiki - Historical BL Relationships
:*[https://www.boywiki.org/en/Historical_boylove_relationships_in_ancient_Rome Rome]
:*[https://www.boywiki.org/en/Historical_boylove_relationships_in_Japan Japan]
*[https://list.fandom.com/wiki/Pederastic_relationships_in_classical_antiquity Pederastic relationships in classical antiquity] - Fandom
*[[Pederasty in Islam]]

===Ancient Greece===

*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece Wikipedia]
*[https://www.boywiki.org/en/Historical_boylove_relationships_in_ancient_Greece BoyWiki]
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20100309132321/http://www.truthtree.com/pederasty.shtml Truthtree]

To certain parts of Greek society, relationships between men and adolescent boys were not only acceptable, but a desirable form of mentorship and (military) training towards the masculine ideal. As accounts reveal, rules and regulations within this model were particularly strict - arguably more so than in modern societies that condemn pederasty as pathological.

Many Greek men waited until they were about 30 years of age to marry. When they did marry, their partner would often be a girl of 12 or 14.<ref name="bullough">[[Vern Bullough|Bullough, Vern L.]] (2004). "Children and adolescents as sexual beings: a historical overview," ''Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America'', 13(3), 447-459.</ref>

It is certain that pederasty was already widespread in Greek culture in the early Archaic Age (600-800 BC). It had strong institutional character in Crete and Sparta and educational connotations in Athens, and seemingly was derived from earlier initiatory practices in history. It should not be confused with modern adult-adult homosexuality, since the relationships were structured by age and social asymmetry, and the younger participants were expected to marry later. Regarding sexual aspect, the younger participant occupied the passive role. On earlier black-figure vases, the scenes are much more explicit with the predominance of anal intercourse. On later red-figure vases, couples are often represented in an intercrural position, with contact between the thighs rather than a depicted anal act, but anal intercourse still appears to be implicitly assumed. Males generally quitted playing the passive role when their beards appeared.<ref name="bremmer2021"> Jan N. Bremmer (2021) [https://www.amazon.com/Becoming-Man-Ancient-Greece-Rome/dp/3161590082 Becoming a Man in Ancient Greece and Rome. Essays on Myths and Rituals of Initiation.] (available via [[Help:Research_Resources#Information_Freedom_Companions|OPTION 2]])</ref>

<blockquote>
[Pederasty] Had mentoring function (prepared elite boys for adult roles as warriors, citizens). Boyish beauty repeatedly valorized in the arts (e.g., love poetry, pottery); body hair (face, legs) ended boys’ attractiveness; bisexual interests (women, boys) widespread; attraction to other adult men scorned. Notables with pederastic interests: poets (e.g., Alcaeus, Ibycus, Anacreon, Theognis, Pindar); playwrights (e.g., Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides); political leaders (e.g., Solon, Demosthenes, Agesilaus, Philip, Alexander); philosophers (e.g., Socrates, Plato, Zeno, Chrysippus). Eroded with rise of Christianity. Sources: Crompton (2003); Hubbard (2003); Lear (2004); Lear & Cantarella (2008) <ref name="Rind2013"> [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Rind, B. (2013). Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Thomas K Hubbard, Beert Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research: The Debate over Male Intergenerational Relations]]. (pp. 1-90) ''New York: Routledge.'' doi:10.4324/9781315432458</ref>
</blockquote>

In the late Archaic period the male intergenerational institution was no longer dominated by mature adult men initiating adolescents into the adult male world. Younger men increasingly replaced older, adolescents were replaced by younger boys. At the same time, their courtship was represented less directly and more cautiously.<ref name="bremmer2021"/>

Historians including [[Jan Bremmer|Jan N. Bremmer]],<ref name="bremmer2021"/><ref>Jan N. Bremmer (1989) [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315770055-2/greek-pederasty-modern-homosexuality-jan-bremmer Greek Pederasty and Modern Homosexuality]. in: Jan N. Bremmer (ed.) (1989) From Sappho to De Sade: Moments in the History of Sexuality. (available via [[Help:Research_Resources#Information_Freedom_Companions|OPTION 2]])</ref><ref name= "bremmer1980">Bremmer, J. (1980). An enigmatic Indo-European rite: Paederasty. ''Arethusa'', 13(2), 279–298.</ref> Christian Laes,<ref>[https://www.christianlaes.be/ Christian Laes - Personal site]</ref><ref>[https://journals.univie.ac.at/index.php/oezg/article/view/3327 Laes, C. (2017). When Classicists Need to Speak Up: Antiquity and Present Day Pedophilia – Pederasty. ''Österreichische Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaften'', 28(3), 49–70].</ref><ref>Christian Laes, ''Children in the Roman Empire: Outsiders Within'' (Cambridge University Press, 2011).</ref><ref>; Christian Laes and Johan Strubbe, ''Youth in the Roman Empire: The Young and the Restless Years?'' (Cambridge University Press, 2014)</ref><ref>Christian Laes, 'Children and Sexuality: Roman World', in: Julia M. O'Brian (ed.), ''Oxford Encyclopedia of the Bible and Gender Studies'' (Oxford University Press, 2014), 38–42.</ref> [[wikipedia:Andrew Lear|Andrew Lear]],<ref>[https://library.lol/main/53872FCED674EC41DFC6B26B198D1F7F Eva Cantarella and Andrew Lear, ''Images of Pederasty: Boys Were Their God'' (Routledge, 2008)].</ref><ref>Andrew Lear, 'Was Pederasty Problematized? A Diachronic View', in: Mark Masterson/Nancy Sorkin Rabinowitz/James Robson (eds.), ''Sex in Antiquity: Exploring Gender and Sexuality in the Ancient World'' (London/New York, 2015), pp. 115–136.</ref><ref>[https://library.lol/main/35E193AC1C1DADA75905ADD4DE8E0098 Andrew Lear, ''Noble Eros: the idealization of pederasty from the Greek dark ages to the Athens of Socrates'' (2004, PhD Thesis)].</ref> [[Thomas Hubbard]], [[Beert Verstraete|Beert C. Verstraete]],<ref>[https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2009/2009.09.61/ Beert Verstraete, Review of 'The Greeks and Greek Love: A Radical Reappraisal of Homosexuality in Ancient Greece', ''Bryn Mawr Classical Review'', 3. Nov. 2009].</ref> and [[William Percy]], have conducted extensive research on Greek Pederasty and the life of children / young people in Greco-Roman society.

Also in ancient Sparta it was customary for adult noble women to have intercourse with beloved girls before their marriage. It may be considered proven that male paederasty in Sparta had a Lesbian counterpart in female initiation.<ref name= "bremmer1980"/> In the case of Sappho [Lesbos, 700 – 600 BCE] the same ritual background is visible with some evidence of erotic relationships between women and girls. Their relationships also expected to be nonexclusive, i.e. adult women had husbands and girls married men as they grew older.<ref> André Lardinois (1989) [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315770055-3/lesbian-sappho-sappho-lesbos-andr%C3%A9-lardinois Lesbian Sappho and Sappho of Lesbos ]. in: Jan N. Bremmer (ed.) (1989) From Sappho to De Sade: Moments in the History of Sexuality. (available via [[Help:Research_Resources#Information_Freedom_Companions|OPTION 2]])</ref>

=== Goths ===
<blockquote>
The historian Ammianus Marcellinus (31.9.5) [4th century CE] relates that among the Taifali, a tribe connected with the Goths, the boys lived in a state of pederasty until they had killed a boar or a bear.<ref name="bremmer2021"/>
</blockquote>

=== Romans ===
<blockquote>
Valerius Maximus presents a number of stories, the earliest going back to the fourth century [BCE], demonstrating that the practice was known to the Romans too, albeit disapproved of till the end of the Republic. By that time, paederastic friendships were frequently adopted in higher circles and even the moralistic Augustus had had his friend in his younger years. About the Empire we need not go into detail. Any reader of Juvenal, Martial and Petronius can find examples galore. [...] It is important to observe that the Romans explicitly forbid paederasty with free boys but not with slavess in the so-called lex Scantinia, a law dating probably from before Cicero's time [1st century BCE].<ref name= "bremmer1980"/>
</blockquote>

<blockquote>
Boyish beauty thematic in love poetry; attractions were to smooth, hairless bodies regardless of gender (for boys, from puberty to start of beard); exclusive attraction to one gender seen as eccentric; relations with other adult men seen as disgraceful. Notables with pederastic interests included: poets Catullus, Horace, Juvenal, Martial, Tibullus, and Virgil, and emperors Trajan and Hadrian. Tradition eroded with consolidation of Christian sexual morality. Sources: Cantarella (1992); Crompton (2003); Lambert (1984); Williams (1999)<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

=== Celts ===
<blockquote>Regarding the Celts, there is general agreement in our sources that they practiced paederasty. Athenaeus [II–III CE] even tells us that they often slept with two boys at the same time, but this looks as if it is a typical Greek dream-wish. This is the only detailed report we have that goes beyond the pure mention of the practice [...]<ref name= "bremmer1980"/></blockquote>

=== Persians ===
See in detail in [[Pederasty_in_Islam#Persia|Pederasty in Islam]]
<blockquote>It seems reasonable then to accept the occurrence of paederasty among the Persians - although it was forbidden - but our sources do not connect the practice with initiation or men's societies<ref name= "bremmer1980"/></blockquote>

==1st century BCE to 20th Century China==
<blockquote>
''Multiple forms of male homosexuality (especially pederasty) occurred across 2 millennia of dynasties [Ages of Boys Involved 10–18 <ref name="Rind2013" />] ; cut sleeve became term for homosexual love (ca. 0 CE) when emperor cut his sleeve rather than waking up his boy favorite, who was on it; poetry after 220 CE often discussed beauty, charms of boys; marriage to boys was a common Fujian practice (ca. 1000 CE); key seventeeth century author (Li Yu) wrote a book illustrating popular interest in pederasty; Western visitors in nineteenth century expressed shock at prominent Chinese men openly courting boys (aged about 14-15); tradition ended in later nineteenth century with embarrassment at Western repugnance and efforts to modernize.'' Sources: Crompton (2003); Hinsch (1990); Leupp (1995) <ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

An act similar to the "[[Age of Consent]]" was seen in ancient China. The punishment was quite severe, exile for misdemeanors, and hanged or beheaded for serious crimes.
In the Song Dynasty, the legal clause that "intercourse with young women is regarded as rape" began to appear.<ref>[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%85%92%E7%AB%A5%E6%80%A7%E8%99%90%E5%BE%85?oldformat=true#%E5%8F%A4%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B Chinese Wikipedia]</ref>

One historical study <ref>[http://library.lol/main/B05B07B0134835C2F53D030224C75608 Hinsch, Bret. (1990). ''Passions of the Cut Sleeve: The Male Homosexual Tradition in China'' (Berkeley: University of California Press).]</ref> of male same-sex love in China from the Zhou dynasty (start date of 1045/6 BC) to the Qing dynasty in the early twentieth century, dated as starting around 249 BC. Quoting a 1993 review thereof<ref>[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224499309551712 Review of 'Passions of the Cut Sleeve'']</ref>:

<blockquote>
''"Hinsch found that, before 1900, the dominant social construction for males in China was bisexual. Most Chinese men did not see themselves as being divided into strict categories of "homosexuals" and "heterosexuals" but evidenced a relaxed erotic attraction to both sexes. Wealthy married men or unmarried scholars often had a boy (ranging in age from as young as 9 to as old as 25 years) as a concubine, or they patronized boy prostitutes. Chinese philosophers wrote that it was better for a boy to sell his body, as a favorite or a prostitute, than to languish in poverty. Prostitution/concubinage represented one of the few opportunities for lower class boys to raise their economic status and to support their parents comfortably. If a boy became a beloved of a wealthy older man, he was some times offered material wealth or political office when he matured. His patron/lover might even arrange a heterosexual marriage for him and serve as best man at his wedding. Individuals who enjoyed male-male sex were not seen as distinct personality types but merely partook of certain "passions." These passions were termed "passions of the cut sleeve," after the devotion shown by Emperor Ai (ruler 6 B.C.E.-l C.E.), who cut the sleeve off his shirt rather than disturb the sleep of his beloved boy lover Dong Xian."''
</blockquote>

===600BC-1860===

From a [[Text of Pedo history: China|summary of historical research]], [[Edward Brongersma]] identified sadomasochistic trends and a dominant model of concubinage in pre-communist China. Some men were also invested in the boy achieving pleasure, and climax.

=== Until the first half of the last century ===
From the article of Emil M.L.Ng:<ref>Emil M.L.Ng (December 2002) [http://www.sexarchive.info/BIB/pedochin.htm Pedophilia from the Chinese Perspective] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20250129135819/http://www.sexarchive.info/BIB/pedochin.htm web.archive]); Probably from the book 'Pedophilia: Concepts and Controversy, Special Section of Archives of Sexual Behavior' by Kenneth J. Zucker (ed); Vol. 31, No. 6, pp. 465-510</ref>
<blockquote>
''Depictions of “child-romance” in ancient or modern Chinese literature are not difficult to find. They include passages on joyous heterosexual or homosexual activities by children as young as 12 to13 years old with one another or with adults. [...] Until the first half of the last century, there was still the practice of the “child bridegroom” in, but not restricted to, the Hubei region of China (Lou 1970). A male child of any age, even before birth, could by parental arrangement take an adult woman as a wife. The purpose could be to consolidate family status and relationship, or simply to have someone to help taking care of the child. After marriage, the couple slept in one bed like all other husbands and wives. No one would pay attention to what type of sexual relationship they might have and when. In the normal course of events, they would begin with those sex plays they were capable of and wanted, until one day, when the child was old enough to desire and do it, they had coitus. After the boy grew still older, he usually took a second wife closer to his age, but he would continue to keep, love and respect the first wife.''
</blockquote>

==Renaissance Italy (15th Century) ==
Florence was famed for its widespread homosexual culture, which manifested as a normative pederasty involving boys between the ages of thirteen and eighteen in relationship with adult men.<ref>At the margins: minority groups in premodern Italy By Stephen J. Milner; p62</ref> This reputation was so much that in 1432 the city established "Gli Ufficiali di Notte" (The Officers of the Night) to root out the practice of sodomy. From that year until 1502, the number of men charged with sodomy numbered greater than 17,000, of which 3,000 were convicted. However this number also includes heterosexual sodomy. This also gave rise to a number of proverbs illuminating the views of the common people towards the practice. Among them are ''If you crave joys, tumble some boys.'' <ref>Florentine proverb, ca. [[1480]]. After [[Sabadino degli Arienti]] in ''Le Porretane.''Michael Rocke, ''Forbidden friendships: Homosexuality and Male Culture in Renaissance Florence,'' Oxford, 1996; p.87</ref> This reputation is also reflected in the fact that the Germans adopted the word ''Florenzer'', when they were talking about a pederast.<ref>Rocke, Michael, (1996), ''[https://libgen.is/search.php?req=Forbidden+Friendships%3A+Homosexuality+and+male+Culture+in+Renaissance+Florence&lg_topic=libgen&open=0&view=simple&res=25&phrase=1&column=def Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and male Culture in Renaissance Florence]'', ISBN 978-0195122923</ref><ref>Ruggiero, Guido, (1985), ''The Boundaries of Eros'', ISBN 978-0195056969</ref> The Neapolitans on the other hand when speaking of pederasty, called it ''Il vizio inglese,'' "the English vice".<ref>[[Sir Richard Burton|R. F. Burton]], ''Terminal Essay''</ref>

From John A. Garrity's research:<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200807005522/http://williamapercy.com/wiki/index.php?title=Jack_Garridy Sexuality in the Lives of Florentine Renaissance Artists] by John A. Garrity (Jack Garridy) (in pdfs archived from Percy Wiki)</ref>

<blockquote>
''"Rocke concludes that up to two-thirds of all sexually active males in Florence were at least rumored to be involved in sodomitical activity. ''[...]'' Sodomy was so much the norm in Renaissance Florence that Rocke finds no “subculture” ''[...]'' the norm should be characterized as bisexual activity, a two or three on Kinsey scale. By the age of sixteen, a typical male was taking the passive role in sodomy with an older partner ''[...]'' Citizens accepted passivity as a normal part of adolescence to such an extent that eventually it was not even prosecuted. ''[...]'' The oldest active partners recorded were in their seventies. The youngest passives were eight years old. ''[...]'' By age thirty most men gave up their passion for youths and married women. ''[...]'' Overall, Rocke’s finds are surprisingly similar to the ancient Greeks ''[...]'' These male relationships were often mutual and romantic."''<ref>See Michael Rocke, [https://annas-archive.org/md5/ac0dab2ba53be8a3a5b6d8967749d7b7 ''Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and Male Culture in Renaissance Florence''] (Oxford University Press, 1998).</ref>
</blockquote>

From the article by Isabella Paduano:<ref>[https://www.theflorentine.net/2022/10/24/queer-history-florence/ The queer history of Florence] by Isabella Paduano (2022)</ref>

<blockquote>"[F]''or the people of Renaissance Florence, a man’s sexuality could be quite fluid, as long as it didn’t threaten his masculinity. This is why a practice now known as pederasty prevailed, where “mature” men (those over 20) would have sex with adolescent boys. Today, this age imbalance seems unacceptable, but at the time it was the norm, with any deviation threatening a man’s masculinity. This was an ancient tradition, dating back to the Greeks and Romans.''[...]'' The papers show that an outright majority of men in the city were incriminated for sodomy at least once: 17,000 men out of the city’s total population of 40,000 people."''
</blockquote>

Summary from Rind (2013)<ref name="Rind2013" />:
<blockquote>
The majority of younger men and adolescent boys in all classes (working to elite) in Florence and other Tuscan cities were involved. This practice represented an unbroken continuance of the ancient Roman practice. Despite severe penalties (e.g., torture, death) based on belief in God’s retribution, cases were often treated leniently (e.g., fines) through much of the Renaissance, a pragmatic response to its pervasiveness. Notables with pederastic interests: Donatello, Verrocchio, da Vinci, Botticelli, Pontormo, Bronzino, Cellini, and Caravaggio. The tradition was eroded through stepped-up religiously based anti-sodomy campaigns, especially Savonarola’s in the 1490s, along with harsher penalties with more determined enforcement. The tradition was also entrenched in other areas such as Venice. Sources: Crompton (2003); Moulton (2003); Rocke (1996); Ruggiero (1985); Saslow (1986, 1989)
</blockquote>

==14th-16th Century Japan==

In medieval [[Pederasty in Japanese culture|Japan]] (14th–16th centuries), it was customary for elite families to entrust their young sons to the care of renowned Buddhist priests from whom they received a premier education in Buddhist scriptures, poetry, music, and dance. When the boys reached adolescence, some underwent coming-of-age rites, others entered the priesthood, and several extended their education, becoming chigo, or Buddhist acolytes. Chigo served their masters as personal attendants and as sexual partners. During religious ceremonies—adorned in colorful robes, their faces made up and hair styled in long ponytails—they entertained local donors and pilgrims with music and dance.<ref>[https://wapercyfoundation.org/?p=1133 See the original and the William Percy Foundation's review of: Tales of Idolized Boys: Male-Male Love in Medieval Japanese Buddhist Narratives, by Sachi Schmidt-Hori]</ref>

''Nanshoku'' is the Japanese word for eroticism between adolescent and adult males during this time period and after, and such relationships are well-documented amongst the samurai and in literature. For example, Ihara Saikaku's collection of stories ''Nanshoku ōkagami: honchō waka fūzoku'' (The Great Mirror of Male Love: the Custom of Boy Love in Our Land). Nanshoku was depicted in erotica known as ''shunga'' (spring pictures). Kitagawa Utamaro produced shunga artwork, and although the government took relaxed attitude toward regulating visual art, one image earned Utamaro 50 days in manacles. ''Machiba Hisayoshi'' (c.1803-4) is a colored woodblock print of the ruler Hideyoshi leaning toward a pageboy, caressing the youth's wrist, with Utamaro being punished not because of the late shōgun's conduct but because representations of high nobility were forbidden. One of Japanese literature's great lovers was Ariwara no Narihira, protagonist of the classic ''Ise monogatari''. As a boy he was the subject of what became a well-known love poem, 'Iwatsutsuji' (Azaleas on the Cliffs), written by an unknown priest in the 9th century. Seven hundred and fifty years later, the shōgunate's poetry tutor, Kitamura Kigin, compiled an anthology intended to show this long tradition of idealized relations between male youths and men, naming it after the poem.<ref>[https://www.ipce.info/library_3/files/nanshoku_en.htm Nanshoku, Male-Male Eroticism in Japan. Koinos Magazine #40 (2003/4) and #41 (2004/1).]</ref>

Other scholarly sources for this time period include.<ref>Gary Leupp. ''Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan''. Gregory Pflugfelder. ''Cartographies of Desire: Male-Male Sexuality in Japanese Discourse, 1600-1950''.</ref> Another notable book is ''The Love of the Samurai: A Thousand Years of Japanese Homosexuality'' (1989), which details the institutionalized boy-love/pederasty of the Japanese samurai.<ref>''The Love of the Samurai: A Thousand Years of Japanese Homosexuality''. By Tsuneo Watanabe and Jun'ichi Iwata. Translated by D. R. Roberts.
Gay Men's Press, London, 1989.</ref> As one scholar summarized:

<blockquote>
''Each samurai took a pubescent boy as a page and assistant, and many of these wakashu youths became the lovers of their adult samurai sponsors. Since the samurai trained his wakashu to become a samurai (by about age 23), this homosexual relationship also fulfilled an educative function similar to the teacher-student Buddhist tradition.''

''Under the shoguns a new art form emerged which celebrated male beauty. In 1374 an eleven year old boy dancer ''[Zeami Motokiyo]''<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeami_Motokiyo Wiki page for Motokiyo]</ref> became the lover of the shogun, and under the shogun’s loving patronage he became a genius playwright and founder of the No theater for the shogun’s court.''<ref>[https://doi.org/10.3149/jms.0101.71 Walter L. Williams, 'From Samurai to Capitalist: Male Love, Men’s Roles, and the Rise Of Homophobia in Japan', ''Men's Studies'', Vol. 1, Issue 1 (1992), p. 73.]</ref>
</blockquote>

==15th-17th Century Europe==

[[Helmut Kentler]] observes:<ref>[https://www.boychat.org/messages/1634288.htm CHILDREN’S SEXUALITY, by Helmut Kentler], in the German edition of the book [[Show Me!]]. [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1DD05vy-WuM_-BH5tfbSswOXEQQt5OnYS37zhAtyx0x0/edit?tab=t.0#heading=h.r733n6h5ens]</ref>

<blockquote>
''Scientific research has, in the last decades, rediscovered and evaluated evidence from numerous sources, showing that in Central Europe through the 17th century a pro-sexual attitude prevailed that today – despite a liberalizing trend – would be seen as alien and dangerous and its revival prevented at all costs. J. van Ussel, one of the best authorities on pro-sexual manners and customs of that time, gives the following sketch:''

:''It was generally accepted that the satisfaction of the sex drive was necessary for good health. In some cities, brothels were set up by the authorities. Physicality was practiced in a way that we have forgotten today. People commonly touch, caress, hug and kiss; nurses and parents masturbate young children, to calm them. Older people have contact with young people that we would today call sexual. This self-satisfaction begins to be fought only at the start of the 18th Century by doctors and later by many clergy. Premarital and extramarital sexual relations are mainstreamed. Insufficient contraception (birth control) is condemned by the churches. The rulers and the aristocracy practice promiscuity, which is hardly ever criticized. Students and soldiers do what they please. The clergy are not exactly celibate. At home folks sleep naked, the whole family and the employees together in one room. Even in the bath house you’re naked. On ceremonial occasions the prettiest girls in the city are naked on display. A rich vocabulary for the sexual is available. The young people do not need sex education because they see the world of adults, experiencing and learning what they need to know.”''

''As a matter of course young children already knew sexual facts; this appears most clearly from a collection of dialogues, written in Latin by Erasmus of Rotterdam and published in 1522, dedicated to his then six-year-old godson. The title indicates the intention of the book: “Dialogues, not only put together to refine the Latin of the children, but above all for the purpose of education for life.”''
</blockquote>

==18th Century England==
Girls as young as 12 were highly-valued for their attractiveness as prostitutes in England during the 18th century. Young, pubescent boys were also popular. The [[Age of Consent]] was not raised from 10 until the 19th century.<ref name="bullough" />

==16th-17th Century Russia==
There is a lot of evidence of quite tolerant attitude toward boylove in some periods of the past in Russia:
<blockquote>
According to the Englishman Perry, who served in Russia under Peter I for several years, "the dreadful sin of sodomy is hardly considered a crime in this country; when drunk, they are very inclined to it." [...] It is likely that sodomy, which became widespread in Russian society during the 16th and 17th centuries, was borrowed by Russians from the Muslim East, particularly from Persia and Turkey. [Despite the fact that], as a precaution against this vice, a moral code for monks, introduced as early as the 14th century, included a provision stating that they should "not befriend young children or teach them from books." In the monastic rule of Joseph Volotsky, it was forbidden to keep "beardless youths" in monasteries. [editor's translation] <ref>[https://libgen.li/ads267edbd1c32fbbe3cd644e38adc1e285RC85NHNN Averkiyev S.S. (2015) Influence of the Tatars on the Life of the Russian People. pp. 175-180]</ref></blockquote>

==16th-17th Century Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas ==
<blockquote>
Among sixteenth and seventeenth century Mayans, missionaries reported a custom of youth-younger boy marriages. [...] Missionaries reported religious-based pederasty as common among the Aztecs and Incas. Sources: Greenberg (1988); Williams (1992)<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

== 19th Century Coerunas Indians of Brazil ==
<blockquote>
An apprentice healer would go into the woods for an extended time with an older healer, who would transmit his special powers to the youth through sexual relations and also directly instruct him on the art of curing illnesses. Source: Greenberg (1988) <ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

== 17th Century Caribbean Pirates ==
<blockquote>
Lived in all-male arrangements with mixed ages from young adolescents or younger through older men. Sexual relations between men, especially pirate captains (e.g., Blackbeard), and adolescent boys were common. Sources: Burg (1995); Williams (1992)<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

==19th and early 20th Century Hobos (USA)==
<blockquote>
Between 1880 and 1930, sexual relations between men and adolescent boys were commonplace among transient workers in the Pacific Northwest. Developing industries (e.g., lumber, mining) drew in large numbers of unmarried men and male youths from other parts of the United States to perform backbreaking work. They lived and worked in all-male societies, which fostered intergenerational sex (rather than age-equal sex). Their relations were social, not just sexual—the boys often served domestic functions for the men. In return, they got various benefits (e.g., advice, apprenticing, emotional support, safety, protection). By the 1930s, these all-male societies eroded, owing to mechanization (which reduced brute-strength work) and population expansion (with more women). These changes, along with constant policing activity (the middle class saw pederasty as a threat to their youth and the family), helped to dissolve the tradition. Sources: Boag, (2003); Flynt (1927); Williams (1992)<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

==19th Century Russia==

The Chuckchee in Northern Siberia - sex with boys was considered normal and in no way kept secret.

<blockquote>Young, handsome boys adorn themselves and flirt openly with their admirers. This is all the more striking because nothing impedes sex with girls and the boys themselves start to have heterosexual intercourse from ten years on.” (Wrangel, quoted by Erman 1871, 164).<ref>[https://brongersma.info/Loving_boys_I 'Loving Boys I'] by [[Edward Brongersma]]; 1986</ref></blockquote>

==19th Century Albania==

From Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe - ''Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature'', New York University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-8147-7468-7.<ref>[https://annas-archive.org/search?q=Islamic+Homosexualities Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe - ''Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature'', New York University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-8147-7468-7.]</ref>

<blockquote>
Albanian pederasty was a custom reported by numerous Western travellers in the nineteenth century including Edvard Westermarck, John Cam Hobhouse, who in his travel diary, reports that pederasty was "openly practised," and Johann Georg von Hahn, also known as "the father of Albanian studies." According to such reports it was commonly and socially accepted that young people between the ages of sixteen and twenty-four would woo children aged twelve to seventeen.<ref>[http://www.archiviolgbtq.it/fileadmin/documenti/luglio2006/naecke.pdf], [https://archive.org/details/warmbrothersquee00tobi], [https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pederastia_albanese#CITEREFRobert_Elsie_(2000)], [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_pEKOOuRWu00C]</ref>

In literature, the oldest lover is called ashik (from the Arabic word ishq, "passionate love") and the beloved, dyllber (from the Turkish dilber, "beautiful"). A Gheg Albanian married at the age of 24 or 25, and then usually, but not always, gave up love with boys.

The practice was limited with the advent of communism in 1944.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/nationalhealthsg0000unse]</ref>
</blockquote>

Murray's original quote included more references which could not be found online.

==America (Mid 19th-20th) Century ==

The ''Huffington Post'' wrote about Thomas Lowry's "The Story the Soldiers Wouldn't Tell: Sex in the Civil War":

:''"Chapter 11 of Lowry's book opens the closet door on gender-bending and same-sex trysts. And Lowry reveals that during the Civil War conventional gender roles and sexual behavior could not be strictly tethered to a heterosexual paradigm. With men outnumbering women, especially at social events like balls, "Drummer Boys" -- children as young as 9 and 10 years old -- dressed in drag. And in some occasions, the intimacy between soldiers and Drummer boys reached beyond just a public waltz. For example, Lowry references a ball put on by a Massachusetts regiment stationed in Virginia in 1864 about young drummer boys dressed as women. One man wrote to his wife: "Some of the real women went, but the boy girls were so much better looking that they left. ...We had some little Drummer Boys dressed up and I'll bet you could not tell them from girls if you did not know them. ...Some of ''[the Drummer Boys]'' looked good enough to lay with and I guess some of them did get laid with. ...I know I slept with mine.""''<ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/americas-gay-confederate-_b_851815 HuffPo - American Civil War]</ref>

==Native America, 1930s and prior==

George Devreux wrote in 1937:

:''"Casual homosexual relations in childhood were frequent in the past, and according to my informants, seem to be on the increase ''[...]'' Complete nudity and any lack of supervision, especially for boys, who remained naked until they reached puberty, combined with incessant sexual talk on the part of adults, must have furthered the desire for sex experience. ''[...]'' Adults seldom had sexual intercourse with children of their own sex, although betrothal of young girls to old men or seduction of very young boys by adult women was not rare."''<ref>Devereux, George. (1937). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41447338 Institutionalized homosexuality of the Mohave Indians]. ''Human Biology'', 9, pp. 498–527.</ref>

==Prewar (and postwar) Siwa, Egypt==

:''"In 1937 the anthropologist Walter Cline wrote the first detailed ethnography of the Siwans in which he noted: "All normal Siwan men and boys practice sodomy...among themselves the natives are not ashamed of this; they talk about it as openly as they talk about love of women, and many if not most of their fights arise from homosexual competition....Prominent men lend their sons to each other. All Siwans know the matings which have taken place among their sheiks and their sheiks' sons....Most of the boys used in sodomy are between twelve and eighteen years of age." After an expedition to Siwa, the archaeologist Count Byron de Prorok reported in 1937 "an enthusiasm [that] could not have been approached even in Sodom... Homosexuality was not merely rampant, it was raging...Every dancer had his boyfriend...[and] chiefs had harems of boys"."''<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siwa_Oasis De Porok, Count Byron (1936). In Quest of Lost Worlds. New York: Dutton. p. 64.]</ref><ref>[https://www.greek-love.com/near-east-north-africa/egypt/siwa-oasis-robin-maugham-pederasty THE OASIS OF SIWA IN 1947-8, BY ROBIN MAUGHAM]</ref><ref>[https://www.greek-love.com/near-east-north-africa/egypt/the-people-of-siwah-by-walter-cline NOTES ON THE PEOPLE OF SIWAH BY WALTER CLINE]</ref>

The socialist Gay/[[Boylove|BL]] activist and independent scholar [[David Thorstad]], wrote of his experience of Siwa for ''Gayme Magazine''.<ref>[http://williamapercy.com/wiki/images/Siwa_today.pdf Siwa Today - David Thorstad]</ref> He wrote:

:''"Probably the most stricking feature of Siwan sexuality is the traditional practice of men lending their sons to other men. Prior to 1928, this was sometimes accompanied by a written aggreement (known as a "marriage contract"), a dowry (much greater than the dowry for a girl), banquets and celebrations. ''[...]'' One investigator earlier in the century claimed that male children were preferred because they cost less to raise than girls, and that the boy was "a very fruitful source of profit for the father, not for the work he does, but because he is hired by his father to another man to be used as a catamite [i.e. a boy who has sex with men]. Sometimes two men exchange their sons. If they are asked about this, they are not ashamed to mention it".''

For this quote, Thorstad cites a source which is now used on Wikipedia's [[Wikipedia:Siwa_Oasis|Siwa page]]: Mahmud Mohammad Abd Allah, (1917).<ref>[https://archive.org/details/harvardafricans01deptgoog Mahmud Mohammad Abd Allah, (1917). Siwan Customs]. In ''Harvard African Studies'', 7, p. 7.</ref>

==Muslim societies of the 8th-19th centuries, and present Afghanistan==
<blockquote>
Pervasive in Muslim societies (North Africa, Western-Central Asia) eighth to nineteenth centuries; pederastic attractions seen just as normal as heterosexual ones; main interest in boys was early to mid-teens, peaking at about 14; appeal vanished with beard (about 16, 17); adult men scorned if passive partners in homosexual relationships; manly behavior was to be active (partner gender did not matter); staggering amount of love poetry shows obsession with boyish beauty, seen as comparable to women’s; poets attracted to boys constitutes a Who’s Who; desire for boys, but not behavior or lust, was permissible under Islam, but behavior was common nevertheless; tradition ended in late nineteenth century, because of Western colonialism, with its abhorrence of the tradition and the local embarrassment this created, along with local assimilation of European concepts and efforts to modernize. Sources: Baldauf (1988); Crompton (2003); Massad (2007); Murray & Roscoe (1998); Patanè (2006); Rahman (1989); Rouayheb (2005); Schild (1988); Wright & Rowson (1997)<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

As detailed in [[Pederasty in Islam]], Afghanistan is one of many Islamic cultures in which pederasty is practised with feminized boys. This derives from the strict gender segregation in Afghan society, and gives rise to the famous saying "women are for children, boys are for pleasure".<ref>[https://fuf.se/magasin/magapril-women-are-for-children-boys-are-for-pleasure/ Women are for children, boys are for pleasure]</ref>

==1960s, 1970s, Baltimore==

During these decades there were notable gay subcultures in America where young boys were allowed to have sexual interactions with men with little fear of ostracism or psychological trauma. Baltimore is one often recalled example of this.

==1960s, 1970s, Hippie Communes==

Inter- and intra-generational sex with minors was accommodated in late 20th century American hippie communes, but for children, sex was a pleasant distraction and not central to their leisure time. Details on these subcultures are covered by researchers such as Berger, Constantine and Johnston, cited in our [[Research: Activating Janssen|review project of Janssen's ''Growing Up Sexually'']].

==1960s, 1970s England==

As is common, when the sources of scandalous allegations are further investigated at a later date, the banality of the situation reveals itself. For example, with reference to Duncroft (Girls School), [[Mark Smith]] and Ros Burnett note "Accounts of the girls’ sexual experience and behaviour indicate a degree of agency in sexual activity, which challenges the current orthodoxy of them as victims of predatory adults. The former residents we spoke to did not regard themselves as victims and any sexual activity they might have entered into was considered to have been [[consent|consensual]] and in some cases initiated by the girls (although none claimed to have any knowledge of Savile being involved sexually with girls at Duncroft)."<ref>[https://sci-hub.se/10.1108/ijssp-03-2017-0029 The origins of the Jimmy Savile scandal]</ref>

Girls' (12-15) relationships with older boys and men were a cause for concern in the 70s, but were in most cases chalked off as cautions when they came to the attention of police. This was because the relationships were seen as normative/traditional or otherwise willingly engaged in by the girls.<ref>[https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-1971(79)80005-6 Mawby, R. I. (1979). Policing the age of consent. Journal of Adolescence, 2(1), 41–49]</ref>

Relationships of peribubertal boys with older boys were common in boarding schools :
<blockquote>
Deeply sentimentalized, erotically based attachments were common in many all-male private boarding schools before 1970s between older (about 17–18) and younger (about 12–13) boys; older teens sought “cute” boys, calling them “talent,” “crushes,” or “tarts;” younger boys competed to be selected (for the many favors, privileges it entailed); older-younger pairs exchanged notes, poetry, and other items of endearment; after graduating, most moved on to heterosexuality. Sources: Chandos (1984); Gathorne-Hardy (1978); Lambert & Lambert (1968); Lewis (1955); Nash (1961) <ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

==1970s, 1980s, Netherlands==

The Netherlands is a fairly recent example of a culture in which intergenerational sexual relationships were partially tolerated during a particularly liberal period of history. For some time, sexual relationships between a child above the age of 12 and an adult would remain legally immune to prosecution for as long as the younger partner, their parents or a welfare entity did not complain. Such authorities were much less inclined to lodge complaints during this period, leading to a markedly non-hysterical climate in which many such relationships succeeded. One writer to document such positive relationships was [[Theo Sandfort]], whose most famous study <ref>[http://www.ipce.info/host/sandfort_87/ Sandfort Study]</ref> remains an outstanding example of this unique period in time.

==1980s, 1990s, Thailand==

Professor Vicharn Vitiyasai of Chang Mai University emphasizes that, 'In Thai society, boys begin to buy women when they are around 13 years old; 50 per cent of 16-year-old boys and 90 per cent of university students go to brothels. Married men also think it natural to entertain business clients and friends by taking them to brothels, and they visit brothels themselves as a part of the joy of travel.'"<ref>Yayori Matsui, Women in the New Asia, 1999</ref>

==1980s, 1990s, Mexico==

In a [[Media:A pueblo homosexuality David Thorstad 1988.pdf|1988 Christopher Street Feature]], [[David Thorstad]] immerses himself in a rural Mexican community and finds that homosexuality is very much part of everyday life for younger men and boys. Sex work is also engaged in, but this is peripheral.

==General==
:''"As mentioned earlier, our Western civilization has not always believed that children should be protected from all sexual contact. In medieval Europe, children were still freely touched, caressed, and fondled by every member of the household. Particularly in rural areas, parents, nurses, or servants were accustomed to masturbating small children to please them or to keep them quiet. (This practice is also found in many non-European societies. In the United States today, it is still alive among the Hopi Indians.)"''<ref>[[Erwin Haeberle|Haeberle, Erwin J.]] (1983). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20120419005050/http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/ATLAS_EN/html/childhood_sex_play.html The Sex Atlas]''. The Continuum Publishing Company.</ref>

''Encyclopedia of Male Homosexual Poetry and its Reception History'' by [[Paul Knobel]]<ref>[http://www.sexarchive.info/BIB/hombib/ Encyclopedia of Male Homosexual Poetry and its Reception History] by [[Paul Knobel]] - free access encyclopedia at the Sexarchive by [[Erwin Haeberle]]; also see the work with Overview entries from this encyclopedia - [http://www.sexarchive.info/BIB/knobelworld.htm A World Overview of Male Homosexual Poetry] </ref> contains hundreds of mentions of dancing and singing boys tradition, along with sexual and romantic themes in poetry dedicated to them, in different cultures in history.

==Excerpt Graphic Library==

The EGL on '''Broader Perspectives''' has some relevant information. Just right click/save and reproduce by uploading in short-form media to bypass character limits.

{{Template:EGLBP}}

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Official Encyclopedia]][[Category:Research: Broader Perspectives]][[Category:Research into effects on Children]]

Research: Intergenerational Relationships in History

2026-07-28T18:52:12Z

Thorn: /* Ancient Greece */

{{research}}
There have existed a wide range of western and non-western societies that have tolerated or encouraged intergenerational sexuality. More recent examples are generally ''subcultures'' which run counter to modern sexual morality.
__NOTOC__
==Antiquity==

Much has been written about the '''Ancient Greeks''' and their age-structured pederastic relationship ideals, yet there are many other past civilizations that loved boys.

*[https://greek-love.com/ Greek Love: Pederasty throughout the ages], gives a historical context on Ancient Greece and many other cultures
*[https://www.boywiki.org/en/Historical_boylove_relationships Historical BL Relationships] - BoyWiki - Historical BL Relationships
:*[https://www.boywiki.org/en/Historical_boylove_relationships_in_ancient_Rome Rome]
:*[https://www.boywiki.org/en/Historical_boylove_relationships_in_Japan Japan]
*[https://list.fandom.com/wiki/Pederastic_relationships_in_classical_antiquity Pederastic relationships in classical antiquity] - Fandom
*[[Pederasty in Islam]]

===Ancient Greece===

*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece Wikipedia]
*[https://www.boywiki.org/en/Historical_boylove_relationships_in_ancient_Greece BoyWiki]
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20100309132321/http://www.truthtree.com/pederasty.shtml Truthtree]

To certain parts of Greek society, relationships between men and adolescent boys were not only acceptable, but a desirable form of mentorship and (military) training towards the masculine ideal. As accounts reveal, rules and regulations within this model were particularly strict - arguably more so than in modern societies that condemn pederasty as pathological.

Many Greek men waited until they were about 30 years of age to marry. When they did marry, their partner would often be a girl of 12 or 14.<ref name="bullough">[[Vern Bullough|Bullough, Vern L.]] (2004). "Children and adolescents as sexual beings: a historical overview," ''Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America'', 13(3), 447-459.</ref>

It is certain that pederasty was already widespread in Greek culture in the early Archaic Age (600-800 BC). It had strong institutional character in Crete and Sparta and educational connotations in Athens, and seemingly was derived from earlier initiatory practices in history. It should not be confused with modern adult-adult homosexuality, since the relationships were structured by age and social asymmetry, and the younger participants were expected to marry later. Regarding sexual aspect, the younger participant occupied the passive role. On earlier black-figure vases, the scenes are much more explicit with the predominance of anal intercourse. On later red-figure vases, couples are often represented in an intercrural position, with contact between the thighs rather than a depicted anal act, but anal intercourse still appears to be implicitly assumed. Males generally quitted playing the passive role when their beards appeared.<ref name="bremmer2021"> Jan N. Bremmer (2021) [https://www.amazon.com/Becoming-Man-Ancient-Greece-Rome/dp/3161590082 Becoming a Man in Ancient Greece and Rome. Essays on Myths and Rituals of Initiation.] (available via [[Help:Research_Resources#Information_Freedom_Companions|OPTION 2]])</ref>

<blockquote>
[Pederasty] Had mentoring function (prepared elite boys for adult roles as warriors, citizens). Boyish beauty repeatedly valorized in the arts (e.g., love poetry, pottery); body hair (face, legs) ended boys’ attractiveness; bisexual interests (women, boys) widespread; attraction to other adult men scorned. Notables with pederastic interests: poets (e.g., Alcaeus, Ibycus, Anacreon, Theognis, Pindar); playwrights (e.g., Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides); political leaders (e.g., Solon, Demosthenes, Agesilaus, Philip, Alexander); philosophers (e.g., Socrates, Plato, Zeno, Chrysippus). Eroded with rise of Christianity. Sources: Crompton (2003); Hubbard (2003); Lear (2004); Lear & Cantarella (2008) <ref name="Rind2013"> [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Rind, B. (2013). Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Thomas K Hubbard, Beert Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research: The Debate over Male Intergenerational Relations]]. (pp. 1-90) ''New York: Routledge.'' doi:10.4324/9781315432458</ref>
</blockquote>

In the late Archaic period the male intergenerational institution was no longer dominated by mature adult men initiating adolescents into the adult male world. Younger men increasingly replaced older, adolescents were replaced by younger boys. At the same time, their courtship was represented less directly and more cautiously.<ref name="bremmer2021"/>

Historians including [[Jan Bremmer|Jan N. Bremmer]],<ref name="bremmer2021"/><ref>Jan N. Bremmer (1989) [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315770055-2/greek-pederasty-modern-homosexuality-jan-bremmer Greek Pederasty and Modern Homosexuality]. in: Jan N. Bremmer (ed.) (1989) From Sappho to De Sade: Moments in the History of Sexuality. (available via [[Help:Research_Resources#Information_Freedom_Companions|OPTION 2]])</ref><ref name= "bremmer1980">Bremmer, J. (1980). An enigmatic Indo-European rite: Paederasty. ''Arethusa'', 13(2), 279–298.</ref> Christian Laes,<ref>[https://www.christianlaes.be/ Christian Laes - Personal site]</ref><ref>[https://journals.univie.ac.at/index.php/oezg/article/view/3327 Laes, C. (2017). When Classicists Need to Speak Up: Antiquity and Present Day Pedophilia – Pederasty. ''Österreichische Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaften'', 28(3), 49–70].</ref><ref>Christian Laes, ''Children in the Roman Empire: Outsiders Within'' (Cambridge University Press, 2011).</ref><ref>; Christian Laes and Johan Strubbe, ''Youth in the Roman Empire: The Young and the Restless Years?'' (Cambridge University Press, 2014)</ref><ref>Christian Laes, 'Children and Sexuality: Roman World', in: Julia M. O'Brian (ed.), ''Oxford Encyclopedia of the Bible and Gender Studies'' (Oxford University Press, 2014), 38–42.</ref> [[wikipedia:Andrew Lear|Andrew Lear]],<ref>[https://library.lol/main/53872FCED674EC41DFC6B26B198D1F7F Eva Cantarella and Andrew Lear, ''Images of Pederasty: Boys Were Their God'' (Routledge, 2008)].</ref><ref>Andrew Lear, 'Was Pederasty Problematized? A Diachronic View', in: Mark Masterson/Nancy Sorkin Rabinowitz/James Robson (eds.), ''Sex in Antiquity: Exploring Gender and Sexuality in the Ancient World'' (London/New York, 2015), pp. 115–136.</ref><ref>[https://library.lol/main/35E193AC1C1DADA75905ADD4DE8E0098 Andrew Lear, ''Noble Eros: the idealization of pederasty from the Greek dark ages to the Athens of Socrates'' (2004, PhD Thesis)].</ref> [[Thomas Hubbard]], [[Beert Verstraete|Beert C. Verstraete]],<ref>[https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2009/2009.09.61/ Beert Verstraete, Review of 'The Greeks and Greek Love: A Radical Reappraisal of Homosexuality in Ancient Greece', ''Bryn Mawr Classical Review'', 3. Nov. 2009].</ref> and [[William Percy]], have conducted extensive research on Greek Pederasty and the life of children / young people in Greco-Roman society.

Also in ancient Sparta it was customary for adult noble women to have intercourse with beloved girls before their marriage. It may be considered proven that male paederasty in Sparta had a Lesbian counterpart in female initiation.<ref name= "bremmer1980"/> In the case of Sappho [Lesbos, 700 – 600 BCE] the same ritual background is visible with some evidence of erotic relationships between women and girls. Their relationships also expected to be nonexclusive, i.e. adult women had husbands and girls married men as they grew older.<ref> André Lardinois (1989) [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315770055-3/lesbian-sappho-sappho-lesbos-andr%C3%A9-lardinois Lesbian Sappho and Sappho of Lesbos ]. in: Jan N. Bremmer (ed.) (1989) From Sappho to De Sade: Moments in the History of Sexuality. (available via [[Help:Research_Resources#Information_Freedom_Companions|OPTION 2]])</ref>

=== Goths ===
<blockquote>
The historian Ammianus Marcellinus (31.9.5) [4th century CE] relates that among the Taifali, a tribe connected with the Goths, the boys lived in a state of pederasty until they had killed a boar or a bear.<ref name="bremmer2021"/>
</blockquote>

=== Romans ===
<blockquote>
Valerius Maximus presents a number of stories, the earliest going back to the fourth century [BCE], demonstrating that the practice was known to the Romans too, albeit disapproved of till the end of the Republic. By that time, paederastic friendships were frequently adopted in higher circles and even the moralistic Augustus had had his friend in his younger years. About the Empire we need not go into detail. Any reader of Juvenal, Martial and Petronius can find examples galore. [...] It is important to observe that the Romans explicitly forbid paederasty with free boys but not with slavess in the so-called lex Scantinia, a law dating probably from before Cicero's time [1st century BCE].<ref name= "bremmer1980"/>
</blockquote>

<blockquote>
Boyish beauty thematic in love poetry; attractions were to smooth, hairless bodies regardless of gender (for boys, from puberty to start of beard); exclusive attraction to one gender seen as eccentric; relations with other adult men seen as disgraceful. Notables with pederastic interests included: poets Catullus, Horace, Juvenal, Martial, Tibullus, and Virgil, and emperors Trajan and Hadrian. Tradition eroded with consolidation of Christian sexual morality. Sources: Cantarella (1992); Crompton (2003); Lambert (1984); Williams (1999)<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

=== Celts ===
<blockquote>Regarding the Celts, there is general agreement in our sources that they practiced paederasty. Athenaeus [II–III CE] even tells us that they often slept with two boys at the same time, but this looks as if it is a typical Greek dream-wish. This is the only detailed report we have that goes beyond the pure mention of the practice [...]<ref name= "bremmer1980"/></blockquote>

=== Persians ===
See in detail in [[Pederasty_in_Islam#Persia|Pederasty in Islam]]
<blockquote>It seems reasonable then to accept the occurrence of paederasty among the Persians - although it was forbidden - but our sources do not connect the practice with initiation or men's societies<ref name= "bremmer1980"/></blockquote>

==10th to 20th Century China==

An act similar to the "[[Age of Consent]]" was seen in ancient China. The punishment was quite severe, exile for misdemeanors, and hanged or beheaded for serious crimes.
In the Song Dynasty, the legal clause that "intercourse with young women is regarded as rape" began to appear.<ref>[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%85%92%E7%AB%A5%E6%80%A7%E8%99%90%E5%BE%85?oldformat=true#%E5%8F%A4%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B Chinese Wikipedia]</ref>

One historical study <ref>[http://library.lol/main/B05B07B0134835C2F53D030224C75608 Hinsch, Bret. (1990). ''Passions of the Cut Sleeve: The Male Homosexual Tradition in China'' (Berkeley: University of California Press).]</ref> of male same-sex love in China from the Zhou dynasty (start date of 1045/6 BC) to the Qing dynasty in the early twentieth century, dated as starting around 249 BC. Quoting a 1993 review thereof<ref>[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224499309551712 Review of 'Passions of the Cut Sleeve'']</ref>:

<blockquote>
''"Hinsch found that, before 1900, the dominant social construction for males in China was bisexual. Most Chinese men did not see themselves as being divided into strict categories of "homosexuals" and "heterosexuals" but evidenced a relaxed erotic attraction to both sexes. Wealthy married men or unmarried scholars often had a boy (ranging in age from as young as 9 to as old as 25 years) as a concubine, or they patronized boy prostitutes. Chinese philosophers wrote that it was better for a boy to sell his body, as a favorite or a prostitute, than to languish in poverty. Prostitution/concubinage represented one of the few opportunities for lower class boys to raise their economic status and to support their parents comfortably. If a boy became a beloved of a wealthy older man, he was some times offered material wealth or political office when he matured. His patron/lover might even arrange a heterosexual marriage for him and serve as best man at his wedding. Individuals who enjoyed male-male sex were not seen as distinct personality types but merely partook of certain "passions." These passions were termed "passions of the cut sleeve," after the devotion shown by Emperor Ai (ruler 6 B.C.E.-l C.E.), who cut the sleeve off his shirt rather than disturb the sleep of his beloved boy lover Dong Xian."''
</blockquote>

===600BC-1860===

From a [[Text of Pedo history: China|summary of historical research]], [[Edward Brongersma]] identified sadomasochistic trends and a dominant model of concubinage in pre-communist China. Some men were also invested in the boy achieving pleasure, and climax.

=== Until the first half of the last century ===
From the article of Emil M.L.Ng:<ref>Emil M.L.Ng (December 2002) [http://www.sexarchive.info/BIB/pedochin.htm Pedophilia from the Chinese Perspective] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20250129135819/http://www.sexarchive.info/BIB/pedochin.htm web.archive]); Probably from the book 'Pedophilia: Concepts and Controversy, Special Section of Archives of Sexual Behavior' by Kenneth J. Zucker (ed); Vol. 31, No. 6, pp. 465-510</ref>
<blockquote>
''Depictions of “child-romance” in ancient or modern Chinese literature are not difficult to find. They include passages on joyous heterosexual or homosexual activities by children as young as 12 to13 years old with one another or with adults. [...] Until the first half of the last century, there was still the practice of the “child bridegroom” in, but not restricted to, the Hubei region of China (Lou 1970). A male child of any age, even before birth, could by parental arrangement take an adult woman as a wife. The purpose could be to consolidate family status and relationship, or simply to have someone to help taking care of the child. After marriage, the couple slept in one bed like all other husbands and wives. No one would pay attention to what type of sexual relationship they might have and when. In the normal course of events, they would begin with those sex plays they were capable of and wanted, until one day, when the child was old enough to desire and do it, they had coitus. After the boy grew still older, he usually took a second wife closer to his age, but he would continue to keep, love and respect the first wife.''
</blockquote>

==Renaissance Italy (15th Century) ==
Florence was famed for its widespread homosexual culture, which manifested as a normative pederasty involving boys between the ages of thirteen and eighteen in relationship with adult men.<ref>At the margins: minority groups in premodern Italy By Stephen J. Milner; p62</ref> This reputation was so much that in 1432 the city established "Gli Ufficiali di Notte" (The Officers of the Night) to root out the practice of sodomy. From that year until 1502, the number of men charged with sodomy numbered greater than 17,000, of which 3,000 were convicted. However this number also includes heterosexual sodomy. This also gave rise to a number of proverbs illuminating the views of the common people towards the practice. Among them are ''If you crave joys, tumble some boys.'' <ref>Florentine proverb, ca. [[1480]]. After [[Sabadino degli Arienti]] in ''Le Porretane.''Michael Rocke, ''Forbidden friendships: Homosexuality and Male Culture in Renaissance Florence,'' Oxford, 1996; p.87</ref> This reputation is also reflected in the fact that the Germans adopted the word ''Florenzer'', when they were talking about a pederast.<ref>Rocke, Michael, (1996), ''[https://libgen.is/search.php?req=Forbidden+Friendships%3A+Homosexuality+and+male+Culture+in+Renaissance+Florence&lg_topic=libgen&open=0&view=simple&res=25&phrase=1&column=def Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and male Culture in Renaissance Florence]'', ISBN 978-0195122923</ref><ref>Ruggiero, Guido, (1985), ''The Boundaries of Eros'', ISBN 978-0195056969</ref> The Neapolitans on the other hand when speaking of pederasty, called it ''Il vizio inglese,'' "the English vice".<ref>[[Sir Richard Burton|R. F. Burton]], ''Terminal Essay''</ref>

From John A. Garrity's research:<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200807005522/http://williamapercy.com/wiki/index.php?title=Jack_Garridy Sexuality in the Lives of Florentine Renaissance Artists] by John A. Garrity (Jack Garridy) (in pdfs archived from Percy Wiki)</ref>

<blockquote>
''"Rocke concludes that up to two-thirds of all sexually active males in Florence were at least rumored to be involved in sodomitical activity. ''[...]'' Sodomy was so much the norm in Renaissance Florence that Rocke finds no “subculture” ''[...]'' the norm should be characterized as bisexual activity, a two or three on Kinsey scale. By the age of sixteen, a typical male was taking the passive role in sodomy with an older partner ''[...]'' Citizens accepted passivity as a normal part of adolescence to such an extent that eventually it was not even prosecuted. ''[...]'' The oldest active partners recorded were in their seventies. The youngest passives were eight years old. ''[...]'' By age thirty most men gave up their passion for youths and married women. ''[...]'' Overall, Rocke’s finds are surprisingly similar to the ancient Greeks ''[...]'' These male relationships were often mutual and romantic."''<ref>See Michael Rocke, [https://annas-archive.org/md5/ac0dab2ba53be8a3a5b6d8967749d7b7 ''Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and Male Culture in Renaissance Florence''] (Oxford University Press, 1998).</ref>
</blockquote>

From the article by Isabella Paduano:<ref>[https://www.theflorentine.net/2022/10/24/queer-history-florence/ The queer history of Florence] by Isabella Paduano (2022)</ref>

<blockquote>"[F]''or the people of Renaissance Florence, a man’s sexuality could be quite fluid, as long as it didn’t threaten his masculinity. This is why a practice now known as pederasty prevailed, where “mature” men (those over 20) would have sex with adolescent boys. Today, this age imbalance seems unacceptable, but at the time it was the norm, with any deviation threatening a man’s masculinity. This was an ancient tradition, dating back to the Greeks and Romans.''[...]'' The papers show that an outright majority of men in the city were incriminated for sodomy at least once: 17,000 men out of the city’s total population of 40,000 people."''
</blockquote>

Summary from Rind (2013)<ref name="Rind2013" />:
<blockquote>
The majority of younger men and adolescent boys in all classes (working to elite) in Florence and other Tuscan cities were involved. This practice represented an unbroken continuance of the ancient Roman practice. Despite severe penalties (e.g., torture, death) based on belief in God’s retribution, cases were often treated leniently (e.g., fines) through much of the Renaissance, a pragmatic response to its pervasiveness. Notables with pederastic interests: Donatello, Verrocchio, da Vinci, Botticelli, Pontormo, Bronzino, Cellini, and Caravaggio. The tradition was eroded through stepped-up religiously based anti-sodomy campaigns, especially Savonarola’s in the 1490s, along with harsher penalties with more determined enforcement. The tradition was also entrenched in other areas such as Venice. Sources: Crompton (2003); Moulton (2003); Rocke (1996); Ruggiero (1985); Saslow (1986, 1989)
</blockquote>

==14th-16th Century Japan==

In medieval [[Pederasty in Japanese culture|Japan]] (14th–16th centuries), it was customary for elite families to entrust their young sons to the care of renowned Buddhist priests from whom they received a premier education in Buddhist scriptures, poetry, music, and dance. When the boys reached adolescence, some underwent coming-of-age rites, others entered the priesthood, and several extended their education, becoming chigo, or Buddhist acolytes. Chigo served their masters as personal attendants and as sexual partners. During religious ceremonies—adorned in colorful robes, their faces made up and hair styled in long ponytails—they entertained local donors and pilgrims with music and dance.<ref>[https://wapercyfoundation.org/?p=1133 See the original and the William Percy Foundation's review of: Tales of Idolized Boys: Male-Male Love in Medieval Japanese Buddhist Narratives, by Sachi Schmidt-Hori]</ref>

''Nanshoku'' is the Japanese word for eroticism between adolescent and adult males during this time period and after, and such relationships are well-documented amongst the samurai and in literature. For example, Ihara Saikaku's collection of stories ''Nanshoku ōkagami: honchō waka fūzoku'' (The Great Mirror of Male Love: the Custom of Boy Love in Our Land). Nanshoku was depicted in erotica known as ''shunga'' (spring pictures). Kitagawa Utamaro produced shunga artwork, and although the government took relaxed attitude toward regulating visual art, one image earned Utamaro 50 days in manacles. ''Machiba Hisayoshi'' (c.1803-4) is a colored woodblock print of the ruler Hideyoshi leaning toward a pageboy, caressing the youth's wrist, with Utamaro being punished not because of the late shōgun's conduct but because representations of high nobility were forbidden. One of Japanese literature's great lovers was Ariwara no Narihira, protagonist of the classic ''Ise monogatari''. As a boy he was the subject of what became a well-known love poem, 'Iwatsutsuji' (Azaleas on the Cliffs), written by an unknown priest in the 9th century. Seven hundred and fifty years later, the shōgunate's poetry tutor, Kitamura Kigin, compiled an anthology intended to show this long tradition of idealized relations between male youths and men, naming it after the poem.<ref>[https://www.ipce.info/library_3/files/nanshoku_en.htm Nanshoku, Male-Male Eroticism in Japan. Koinos Magazine #40 (2003/4) and #41 (2004/1).]</ref>

Other scholarly sources for this time period include.<ref>Gary Leupp. ''Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan''. Gregory Pflugfelder. ''Cartographies of Desire: Male-Male Sexuality in Japanese Discourse, 1600-1950''.</ref> Another notable book is ''The Love of the Samurai: A Thousand Years of Japanese Homosexuality'' (1989), which details the institutionalized boy-love/pederasty of the Japanese samurai.<ref>''The Love of the Samurai: A Thousand Years of Japanese Homosexuality''. By Tsuneo Watanabe and Jun'ichi Iwata. Translated by D. R. Roberts.
Gay Men's Press, London, 1989.</ref> As one scholar summarized:

<blockquote>
''Each samurai took a pubescent boy as a page and assistant, and many of these wakashu youths became the lovers of their adult samurai sponsors. Since the samurai trained his wakashu to become a samurai (by about age 23), this homosexual relationship also fulfilled an educative function similar to the teacher-student Buddhist tradition.''

''Under the shoguns a new art form emerged which celebrated male beauty. In 1374 an eleven year old boy dancer ''[Zeami Motokiyo]''<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeami_Motokiyo Wiki page for Motokiyo]</ref> became the lover of the shogun, and under the shogun’s loving patronage he became a genius playwright and founder of the No theater for the shogun’s court.''<ref>[https://doi.org/10.3149/jms.0101.71 Walter L. Williams, 'From Samurai to Capitalist: Male Love, Men’s Roles, and the Rise Of Homophobia in Japan', ''Men's Studies'', Vol. 1, Issue 1 (1992), p. 73.]</ref>
</blockquote>

==15th-17th Century Europe==

[[Helmut Kentler]] observes:<ref>[https://www.boychat.org/messages/1634288.htm CHILDREN’S SEXUALITY, by Helmut Kentler], in the German edition of the book [[Show Me!]]. [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1DD05vy-WuM_-BH5tfbSswOXEQQt5OnYS37zhAtyx0x0/edit?tab=t.0#heading=h.r733n6h5ens]</ref>

<blockquote>
''Scientific research has, in the last decades, rediscovered and evaluated evidence from numerous sources, showing that in Central Europe through the 17th century a pro-sexual attitude prevailed that today – despite a liberalizing trend – would be seen as alien and dangerous and its revival prevented at all costs. J. van Ussel, one of the best authorities on pro-sexual manners and customs of that time, gives the following sketch:''

:''It was generally accepted that the satisfaction of the sex drive was necessary for good health. In some cities, brothels were set up by the authorities. Physicality was practiced in a way that we have forgotten today. People commonly touch, caress, hug and kiss; nurses and parents masturbate young children, to calm them. Older people have contact with young people that we would today call sexual. This self-satisfaction begins to be fought only at the start of the 18th Century by doctors and later by many clergy. Premarital and extramarital sexual relations are mainstreamed. Insufficient contraception (birth control) is condemned by the churches. The rulers and the aristocracy practice promiscuity, which is hardly ever criticized. Students and soldiers do what they please. The clergy are not exactly celibate. At home folks sleep naked, the whole family and the employees together in one room. Even in the bath house you’re naked. On ceremonial occasions the prettiest girls in the city are naked on display. A rich vocabulary for the sexual is available. The young people do not need sex education because they see the world of adults, experiencing and learning what they need to know.”''

''As a matter of course young children already knew sexual facts; this appears most clearly from a collection of dialogues, written in Latin by Erasmus of Rotterdam and published in 1522, dedicated to his then six-year-old godson. The title indicates the intention of the book: “Dialogues, not only put together to refine the Latin of the children, but above all for the purpose of education for life.”''
</blockquote>

==18th Century England==
Girls as young as 12 were highly-valued for their attractiveness as prostitutes in England during the 18th century. Young, pubescent boys were also popular. The [[Age of Consent]] was not raised from 10 until the 19th century.<ref name="bullough" />

==16th-17th Century Russia==
There is a lot of evidence of quite tolerant attitude toward boylove in some periods of the past in Russia:
<blockquote>
According to the Englishman Perry, who served in Russia under Peter I for several years, "the dreadful sin of sodomy is hardly considered a crime in this country; when drunk, they are very inclined to it." [...] It is likely that sodomy, which became widespread in Russian society during the 16th and 17th centuries, was borrowed by Russians from the Muslim East, particularly from Persia and Turkey. [Despite the fact that], as a precaution against this vice, a moral code for monks, introduced as early as the 14th century, included a provision stating that they should "not befriend young children or teach them from books." In the monastic rule of Joseph Volotsky, it was forbidden to keep "beardless youths" in monasteries. [editor's translation] <ref>[https://libgen.li/ads267edbd1c32fbbe3cd644e38adc1e285RC85NHNN Averkiyev S.S. (2015) Influence of the Tatars on the Life of the Russian People. pp. 175-180]</ref></blockquote>

==16th-17th Century Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas ==
<blockquote>
Among sixteenth and seventeenth century Mayans, missionaries reported a custom of youth-younger boy marriages. [...] Missionaries reported religious-based pederasty as common among the Aztecs and Incas. Sources: Greenberg (1988); Williams (1992)<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

== 19th Century Coerunas Indians of Brazil ==
<blockquote>
An apprentice healer would go into the woods for an extended time with an older healer, who would transmit his special powers to the youth through sexual relations and also directly instruct him on the art of curing illnesses. Source: Greenberg (1988) <ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

== 17th Century Caribbean Pirates ==
<blockquote>
Lived in all-male arrangements with mixed ages from young adolescents or younger through older men. Sexual relations between men, especially pirate captains (e.g., Blackbeard), and adolescent boys were common. Sources: Burg (1995); Williams (1992)<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

==19th and early 20th Century Hobos (USA)==
<blockquote>
Between 1880 and 1930, sexual relations between men and adolescent boys were commonplace among transient workers in the Pacific Northwest. Developing industries (e.g., lumber, mining) drew in large numbers of unmarried men and male youths from other parts of the United States to perform backbreaking work. They lived and worked in all-male societies, which fostered intergenerational sex (rather than age-equal sex). Their relations were social, not just sexual—the boys often served domestic functions for the men. In return, they got various benefits (e.g., advice, apprenticing, emotional support, safety, protection). By the 1930s, these all-male societies eroded, owing to mechanization (which reduced brute-strength work) and population expansion (with more women). These changes, along with constant policing activity (the middle class saw pederasty as a threat to their youth and the family), helped to dissolve the tradition. Sources: Boag, (2003); Flynt (1927); Williams (1992)<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

==19th Century Russia==

The Chuckchee in Northern Siberia - sex with boys was considered normal and in no way kept secret.

<blockquote>Young, handsome boys adorn themselves and flirt openly with their admirers. This is all the more striking because nothing impedes sex with girls and the boys themselves start to have heterosexual intercourse from ten years on.” (Wrangel, quoted by Erman 1871, 164).<ref>[https://brongersma.info/Loving_boys_I 'Loving Boys I'] by [[Edward Brongersma]]; 1986</ref></blockquote>

==19th Century Albania==

From Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe - ''Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature'', New York University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-8147-7468-7.<ref>[https://annas-archive.org/search?q=Islamic+Homosexualities Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe - ''Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature'', New York University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-8147-7468-7.]</ref>

<blockquote>
Albanian pederasty was a custom reported by numerous Western travellers in the nineteenth century including Edvard Westermarck, John Cam Hobhouse, who in his travel diary, reports that pederasty was "openly practised," and Johann Georg von Hahn, also known as "the father of Albanian studies." According to such reports it was commonly and socially accepted that young people between the ages of sixteen and twenty-four would woo children aged twelve to seventeen.<ref>[http://www.archiviolgbtq.it/fileadmin/documenti/luglio2006/naecke.pdf], [https://archive.org/details/warmbrothersquee00tobi], [https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pederastia_albanese#CITEREFRobert_Elsie_(2000)], [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_pEKOOuRWu00C]</ref>

In literature, the oldest lover is called ashik (from the Arabic word ishq, "passionate love") and the beloved, dyllber (from the Turkish dilber, "beautiful"). A Gheg Albanian married at the age of 24 or 25, and then usually, but not always, gave up love with boys.

The practice was limited with the advent of communism in 1944.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/nationalhealthsg0000unse]</ref>
</blockquote>

Murray's original quote included more references which could not be found online.

==America (Mid 19th-20th) Century ==

The ''Huffington Post'' wrote about Thomas Lowry's "The Story the Soldiers Wouldn't Tell: Sex in the Civil War":

:''"Chapter 11 of Lowry's book opens the closet door on gender-bending and same-sex trysts. And Lowry reveals that during the Civil War conventional gender roles and sexual behavior could not be strictly tethered to a heterosexual paradigm. With men outnumbering women, especially at social events like balls, "Drummer Boys" -- children as young as 9 and 10 years old -- dressed in drag. And in some occasions, the intimacy between soldiers and Drummer boys reached beyond just a public waltz. For example, Lowry references a ball put on by a Massachusetts regiment stationed in Virginia in 1864 about young drummer boys dressed as women. One man wrote to his wife: "Some of the real women went, but the boy girls were so much better looking that they left. ...We had some little Drummer Boys dressed up and I'll bet you could not tell them from girls if you did not know them. ...Some of ''[the Drummer Boys]'' looked good enough to lay with and I guess some of them did get laid with. ...I know I slept with mine.""''<ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/americas-gay-confederate-_b_851815 HuffPo - American Civil War]</ref>

==Native America, 1930s and prior==

George Devreux wrote in 1937:

:''"Casual homosexual relations in childhood were frequent in the past, and according to my informants, seem to be on the increase ''[...]'' Complete nudity and any lack of supervision, especially for boys, who remained naked until they reached puberty, combined with incessant sexual talk on the part of adults, must have furthered the desire for sex experience. ''[...]'' Adults seldom had sexual intercourse with children of their own sex, although betrothal of young girls to old men or seduction of very young boys by adult women was not rare."''<ref>Devereux, George. (1937). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41447338 Institutionalized homosexuality of the Mohave Indians]. ''Human Biology'', 9, pp. 498–527.</ref>

==Prewar (and postwar) Siwa, Egypt==

:''"In 1937 the anthropologist Walter Cline wrote the first detailed ethnography of the Siwans in which he noted: "All normal Siwan men and boys practice sodomy...among themselves the natives are not ashamed of this; they talk about it as openly as they talk about love of women, and many if not most of their fights arise from homosexual competition....Prominent men lend their sons to each other. All Siwans know the matings which have taken place among their sheiks and their sheiks' sons....Most of the boys used in sodomy are between twelve and eighteen years of age." After an expedition to Siwa, the archaeologist Count Byron de Prorok reported in 1937 "an enthusiasm [that] could not have been approached even in Sodom... Homosexuality was not merely rampant, it was raging...Every dancer had his boyfriend...[and] chiefs had harems of boys"."''<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siwa_Oasis De Porok, Count Byron (1936). In Quest of Lost Worlds. New York: Dutton. p. 64.]</ref><ref>[https://www.greek-love.com/near-east-north-africa/egypt/siwa-oasis-robin-maugham-pederasty THE OASIS OF SIWA IN 1947-8, BY ROBIN MAUGHAM]</ref><ref>[https://www.greek-love.com/near-east-north-africa/egypt/the-people-of-siwah-by-walter-cline NOTES ON THE PEOPLE OF SIWAH BY WALTER CLINE]</ref>

The socialist Gay/[[Boylove|BL]] activist and independent scholar [[David Thorstad]], wrote of his experience of Siwa for ''Gayme Magazine''.<ref>[http://williamapercy.com/wiki/images/Siwa_today.pdf Siwa Today - David Thorstad]</ref> He wrote:

:''"Probably the most stricking feature of Siwan sexuality is the traditional practice of men lending their sons to other men. Prior to 1928, this was sometimes accompanied by a written aggreement (known as a "marriage contract"), a dowry (much greater than the dowry for a girl), banquets and celebrations. ''[...]'' One investigator earlier in the century claimed that male children were preferred because they cost less to raise than girls, and that the boy was "a very fruitful source of profit for the father, not for the work he does, but because he is hired by his father to another man to be used as a catamite [i.e. a boy who has sex with men]. Sometimes two men exchange their sons. If they are asked about this, they are not ashamed to mention it".''

For this quote, Thorstad cites a source which is now used on Wikipedia's [[Wikipedia:Siwa_Oasis|Siwa page]]: Mahmud Mohammad Abd Allah, (1917).<ref>[https://archive.org/details/harvardafricans01deptgoog Mahmud Mohammad Abd Allah, (1917). Siwan Customs]. In ''Harvard African Studies'', 7, p. 7.</ref>

==Muslim societies of the 8th-19th centuries, and present Afghanistan==
<blockquote>
Pervasive in Muslim societies (North Africa, Western-Central Asia) eighth to nineteenth centuries; pederastic attractions seen just as normal as heterosexual ones; main interest in boys was early to mid-teens, peaking at about 14; appeal vanished with beard (about 16, 17); adult men scorned if passive partners in homosexual relationships; manly behavior was to be active (partner gender did not matter); staggering amount of love poetry shows obsession with boyish beauty, seen as comparable to women’s; poets attracted to boys constitutes a Who’s Who; desire for boys, but not behavior or lust, was permissible under Islam, but behavior was common nevertheless; tradition ended in late nineteenth century, because of Western colonialism, with its abhorrence of the tradition and the local embarrassment this created, along with local assimilation of European concepts and efforts to modernize. Sources: Baldauf (1988); Crompton (2003); Massad (2007); Murray & Roscoe (1998); Patanè (2006); Rahman (1989); Rouayheb (2005); Schild (1988); Wright & Rowson (1997)<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

As detailed in [[Pederasty in Islam]], Afghanistan is one of many Islamic cultures in which pederasty is practised with feminized boys. This derives from the strict gender segregation in Afghan society, and gives rise to the famous saying "women are for children, boys are for pleasure".<ref>[https://fuf.se/magasin/magapril-women-are-for-children-boys-are-for-pleasure/ Women are for children, boys are for pleasure]</ref>

==1960s, 1970s, Baltimore==

During these decades there were notable gay subcultures in America where young boys were allowed to have sexual interactions with men with little fear of ostracism or psychological trauma. Baltimore is one often recalled example of this.

==1960s, 1970s, Hippie Communes==

Inter- and intra-generational sex with minors was accommodated in late 20th century American hippie communes, but for children, sex was a pleasant distraction and not central to their leisure time. Details on these subcultures are covered by researchers such as Berger, Constantine and Johnston, cited in our [[Research: Activating Janssen|review project of Janssen's ''Growing Up Sexually'']].

==1960s, 1970s England==

As is common, when the sources of scandalous allegations are further investigated at a later date, the banality of the situation reveals itself. For example, with reference to Duncroft (Girls School), [[Mark Smith]] and Ros Burnett note "Accounts of the girls’ sexual experience and behaviour indicate a degree of agency in sexual activity, which challenges the current orthodoxy of them as victims of predatory adults. The former residents we spoke to did not regard themselves as victims and any sexual activity they might have entered into was considered to have been [[consent|consensual]] and in some cases initiated by the girls (although none claimed to have any knowledge of Savile being involved sexually with girls at Duncroft)."<ref>[https://sci-hub.se/10.1108/ijssp-03-2017-0029 The origins of the Jimmy Savile scandal]</ref>

Girls' (12-15) relationships with older boys and men were a cause for concern in the 70s, but were in most cases chalked off as cautions when they came to the attention of police. This was because the relationships were seen as normative/traditional or otherwise willingly engaged in by the girls.<ref>[https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-1971(79)80005-6 Mawby, R. I. (1979). Policing the age of consent. Journal of Adolescence, 2(1), 41–49]</ref>

Relationships of peribubertal boys with older boys were common in boarding schools :
<blockquote>
Deeply sentimentalized, erotically based attachments were common in many all-male private boarding schools before 1970s between older (about 17–18) and younger (about 12–13) boys; older teens sought “cute” boys, calling them “talent,” “crushes,” or “tarts;” younger boys competed to be selected (for the many favors, privileges it entailed); older-younger pairs exchanged notes, poetry, and other items of endearment; after graduating, most moved on to heterosexuality. Sources: Chandos (1984); Gathorne-Hardy (1978); Lambert & Lambert (1968); Lewis (1955); Nash (1961) <ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

==1970s, 1980s, Netherlands==

The Netherlands is a fairly recent example of a culture in which intergenerational sexual relationships were partially tolerated during a particularly liberal period of history. For some time, sexual relationships between a child above the age of 12 and an adult would remain legally immune to prosecution for as long as the younger partner, their parents or a welfare entity did not complain. Such authorities were much less inclined to lodge complaints during this period, leading to a markedly non-hysterical climate in which many such relationships succeeded. One writer to document such positive relationships was [[Theo Sandfort]], whose most famous study <ref>[http://www.ipce.info/host/sandfort_87/ Sandfort Study]</ref> remains an outstanding example of this unique period in time.

==1980s, 1990s, Thailand==

Professor Vicharn Vitiyasai of Chang Mai University emphasizes that, 'In Thai society, boys begin to buy women when they are around 13 years old; 50 per cent of 16-year-old boys and 90 per cent of university students go to brothels. Married men also think it natural to entertain business clients and friends by taking them to brothels, and they visit brothels themselves as a part of the joy of travel.'"<ref>Yayori Matsui, Women in the New Asia, 1999</ref>

==1980s, 1990s, Mexico==

In a [[Media:A pueblo homosexuality David Thorstad 1988.pdf|1988 Christopher Street Feature]], [[David Thorstad]] immerses himself in a rural Mexican community and finds that homosexuality is very much part of everyday life for younger men and boys. Sex work is also engaged in, but this is peripheral.

==General==
:''"As mentioned earlier, our Western civilization has not always believed that children should be protected from all sexual contact. In medieval Europe, children were still freely touched, caressed, and fondled by every member of the household. Particularly in rural areas, parents, nurses, or servants were accustomed to masturbating small children to please them or to keep them quiet. (This practice is also found in many non-European societies. In the United States today, it is still alive among the Hopi Indians.)"''<ref>[[Erwin Haeberle|Haeberle, Erwin J.]] (1983). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20120419005050/http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/ATLAS_EN/html/childhood_sex_play.html The Sex Atlas]''. The Continuum Publishing Company.</ref>

''Encyclopedia of Male Homosexual Poetry and its Reception History'' by [[Paul Knobel]]<ref>[http://www.sexarchive.info/BIB/hombib/ Encyclopedia of Male Homosexual Poetry and its Reception History] by [[Paul Knobel]] - free access encyclopedia at the Sexarchive by [[Erwin Haeberle]]; also see the work with Overview entries from this encyclopedia - [http://www.sexarchive.info/BIB/knobelworld.htm A World Overview of Male Homosexual Poetry] </ref> contains hundreds of mentions of dancing and singing boys tradition, along with sexual and romantic themes in poetry dedicated to them, in different cultures in history.

==Excerpt Graphic Library==

The EGL on '''Broader Perspectives''' has some relevant information. Just right click/save and reproduce by uploading in short-form media to bypass character limits.

{{Template:EGLBP}}

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Official Encyclopedia]][[Category:Research: Broader Perspectives]][[Category:Research into effects on Children]]

Research: Intergenerational Relationships in History

2026-07-28T18:47:13Z

Thorn: /* 19th and early 20th Century Hobos (USA) */

{{research}}
There have existed a wide range of western and non-western societies that have tolerated or encouraged intergenerational sexuality. More recent examples are generally ''subcultures'' which run counter to modern sexual morality.
__NOTOC__
==Antiquity==

Much has been written about the '''Ancient Greeks''' and their age-structured pederastic relationship ideals, yet there are many other past civilizations that loved boys.

*[https://greek-love.com/ Greek Love: Pederasty throughout the ages], gives a historical context on Ancient Greece and many other cultures
*[https://www.boywiki.org/en/Historical_boylove_relationships Historical BL Relationships] - BoyWiki - Historical BL Relationships
:*[https://www.boywiki.org/en/Historical_boylove_relationships_in_ancient_Rome Rome]
:*[https://www.boywiki.org/en/Historical_boylove_relationships_in_Japan Japan]
*[https://list.fandom.com/wiki/Pederastic_relationships_in_classical_antiquity Pederastic relationships in classical antiquity] - Fandom
*[[Pederasty in Islam]]

===Ancient Greece===

*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece Wikipedia]
*[https://www.boywiki.org/en/Historical_boylove_relationships_in_ancient_Greece BoyWiki]
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20100309132321/http://www.truthtree.com/pederasty.shtml Truthtree]

To certain parts of Greek society, relationships between men and adolescent boys were not only acceptable, but a desirable form of mentorship and (military) training towards the masculine ideal. As accounts reveal, rules and regulations within this model were particularly strict - arguably more so than in modern societies that condemn pederasty as pathological.

Many Greek men waited until they were about 30 years of age to marry. When they did marry, their partner would often be a girl of 12 or 14.<ref name="bullough">[[Vern Bullough|Bullough, Vern L.]] (2004). "Children and adolescents as sexual beings: a historical overview," ''Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America'', 13(3), 447-459.</ref>

It is certain that pederasty was already widespread in Greek culture in the early Archaic Age (600-800 BC). It had strong institutional character in Crete and Sparta and educational connotations in Athens, and seemingly was derived from earlier initiatory practices in history. It should not be confused with modern adult-adult homosexuality, since the relationships were structured by age and social asymmetry, and the younger participants were expected to marry later. Regarding sexual aspect, the younger participant occupied the passive role. On earlier black-figure vases, the scenes are much more explicit with the predominance of anal intercourse. On later red-figure vases, couples are often represented in an intercrural position, with contact between the thighs rather than a depicted anal act, but anal intercourse still appears to be implicitly assumed. Males generally quitted playing the passive role when their beards appeared.<ref name="bremmer2021"> Jan N. Bremmer (2021) [https://www.amazon.com/Becoming-Man-Ancient-Greece-Rome/dp/3161590082 Becoming a Man in Ancient Greece and Rome. Essays on Myths and Rituals of Initiation.] (available via [[Help:Research_Resources#Information_Freedom_Companions|OPTION 2]])</ref>

In the late Archaic period the male intergenerational institution was no longer dominated by mature adult men initiating adolescents into the adult male world. Younger men increasingly replaced older, adolescents were replaced by younger boys. At the same time, their courtship was represented less directly and more cautiously.<ref name="bremmer2021"/>

Historians including [[Jan Bremmer|Jan N. Bremmer]],<ref name="bremmer2021"/><ref>Jan N. Bremmer (1989) [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315770055-2/greek-pederasty-modern-homosexuality-jan-bremmer Greek Pederasty and Modern Homosexuality]. in: Jan N. Bremmer (ed.) (1989) From Sappho to De Sade: Moments in the History of Sexuality. (available via [[Help:Research_Resources#Information_Freedom_Companions|OPTION 2]])</ref><ref name= "bremmer1980">Bremmer, J. (1980). An enigmatic Indo-European rite: Paederasty. ''Arethusa'', 13(2), 279–298.</ref> Christian Laes,<ref>[https://www.christianlaes.be/ Christian Laes - Personal site]</ref><ref>[https://journals.univie.ac.at/index.php/oezg/article/view/3327 Laes, C. (2017). When Classicists Need to Speak Up: Antiquity and Present Day Pedophilia – Pederasty. ''Österreichische Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaften'', 28(3), 49–70].</ref><ref>Christian Laes, ''Children in the Roman Empire: Outsiders Within'' (Cambridge University Press, 2011).</ref><ref>; Christian Laes and Johan Strubbe, ''Youth in the Roman Empire: The Young and the Restless Years?'' (Cambridge University Press, 2014)</ref><ref>Christian Laes, 'Children and Sexuality: Roman World', in: Julia M. O'Brian (ed.), ''Oxford Encyclopedia of the Bible and Gender Studies'' (Oxford University Press, 2014), 38–42.</ref> [[wikipedia:Andrew Lear|Andrew Lear]],<ref>[https://library.lol/main/53872FCED674EC41DFC6B26B198D1F7F Eva Cantarella and Andrew Lear, ''Images of Pederasty: Boys Were Their God'' (Routledge, 2008)].</ref><ref>Andrew Lear, 'Was Pederasty Problematized? A Diachronic View', in: Mark Masterson/Nancy Sorkin Rabinowitz/James Robson (eds.), ''Sex in Antiquity: Exploring Gender and Sexuality in the Ancient World'' (London/New York, 2015), pp. 115–136.</ref><ref>[https://library.lol/main/35E193AC1C1DADA75905ADD4DE8E0098 Andrew Lear, ''Noble Eros: the idealization of pederasty from the Greek dark ages to the Athens of Socrates'' (2004, PhD Thesis)].</ref> [[Thomas Hubbard]], [[Beert Verstraete|Beert C. Verstraete]],<ref>[https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2009/2009.09.61/ Beert Verstraete, Review of 'The Greeks and Greek Love: A Radical Reappraisal of Homosexuality in Ancient Greece', ''Bryn Mawr Classical Review'', 3. Nov. 2009].</ref> and [[William Percy]], have conducted extensive research on Greek Pederasty and the life of children / young people in Greco-Roman society.

Also in ancient Sparta it was customary for adult noble women to have intercourse with beloved girls before their marriage. It may be considered proven that male paederasty in Sparta had a Lesbian counterpart in female initiation.<ref name= "bremmer1980"/> In the case of Sappho [Lesbos, 700 – 600 BCE] the same ritual background is visible with some evidence of erotic relationships between women and girls. Their relationships also expected to be nonexclusive, i.e. adult women had husbands and girls married men as they grew older.<ref> André Lardinois (1989) [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315770055-3/lesbian-sappho-sappho-lesbos-andr%C3%A9-lardinois Lesbian Sappho and Sappho of Lesbos ]. in: Jan N. Bremmer (ed.) (1989) From Sappho to De Sade: Moments in the History of Sexuality. (available via [[Help:Research_Resources#Information_Freedom_Companions|OPTION 2]])</ref>
<blockquote>
[Pederasty] Had mentoring function (prepared elite boys for adult roles as warriors, citizens). Boyish beauty repeatedly valorized in the arts (e.g., love poetry, pottery); body hair (face, legs) ended boys’ attractiveness; bisexual interests (women, boys) widespread; attraction to other adult men scorned. Notables with pederastic interests: poets (e.g., Alcaeus, Ibycus, Anacreon, Theognis, Pindar); playwrights (e.g., Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides); political leaders (e.g., Solon, Demosthenes, Agesilaus, Philip, Alexander); philosophers (e.g., Socrates, Plato, Zeno, Chrysippus). Eroded with rise of Christianity. Sources: Crompton (2003); Hubbard (2003); Lear (2004); Lear & Cantarella (2008) <ref name="Rind2013"> [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Rind, B. (2013). Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Thomas K Hubbard, Beert Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research: The Debate over Male Intergenerational Relations]]. (pp. 1-90) ''New York: Routledge.'' doi:10.4324/9781315432458</ref>
</blockquote>

=== Goths ===
<blockquote>
The historian Ammianus Marcellinus (31.9.5) [4th century CE] relates that among the Taifali, a tribe connected with the Goths, the boys lived in a state of pederasty until they had killed a boar or a bear.<ref name="bremmer2021"/>
</blockquote>

=== Romans ===
<blockquote>
Valerius Maximus presents a number of stories, the earliest going back to the fourth century [BCE], demonstrating that the practice was known to the Romans too, albeit disapproved of till the end of the Republic. By that time, paederastic friendships were frequently adopted in higher circles and even the moralistic Augustus had had his friend in his younger years. About the Empire we need not go into detail. Any reader of Juvenal, Martial and Petronius can find examples galore. [...] It is important to observe that the Romans explicitly forbid paederasty with free boys but not with slavess in the so-called lex Scantinia, a law dating probably from before Cicero's time [1st century BCE].<ref name= "bremmer1980"/>
</blockquote>

<blockquote>
Boyish beauty thematic in love poetry; attractions were to smooth, hairless bodies regardless of gender (for boys, from puberty to start of beard); exclusive attraction to one gender seen as eccentric; relations with other adult men seen as disgraceful. Notables with pederastic interests included: poets Catullus, Horace, Juvenal, Martial, Tibullus, and Virgil, and emperors Trajan and Hadrian. Tradition eroded with consolidation of Christian sexual morality. Sources: Cantarella (1992); Crompton (2003); Lambert (1984); Williams (1999)<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

=== Celts ===
<blockquote>Regarding the Celts, there is general agreement in our sources that they practiced paederasty. Athenaeus [II–III CE] even tells us that they often slept with two boys at the same time, but this looks as if it is a typical Greek dream-wish. This is the only detailed report we have that goes beyond the pure mention of the practice [...]<ref name= "bremmer1980"/></blockquote>

=== Persians ===
See in detail in [[Pederasty_in_Islam#Persia|Pederasty in Islam]]
<blockquote>It seems reasonable then to accept the occurrence of paederasty among the Persians - although it was forbidden - but our sources do not connect the practice with initiation or men's societies<ref name= "bremmer1980"/></blockquote>

==10th to 20th Century China==

An act similar to the "[[Age of Consent]]" was seen in ancient China. The punishment was quite severe, exile for misdemeanors, and hanged or beheaded for serious crimes.
In the Song Dynasty, the legal clause that "intercourse with young women is regarded as rape" began to appear.<ref>[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%85%92%E7%AB%A5%E6%80%A7%E8%99%90%E5%BE%85?oldformat=true#%E5%8F%A4%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B Chinese Wikipedia]</ref>

One historical study <ref>[http://library.lol/main/B05B07B0134835C2F53D030224C75608 Hinsch, Bret. (1990). ''Passions of the Cut Sleeve: The Male Homosexual Tradition in China'' (Berkeley: University of California Press).]</ref> of male same-sex love in China from the Zhou dynasty (start date of 1045/6 BC) to the Qing dynasty in the early twentieth century, dated as starting around 249 BC. Quoting a 1993 review thereof<ref>[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224499309551712 Review of 'Passions of the Cut Sleeve'']</ref>:

<blockquote>
''"Hinsch found that, before 1900, the dominant social construction for males in China was bisexual. Most Chinese men did not see themselves as being divided into strict categories of "homosexuals" and "heterosexuals" but evidenced a relaxed erotic attraction to both sexes. Wealthy married men or unmarried scholars often had a boy (ranging in age from as young as 9 to as old as 25 years) as a concubine, or they patronized boy prostitutes. Chinese philosophers wrote that it was better for a boy to sell his body, as a favorite or a prostitute, than to languish in poverty. Prostitution/concubinage represented one of the few opportunities for lower class boys to raise their economic status and to support their parents comfortably. If a boy became a beloved of a wealthy older man, he was some times offered material wealth or political office when he matured. His patron/lover might even arrange a heterosexual marriage for him and serve as best man at his wedding. Individuals who enjoyed male-male sex were not seen as distinct personality types but merely partook of certain "passions." These passions were termed "passions of the cut sleeve," after the devotion shown by Emperor Ai (ruler 6 B.C.E.-l C.E.), who cut the sleeve off his shirt rather than disturb the sleep of his beloved boy lover Dong Xian."''
</blockquote>

===600BC-1860===

From a [[Text of Pedo history: China|summary of historical research]], [[Edward Brongersma]] identified sadomasochistic trends and a dominant model of concubinage in pre-communist China. Some men were also invested in the boy achieving pleasure, and climax.

=== Until the first half of the last century ===
From the article of Emil M.L.Ng:<ref>Emil M.L.Ng (December 2002) [http://www.sexarchive.info/BIB/pedochin.htm Pedophilia from the Chinese Perspective] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20250129135819/http://www.sexarchive.info/BIB/pedochin.htm web.archive]); Probably from the book 'Pedophilia: Concepts and Controversy, Special Section of Archives of Sexual Behavior' by Kenneth J. Zucker (ed); Vol. 31, No. 6, pp. 465-510</ref>
<blockquote>
''Depictions of “child-romance” in ancient or modern Chinese literature are not difficult to find. They include passages on joyous heterosexual or homosexual activities by children as young as 12 to13 years old with one another or with adults. [...] Until the first half of the last century, there was still the practice of the “child bridegroom” in, but not restricted to, the Hubei region of China (Lou 1970). A male child of any age, even before birth, could by parental arrangement take an adult woman as a wife. The purpose could be to consolidate family status and relationship, or simply to have someone to help taking care of the child. After marriage, the couple slept in one bed like all other husbands and wives. No one would pay attention to what type of sexual relationship they might have and when. In the normal course of events, they would begin with those sex plays they were capable of and wanted, until one day, when the child was old enough to desire and do it, they had coitus. After the boy grew still older, he usually took a second wife closer to his age, but he would continue to keep, love and respect the first wife.''
</blockquote>

==Renaissance Italy (15th Century) ==
Florence was famed for its widespread homosexual culture, which manifested as a normative pederasty involving boys between the ages of thirteen and eighteen in relationship with adult men.<ref>At the margins: minority groups in premodern Italy By Stephen J. Milner; p62</ref> This reputation was so much that in 1432 the city established "Gli Ufficiali di Notte" (The Officers of the Night) to root out the practice of sodomy. From that year until 1502, the number of men charged with sodomy numbered greater than 17,000, of which 3,000 were convicted. However this number also includes heterosexual sodomy. This also gave rise to a number of proverbs illuminating the views of the common people towards the practice. Among them are ''If you crave joys, tumble some boys.'' <ref>Florentine proverb, ca. [[1480]]. After [[Sabadino degli Arienti]] in ''Le Porretane.''Michael Rocke, ''Forbidden friendships: Homosexuality and Male Culture in Renaissance Florence,'' Oxford, 1996; p.87</ref> This reputation is also reflected in the fact that the Germans adopted the word ''Florenzer'', when they were talking about a pederast.<ref>Rocke, Michael, (1996), ''[https://libgen.is/search.php?req=Forbidden+Friendships%3A+Homosexuality+and+male+Culture+in+Renaissance+Florence&lg_topic=libgen&open=0&view=simple&res=25&phrase=1&column=def Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and male Culture in Renaissance Florence]'', ISBN 978-0195122923</ref><ref>Ruggiero, Guido, (1985), ''The Boundaries of Eros'', ISBN 978-0195056969</ref> The Neapolitans on the other hand when speaking of pederasty, called it ''Il vizio inglese,'' "the English vice".<ref>[[Sir Richard Burton|R. F. Burton]], ''Terminal Essay''</ref>

From John A. Garrity's research:<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200807005522/http://williamapercy.com/wiki/index.php?title=Jack_Garridy Sexuality in the Lives of Florentine Renaissance Artists] by John A. Garrity (Jack Garridy) (in pdfs archived from Percy Wiki)</ref>

<blockquote>
''"Rocke concludes that up to two-thirds of all sexually active males in Florence were at least rumored to be involved in sodomitical activity. ''[...]'' Sodomy was so much the norm in Renaissance Florence that Rocke finds no “subculture” ''[...]'' the norm should be characterized as bisexual activity, a two or three on Kinsey scale. By the age of sixteen, a typical male was taking the passive role in sodomy with an older partner ''[...]'' Citizens accepted passivity as a normal part of adolescence to such an extent that eventually it was not even prosecuted. ''[...]'' The oldest active partners recorded were in their seventies. The youngest passives were eight years old. ''[...]'' By age thirty most men gave up their passion for youths and married women. ''[...]'' Overall, Rocke’s finds are surprisingly similar to the ancient Greeks ''[...]'' These male relationships were often mutual and romantic."''<ref>See Michael Rocke, [https://annas-archive.org/md5/ac0dab2ba53be8a3a5b6d8967749d7b7 ''Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and Male Culture in Renaissance Florence''] (Oxford University Press, 1998).</ref>
</blockquote>

From the article by Isabella Paduano:<ref>[https://www.theflorentine.net/2022/10/24/queer-history-florence/ The queer history of Florence] by Isabella Paduano (2022)</ref>

<blockquote>"[F]''or the people of Renaissance Florence, a man’s sexuality could be quite fluid, as long as it didn’t threaten his masculinity. This is why a practice now known as pederasty prevailed, where “mature” men (those over 20) would have sex with adolescent boys. Today, this age imbalance seems unacceptable, but at the time it was the norm, with any deviation threatening a man’s masculinity. This was an ancient tradition, dating back to the Greeks and Romans.''[...]'' The papers show that an outright majority of men in the city were incriminated for sodomy at least once: 17,000 men out of the city’s total population of 40,000 people."''
</blockquote>

Summary from Rind (2013)<ref name="Rind2013" />:
<blockquote>
The majority of younger men and adolescent boys in all classes (working to elite) in Florence and other Tuscan cities were involved. This practice represented an unbroken continuance of the ancient Roman practice. Despite severe penalties (e.g., torture, death) based on belief in God’s retribution, cases were often treated leniently (e.g., fines) through much of the Renaissance, a pragmatic response to its pervasiveness. Notables with pederastic interests: Donatello, Verrocchio, da Vinci, Botticelli, Pontormo, Bronzino, Cellini, and Caravaggio. The tradition was eroded through stepped-up religiously based anti-sodomy campaigns, especially Savonarola’s in the 1490s, along with harsher penalties with more determined enforcement. The tradition was also entrenched in other areas such as Venice. Sources: Crompton (2003); Moulton (2003); Rocke (1996); Ruggiero (1985); Saslow (1986, 1989)
</blockquote>

==14th-16th Century Japan==

In medieval [[Pederasty in Japanese culture|Japan]] (14th–16th centuries), it was customary for elite families to entrust their young sons to the care of renowned Buddhist priests from whom they received a premier education in Buddhist scriptures, poetry, music, and dance. When the boys reached adolescence, some underwent coming-of-age rites, others entered the priesthood, and several extended their education, becoming chigo, or Buddhist acolytes. Chigo served their masters as personal attendants and as sexual partners. During religious ceremonies—adorned in colorful robes, their faces made up and hair styled in long ponytails—they entertained local donors and pilgrims with music and dance.<ref>[https://wapercyfoundation.org/?p=1133 See the original and the William Percy Foundation's review of: Tales of Idolized Boys: Male-Male Love in Medieval Japanese Buddhist Narratives, by Sachi Schmidt-Hori]</ref>

''Nanshoku'' is the Japanese word for eroticism between adolescent and adult males during this time period and after, and such relationships are well-documented amongst the samurai and in literature. For example, Ihara Saikaku's collection of stories ''Nanshoku ōkagami: honchō waka fūzoku'' (The Great Mirror of Male Love: the Custom of Boy Love in Our Land). Nanshoku was depicted in erotica known as ''shunga'' (spring pictures). Kitagawa Utamaro produced shunga artwork, and although the government took relaxed attitude toward regulating visual art, one image earned Utamaro 50 days in manacles. ''Machiba Hisayoshi'' (c.1803-4) is a colored woodblock print of the ruler Hideyoshi leaning toward a pageboy, caressing the youth's wrist, with Utamaro being punished not because of the late shōgun's conduct but because representations of high nobility were forbidden. One of Japanese literature's great lovers was Ariwara no Narihira, protagonist of the classic ''Ise monogatari''. As a boy he was the subject of what became a well-known love poem, 'Iwatsutsuji' (Azaleas on the Cliffs), written by an unknown priest in the 9th century. Seven hundred and fifty years later, the shōgunate's poetry tutor, Kitamura Kigin, compiled an anthology intended to show this long tradition of idealized relations between male youths and men, naming it after the poem.<ref>[https://www.ipce.info/library_3/files/nanshoku_en.htm Nanshoku, Male-Male Eroticism in Japan. Koinos Magazine #40 (2003/4) and #41 (2004/1).]</ref>

Other scholarly sources for this time period include.<ref>Gary Leupp. ''Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan''. Gregory Pflugfelder. ''Cartographies of Desire: Male-Male Sexuality in Japanese Discourse, 1600-1950''.</ref> Another notable book is ''The Love of the Samurai: A Thousand Years of Japanese Homosexuality'' (1989), which details the institutionalized boy-love/pederasty of the Japanese samurai.<ref>''The Love of the Samurai: A Thousand Years of Japanese Homosexuality''. By Tsuneo Watanabe and Jun'ichi Iwata. Translated by D. R. Roberts.
Gay Men's Press, London, 1989.</ref> As one scholar summarized:

<blockquote>
''Each samurai took a pubescent boy as a page and assistant, and many of these wakashu youths became the lovers of their adult samurai sponsors. Since the samurai trained his wakashu to become a samurai (by about age 23), this homosexual relationship also fulfilled an educative function similar to the teacher-student Buddhist tradition.''

''Under the shoguns a new art form emerged which celebrated male beauty. In 1374 an eleven year old boy dancer ''[Zeami Motokiyo]''<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeami_Motokiyo Wiki page for Motokiyo]</ref> became the lover of the shogun, and under the shogun’s loving patronage he became a genius playwright and founder of the No theater for the shogun’s court.''<ref>[https://doi.org/10.3149/jms.0101.71 Walter L. Williams, 'From Samurai to Capitalist: Male Love, Men’s Roles, and the Rise Of Homophobia in Japan', ''Men's Studies'', Vol. 1, Issue 1 (1992), p. 73.]</ref>
</blockquote>

==15th-17th Century Europe==

[[Helmut Kentler]] observes:<ref>[https://www.boychat.org/messages/1634288.htm CHILDREN’S SEXUALITY, by Helmut Kentler], in the German edition of the book [[Show Me!]]. [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1DD05vy-WuM_-BH5tfbSswOXEQQt5OnYS37zhAtyx0x0/edit?tab=t.0#heading=h.r733n6h5ens]</ref>

<blockquote>
''Scientific research has, in the last decades, rediscovered and evaluated evidence from numerous sources, showing that in Central Europe through the 17th century a pro-sexual attitude prevailed that today – despite a liberalizing trend – would be seen as alien and dangerous and its revival prevented at all costs. J. van Ussel, one of the best authorities on pro-sexual manners and customs of that time, gives the following sketch:''

:''It was generally accepted that the satisfaction of the sex drive was necessary for good health. In some cities, brothels were set up by the authorities. Physicality was practiced in a way that we have forgotten today. People commonly touch, caress, hug and kiss; nurses and parents masturbate young children, to calm them. Older people have contact with young people that we would today call sexual. This self-satisfaction begins to be fought only at the start of the 18th Century by doctors and later by many clergy. Premarital and extramarital sexual relations are mainstreamed. Insufficient contraception (birth control) is condemned by the churches. The rulers and the aristocracy practice promiscuity, which is hardly ever criticized. Students and soldiers do what they please. The clergy are not exactly celibate. At home folks sleep naked, the whole family and the employees together in one room. Even in the bath house you’re naked. On ceremonial occasions the prettiest girls in the city are naked on display. A rich vocabulary for the sexual is available. The young people do not need sex education because they see the world of adults, experiencing and learning what they need to know.”''

''As a matter of course young children already knew sexual facts; this appears most clearly from a collection of dialogues, written in Latin by Erasmus of Rotterdam and published in 1522, dedicated to his then six-year-old godson. The title indicates the intention of the book: “Dialogues, not only put together to refine the Latin of the children, but above all for the purpose of education for life.”''
</blockquote>

==18th Century England==
Girls as young as 12 were highly-valued for their attractiveness as prostitutes in England during the 18th century. Young, pubescent boys were also popular. The [[Age of Consent]] was not raised from 10 until the 19th century.<ref name="bullough" />

==16th-17th Century Russia==
There is a lot of evidence of quite tolerant attitude toward boylove in some periods of the past in Russia:
<blockquote>
According to the Englishman Perry, who served in Russia under Peter I for several years, "the dreadful sin of sodomy is hardly considered a crime in this country; when drunk, they are very inclined to it." [...] It is likely that sodomy, which became widespread in Russian society during the 16th and 17th centuries, was borrowed by Russians from the Muslim East, particularly from Persia and Turkey. [Despite the fact that], as a precaution against this vice, a moral code for monks, introduced as early as the 14th century, included a provision stating that they should "not befriend young children or teach them from books." In the monastic rule of Joseph Volotsky, it was forbidden to keep "beardless youths" in monasteries. [editor's translation] <ref>[https://libgen.li/ads267edbd1c32fbbe3cd644e38adc1e285RC85NHNN Averkiyev S.S. (2015) Influence of the Tatars on the Life of the Russian People. pp. 175-180]</ref></blockquote>

==16th-17th Century Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas ==
<blockquote>
Among sixteenth and seventeenth century Mayans, missionaries reported a custom of youth-younger boy marriages. [...] Missionaries reported religious-based pederasty as common among the Aztecs and Incas. Sources: Greenberg (1988); Williams (1992)<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

== 19th Century Coerunas Indians of Brazil ==
<blockquote>
An apprentice healer would go into the woods for an extended time with an older healer, who would transmit his special powers to the youth through sexual relations and also directly instruct him on the art of curing illnesses. Source: Greenberg (1988) <ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

== 17th Century Caribbean Pirates ==
<blockquote>
Lived in all-male arrangements with mixed ages from young adolescents or younger through older men. Sexual relations between men, especially pirate captains (e.g., Blackbeard), and adolescent boys were common. Sources: Burg (1995); Williams (1992)<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

==19th and early 20th Century Hobos (USA)==
<blockquote>
Between 1880 and 1930, sexual relations between men and adolescent boys were commonplace among transient workers in the Pacific Northwest. Developing industries (e.g., lumber, mining) drew in large numbers of unmarried men and male youths from other parts of the United States to perform backbreaking work. They lived and worked in all-male societies, which fostered intergenerational sex (rather than age-equal sex). Their relations were social, not just sexual—the boys often served domestic functions for the men. In return, they got various benefits (e.g., advice, apprenticing, emotional support, safety, protection). By the 1930s, these all-male societies eroded, owing to mechanization (which reduced brute-strength work) and population expansion (with more women). These changes, along with constant policing activity (the middle class saw pederasty as a threat to their youth and the family), helped to dissolve the tradition. Sources: Boag, (2003); Flynt (1927); Williams (1992)<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

==19th Century Russia==

The Chuckchee in Northern Siberia - sex with boys was considered normal and in no way kept secret.

<blockquote>Young, handsome boys adorn themselves and flirt openly with their admirers. This is all the more striking because nothing impedes sex with girls and the boys themselves start to have heterosexual intercourse from ten years on.” (Wrangel, quoted by Erman 1871, 164).<ref>[https://brongersma.info/Loving_boys_I 'Loving Boys I'] by [[Edward Brongersma]]; 1986</ref></blockquote>

==19th Century Albania==

From Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe - ''Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature'', New York University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-8147-7468-7.<ref>[https://annas-archive.org/search?q=Islamic+Homosexualities Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe - ''Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature'', New York University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-8147-7468-7.]</ref>

<blockquote>
Albanian pederasty was a custom reported by numerous Western travellers in the nineteenth century including Edvard Westermarck, John Cam Hobhouse, who in his travel diary, reports that pederasty was "openly practised," and Johann Georg von Hahn, also known as "the father of Albanian studies." According to such reports it was commonly and socially accepted that young people between the ages of sixteen and twenty-four would woo children aged twelve to seventeen.<ref>[http://www.archiviolgbtq.it/fileadmin/documenti/luglio2006/naecke.pdf], [https://archive.org/details/warmbrothersquee00tobi], [https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pederastia_albanese#CITEREFRobert_Elsie_(2000)], [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_pEKOOuRWu00C]</ref>

In literature, the oldest lover is called ashik (from the Arabic word ishq, "passionate love") and the beloved, dyllber (from the Turkish dilber, "beautiful"). A Gheg Albanian married at the age of 24 or 25, and then usually, but not always, gave up love with boys.

The practice was limited with the advent of communism in 1944.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/nationalhealthsg0000unse]</ref>
</blockquote>

Murray's original quote included more references which could not be found online.

==America (Mid 19th-20th) Century ==

The ''Huffington Post'' wrote about Thomas Lowry's "The Story the Soldiers Wouldn't Tell: Sex in the Civil War":

:''"Chapter 11 of Lowry's book opens the closet door on gender-bending and same-sex trysts. And Lowry reveals that during the Civil War conventional gender roles and sexual behavior could not be strictly tethered to a heterosexual paradigm. With men outnumbering women, especially at social events like balls, "Drummer Boys" -- children as young as 9 and 10 years old -- dressed in drag. And in some occasions, the intimacy between soldiers and Drummer boys reached beyond just a public waltz. For example, Lowry references a ball put on by a Massachusetts regiment stationed in Virginia in 1864 about young drummer boys dressed as women. One man wrote to his wife: "Some of the real women went, but the boy girls were so much better looking that they left. ...We had some little Drummer Boys dressed up and I'll bet you could not tell them from girls if you did not know them. ...Some of ''[the Drummer Boys]'' looked good enough to lay with and I guess some of them did get laid with. ...I know I slept with mine.""''<ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/americas-gay-confederate-_b_851815 HuffPo - American Civil War]</ref>

==Native America, 1930s and prior==

George Devreux wrote in 1937:

:''"Casual homosexual relations in childhood were frequent in the past, and according to my informants, seem to be on the increase ''[...]'' Complete nudity and any lack of supervision, especially for boys, who remained naked until they reached puberty, combined with incessant sexual talk on the part of adults, must have furthered the desire for sex experience. ''[...]'' Adults seldom had sexual intercourse with children of their own sex, although betrothal of young girls to old men or seduction of very young boys by adult women was not rare."''<ref>Devereux, George. (1937). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41447338 Institutionalized homosexuality of the Mohave Indians]. ''Human Biology'', 9, pp. 498–527.</ref>

==Prewar (and postwar) Siwa, Egypt==

:''"In 1937 the anthropologist Walter Cline wrote the first detailed ethnography of the Siwans in which he noted: "All normal Siwan men and boys practice sodomy...among themselves the natives are not ashamed of this; they talk about it as openly as they talk about love of women, and many if not most of their fights arise from homosexual competition....Prominent men lend their sons to each other. All Siwans know the matings which have taken place among their sheiks and their sheiks' sons....Most of the boys used in sodomy are between twelve and eighteen years of age." After an expedition to Siwa, the archaeologist Count Byron de Prorok reported in 1937 "an enthusiasm [that] could not have been approached even in Sodom... Homosexuality was not merely rampant, it was raging...Every dancer had his boyfriend...[and] chiefs had harems of boys"."''<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siwa_Oasis De Porok, Count Byron (1936). In Quest of Lost Worlds. New York: Dutton. p. 64.]</ref><ref>[https://www.greek-love.com/near-east-north-africa/egypt/siwa-oasis-robin-maugham-pederasty THE OASIS OF SIWA IN 1947-8, BY ROBIN MAUGHAM]</ref><ref>[https://www.greek-love.com/near-east-north-africa/egypt/the-people-of-siwah-by-walter-cline NOTES ON THE PEOPLE OF SIWAH BY WALTER CLINE]</ref>

The socialist Gay/[[Boylove|BL]] activist and independent scholar [[David Thorstad]], wrote of his experience of Siwa for ''Gayme Magazine''.<ref>[http://williamapercy.com/wiki/images/Siwa_today.pdf Siwa Today - David Thorstad]</ref> He wrote:

:''"Probably the most stricking feature of Siwan sexuality is the traditional practice of men lending their sons to other men. Prior to 1928, this was sometimes accompanied by a written aggreement (known as a "marriage contract"), a dowry (much greater than the dowry for a girl), banquets and celebrations. ''[...]'' One investigator earlier in the century claimed that male children were preferred because they cost less to raise than girls, and that the boy was "a very fruitful source of profit for the father, not for the work he does, but because he is hired by his father to another man to be used as a catamite [i.e. a boy who has sex with men]. Sometimes two men exchange their sons. If they are asked about this, they are not ashamed to mention it".''

For this quote, Thorstad cites a source which is now used on Wikipedia's [[Wikipedia:Siwa_Oasis|Siwa page]]: Mahmud Mohammad Abd Allah, (1917).<ref>[https://archive.org/details/harvardafricans01deptgoog Mahmud Mohammad Abd Allah, (1917). Siwan Customs]. In ''Harvard African Studies'', 7, p. 7.</ref>

==Muslim societies of the 8th-19th centuries, and present Afghanistan==
<blockquote>
Pervasive in Muslim societies (North Africa, Western-Central Asia) eighth to nineteenth centuries; pederastic attractions seen just as normal as heterosexual ones; main interest in boys was early to mid-teens, peaking at about 14; appeal vanished with beard (about 16, 17); adult men scorned if passive partners in homosexual relationships; manly behavior was to be active (partner gender did not matter); staggering amount of love poetry shows obsession with boyish beauty, seen as comparable to women’s; poets attracted to boys constitutes a Who’s Who; desire for boys, but not behavior or lust, was permissible under Islam, but behavior was common nevertheless; tradition ended in late nineteenth century, because of Western colonialism, with its abhorrence of the tradition and the local embarrassment this created, along with local assimilation of European concepts and efforts to modernize. Sources: Baldauf (1988); Crompton (2003); Massad (2007); Murray & Roscoe (1998); Patanè (2006); Rahman (1989); Rouayheb (2005); Schild (1988); Wright & Rowson (1997)<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

As detailed in [[Pederasty in Islam]], Afghanistan is one of many Islamic cultures in which pederasty is practised with feminized boys. This derives from the strict gender segregation in Afghan society, and gives rise to the famous saying "women are for children, boys are for pleasure".<ref>[https://fuf.se/magasin/magapril-women-are-for-children-boys-are-for-pleasure/ Women are for children, boys are for pleasure]</ref>

==1960s, 1970s, Baltimore==

During these decades there were notable gay subcultures in America where young boys were allowed to have sexual interactions with men with little fear of ostracism or psychological trauma. Baltimore is one often recalled example of this.

==1960s, 1970s, Hippie Communes==

Inter- and intra-generational sex with minors was accommodated in late 20th century American hippie communes, but for children, sex was a pleasant distraction and not central to their leisure time. Details on these subcultures are covered by researchers such as Berger, Constantine and Johnston, cited in our [[Research: Activating Janssen|review project of Janssen's ''Growing Up Sexually'']].

==1960s, 1970s England==

As is common, when the sources of scandalous allegations are further investigated at a later date, the banality of the situation reveals itself. For example, with reference to Duncroft (Girls School), [[Mark Smith]] and Ros Burnett note "Accounts of the girls’ sexual experience and behaviour indicate a degree of agency in sexual activity, which challenges the current orthodoxy of them as victims of predatory adults. The former residents we spoke to did not regard themselves as victims and any sexual activity they might have entered into was considered to have been [[consent|consensual]] and in some cases initiated by the girls (although none claimed to have any knowledge of Savile being involved sexually with girls at Duncroft)."<ref>[https://sci-hub.se/10.1108/ijssp-03-2017-0029 The origins of the Jimmy Savile scandal]</ref>

Girls' (12-15) relationships with older boys and men were a cause for concern in the 70s, but were in most cases chalked off as cautions when they came to the attention of police. This was because the relationships were seen as normative/traditional or otherwise willingly engaged in by the girls.<ref>[https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-1971(79)80005-6 Mawby, R. I. (1979). Policing the age of consent. Journal of Adolescence, 2(1), 41–49]</ref>

Relationships of peribubertal boys with older boys were common in boarding schools :
<blockquote>
Deeply sentimentalized, erotically based attachments were common in many all-male private boarding schools before 1970s between older (about 17–18) and younger (about 12–13) boys; older teens sought “cute” boys, calling them “talent,” “crushes,” or “tarts;” younger boys competed to be selected (for the many favors, privileges it entailed); older-younger pairs exchanged notes, poetry, and other items of endearment; after graduating, most moved on to heterosexuality. Sources: Chandos (1984); Gathorne-Hardy (1978); Lambert & Lambert (1968); Lewis (1955); Nash (1961) <ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

==1970s, 1980s, Netherlands==

The Netherlands is a fairly recent example of a culture in which intergenerational sexual relationships were partially tolerated during a particularly liberal period of history. For some time, sexual relationships between a child above the age of 12 and an adult would remain legally immune to prosecution for as long as the younger partner, their parents or a welfare entity did not complain. Such authorities were much less inclined to lodge complaints during this period, leading to a markedly non-hysterical climate in which many such relationships succeeded. One writer to document such positive relationships was [[Theo Sandfort]], whose most famous study <ref>[http://www.ipce.info/host/sandfort_87/ Sandfort Study]</ref> remains an outstanding example of this unique period in time.

==1980s, 1990s, Thailand==

Professor Vicharn Vitiyasai of Chang Mai University emphasizes that, 'In Thai society, boys begin to buy women when they are around 13 years old; 50 per cent of 16-year-old boys and 90 per cent of university students go to brothels. Married men also think it natural to entertain business clients and friends by taking them to brothels, and they visit brothels themselves as a part of the joy of travel.'"<ref>Yayori Matsui, Women in the New Asia, 1999</ref>

==1980s, 1990s, Mexico==

In a [[Media:A pueblo homosexuality David Thorstad 1988.pdf|1988 Christopher Street Feature]], [[David Thorstad]] immerses himself in a rural Mexican community and finds that homosexuality is very much part of everyday life for younger men and boys. Sex work is also engaged in, but this is peripheral.

==General==
:''"As mentioned earlier, our Western civilization has not always believed that children should be protected from all sexual contact. In medieval Europe, children were still freely touched, caressed, and fondled by every member of the household. Particularly in rural areas, parents, nurses, or servants were accustomed to masturbating small children to please them or to keep them quiet. (This practice is also found in many non-European societies. In the United States today, it is still alive among the Hopi Indians.)"''<ref>[[Erwin Haeberle|Haeberle, Erwin J.]] (1983). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20120419005050/http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/ATLAS_EN/html/childhood_sex_play.html The Sex Atlas]''. The Continuum Publishing Company.</ref>

''Encyclopedia of Male Homosexual Poetry and its Reception History'' by [[Paul Knobel]]<ref>[http://www.sexarchive.info/BIB/hombib/ Encyclopedia of Male Homosexual Poetry and its Reception History] by [[Paul Knobel]] - free access encyclopedia at the Sexarchive by [[Erwin Haeberle]]; also see the work with Overview entries from this encyclopedia - [http://www.sexarchive.info/BIB/knobelworld.htm A World Overview of Male Homosexual Poetry] </ref> contains hundreds of mentions of dancing and singing boys tradition, along with sexual and romantic themes in poetry dedicated to them, in different cultures in history.

==Excerpt Graphic Library==

The EGL on '''Broader Perspectives''' has some relevant information. Just right click/save and reproduce by uploading in short-form media to bypass character limits.

{{Template:EGLBP}}

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Official Encyclopedia]][[Category:Research: Broader Perspectives]][[Category:Research into effects on Children]]

Research: Intergenerational Relationships in History

2026-07-28T18:46:57Z

Thorn: /* 17th Century Caribbean Pirates */

{{research}}
There have existed a wide range of western and non-western societies that have tolerated or encouraged intergenerational sexuality. More recent examples are generally ''subcultures'' which run counter to modern sexual morality.
__NOTOC__
==Antiquity==

Much has been written about the '''Ancient Greeks''' and their age-structured pederastic relationship ideals, yet there are many other past civilizations that loved boys.

*[https://greek-love.com/ Greek Love: Pederasty throughout the ages], gives a historical context on Ancient Greece and many other cultures
*[https://www.boywiki.org/en/Historical_boylove_relationships Historical BL Relationships] - BoyWiki - Historical BL Relationships
:*[https://www.boywiki.org/en/Historical_boylove_relationships_in_ancient_Rome Rome]
:*[https://www.boywiki.org/en/Historical_boylove_relationships_in_Japan Japan]
*[https://list.fandom.com/wiki/Pederastic_relationships_in_classical_antiquity Pederastic relationships in classical antiquity] - Fandom
*[[Pederasty in Islam]]

===Ancient Greece===

*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece Wikipedia]
*[https://www.boywiki.org/en/Historical_boylove_relationships_in_ancient_Greece BoyWiki]
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20100309132321/http://www.truthtree.com/pederasty.shtml Truthtree]

To certain parts of Greek society, relationships between men and adolescent boys were not only acceptable, but a desirable form of mentorship and (military) training towards the masculine ideal. As accounts reveal, rules and regulations within this model were particularly strict - arguably more so than in modern societies that condemn pederasty as pathological.

Many Greek men waited until they were about 30 years of age to marry. When they did marry, their partner would often be a girl of 12 or 14.<ref name="bullough">[[Vern Bullough|Bullough, Vern L.]] (2004). "Children and adolescents as sexual beings: a historical overview," ''Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America'', 13(3), 447-459.</ref>

It is certain that pederasty was already widespread in Greek culture in the early Archaic Age (600-800 BC). It had strong institutional character in Crete and Sparta and educational connotations in Athens, and seemingly was derived from earlier initiatory practices in history. It should not be confused with modern adult-adult homosexuality, since the relationships were structured by age and social asymmetry, and the younger participants were expected to marry later. Regarding sexual aspect, the younger participant occupied the passive role. On earlier black-figure vases, the scenes are much more explicit with the predominance of anal intercourse. On later red-figure vases, couples are often represented in an intercrural position, with contact between the thighs rather than a depicted anal act, but anal intercourse still appears to be implicitly assumed. Males generally quitted playing the passive role when their beards appeared.<ref name="bremmer2021"> Jan N. Bremmer (2021) [https://www.amazon.com/Becoming-Man-Ancient-Greece-Rome/dp/3161590082 Becoming a Man in Ancient Greece and Rome. Essays on Myths and Rituals of Initiation.] (available via [[Help:Research_Resources#Information_Freedom_Companions|OPTION 2]])</ref>

In the late Archaic period the male intergenerational institution was no longer dominated by mature adult men initiating adolescents into the adult male world. Younger men increasingly replaced older, adolescents were replaced by younger boys. At the same time, their courtship was represented less directly and more cautiously.<ref name="bremmer2021"/>

Historians including [[Jan Bremmer|Jan N. Bremmer]],<ref name="bremmer2021"/><ref>Jan N. Bremmer (1989) [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315770055-2/greek-pederasty-modern-homosexuality-jan-bremmer Greek Pederasty and Modern Homosexuality]. in: Jan N. Bremmer (ed.) (1989) From Sappho to De Sade: Moments in the History of Sexuality. (available via [[Help:Research_Resources#Information_Freedom_Companions|OPTION 2]])</ref><ref name= "bremmer1980">Bremmer, J. (1980). An enigmatic Indo-European rite: Paederasty. ''Arethusa'', 13(2), 279–298.</ref> Christian Laes,<ref>[https://www.christianlaes.be/ Christian Laes - Personal site]</ref><ref>[https://journals.univie.ac.at/index.php/oezg/article/view/3327 Laes, C. (2017). When Classicists Need to Speak Up: Antiquity and Present Day Pedophilia – Pederasty. ''Österreichische Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaften'', 28(3), 49–70].</ref><ref>Christian Laes, ''Children in the Roman Empire: Outsiders Within'' (Cambridge University Press, 2011).</ref><ref>; Christian Laes and Johan Strubbe, ''Youth in the Roman Empire: The Young and the Restless Years?'' (Cambridge University Press, 2014)</ref><ref>Christian Laes, 'Children and Sexuality: Roman World', in: Julia M. O'Brian (ed.), ''Oxford Encyclopedia of the Bible and Gender Studies'' (Oxford University Press, 2014), 38–42.</ref> [[wikipedia:Andrew Lear|Andrew Lear]],<ref>[https://library.lol/main/53872FCED674EC41DFC6B26B198D1F7F Eva Cantarella and Andrew Lear, ''Images of Pederasty: Boys Were Their God'' (Routledge, 2008)].</ref><ref>Andrew Lear, 'Was Pederasty Problematized? A Diachronic View', in: Mark Masterson/Nancy Sorkin Rabinowitz/James Robson (eds.), ''Sex in Antiquity: Exploring Gender and Sexuality in the Ancient World'' (London/New York, 2015), pp. 115–136.</ref><ref>[https://library.lol/main/35E193AC1C1DADA75905ADD4DE8E0098 Andrew Lear, ''Noble Eros: the idealization of pederasty from the Greek dark ages to the Athens of Socrates'' (2004, PhD Thesis)].</ref> [[Thomas Hubbard]], [[Beert Verstraete|Beert C. Verstraete]],<ref>[https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2009/2009.09.61/ Beert Verstraete, Review of 'The Greeks and Greek Love: A Radical Reappraisal of Homosexuality in Ancient Greece', ''Bryn Mawr Classical Review'', 3. Nov. 2009].</ref> and [[William Percy]], have conducted extensive research on Greek Pederasty and the life of children / young people in Greco-Roman society.

Also in ancient Sparta it was customary for adult noble women to have intercourse with beloved girls before their marriage. It may be considered proven that male paederasty in Sparta had a Lesbian counterpart in female initiation.<ref name= "bremmer1980"/> In the case of Sappho [Lesbos, 700 – 600 BCE] the same ritual background is visible with some evidence of erotic relationships between women and girls. Their relationships also expected to be nonexclusive, i.e. adult women had husbands and girls married men as they grew older.<ref> André Lardinois (1989) [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315770055-3/lesbian-sappho-sappho-lesbos-andr%C3%A9-lardinois Lesbian Sappho and Sappho of Lesbos ]. in: Jan N. Bremmer (ed.) (1989) From Sappho to De Sade: Moments in the History of Sexuality. (available via [[Help:Research_Resources#Information_Freedom_Companions|OPTION 2]])</ref>
<blockquote>
[Pederasty] Had mentoring function (prepared elite boys for adult roles as warriors, citizens). Boyish beauty repeatedly valorized in the arts (e.g., love poetry, pottery); body hair (face, legs) ended boys’ attractiveness; bisexual interests (women, boys) widespread; attraction to other adult men scorned. Notables with pederastic interests: poets (e.g., Alcaeus, Ibycus, Anacreon, Theognis, Pindar); playwrights (e.g., Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides); political leaders (e.g., Solon, Demosthenes, Agesilaus, Philip, Alexander); philosophers (e.g., Socrates, Plato, Zeno, Chrysippus). Eroded with rise of Christianity. Sources: Crompton (2003); Hubbard (2003); Lear (2004); Lear & Cantarella (2008) <ref name="Rind2013"> [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Rind, B. (2013). Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Thomas K Hubbard, Beert Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research: The Debate over Male Intergenerational Relations]]. (pp. 1-90) ''New York: Routledge.'' doi:10.4324/9781315432458</ref>
</blockquote>

=== Goths ===
<blockquote>
The historian Ammianus Marcellinus (31.9.5) [4th century CE] relates that among the Taifali, a tribe connected with the Goths, the boys lived in a state of pederasty until they had killed a boar or a bear.<ref name="bremmer2021"/>
</blockquote>

=== Romans ===
<blockquote>
Valerius Maximus presents a number of stories, the earliest going back to the fourth century [BCE], demonstrating that the practice was known to the Romans too, albeit disapproved of till the end of the Republic. By that time, paederastic friendships were frequently adopted in higher circles and even the moralistic Augustus had had his friend in his younger years. About the Empire we need not go into detail. Any reader of Juvenal, Martial and Petronius can find examples galore. [...] It is important to observe that the Romans explicitly forbid paederasty with free boys but not with slavess in the so-called lex Scantinia, a law dating probably from before Cicero's time [1st century BCE].<ref name= "bremmer1980"/>
</blockquote>

<blockquote>
Boyish beauty thematic in love poetry; attractions were to smooth, hairless bodies regardless of gender (for boys, from puberty to start of beard); exclusive attraction to one gender seen as eccentric; relations with other adult men seen as disgraceful. Notables with pederastic interests included: poets Catullus, Horace, Juvenal, Martial, Tibullus, and Virgil, and emperors Trajan and Hadrian. Tradition eroded with consolidation of Christian sexual morality. Sources: Cantarella (1992); Crompton (2003); Lambert (1984); Williams (1999)<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

=== Celts ===
<blockquote>Regarding the Celts, there is general agreement in our sources that they practiced paederasty. Athenaeus [II–III CE] even tells us that they often slept with two boys at the same time, but this looks as if it is a typical Greek dream-wish. This is the only detailed report we have that goes beyond the pure mention of the practice [...]<ref name= "bremmer1980"/></blockquote>

=== Persians ===
See in detail in [[Pederasty_in_Islam#Persia|Pederasty in Islam]]
<blockquote>It seems reasonable then to accept the occurrence of paederasty among the Persians - although it was forbidden - but our sources do not connect the practice with initiation or men's societies<ref name= "bremmer1980"/></blockquote>

==10th to 20th Century China==

An act similar to the "[[Age of Consent]]" was seen in ancient China. The punishment was quite severe, exile for misdemeanors, and hanged or beheaded for serious crimes.
In the Song Dynasty, the legal clause that "intercourse with young women is regarded as rape" began to appear.<ref>[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%85%92%E7%AB%A5%E6%80%A7%E8%99%90%E5%BE%85?oldformat=true#%E5%8F%A4%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B Chinese Wikipedia]</ref>

One historical study <ref>[http://library.lol/main/B05B07B0134835C2F53D030224C75608 Hinsch, Bret. (1990). ''Passions of the Cut Sleeve: The Male Homosexual Tradition in China'' (Berkeley: University of California Press).]</ref> of male same-sex love in China from the Zhou dynasty (start date of 1045/6 BC) to the Qing dynasty in the early twentieth century, dated as starting around 249 BC. Quoting a 1993 review thereof<ref>[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224499309551712 Review of 'Passions of the Cut Sleeve'']</ref>:

<blockquote>
''"Hinsch found that, before 1900, the dominant social construction for males in China was bisexual. Most Chinese men did not see themselves as being divided into strict categories of "homosexuals" and "heterosexuals" but evidenced a relaxed erotic attraction to both sexes. Wealthy married men or unmarried scholars often had a boy (ranging in age from as young as 9 to as old as 25 years) as a concubine, or they patronized boy prostitutes. Chinese philosophers wrote that it was better for a boy to sell his body, as a favorite or a prostitute, than to languish in poverty. Prostitution/concubinage represented one of the few opportunities for lower class boys to raise their economic status and to support their parents comfortably. If a boy became a beloved of a wealthy older man, he was some times offered material wealth or political office when he matured. His patron/lover might even arrange a heterosexual marriage for him and serve as best man at his wedding. Individuals who enjoyed male-male sex were not seen as distinct personality types but merely partook of certain "passions." These passions were termed "passions of the cut sleeve," after the devotion shown by Emperor Ai (ruler 6 B.C.E.-l C.E.), who cut the sleeve off his shirt rather than disturb the sleep of his beloved boy lover Dong Xian."''
</blockquote>

===600BC-1860===

From a [[Text of Pedo history: China|summary of historical research]], [[Edward Brongersma]] identified sadomasochistic trends and a dominant model of concubinage in pre-communist China. Some men were also invested in the boy achieving pleasure, and climax.

=== Until the first half of the last century ===
From the article of Emil M.L.Ng:<ref>Emil M.L.Ng (December 2002) [http://www.sexarchive.info/BIB/pedochin.htm Pedophilia from the Chinese Perspective] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20250129135819/http://www.sexarchive.info/BIB/pedochin.htm web.archive]); Probably from the book 'Pedophilia: Concepts and Controversy, Special Section of Archives of Sexual Behavior' by Kenneth J. Zucker (ed); Vol. 31, No. 6, pp. 465-510</ref>
<blockquote>
''Depictions of “child-romance” in ancient or modern Chinese literature are not difficult to find. They include passages on joyous heterosexual or homosexual activities by children as young as 12 to13 years old with one another or with adults. [...] Until the first half of the last century, there was still the practice of the “child bridegroom” in, but not restricted to, the Hubei region of China (Lou 1970). A male child of any age, even before birth, could by parental arrangement take an adult woman as a wife. The purpose could be to consolidate family status and relationship, or simply to have someone to help taking care of the child. After marriage, the couple slept in one bed like all other husbands and wives. No one would pay attention to what type of sexual relationship they might have and when. In the normal course of events, they would begin with those sex plays they were capable of and wanted, until one day, when the child was old enough to desire and do it, they had coitus. After the boy grew still older, he usually took a second wife closer to his age, but he would continue to keep, love and respect the first wife.''
</blockquote>

==Renaissance Italy (15th Century) ==
Florence was famed for its widespread homosexual culture, which manifested as a normative pederasty involving boys between the ages of thirteen and eighteen in relationship with adult men.<ref>At the margins: minority groups in premodern Italy By Stephen J. Milner; p62</ref> This reputation was so much that in 1432 the city established "Gli Ufficiali di Notte" (The Officers of the Night) to root out the practice of sodomy. From that year until 1502, the number of men charged with sodomy numbered greater than 17,000, of which 3,000 were convicted. However this number also includes heterosexual sodomy. This also gave rise to a number of proverbs illuminating the views of the common people towards the practice. Among them are ''If you crave joys, tumble some boys.'' <ref>Florentine proverb, ca. [[1480]]. After [[Sabadino degli Arienti]] in ''Le Porretane.''Michael Rocke, ''Forbidden friendships: Homosexuality and Male Culture in Renaissance Florence,'' Oxford, 1996; p.87</ref> This reputation is also reflected in the fact that the Germans adopted the word ''Florenzer'', when they were talking about a pederast.<ref>Rocke, Michael, (1996), ''[https://libgen.is/search.php?req=Forbidden+Friendships%3A+Homosexuality+and+male+Culture+in+Renaissance+Florence&lg_topic=libgen&open=0&view=simple&res=25&phrase=1&column=def Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and male Culture in Renaissance Florence]'', ISBN 978-0195122923</ref><ref>Ruggiero, Guido, (1985), ''The Boundaries of Eros'', ISBN 978-0195056969</ref> The Neapolitans on the other hand when speaking of pederasty, called it ''Il vizio inglese,'' "the English vice".<ref>[[Sir Richard Burton|R. F. Burton]], ''Terminal Essay''</ref>

From John A. Garrity's research:<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200807005522/http://williamapercy.com/wiki/index.php?title=Jack_Garridy Sexuality in the Lives of Florentine Renaissance Artists] by John A. Garrity (Jack Garridy) (in pdfs archived from Percy Wiki)</ref>

<blockquote>
''"Rocke concludes that up to two-thirds of all sexually active males in Florence were at least rumored to be involved in sodomitical activity. ''[...]'' Sodomy was so much the norm in Renaissance Florence that Rocke finds no “subculture” ''[...]'' the norm should be characterized as bisexual activity, a two or three on Kinsey scale. By the age of sixteen, a typical male was taking the passive role in sodomy with an older partner ''[...]'' Citizens accepted passivity as a normal part of adolescence to such an extent that eventually it was not even prosecuted. ''[...]'' The oldest active partners recorded were in their seventies. The youngest passives were eight years old. ''[...]'' By age thirty most men gave up their passion for youths and married women. ''[...]'' Overall, Rocke’s finds are surprisingly similar to the ancient Greeks ''[...]'' These male relationships were often mutual and romantic."''<ref>See Michael Rocke, [https://annas-archive.org/md5/ac0dab2ba53be8a3a5b6d8967749d7b7 ''Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and Male Culture in Renaissance Florence''] (Oxford University Press, 1998).</ref>
</blockquote>

From the article by Isabella Paduano:<ref>[https://www.theflorentine.net/2022/10/24/queer-history-florence/ The queer history of Florence] by Isabella Paduano (2022)</ref>

<blockquote>"[F]''or the people of Renaissance Florence, a man’s sexuality could be quite fluid, as long as it didn’t threaten his masculinity. This is why a practice now known as pederasty prevailed, where “mature” men (those over 20) would have sex with adolescent boys. Today, this age imbalance seems unacceptable, but at the time it was the norm, with any deviation threatening a man’s masculinity. This was an ancient tradition, dating back to the Greeks and Romans.''[...]'' The papers show that an outright majority of men in the city were incriminated for sodomy at least once: 17,000 men out of the city’s total population of 40,000 people."''
</blockquote>

Summary from Rind (2013)<ref name="Rind2013" />:
<blockquote>
The majority of younger men and adolescent boys in all classes (working to elite) in Florence and other Tuscan cities were involved. This practice represented an unbroken continuance of the ancient Roman practice. Despite severe penalties (e.g., torture, death) based on belief in God’s retribution, cases were often treated leniently (e.g., fines) through much of the Renaissance, a pragmatic response to its pervasiveness. Notables with pederastic interests: Donatello, Verrocchio, da Vinci, Botticelli, Pontormo, Bronzino, Cellini, and Caravaggio. The tradition was eroded through stepped-up religiously based anti-sodomy campaigns, especially Savonarola’s in the 1490s, along with harsher penalties with more determined enforcement. The tradition was also entrenched in other areas such as Venice. Sources: Crompton (2003); Moulton (2003); Rocke (1996); Ruggiero (1985); Saslow (1986, 1989)
</blockquote>

==14th-16th Century Japan==

In medieval [[Pederasty in Japanese culture|Japan]] (14th–16th centuries), it was customary for elite families to entrust their young sons to the care of renowned Buddhist priests from whom they received a premier education in Buddhist scriptures, poetry, music, and dance. When the boys reached adolescence, some underwent coming-of-age rites, others entered the priesthood, and several extended their education, becoming chigo, or Buddhist acolytes. Chigo served their masters as personal attendants and as sexual partners. During religious ceremonies—adorned in colorful robes, their faces made up and hair styled in long ponytails—they entertained local donors and pilgrims with music and dance.<ref>[https://wapercyfoundation.org/?p=1133 See the original and the William Percy Foundation's review of: Tales of Idolized Boys: Male-Male Love in Medieval Japanese Buddhist Narratives, by Sachi Schmidt-Hori]</ref>

''Nanshoku'' is the Japanese word for eroticism between adolescent and adult males during this time period and after, and such relationships are well-documented amongst the samurai and in literature. For example, Ihara Saikaku's collection of stories ''Nanshoku ōkagami: honchō waka fūzoku'' (The Great Mirror of Male Love: the Custom of Boy Love in Our Land). Nanshoku was depicted in erotica known as ''shunga'' (spring pictures). Kitagawa Utamaro produced shunga artwork, and although the government took relaxed attitude toward regulating visual art, one image earned Utamaro 50 days in manacles. ''Machiba Hisayoshi'' (c.1803-4) is a colored woodblock print of the ruler Hideyoshi leaning toward a pageboy, caressing the youth's wrist, with Utamaro being punished not because of the late shōgun's conduct but because representations of high nobility were forbidden. One of Japanese literature's great lovers was Ariwara no Narihira, protagonist of the classic ''Ise monogatari''. As a boy he was the subject of what became a well-known love poem, 'Iwatsutsuji' (Azaleas on the Cliffs), written by an unknown priest in the 9th century. Seven hundred and fifty years later, the shōgunate's poetry tutor, Kitamura Kigin, compiled an anthology intended to show this long tradition of idealized relations between male youths and men, naming it after the poem.<ref>[https://www.ipce.info/library_3/files/nanshoku_en.htm Nanshoku, Male-Male Eroticism in Japan. Koinos Magazine #40 (2003/4) and #41 (2004/1).]</ref>

Other scholarly sources for this time period include.<ref>Gary Leupp. ''Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan''. Gregory Pflugfelder. ''Cartographies of Desire: Male-Male Sexuality in Japanese Discourse, 1600-1950''.</ref> Another notable book is ''The Love of the Samurai: A Thousand Years of Japanese Homosexuality'' (1989), which details the institutionalized boy-love/pederasty of the Japanese samurai.<ref>''The Love of the Samurai: A Thousand Years of Japanese Homosexuality''. By Tsuneo Watanabe and Jun'ichi Iwata. Translated by D. R. Roberts.
Gay Men's Press, London, 1989.</ref> As one scholar summarized:

<blockquote>
''Each samurai took a pubescent boy as a page and assistant, and many of these wakashu youths became the lovers of their adult samurai sponsors. Since the samurai trained his wakashu to become a samurai (by about age 23), this homosexual relationship also fulfilled an educative function similar to the teacher-student Buddhist tradition.''

''Under the shoguns a new art form emerged which celebrated male beauty. In 1374 an eleven year old boy dancer ''[Zeami Motokiyo]''<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeami_Motokiyo Wiki page for Motokiyo]</ref> became the lover of the shogun, and under the shogun’s loving patronage he became a genius playwright and founder of the No theater for the shogun’s court.''<ref>[https://doi.org/10.3149/jms.0101.71 Walter L. Williams, 'From Samurai to Capitalist: Male Love, Men’s Roles, and the Rise Of Homophobia in Japan', ''Men's Studies'', Vol. 1, Issue 1 (1992), p. 73.]</ref>
</blockquote>

==15th-17th Century Europe==

[[Helmut Kentler]] observes:<ref>[https://www.boychat.org/messages/1634288.htm CHILDREN’S SEXUALITY, by Helmut Kentler], in the German edition of the book [[Show Me!]]. [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1DD05vy-WuM_-BH5tfbSswOXEQQt5OnYS37zhAtyx0x0/edit?tab=t.0#heading=h.r733n6h5ens]</ref>

<blockquote>
''Scientific research has, in the last decades, rediscovered and evaluated evidence from numerous sources, showing that in Central Europe through the 17th century a pro-sexual attitude prevailed that today – despite a liberalizing trend – would be seen as alien and dangerous and its revival prevented at all costs. J. van Ussel, one of the best authorities on pro-sexual manners and customs of that time, gives the following sketch:''

:''It was generally accepted that the satisfaction of the sex drive was necessary for good health. In some cities, brothels were set up by the authorities. Physicality was practiced in a way that we have forgotten today. People commonly touch, caress, hug and kiss; nurses and parents masturbate young children, to calm them. Older people have contact with young people that we would today call sexual. This self-satisfaction begins to be fought only at the start of the 18th Century by doctors and later by many clergy. Premarital and extramarital sexual relations are mainstreamed. Insufficient contraception (birth control) is condemned by the churches. The rulers and the aristocracy practice promiscuity, which is hardly ever criticized. Students and soldiers do what they please. The clergy are not exactly celibate. At home folks sleep naked, the whole family and the employees together in one room. Even in the bath house you’re naked. On ceremonial occasions the prettiest girls in the city are naked on display. A rich vocabulary for the sexual is available. The young people do not need sex education because they see the world of adults, experiencing and learning what they need to know.”''

''As a matter of course young children already knew sexual facts; this appears most clearly from a collection of dialogues, written in Latin by Erasmus of Rotterdam and published in 1522, dedicated to his then six-year-old godson. The title indicates the intention of the book: “Dialogues, not only put together to refine the Latin of the children, but above all for the purpose of education for life.”''
</blockquote>

==18th Century England==
Girls as young as 12 were highly-valued for their attractiveness as prostitutes in England during the 18th century. Young, pubescent boys were also popular. The [[Age of Consent]] was not raised from 10 until the 19th century.<ref name="bullough" />

==16th-17th Century Russia==
There is a lot of evidence of quite tolerant attitude toward boylove in some periods of the past in Russia:
<blockquote>
According to the Englishman Perry, who served in Russia under Peter I for several years, "the dreadful sin of sodomy is hardly considered a crime in this country; when drunk, they are very inclined to it." [...] It is likely that sodomy, which became widespread in Russian society during the 16th and 17th centuries, was borrowed by Russians from the Muslim East, particularly from Persia and Turkey. [Despite the fact that], as a precaution against this vice, a moral code for monks, introduced as early as the 14th century, included a provision stating that they should "not befriend young children or teach them from books." In the monastic rule of Joseph Volotsky, it was forbidden to keep "beardless youths" in monasteries. [editor's translation] <ref>[https://libgen.li/ads267edbd1c32fbbe3cd644e38adc1e285RC85NHNN Averkiyev S.S. (2015) Influence of the Tatars on the Life of the Russian People. pp. 175-180]</ref></blockquote>

==16th-17th Century Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas ==
<blockquote>
Among sixteenth and seventeenth century Mayans, missionaries reported a custom of youth-younger boy marriages. [...] Missionaries reported religious-based pederasty as common among the Aztecs and Incas. Sources: Greenberg (1988); Williams (1992)<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

== 19th Century Coerunas Indians of Brazil ==
<blockquote>
An apprentice healer would go into the woods for an extended time with an older healer, who would transmit his special powers to the youth through sexual relations and also directly instruct him on the art of curing illnesses. Source: Greenberg (1988) <ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

== 17th Century Caribbean Pirates ==
<blockquote>
Lived in all-male arrangements with mixed ages from young adolescents or younger through older men. Sexual relations between men, especially pirate captains (e.g., Blackbeard), and adolescent boys were common. Sources: Burg (1995); Williams (1992)<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

==19th and early 20th Century Hobos (USA)==
<blockquote>
Between 1880 and 1930, sexual relations between men and adolescent boys were commonplace among transient workers in the Pacific Northwest. Developing industries (e.g., lumber, mining) drew in large numbers of unmarried men and male youths from other parts of the United States to perform backbreaking work. They lived and worked in all-male societies, which fostered intergenerational sex (rather than age-equal sex). Their relations were social, not just sexual—the boys often served domestic functions for the men. In return, they got various benefits (e.g., advice, apprenticing, emotional support, safety, protection). By the 1930s, these all-male societies eroded, owing to mechanization (which reduced brute-strength work) and population expansion (with more women). These changes, along with constant policing activity (the middle class saw pederasty as a threat to their youth and the family), helped to dissolve the tradition. Sources: Boag, (2003); Flynt (1927); Williams (1992)
name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

==19th Century Russia==

The Chuckchee in Northern Siberia - sex with boys was considered normal and in no way kept secret.

<blockquote>Young, handsome boys adorn themselves and flirt openly with their admirers. This is all the more striking because nothing impedes sex with girls and the boys themselves start to have heterosexual intercourse from ten years on.” (Wrangel, quoted by Erman 1871, 164).<ref>[https://brongersma.info/Loving_boys_I 'Loving Boys I'] by [[Edward Brongersma]]; 1986</ref></blockquote>

==19th Century Albania==

From Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe - ''Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature'', New York University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-8147-7468-7.<ref>[https://annas-archive.org/search?q=Islamic+Homosexualities Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe - ''Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature'', New York University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-8147-7468-7.]</ref>

<blockquote>
Albanian pederasty was a custom reported by numerous Western travellers in the nineteenth century including Edvard Westermarck, John Cam Hobhouse, who in his travel diary, reports that pederasty was "openly practised," and Johann Georg von Hahn, also known as "the father of Albanian studies." According to such reports it was commonly and socially accepted that young people between the ages of sixteen and twenty-four would woo children aged twelve to seventeen.<ref>[http://www.archiviolgbtq.it/fileadmin/documenti/luglio2006/naecke.pdf], [https://archive.org/details/warmbrothersquee00tobi], [https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pederastia_albanese#CITEREFRobert_Elsie_(2000)], [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_pEKOOuRWu00C]</ref>

In literature, the oldest lover is called ashik (from the Arabic word ishq, "passionate love") and the beloved, dyllber (from the Turkish dilber, "beautiful"). A Gheg Albanian married at the age of 24 or 25, and then usually, but not always, gave up love with boys.

The practice was limited with the advent of communism in 1944.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/nationalhealthsg0000unse]</ref>
</blockquote>

Murray's original quote included more references which could not be found online.

==America (Mid 19th-20th) Century ==

The ''Huffington Post'' wrote about Thomas Lowry's "The Story the Soldiers Wouldn't Tell: Sex in the Civil War":

:''"Chapter 11 of Lowry's book opens the closet door on gender-bending and same-sex trysts. And Lowry reveals that during the Civil War conventional gender roles and sexual behavior could not be strictly tethered to a heterosexual paradigm. With men outnumbering women, especially at social events like balls, "Drummer Boys" -- children as young as 9 and 10 years old -- dressed in drag. And in some occasions, the intimacy between soldiers and Drummer boys reached beyond just a public waltz. For example, Lowry references a ball put on by a Massachusetts regiment stationed in Virginia in 1864 about young drummer boys dressed as women. One man wrote to his wife: "Some of the real women went, but the boy girls were so much better looking that they left. ...We had some little Drummer Boys dressed up and I'll bet you could not tell them from girls if you did not know them. ...Some of ''[the Drummer Boys]'' looked good enough to lay with and I guess some of them did get laid with. ...I know I slept with mine.""''<ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/americas-gay-confederate-_b_851815 HuffPo - American Civil War]</ref>

==Native America, 1930s and prior==

George Devreux wrote in 1937:

:''"Casual homosexual relations in childhood were frequent in the past, and according to my informants, seem to be on the increase ''[...]'' Complete nudity and any lack of supervision, especially for boys, who remained naked until they reached puberty, combined with incessant sexual talk on the part of adults, must have furthered the desire for sex experience. ''[...]'' Adults seldom had sexual intercourse with children of their own sex, although betrothal of young girls to old men or seduction of very young boys by adult women was not rare."''<ref>Devereux, George. (1937). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41447338 Institutionalized homosexuality of the Mohave Indians]. ''Human Biology'', 9, pp. 498–527.</ref>

==Prewar (and postwar) Siwa, Egypt==

:''"In 1937 the anthropologist Walter Cline wrote the first detailed ethnography of the Siwans in which he noted: "All normal Siwan men and boys practice sodomy...among themselves the natives are not ashamed of this; they talk about it as openly as they talk about love of women, and many if not most of their fights arise from homosexual competition....Prominent men lend their sons to each other. All Siwans know the matings which have taken place among their sheiks and their sheiks' sons....Most of the boys used in sodomy are between twelve and eighteen years of age." After an expedition to Siwa, the archaeologist Count Byron de Prorok reported in 1937 "an enthusiasm [that] could not have been approached even in Sodom... Homosexuality was not merely rampant, it was raging...Every dancer had his boyfriend...[and] chiefs had harems of boys"."''<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siwa_Oasis De Porok, Count Byron (1936). In Quest of Lost Worlds. New York: Dutton. p. 64.]</ref><ref>[https://www.greek-love.com/near-east-north-africa/egypt/siwa-oasis-robin-maugham-pederasty THE OASIS OF SIWA IN 1947-8, BY ROBIN MAUGHAM]</ref><ref>[https://www.greek-love.com/near-east-north-africa/egypt/the-people-of-siwah-by-walter-cline NOTES ON THE PEOPLE OF SIWAH BY WALTER CLINE]</ref>

The socialist Gay/[[Boylove|BL]] activist and independent scholar [[David Thorstad]], wrote of his experience of Siwa for ''Gayme Magazine''.<ref>[http://williamapercy.com/wiki/images/Siwa_today.pdf Siwa Today - David Thorstad]</ref> He wrote:

:''"Probably the most stricking feature of Siwan sexuality is the traditional practice of men lending their sons to other men. Prior to 1928, this was sometimes accompanied by a written aggreement (known as a "marriage contract"), a dowry (much greater than the dowry for a girl), banquets and celebrations. ''[...]'' One investigator earlier in the century claimed that male children were preferred because they cost less to raise than girls, and that the boy was "a very fruitful source of profit for the father, not for the work he does, but because he is hired by his father to another man to be used as a catamite [i.e. a boy who has sex with men]. Sometimes two men exchange their sons. If they are asked about this, they are not ashamed to mention it".''

For this quote, Thorstad cites a source which is now used on Wikipedia's [[Wikipedia:Siwa_Oasis|Siwa page]]: Mahmud Mohammad Abd Allah, (1917).<ref>[https://archive.org/details/harvardafricans01deptgoog Mahmud Mohammad Abd Allah, (1917). Siwan Customs]. In ''Harvard African Studies'', 7, p. 7.</ref>

==Muslim societies of the 8th-19th centuries, and present Afghanistan==
<blockquote>
Pervasive in Muslim societies (North Africa, Western-Central Asia) eighth to nineteenth centuries; pederastic attractions seen just as normal as heterosexual ones; main interest in boys was early to mid-teens, peaking at about 14; appeal vanished with beard (about 16, 17); adult men scorned if passive partners in homosexual relationships; manly behavior was to be active (partner gender did not matter); staggering amount of love poetry shows obsession with boyish beauty, seen as comparable to women’s; poets attracted to boys constitutes a Who’s Who; desire for boys, but not behavior or lust, was permissible under Islam, but behavior was common nevertheless; tradition ended in late nineteenth century, because of Western colonialism, with its abhorrence of the tradition and the local embarrassment this created, along with local assimilation of European concepts and efforts to modernize. Sources: Baldauf (1988); Crompton (2003); Massad (2007); Murray & Roscoe (1998); Patanè (2006); Rahman (1989); Rouayheb (2005); Schild (1988); Wright & Rowson (1997)<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

As detailed in [[Pederasty in Islam]], Afghanistan is one of many Islamic cultures in which pederasty is practised with feminized boys. This derives from the strict gender segregation in Afghan society, and gives rise to the famous saying "women are for children, boys are for pleasure".<ref>[https://fuf.se/magasin/magapril-women-are-for-children-boys-are-for-pleasure/ Women are for children, boys are for pleasure]</ref>

==1960s, 1970s, Baltimore==

During these decades there were notable gay subcultures in America where young boys were allowed to have sexual interactions with men with little fear of ostracism or psychological trauma. Baltimore is one often recalled example of this.

==1960s, 1970s, Hippie Communes==

Inter- and intra-generational sex with minors was accommodated in late 20th century American hippie communes, but for children, sex was a pleasant distraction and not central to their leisure time. Details on these subcultures are covered by researchers such as Berger, Constantine and Johnston, cited in our [[Research: Activating Janssen|review project of Janssen's ''Growing Up Sexually'']].

==1960s, 1970s England==

As is common, when the sources of scandalous allegations are further investigated at a later date, the banality of the situation reveals itself. For example, with reference to Duncroft (Girls School), [[Mark Smith]] and Ros Burnett note "Accounts of the girls’ sexual experience and behaviour indicate a degree of agency in sexual activity, which challenges the current orthodoxy of them as victims of predatory adults. The former residents we spoke to did not regard themselves as victims and any sexual activity they might have entered into was considered to have been [[consent|consensual]] and in some cases initiated by the girls (although none claimed to have any knowledge of Savile being involved sexually with girls at Duncroft)."<ref>[https://sci-hub.se/10.1108/ijssp-03-2017-0029 The origins of the Jimmy Savile scandal]</ref>

Girls' (12-15) relationships with older boys and men were a cause for concern in the 70s, but were in most cases chalked off as cautions when they came to the attention of police. This was because the relationships were seen as normative/traditional or otherwise willingly engaged in by the girls.<ref>[https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-1971(79)80005-6 Mawby, R. I. (1979). Policing the age of consent. Journal of Adolescence, 2(1), 41–49]</ref>

Relationships of peribubertal boys with older boys were common in boarding schools :
<blockquote>
Deeply sentimentalized, erotically based attachments were common in many all-male private boarding schools before 1970s between older (about 17–18) and younger (about 12–13) boys; older teens sought “cute” boys, calling them “talent,” “crushes,” or “tarts;” younger boys competed to be selected (for the many favors, privileges it entailed); older-younger pairs exchanged notes, poetry, and other items of endearment; after graduating, most moved on to heterosexuality. Sources: Chandos (1984); Gathorne-Hardy (1978); Lambert & Lambert (1968); Lewis (1955); Nash (1961) <ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

==1970s, 1980s, Netherlands==

The Netherlands is a fairly recent example of a culture in which intergenerational sexual relationships were partially tolerated during a particularly liberal period of history. For some time, sexual relationships between a child above the age of 12 and an adult would remain legally immune to prosecution for as long as the younger partner, their parents or a welfare entity did not complain. Such authorities were much less inclined to lodge complaints during this period, leading to a markedly non-hysterical climate in which many such relationships succeeded. One writer to document such positive relationships was [[Theo Sandfort]], whose most famous study <ref>[http://www.ipce.info/host/sandfort_87/ Sandfort Study]</ref> remains an outstanding example of this unique period in time.

==1980s, 1990s, Thailand==

Professor Vicharn Vitiyasai of Chang Mai University emphasizes that, 'In Thai society, boys begin to buy women when they are around 13 years old; 50 per cent of 16-year-old boys and 90 per cent of university students go to brothels. Married men also think it natural to entertain business clients and friends by taking them to brothels, and they visit brothels themselves as a part of the joy of travel.'"<ref>Yayori Matsui, Women in the New Asia, 1999</ref>

==1980s, 1990s, Mexico==

In a [[Media:A pueblo homosexuality David Thorstad 1988.pdf|1988 Christopher Street Feature]], [[David Thorstad]] immerses himself in a rural Mexican community and finds that homosexuality is very much part of everyday life for younger men and boys. Sex work is also engaged in, but this is peripheral.

==General==
:''"As mentioned earlier, our Western civilization has not always believed that children should be protected from all sexual contact. In medieval Europe, children were still freely touched, caressed, and fondled by every member of the household. Particularly in rural areas, parents, nurses, or servants were accustomed to masturbating small children to please them or to keep them quiet. (This practice is also found in many non-European societies. In the United States today, it is still alive among the Hopi Indians.)"''<ref>[[Erwin Haeberle|Haeberle, Erwin J.]] (1983). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20120419005050/http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/ATLAS_EN/html/childhood_sex_play.html The Sex Atlas]''. The Continuum Publishing Company.</ref>

''Encyclopedia of Male Homosexual Poetry and its Reception History'' by [[Paul Knobel]]<ref>[http://www.sexarchive.info/BIB/hombib/ Encyclopedia of Male Homosexual Poetry and its Reception History] by [[Paul Knobel]] - free access encyclopedia at the Sexarchive by [[Erwin Haeberle]]; also see the work with Overview entries from this encyclopedia - [http://www.sexarchive.info/BIB/knobelworld.htm A World Overview of Male Homosexual Poetry] </ref> contains hundreds of mentions of dancing and singing boys tradition, along with sexual and romantic themes in poetry dedicated to them, in different cultures in history.

==Excerpt Graphic Library==

The EGL on '''Broader Perspectives''' has some relevant information. Just right click/save and reproduce by uploading in short-form media to bypass character limits.

{{Template:EGLBP}}

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Official Encyclopedia]][[Category:Research: Broader Perspectives]][[Category:Research into effects on Children]]

Research: Intergenerational Relationships in History

2026-07-28T18:46:13Z

Thorn: /* 16th-17th Century Russia */

{{research}}
There have existed a wide range of western and non-western societies that have tolerated or encouraged intergenerational sexuality. More recent examples are generally ''subcultures'' which run counter to modern sexual morality.
__NOTOC__
==Antiquity==

Much has been written about the '''Ancient Greeks''' and their age-structured pederastic relationship ideals, yet there are many other past civilizations that loved boys.

*[https://greek-love.com/ Greek Love: Pederasty throughout the ages], gives a historical context on Ancient Greece and many other cultures
*[https://www.boywiki.org/en/Historical_boylove_relationships Historical BL Relationships] - BoyWiki - Historical BL Relationships
:*[https://www.boywiki.org/en/Historical_boylove_relationships_in_ancient_Rome Rome]
:*[https://www.boywiki.org/en/Historical_boylove_relationships_in_Japan Japan]
*[https://list.fandom.com/wiki/Pederastic_relationships_in_classical_antiquity Pederastic relationships in classical antiquity] - Fandom
*[[Pederasty in Islam]]

===Ancient Greece===

*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece Wikipedia]
*[https://www.boywiki.org/en/Historical_boylove_relationships_in_ancient_Greece BoyWiki]
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20100309132321/http://www.truthtree.com/pederasty.shtml Truthtree]

To certain parts of Greek society, relationships between men and adolescent boys were not only acceptable, but a desirable form of mentorship and (military) training towards the masculine ideal. As accounts reveal, rules and regulations within this model were particularly strict - arguably more so than in modern societies that condemn pederasty as pathological.

Many Greek men waited until they were about 30 years of age to marry. When they did marry, their partner would often be a girl of 12 or 14.<ref name="bullough">[[Vern Bullough|Bullough, Vern L.]] (2004). "Children and adolescents as sexual beings: a historical overview," ''Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America'', 13(3), 447-459.</ref>

It is certain that pederasty was already widespread in Greek culture in the early Archaic Age (600-800 BC). It had strong institutional character in Crete and Sparta and educational connotations in Athens, and seemingly was derived from earlier initiatory practices in history. It should not be confused with modern adult-adult homosexuality, since the relationships were structured by age and social asymmetry, and the younger participants were expected to marry later. Regarding sexual aspect, the younger participant occupied the passive role. On earlier black-figure vases, the scenes are much more explicit with the predominance of anal intercourse. On later red-figure vases, couples are often represented in an intercrural position, with contact between the thighs rather than a depicted anal act, but anal intercourse still appears to be implicitly assumed. Males generally quitted playing the passive role when their beards appeared.<ref name="bremmer2021"> Jan N. Bremmer (2021) [https://www.amazon.com/Becoming-Man-Ancient-Greece-Rome/dp/3161590082 Becoming a Man in Ancient Greece and Rome. Essays on Myths and Rituals of Initiation.] (available via [[Help:Research_Resources#Information_Freedom_Companions|OPTION 2]])</ref>

In the late Archaic period the male intergenerational institution was no longer dominated by mature adult men initiating adolescents into the adult male world. Younger men increasingly replaced older, adolescents were replaced by younger boys. At the same time, their courtship was represented less directly and more cautiously.<ref name="bremmer2021"/>

Historians including [[Jan Bremmer|Jan N. Bremmer]],<ref name="bremmer2021"/><ref>Jan N. Bremmer (1989) [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315770055-2/greek-pederasty-modern-homosexuality-jan-bremmer Greek Pederasty and Modern Homosexuality]. in: Jan N. Bremmer (ed.) (1989) From Sappho to De Sade: Moments in the History of Sexuality. (available via [[Help:Research_Resources#Information_Freedom_Companions|OPTION 2]])</ref><ref name= "bremmer1980">Bremmer, J. (1980). An enigmatic Indo-European rite: Paederasty. ''Arethusa'', 13(2), 279–298.</ref> Christian Laes,<ref>[https://www.christianlaes.be/ Christian Laes - Personal site]</ref><ref>[https://journals.univie.ac.at/index.php/oezg/article/view/3327 Laes, C. (2017). When Classicists Need to Speak Up: Antiquity and Present Day Pedophilia – Pederasty. ''Österreichische Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaften'', 28(3), 49–70].</ref><ref>Christian Laes, ''Children in the Roman Empire: Outsiders Within'' (Cambridge University Press, 2011).</ref><ref>; Christian Laes and Johan Strubbe, ''Youth in the Roman Empire: The Young and the Restless Years?'' (Cambridge University Press, 2014)</ref><ref>Christian Laes, 'Children and Sexuality: Roman World', in: Julia M. O'Brian (ed.), ''Oxford Encyclopedia of the Bible and Gender Studies'' (Oxford University Press, 2014), 38–42.</ref> [[wikipedia:Andrew Lear|Andrew Lear]],<ref>[https://library.lol/main/53872FCED674EC41DFC6B26B198D1F7F Eva Cantarella and Andrew Lear, ''Images of Pederasty: Boys Were Their God'' (Routledge, 2008)].</ref><ref>Andrew Lear, 'Was Pederasty Problematized? A Diachronic View', in: Mark Masterson/Nancy Sorkin Rabinowitz/James Robson (eds.), ''Sex in Antiquity: Exploring Gender and Sexuality in the Ancient World'' (London/New York, 2015), pp. 115–136.</ref><ref>[https://library.lol/main/35E193AC1C1DADA75905ADD4DE8E0098 Andrew Lear, ''Noble Eros: the idealization of pederasty from the Greek dark ages to the Athens of Socrates'' (2004, PhD Thesis)].</ref> [[Thomas Hubbard]], [[Beert Verstraete|Beert C. Verstraete]],<ref>[https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2009/2009.09.61/ Beert Verstraete, Review of 'The Greeks and Greek Love: A Radical Reappraisal of Homosexuality in Ancient Greece', ''Bryn Mawr Classical Review'', 3. Nov. 2009].</ref> and [[William Percy]], have conducted extensive research on Greek Pederasty and the life of children / young people in Greco-Roman society.

Also in ancient Sparta it was customary for adult noble women to have intercourse with beloved girls before their marriage. It may be considered proven that male paederasty in Sparta had a Lesbian counterpart in female initiation.<ref name= "bremmer1980"/> In the case of Sappho [Lesbos, 700 – 600 BCE] the same ritual background is visible with some evidence of erotic relationships between women and girls. Their relationships also expected to be nonexclusive, i.e. adult women had husbands and girls married men as they grew older.<ref> André Lardinois (1989) [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315770055-3/lesbian-sappho-sappho-lesbos-andr%C3%A9-lardinois Lesbian Sappho and Sappho of Lesbos ]. in: Jan N. Bremmer (ed.) (1989) From Sappho to De Sade: Moments in the History of Sexuality. (available via [[Help:Research_Resources#Information_Freedom_Companions|OPTION 2]])</ref>
<blockquote>
[Pederasty] Had mentoring function (prepared elite boys for adult roles as warriors, citizens). Boyish beauty repeatedly valorized in the arts (e.g., love poetry, pottery); body hair (face, legs) ended boys’ attractiveness; bisexual interests (women, boys) widespread; attraction to other adult men scorned. Notables with pederastic interests: poets (e.g., Alcaeus, Ibycus, Anacreon, Theognis, Pindar); playwrights (e.g., Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides); political leaders (e.g., Solon, Demosthenes, Agesilaus, Philip, Alexander); philosophers (e.g., Socrates, Plato, Zeno, Chrysippus). Eroded with rise of Christianity. Sources: Crompton (2003); Hubbard (2003); Lear (2004); Lear & Cantarella (2008) <ref name="Rind2013"> [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Rind, B. (2013). Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Thomas K Hubbard, Beert Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research: The Debate over Male Intergenerational Relations]]. (pp. 1-90) ''New York: Routledge.'' doi:10.4324/9781315432458</ref>
</blockquote>

=== Goths ===
<blockquote>
The historian Ammianus Marcellinus (31.9.5) [4th century CE] relates that among the Taifali, a tribe connected with the Goths, the boys lived in a state of pederasty until they had killed a boar or a bear.<ref name="bremmer2021"/>
</blockquote>

=== Romans ===
<blockquote>
Valerius Maximus presents a number of stories, the earliest going back to the fourth century [BCE], demonstrating that the practice was known to the Romans too, albeit disapproved of till the end of the Republic. By that time, paederastic friendships were frequently adopted in higher circles and even the moralistic Augustus had had his friend in his younger years. About the Empire we need not go into detail. Any reader of Juvenal, Martial and Petronius can find examples galore. [...] It is important to observe that the Romans explicitly forbid paederasty with free boys but not with slavess in the so-called lex Scantinia, a law dating probably from before Cicero's time [1st century BCE].<ref name= "bremmer1980"/>
</blockquote>

<blockquote>
Boyish beauty thematic in love poetry; attractions were to smooth, hairless bodies regardless of gender (for boys, from puberty to start of beard); exclusive attraction to one gender seen as eccentric; relations with other adult men seen as disgraceful. Notables with pederastic interests included: poets Catullus, Horace, Juvenal, Martial, Tibullus, and Virgil, and emperors Trajan and Hadrian. Tradition eroded with consolidation of Christian sexual morality. Sources: Cantarella (1992); Crompton (2003); Lambert (1984); Williams (1999)<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

=== Celts ===
<blockquote>Regarding the Celts, there is general agreement in our sources that they practiced paederasty. Athenaeus [II–III CE] even tells us that they often slept with two boys at the same time, but this looks as if it is a typical Greek dream-wish. This is the only detailed report we have that goes beyond the pure mention of the practice [...]<ref name= "bremmer1980"/></blockquote>

=== Persians ===
See in detail in [[Pederasty_in_Islam#Persia|Pederasty in Islam]]
<blockquote>It seems reasonable then to accept the occurrence of paederasty among the Persians - although it was forbidden - but our sources do not connect the practice with initiation or men's societies<ref name= "bremmer1980"/></blockquote>

==10th to 20th Century China==

An act similar to the "[[Age of Consent]]" was seen in ancient China. The punishment was quite severe, exile for misdemeanors, and hanged or beheaded for serious crimes.
In the Song Dynasty, the legal clause that "intercourse with young women is regarded as rape" began to appear.<ref>[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%85%92%E7%AB%A5%E6%80%A7%E8%99%90%E5%BE%85?oldformat=true#%E5%8F%A4%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B Chinese Wikipedia]</ref>

One historical study <ref>[http://library.lol/main/B05B07B0134835C2F53D030224C75608 Hinsch, Bret. (1990). ''Passions of the Cut Sleeve: The Male Homosexual Tradition in China'' (Berkeley: University of California Press).]</ref> of male same-sex love in China from the Zhou dynasty (start date of 1045/6 BC) to the Qing dynasty in the early twentieth century, dated as starting around 249 BC. Quoting a 1993 review thereof<ref>[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224499309551712 Review of 'Passions of the Cut Sleeve'']</ref>:

<blockquote>
''"Hinsch found that, before 1900, the dominant social construction for males in China was bisexual. Most Chinese men did not see themselves as being divided into strict categories of "homosexuals" and "heterosexuals" but evidenced a relaxed erotic attraction to both sexes. Wealthy married men or unmarried scholars often had a boy (ranging in age from as young as 9 to as old as 25 years) as a concubine, or they patronized boy prostitutes. Chinese philosophers wrote that it was better for a boy to sell his body, as a favorite or a prostitute, than to languish in poverty. Prostitution/concubinage represented one of the few opportunities for lower class boys to raise their economic status and to support their parents comfortably. If a boy became a beloved of a wealthy older man, he was some times offered material wealth or political office when he matured. His patron/lover might even arrange a heterosexual marriage for him and serve as best man at his wedding. Individuals who enjoyed male-male sex were not seen as distinct personality types but merely partook of certain "passions." These passions were termed "passions of the cut sleeve," after the devotion shown by Emperor Ai (ruler 6 B.C.E.-l C.E.), who cut the sleeve off his shirt rather than disturb the sleep of his beloved boy lover Dong Xian."''
</blockquote>

===600BC-1860===

From a [[Text of Pedo history: China|summary of historical research]], [[Edward Brongersma]] identified sadomasochistic trends and a dominant model of concubinage in pre-communist China. Some men were also invested in the boy achieving pleasure, and climax.

=== Until the first half of the last century ===
From the article of Emil M.L.Ng:<ref>Emil M.L.Ng (December 2002) [http://www.sexarchive.info/BIB/pedochin.htm Pedophilia from the Chinese Perspective] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20250129135819/http://www.sexarchive.info/BIB/pedochin.htm web.archive]); Probably from the book 'Pedophilia: Concepts and Controversy, Special Section of Archives of Sexual Behavior' by Kenneth J. Zucker (ed); Vol. 31, No. 6, pp. 465-510</ref>
<blockquote>
''Depictions of “child-romance” in ancient or modern Chinese literature are not difficult to find. They include passages on joyous heterosexual or homosexual activities by children as young as 12 to13 years old with one another or with adults. [...] Until the first half of the last century, there was still the practice of the “child bridegroom” in, but not restricted to, the Hubei region of China (Lou 1970). A male child of any age, even before birth, could by parental arrangement take an adult woman as a wife. The purpose could be to consolidate family status and relationship, or simply to have someone to help taking care of the child. After marriage, the couple slept in one bed like all other husbands and wives. No one would pay attention to what type of sexual relationship they might have and when. In the normal course of events, they would begin with those sex plays they were capable of and wanted, until one day, when the child was old enough to desire and do it, they had coitus. After the boy grew still older, he usually took a second wife closer to his age, but he would continue to keep, love and respect the first wife.''
</blockquote>

==Renaissance Italy (15th Century) ==
Florence was famed for its widespread homosexual culture, which manifested as a normative pederasty involving boys between the ages of thirteen and eighteen in relationship with adult men.<ref>At the margins: minority groups in premodern Italy By Stephen J. Milner; p62</ref> This reputation was so much that in 1432 the city established "Gli Ufficiali di Notte" (The Officers of the Night) to root out the practice of sodomy. From that year until 1502, the number of men charged with sodomy numbered greater than 17,000, of which 3,000 were convicted. However this number also includes heterosexual sodomy. This also gave rise to a number of proverbs illuminating the views of the common people towards the practice. Among them are ''If you crave joys, tumble some boys.'' <ref>Florentine proverb, ca. [[1480]]. After [[Sabadino degli Arienti]] in ''Le Porretane.''Michael Rocke, ''Forbidden friendships: Homosexuality and Male Culture in Renaissance Florence,'' Oxford, 1996; p.87</ref> This reputation is also reflected in the fact that the Germans adopted the word ''Florenzer'', when they were talking about a pederast.<ref>Rocke, Michael, (1996), ''[https://libgen.is/search.php?req=Forbidden+Friendships%3A+Homosexuality+and+male+Culture+in+Renaissance+Florence&lg_topic=libgen&open=0&view=simple&res=25&phrase=1&column=def Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and male Culture in Renaissance Florence]'', ISBN 978-0195122923</ref><ref>Ruggiero, Guido, (1985), ''The Boundaries of Eros'', ISBN 978-0195056969</ref> The Neapolitans on the other hand when speaking of pederasty, called it ''Il vizio inglese,'' "the English vice".<ref>[[Sir Richard Burton|R. F. Burton]], ''Terminal Essay''</ref>

From John A. Garrity's research:<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200807005522/http://williamapercy.com/wiki/index.php?title=Jack_Garridy Sexuality in the Lives of Florentine Renaissance Artists] by John A. Garrity (Jack Garridy) (in pdfs archived from Percy Wiki)</ref>

<blockquote>
''"Rocke concludes that up to two-thirds of all sexually active males in Florence were at least rumored to be involved in sodomitical activity. ''[...]'' Sodomy was so much the norm in Renaissance Florence that Rocke finds no “subculture” ''[...]'' the norm should be characterized as bisexual activity, a two or three on Kinsey scale. By the age of sixteen, a typical male was taking the passive role in sodomy with an older partner ''[...]'' Citizens accepted passivity as a normal part of adolescence to such an extent that eventually it was not even prosecuted. ''[...]'' The oldest active partners recorded were in their seventies. The youngest passives were eight years old. ''[...]'' By age thirty most men gave up their passion for youths and married women. ''[...]'' Overall, Rocke’s finds are surprisingly similar to the ancient Greeks ''[...]'' These male relationships were often mutual and romantic."''<ref>See Michael Rocke, [https://annas-archive.org/md5/ac0dab2ba53be8a3a5b6d8967749d7b7 ''Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and Male Culture in Renaissance Florence''] (Oxford University Press, 1998).</ref>
</blockquote>

From the article by Isabella Paduano:<ref>[https://www.theflorentine.net/2022/10/24/queer-history-florence/ The queer history of Florence] by Isabella Paduano (2022)</ref>

<blockquote>"[F]''or the people of Renaissance Florence, a man’s sexuality could be quite fluid, as long as it didn’t threaten his masculinity. This is why a practice now known as pederasty prevailed, where “mature” men (those over 20) would have sex with adolescent boys. Today, this age imbalance seems unacceptable, but at the time it was the norm, with any deviation threatening a man’s masculinity. This was an ancient tradition, dating back to the Greeks and Romans.''[...]'' The papers show that an outright majority of men in the city were incriminated for sodomy at least once: 17,000 men out of the city’s total population of 40,000 people."''
</blockquote>

Summary from Rind (2013)<ref name="Rind2013" />:
<blockquote>
The majority of younger men and adolescent boys in all classes (working to elite) in Florence and other Tuscan cities were involved. This practice represented an unbroken continuance of the ancient Roman practice. Despite severe penalties (e.g., torture, death) based on belief in God’s retribution, cases were often treated leniently (e.g., fines) through much of the Renaissance, a pragmatic response to its pervasiveness. Notables with pederastic interests: Donatello, Verrocchio, da Vinci, Botticelli, Pontormo, Bronzino, Cellini, and Caravaggio. The tradition was eroded through stepped-up religiously based anti-sodomy campaigns, especially Savonarola’s in the 1490s, along with harsher penalties with more determined enforcement. The tradition was also entrenched in other areas such as Venice. Sources: Crompton (2003); Moulton (2003); Rocke (1996); Ruggiero (1985); Saslow (1986, 1989)
</blockquote>

==14th-16th Century Japan==

In medieval [[Pederasty in Japanese culture|Japan]] (14th–16th centuries), it was customary for elite families to entrust their young sons to the care of renowned Buddhist priests from whom they received a premier education in Buddhist scriptures, poetry, music, and dance. When the boys reached adolescence, some underwent coming-of-age rites, others entered the priesthood, and several extended their education, becoming chigo, or Buddhist acolytes. Chigo served their masters as personal attendants and as sexual partners. During religious ceremonies—adorned in colorful robes, their faces made up and hair styled in long ponytails—they entertained local donors and pilgrims with music and dance.<ref>[https://wapercyfoundation.org/?p=1133 See the original and the William Percy Foundation's review of: Tales of Idolized Boys: Male-Male Love in Medieval Japanese Buddhist Narratives, by Sachi Schmidt-Hori]</ref>

''Nanshoku'' is the Japanese word for eroticism between adolescent and adult males during this time period and after, and such relationships are well-documented amongst the samurai and in literature. For example, Ihara Saikaku's collection of stories ''Nanshoku ōkagami: honchō waka fūzoku'' (The Great Mirror of Male Love: the Custom of Boy Love in Our Land). Nanshoku was depicted in erotica known as ''shunga'' (spring pictures). Kitagawa Utamaro produced shunga artwork, and although the government took relaxed attitude toward regulating visual art, one image earned Utamaro 50 days in manacles. ''Machiba Hisayoshi'' (c.1803-4) is a colored woodblock print of the ruler Hideyoshi leaning toward a pageboy, caressing the youth's wrist, with Utamaro being punished not because of the late shōgun's conduct but because representations of high nobility were forbidden. One of Japanese literature's great lovers was Ariwara no Narihira, protagonist of the classic ''Ise monogatari''. As a boy he was the subject of what became a well-known love poem, 'Iwatsutsuji' (Azaleas on the Cliffs), written by an unknown priest in the 9th century. Seven hundred and fifty years later, the shōgunate's poetry tutor, Kitamura Kigin, compiled an anthology intended to show this long tradition of idealized relations between male youths and men, naming it after the poem.<ref>[https://www.ipce.info/library_3/files/nanshoku_en.htm Nanshoku, Male-Male Eroticism in Japan. Koinos Magazine #40 (2003/4) and #41 (2004/1).]</ref>

Other scholarly sources for this time period include.<ref>Gary Leupp. ''Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan''. Gregory Pflugfelder. ''Cartographies of Desire: Male-Male Sexuality in Japanese Discourse, 1600-1950''.</ref> Another notable book is ''The Love of the Samurai: A Thousand Years of Japanese Homosexuality'' (1989), which details the institutionalized boy-love/pederasty of the Japanese samurai.<ref>''The Love of the Samurai: A Thousand Years of Japanese Homosexuality''. By Tsuneo Watanabe and Jun'ichi Iwata. Translated by D. R. Roberts.
Gay Men's Press, London, 1989.</ref> As one scholar summarized:

<blockquote>
''Each samurai took a pubescent boy as a page and assistant, and many of these wakashu youths became the lovers of their adult samurai sponsors. Since the samurai trained his wakashu to become a samurai (by about age 23), this homosexual relationship also fulfilled an educative function similar to the teacher-student Buddhist tradition.''

''Under the shoguns a new art form emerged which celebrated male beauty. In 1374 an eleven year old boy dancer ''[Zeami Motokiyo]''<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeami_Motokiyo Wiki page for Motokiyo]</ref> became the lover of the shogun, and under the shogun’s loving patronage he became a genius playwright and founder of the No theater for the shogun’s court.''<ref>[https://doi.org/10.3149/jms.0101.71 Walter L. Williams, 'From Samurai to Capitalist: Male Love, Men’s Roles, and the Rise Of Homophobia in Japan', ''Men's Studies'', Vol. 1, Issue 1 (1992), p. 73.]</ref>
</blockquote>

==15th-17th Century Europe==

[[Helmut Kentler]] observes:<ref>[https://www.boychat.org/messages/1634288.htm CHILDREN’S SEXUALITY, by Helmut Kentler], in the German edition of the book [[Show Me!]]. [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1DD05vy-WuM_-BH5tfbSswOXEQQt5OnYS37zhAtyx0x0/edit?tab=t.0#heading=h.r733n6h5ens]</ref>

<blockquote>
''Scientific research has, in the last decades, rediscovered and evaluated evidence from numerous sources, showing that in Central Europe through the 17th century a pro-sexual attitude prevailed that today – despite a liberalizing trend – would be seen as alien and dangerous and its revival prevented at all costs. J. van Ussel, one of the best authorities on pro-sexual manners and customs of that time, gives the following sketch:''

:''It was generally accepted that the satisfaction of the sex drive was necessary for good health. In some cities, brothels were set up by the authorities. Physicality was practiced in a way that we have forgotten today. People commonly touch, caress, hug and kiss; nurses and parents masturbate young children, to calm them. Older people have contact with young people that we would today call sexual. This self-satisfaction begins to be fought only at the start of the 18th Century by doctors and later by many clergy. Premarital and extramarital sexual relations are mainstreamed. Insufficient contraception (birth control) is condemned by the churches. The rulers and the aristocracy practice promiscuity, which is hardly ever criticized. Students and soldiers do what they please. The clergy are not exactly celibate. At home folks sleep naked, the whole family and the employees together in one room. Even in the bath house you’re naked. On ceremonial occasions the prettiest girls in the city are naked on display. A rich vocabulary for the sexual is available. The young people do not need sex education because they see the world of adults, experiencing and learning what they need to know.”''

''As a matter of course young children already knew sexual facts; this appears most clearly from a collection of dialogues, written in Latin by Erasmus of Rotterdam and published in 1522, dedicated to his then six-year-old godson. The title indicates the intention of the book: “Dialogues, not only put together to refine the Latin of the children, but above all for the purpose of education for life.”''
</blockquote>

==18th Century England==
Girls as young as 12 were highly-valued for their attractiveness as prostitutes in England during the 18th century. Young, pubescent boys were also popular. The [[Age of Consent]] was not raised from 10 until the 19th century.<ref name="bullough" />

==16th-17th Century Russia==
There is a lot of evidence of quite tolerant attitude toward boylove in some periods of the past in Russia:
<blockquote>
According to the Englishman Perry, who served in Russia under Peter I for several years, "the dreadful sin of sodomy is hardly considered a crime in this country; when drunk, they are very inclined to it." [...] It is likely that sodomy, which became widespread in Russian society during the 16th and 17th centuries, was borrowed by Russians from the Muslim East, particularly from Persia and Turkey. [Despite the fact that], as a precaution against this vice, a moral code for monks, introduced as early as the 14th century, included a provision stating that they should "not befriend young children or teach them from books." In the monastic rule of Joseph Volotsky, it was forbidden to keep "beardless youths" in monasteries. [editor's translation] <ref>[https://libgen.li/ads267edbd1c32fbbe3cd644e38adc1e285RC85NHNN Averkiyev S.S. (2015) Influence of the Tatars on the Life of the Russian People. pp. 175-180]</ref></blockquote>

==16th-17th Century Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas ==
<blockquote>
Among sixteenth and seventeenth century Mayans, missionaries reported a custom of youth-younger boy marriages. [...] Missionaries reported religious-based pederasty as common among the Aztecs and Incas. Sources: Greenberg (1988); Williams (1992)<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

== 19th Century Coerunas Indians of Brazil ==
<blockquote>
An apprentice healer would go into the woods for an extended time with an older healer, who would transmit his special powers to the youth through sexual relations and also directly instruct him on the art of curing illnesses. Source: Greenberg (1988) <ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

== 17th Century Caribbean Pirates ==
<blockquote>
Lived in all-male arrangements with mixed ages from young adolescents or younger through older men. Sexual relations between men, especially pirate captains (e.g., Blackbeard), and adolescent boys were common. Sources: Burg (1995); Williams (1992)
name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

==19th and early 20th Century Hobos (USA)==
<blockquote>
Between 1880 and 1930, sexual relations between men and adolescent boys were commonplace among transient workers in the Pacific Northwest. Developing industries (e.g., lumber, mining) drew in large numbers of unmarried men and male youths from other parts of the United States to perform backbreaking work. They lived and worked in all-male societies, which fostered intergenerational sex (rather than age-equal sex). Their relations were social, not just sexual—the boys often served domestic functions for the men. In return, they got various benefits (e.g., advice, apprenticing, emotional support, safety, protection). By the 1930s, these all-male societies eroded, owing to mechanization (which reduced brute-strength work) and population expansion (with more women). These changes, along with constant policing activity (the middle class saw pederasty as a threat to their youth and the family), helped to dissolve the tradition. Sources: Boag, (2003); Flynt (1927); Williams (1992)
name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

==19th Century Russia==

The Chuckchee in Northern Siberia - sex with boys was considered normal and in no way kept secret.

<blockquote>Young, handsome boys adorn themselves and flirt openly with their admirers. This is all the more striking because nothing impedes sex with girls and the boys themselves start to have heterosexual intercourse from ten years on.” (Wrangel, quoted by Erman 1871, 164).<ref>[https://brongersma.info/Loving_boys_I 'Loving Boys I'] by [[Edward Brongersma]]; 1986</ref></blockquote>

==19th Century Albania==

From Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe - ''Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature'', New York University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-8147-7468-7.<ref>[https://annas-archive.org/search?q=Islamic+Homosexualities Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe - ''Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature'', New York University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-8147-7468-7.]</ref>

<blockquote>
Albanian pederasty was a custom reported by numerous Western travellers in the nineteenth century including Edvard Westermarck, John Cam Hobhouse, who in his travel diary, reports that pederasty was "openly practised," and Johann Georg von Hahn, also known as "the father of Albanian studies." According to such reports it was commonly and socially accepted that young people between the ages of sixteen and twenty-four would woo children aged twelve to seventeen.<ref>[http://www.archiviolgbtq.it/fileadmin/documenti/luglio2006/naecke.pdf], [https://archive.org/details/warmbrothersquee00tobi], [https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pederastia_albanese#CITEREFRobert_Elsie_(2000)], [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_pEKOOuRWu00C]</ref>

In literature, the oldest lover is called ashik (from the Arabic word ishq, "passionate love") and the beloved, dyllber (from the Turkish dilber, "beautiful"). A Gheg Albanian married at the age of 24 or 25, and then usually, but not always, gave up love with boys.

The practice was limited with the advent of communism in 1944.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/nationalhealthsg0000unse]</ref>
</blockquote>

Murray's original quote included more references which could not be found online.

==America (Mid 19th-20th) Century ==

The ''Huffington Post'' wrote about Thomas Lowry's "The Story the Soldiers Wouldn't Tell: Sex in the Civil War":

:''"Chapter 11 of Lowry's book opens the closet door on gender-bending and same-sex trysts. And Lowry reveals that during the Civil War conventional gender roles and sexual behavior could not be strictly tethered to a heterosexual paradigm. With men outnumbering women, especially at social events like balls, "Drummer Boys" -- children as young as 9 and 10 years old -- dressed in drag. And in some occasions, the intimacy between soldiers and Drummer boys reached beyond just a public waltz. For example, Lowry references a ball put on by a Massachusetts regiment stationed in Virginia in 1864 about young drummer boys dressed as women. One man wrote to his wife: "Some of the real women went, but the boy girls were so much better looking that they left. ...We had some little Drummer Boys dressed up and I'll bet you could not tell them from girls if you did not know them. ...Some of ''[the Drummer Boys]'' looked good enough to lay with and I guess some of them did get laid with. ...I know I slept with mine.""''<ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/americas-gay-confederate-_b_851815 HuffPo - American Civil War]</ref>

==Native America, 1930s and prior==

George Devreux wrote in 1937:

:''"Casual homosexual relations in childhood were frequent in the past, and according to my informants, seem to be on the increase ''[...]'' Complete nudity and any lack of supervision, especially for boys, who remained naked until they reached puberty, combined with incessant sexual talk on the part of adults, must have furthered the desire for sex experience. ''[...]'' Adults seldom had sexual intercourse with children of their own sex, although betrothal of young girls to old men or seduction of very young boys by adult women was not rare."''<ref>Devereux, George. (1937). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41447338 Institutionalized homosexuality of the Mohave Indians]. ''Human Biology'', 9, pp. 498–527.</ref>

==Prewar (and postwar) Siwa, Egypt==

:''"In 1937 the anthropologist Walter Cline wrote the first detailed ethnography of the Siwans in which he noted: "All normal Siwan men and boys practice sodomy...among themselves the natives are not ashamed of this; they talk about it as openly as they talk about love of women, and many if not most of their fights arise from homosexual competition....Prominent men lend their sons to each other. All Siwans know the matings which have taken place among their sheiks and their sheiks' sons....Most of the boys used in sodomy are between twelve and eighteen years of age." After an expedition to Siwa, the archaeologist Count Byron de Prorok reported in 1937 "an enthusiasm [that] could not have been approached even in Sodom... Homosexuality was not merely rampant, it was raging...Every dancer had his boyfriend...[and] chiefs had harems of boys"."''<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siwa_Oasis De Porok, Count Byron (1936). In Quest of Lost Worlds. New York: Dutton. p. 64.]</ref><ref>[https://www.greek-love.com/near-east-north-africa/egypt/siwa-oasis-robin-maugham-pederasty THE OASIS OF SIWA IN 1947-8, BY ROBIN MAUGHAM]</ref><ref>[https://www.greek-love.com/near-east-north-africa/egypt/the-people-of-siwah-by-walter-cline NOTES ON THE PEOPLE OF SIWAH BY WALTER CLINE]</ref>

The socialist Gay/[[Boylove|BL]] activist and independent scholar [[David Thorstad]], wrote of his experience of Siwa for ''Gayme Magazine''.<ref>[http://williamapercy.com/wiki/images/Siwa_today.pdf Siwa Today - David Thorstad]</ref> He wrote:

:''"Probably the most stricking feature of Siwan sexuality is the traditional practice of men lending their sons to other men. Prior to 1928, this was sometimes accompanied by a written aggreement (known as a "marriage contract"), a dowry (much greater than the dowry for a girl), banquets and celebrations. ''[...]'' One investigator earlier in the century claimed that male children were preferred because they cost less to raise than girls, and that the boy was "a very fruitful source of profit for the father, not for the work he does, but because he is hired by his father to another man to be used as a catamite [i.e. a boy who has sex with men]. Sometimes two men exchange their sons. If they are asked about this, they are not ashamed to mention it".''

For this quote, Thorstad cites a source which is now used on Wikipedia's [[Wikipedia:Siwa_Oasis|Siwa page]]: Mahmud Mohammad Abd Allah, (1917).<ref>[https://archive.org/details/harvardafricans01deptgoog Mahmud Mohammad Abd Allah, (1917). Siwan Customs]. In ''Harvard African Studies'', 7, p. 7.</ref>

==Muslim societies of the 8th-19th centuries, and present Afghanistan==
<blockquote>
Pervasive in Muslim societies (North Africa, Western-Central Asia) eighth to nineteenth centuries; pederastic attractions seen just as normal as heterosexual ones; main interest in boys was early to mid-teens, peaking at about 14; appeal vanished with beard (about 16, 17); adult men scorned if passive partners in homosexual relationships; manly behavior was to be active (partner gender did not matter); staggering amount of love poetry shows obsession with boyish beauty, seen as comparable to women’s; poets attracted to boys constitutes a Who’s Who; desire for boys, but not behavior or lust, was permissible under Islam, but behavior was common nevertheless; tradition ended in late nineteenth century, because of Western colonialism, with its abhorrence of the tradition and the local embarrassment this created, along with local assimilation of European concepts and efforts to modernize. Sources: Baldauf (1988); Crompton (2003); Massad (2007); Murray & Roscoe (1998); Patanè (2006); Rahman (1989); Rouayheb (2005); Schild (1988); Wright & Rowson (1997)<ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

As detailed in [[Pederasty in Islam]], Afghanistan is one of many Islamic cultures in which pederasty is practised with feminized boys. This derives from the strict gender segregation in Afghan society, and gives rise to the famous saying "women are for children, boys are for pleasure".<ref>[https://fuf.se/magasin/magapril-women-are-for-children-boys-are-for-pleasure/ Women are for children, boys are for pleasure]</ref>

==1960s, 1970s, Baltimore==

During these decades there were notable gay subcultures in America where young boys were allowed to have sexual interactions with men with little fear of ostracism or psychological trauma. Baltimore is one often recalled example of this.

==1960s, 1970s, Hippie Communes==

Inter- and intra-generational sex with minors was accommodated in late 20th century American hippie communes, but for children, sex was a pleasant distraction and not central to their leisure time. Details on these subcultures are covered by researchers such as Berger, Constantine and Johnston, cited in our [[Research: Activating Janssen|review project of Janssen's ''Growing Up Sexually'']].

==1960s, 1970s England==

As is common, when the sources of scandalous allegations are further investigated at a later date, the banality of the situation reveals itself. For example, with reference to Duncroft (Girls School), [[Mark Smith]] and Ros Burnett note "Accounts of the girls’ sexual experience and behaviour indicate a degree of agency in sexual activity, which challenges the current orthodoxy of them as victims of predatory adults. The former residents we spoke to did not regard themselves as victims and any sexual activity they might have entered into was considered to have been [[consent|consensual]] and in some cases initiated by the girls (although none claimed to have any knowledge of Savile being involved sexually with girls at Duncroft)."<ref>[https://sci-hub.se/10.1108/ijssp-03-2017-0029 The origins of the Jimmy Savile scandal]</ref>

Girls' (12-15) relationships with older boys and men were a cause for concern in the 70s, but were in most cases chalked off as cautions when they came to the attention of police. This was because the relationships were seen as normative/traditional or otherwise willingly engaged in by the girls.<ref>[https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-1971(79)80005-6 Mawby, R. I. (1979). Policing the age of consent. Journal of Adolescence, 2(1), 41–49]</ref>

Relationships of peribubertal boys with older boys were common in boarding schools :
<blockquote>
Deeply sentimentalized, erotically based attachments were common in many all-male private boarding schools before 1970s between older (about 17–18) and younger (about 12–13) boys; older teens sought “cute” boys, calling them “talent,” “crushes,” or “tarts;” younger boys competed to be selected (for the many favors, privileges it entailed); older-younger pairs exchanged notes, poetry, and other items of endearment; after graduating, most moved on to heterosexuality. Sources: Chandos (1984); Gathorne-Hardy (1978); Lambert & Lambert (1968); Lewis (1955); Nash (1961) <ref name="Rind2013" />
</blockquote>

==1970s, 1980s, Netherlands==

The Netherlands is a fairly recent example of a culture in which intergenerational sexual relationships were partially tolerated during a particularly liberal period of history. For some time, sexual relationships between a child above the age of 12 and an adult would remain legally immune to prosecution for as long as the younger partner, their parents or a welfare entity did not complain. Such authorities were much less inclined to lodge complaints during this period, leading to a markedly non-hysterical climate in which many such relationships succeeded. One writer to document such positive relationships was [[Theo Sandfort]], whose most famous study <ref>[http://www.ipce.info/host/sandfort_87/ Sandfort Study]</ref> remains an outstanding example of this unique period in time.

==1980s, 1990s, Thailand==

Professor Vicharn Vitiyasai of Chang Mai University emphasizes that, 'In Thai society, boys begin to buy women when they are around 13 years old; 50 per cent of 16-year-old boys and 90 per cent of university students go to brothels. Married men also think it natural to entertain business clients and friends by taking them to brothels, and they visit brothels themselves as a part of the joy of travel.'"<ref>Yayori Matsui, Women in the New Asia, 1999</ref>

==1980s, 1990s, Mexico==

In a [[Media:A pueblo homosexuality David Thorstad 1988.pdf|1988 Christopher Street Feature]], [[David Thorstad]] immerses himself in a rural Mexican community and finds that homosexuality is very much part of everyday life for younger men and boys. Sex work is also engaged in, but this is peripheral.

==General==
:''"As mentioned earlier, our Western civilization has not always believed that children should be protected from all sexual contact. In medieval Europe, children were still freely touched, caressed, and fondled by every member of the household. Particularly in rural areas, parents, nurses, or servants were accustomed to masturbating small children to please them or to keep them quiet. (This practice is also found in many non-European societies. In the United States today, it is still alive among the Hopi Indians.)"''<ref>[[Erwin Haeberle|Haeberle, Erwin J.]] (1983). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20120419005050/http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/ATLAS_EN/html/childhood_sex_play.html The Sex Atlas]''. The Continuum Publishing Company.</ref>

''Encyclopedia of Male Homosexual Poetry and its Reception History'' by [[Paul Knobel]]<ref>[http://www.sexarchive.info/BIB/hombib/ Encyclopedia of Male Homosexual Poetry and its Reception History] by [[Paul Knobel]] - free access encyclopedia at the Sexarchive by [[Erwin Haeberle]]; also see the work with Overview entries from this encyclopedia - [http://www.sexarchive.info/BIB/knobelworld.htm A World Overview of Male Homosexual Poetry] </ref> contains hundreds of mentions of dancing and singing boys tradition, along with sexual and romantic themes in poetry dedicated to them, in different cultures in history.

==Excerpt Graphic Library==

The EGL on '''Broader Perspectives''' has some relevant information. Just right click/save and reproduce by uploading in short-form media to bypass character limits.

{{Template:EGLBP}}

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Official Encyclopedia]][[Category:Research: Broader Perspectives]][[Category:Research into effects on Children]]

Research: Nonwestern Intergenerational Relationships

2026-07-28T18:33:27Z

Thorn: /* Marquesas Islands */

__NOTOC__{{research}}Most societies which have not been influenced by the West have less, different, or virtually no sexual taboos. It is worth mentioning that absent modern western influence, anthropologists and historians have found far more societies where [[homosexuality]] is prohibited, than societies in which [[pedosexuality]] suffers similar censure. Many encourage intergenerational sex for various reasons. Due to ongoing Westernisation and cultural imperialism, much of what is listed here may already be consigned to [[Research: Intergenerational Relationships in History|history]] (see, for example, [https://web.archive.org/web/20220225124148/https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/j.chc.2004.02.001 Nieto (2004), for an anthropological review]).

==GUS, a world atlas: Growing Up Sexually==

The range and detail of accounts involved in this page will only serve as a brief demonstration of non-western diversity in intergenerational relationships. Many examples from anthropology involve [[Sexual rites of passage]]. If readers are seeking a broader, more detailed and integrated study, they may find [[Diederik Janssen]]'s [http://www.sexarchive.info/GESUND/ARCHIV/GUS/GUS_MAIN_INDEX.HTM ''Growing Up Sexually''] ([http://www.sexarchive.info/GESUND/ARCHIV/GUS/GROWINGUPSEXUALLY1.ZIP entire Vol 1] in zipped PDF) more appropriate, or ''[https://greek-love.com/ Greek Love: Pederasty throughout the ages]'', re. homosexuality.

==Americas==

===Pirahã (Brazil)===

*'''Daniel Everett (2008). [https://books.feedvu.com/fullbook/dont-sleep-there-are-snakes-life-and-language-in-the-amazonian-jungle-pdf-2.html?page=16&part=1 ''Dont Sleep, There Are Snakes: Life and Language in the Amazonian Jungle'']. Chapter 16 of 34.'''
*:"Relations between men and women and boys and girls, whether married or not, are always cordial and often marked by light to heavy flirting. Sexually it is the same. So long as children are not forced or hurt, there is no prohibition against their participating in sex with adults. I remember once talking to Xisaoxoi, a Pirahã man in his late thirties, when a nine- or ten-year-old girl was standing beside him. As we talked, she rubbed her hands sensually over his chest and back and rubbed his crotch area through his thin, worn nylon shorts. Both were enjoying themselves. “What’s she doing?” I asked superfluously. “Oh, she’s just playing. We play together. When she’s big she will be my wife” was his nonchalant reply—and, indeed, after the girl went through puberty, they were married."

* '''Daniel Everett (2016). ''Dark matter of the mind : the culturally articulated unconscious.'' Chapter 3'''
::"Pirahã young people begin to engage sexually, though apparently not in full intercourse, from early on. Touching and being touched seem to be common for Pirahã boys and girls from about seven years of age on. They are all sexually active by puberty, with older men and women frequently initiating younger girls and boys, respectively. There is no evidence that the children then or as adults find this pedophilia the least bit traumatic."

===Pilagá (Argentina)===

*'''Jules Henry and Zunia Henry (1944). [https://library.lol/main/2C825BAA5B73830492464813AF34FEC4 ''Doll Play of Pilagá Indian Children. An Experimental and Field Analysis of the Behavior of the Pilagá Indian Children'']. (American Orthopsychiatric Association), p. 72.'''
*:'''Note:''' The study explores the use of dolls among Pilagá children, including in a sexual context.
*:"Where children can see the adult sexual act, where sexual conversations and gestures are perfectly open, and child life is untrammeled by sexual taboos, it is reasonable to expect that the children should experiment with their sexual apparatus and attempt to imitate adult sexual behavior. This is the case among the Pilagá. Considering the extent of child knowledge about sex and the age at which this knowledge becomes articulate - 3 years - intercourse in the Pilagá household must not only be visible to the children, but carried on with little if any attempt to conceal the act from them. Absolutely no prohibition is placed on child sexual activity by the adults, so that the children are at liberty to do what they please. Under such circumstances the only limits to the child's sexual activity are his physiological capacities and the tolerance of his companions. [...] [S]ex is a strong and constant interest of Pilagá children."

=== Yucatan ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"In field work, Williams (1992) found pederastic behavior still common in late twentieth century Yucatan."

=== Zapotecs (Mexico) ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Boys entering puberty commonly had sexual relations with men. Source: Williams (1992)"

=== Various Indian tribes (southern Mexico) ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Married men would adopt an adolescent boy, who was proud to have been chosen and saw it an honor to be the man’s lover; the boy would help the wife, her children, and the household, and would take a boy of his own when later an adult and married. Source: Ross (1991)"

==Australia==
===Tiwi===
*'''Davenport, William H. (1992). [https://www.newgon.net/wiki/File:Davenport_chapter.pdf Adult-Child Sexual Relations in Cross-Cultural Perspective], in W. O'Donohue & J. H. Geer (Eds.), ''The sexual abuse of children: Theory and research'' (Vol. 1, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 73-80), pp. 76-77.'''
*:"The best ethnographic description of this type of [gerontocratic] marriage is by Jane Goodale (1971) in her account of the Tiwi who live on Melville Island, North Australia. Betrothals of first marriages of most females are made even before those females are concieved. In fact, such a marriage contract is made when the as-yet-to-be-concieved girl's mother commences menstruation. [...] Once the marriage contract is made, the husband-to-be, who is an adult, works with his future mother and father-in-law as a member of that family, with the expectation that when a daughter is born to them, she will be given to him as a wife. There is no fixed chronological age at which the young girl is given to her designated husband, but it occurs after she is able to take on some household and other economic responsibilities, but well before her first menstruation. For the Tiwi she is still a child, albeit and older child. When her father decides that she is mature enough, the young girl is merely taken to her husband and instructed to reside and sleep with him. This is not an abrupt change [...] for the husband has been a part of the same family camp for some time, and the young wife is still surrounded by those with whom she has always lived. Goodale describes the process:
*::''Soon after the ''alinga'' [young girl] moves to her husband's fire he begins her sexual instruction. From all accounts this appears to be a very gradual process. He begins by deflowering her with his finger, and perhaps only after a year does he have actual intercourse with her. Sexual intercourse is considered by the Tiwi to be the direct and only cause of breast formation, growth of pubic and auxillary hair, menarche, and subsequent menstrual periods. (1971, p. 45)."'' [Jane Carter Goodale (1971) Tiwi wives: a study of the women of Melville Island, North Australia]
*:"versions of this marriage were once found among many Australian Aborigine groups (Berndt & Berndt, 1951; Gale, 1970; Kaberry, 1939; Rose, 1960). From our ethnocentric [i.e. Western] perspective, one of the most notable aspects [...] is the absence of trauma". (p. 77).

*'''Jane C. Goodale (1962) "Marriage Contracts among the Tiwi." ''Ethnology'', Vol. 1, No. 4'''
::"A Tiwi male will rarely acquire a wife through any form of contract before the age of 30. A bestowed wife, one who is promised before birth and becomes a cohabiting wife before puberty, is a valuable prestige symbol, but difficult to acquire. Thus a young man will frequently start his household with the acquisition of a less valuable but more easily obtainable type of wife, i.e., a widow, often of advanced age."
::"[I]t is acknowledged by Tiwi women as an inflexible "rule" governing their first marriage before puberty to a man whom they describe as "the one who grew me up, treated me like a father, and made me a woman." "
::"[O]n the average, the promised daughter will be born ten years from the date of the contract, i.e., when both the mother and the son-in-law are about twenty years old. The young girl will not become a cohabiting wife for approximately another eight or ten years, at which time her promised husband will be at least 28 to 30 years of age. Thus an average difference of twenty years between the ages of a girl and her first husband is to be expected"

*'''Goodale, J. C. (1971). Tiwi wives: A study of the women of Melville Island, North Australia.'''
::“A man will not receive a contract for a wife of any type until he reaches the age of ten to twenty. At this age he may receive a wife who has been previously married”

=== Aranda ===
*'''Ford, C. S., & Beach, F. A. (1951). Patterns of sexual behavior. ''Harper & Brothers.'''''
::"Among many of the aborigines of Australia this type of coitus is a recognized custom between unmarried men and uninitiated boys. Strehlow writes of the Aranda as follows: ''"... Pederasty is a recognized custom.... Commonly a man, who is fully initiated but not yet married, takes a boy ten or twelve years old, who lives with him as a wife for several years, until the older man marries.[...]"''(Strehlow, 1915, p. 98.)"

*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Typically, an unmarried [Aranda] man (late teens) would take a boy from 10 to 12 years old to be his wife and live with him for several years until he (the older partner) got married to a woman. Aside from sex, the man served as the boy’s mentor (e.g., in hunting). Sources: Strehlow (1913–15)"

=== Nambutji ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Every boy became a boy-wife to a man, who circumcised the boy and whose daughter became the boy’s wife when he reached adulthood. In the intervening time, the man and boy were homosexually involved. Source: Roheim (1945)"

==Melanesia==
Melanesian societies have normalized the consumption of semen by prepubescent/pubescent boys. This is thought to be in aid of their maturation and future status as warriors. Semen is received via oral or anal sex with an older adolescent boy or man. Relationships are said to be not only formal but often free-flowing and affectionate (for example among the Sambia of New-Guinea). There are many separate groups with distinct languages in Melanesia (about 1000). There is no evidence of institutional intergenerational sexual practice for most of them, partly due to anthropologists have often avoided studying sexuality because of their own moral constraints. Yet evidence of such practices (that vary greatly in form) has been obtained for at least 29 different Melanesian societies (with additional 19 related groups) described in the comprehensive volume ''Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia''<ref>Herdt, G. H. (Ed.). (1984). Ritualized homosexuality in Melanesia. ''University of California Press.available via [[Help:Research_Resources#Information_Freedom_Companions|option 2]]</ref> (see table 1.1, chapter 1)

::I. Eastern insular Melanesia: Fiji; New Caledonia; New Hebrides: Malekula Island.

::II. Northeastern insular Melanesia: New Britain; Duke-of-Yorks; East Bay.

::III. Western Papua: Lower Fly River: Kiwai Island, including Bugilai; Trans-Fly Delta: Keraki; Suki; Boadzi. (Related social units: Karigare, Yarne, Kaunje, Wekamara.)

::IV. Southeastern Irian Jaya: Kanum; Yéi-anim; Marind-anim; Kimam, Frederik Hendrik Island; Jaquai. (Related social units: Maklew-anim, Yab-anim, Kurkari-anim.)

::V. Northeastern Irian Jaya: Asmat; Casuarina Coast; Humboldt Bay.

::VI. Great Papuan Plateau: Bedamini; Etoro; Kaluli; Onabasalu; Gebusi, Nomad River.

::VII. Anga (Kukukuku): Sambia; Baruya; Jeghuje; Other Highlands Anga groups; Lowlands Anga groups. (Related social units: Usarumpiu, Wantukiu, Aziana, Lohiki, Kapau, Ivori, Mbwei, Yagwoia, Ampale, Langamar, Menya, Katje.)

::VIII. Northern Province: Ai’i.

History/evolution:
*'''[[Gilbert Herdt|Herdt, G. H.]] (Ed.). (1984). Ritualized homosexuality in Melanesia. ''University of California Press.'''''
::"The accumulating evidence indicates that we are not only confronted in these Melanesian cultures with similar cultural and ecological systems; I propose that we are also faced with an ancient ritual complex that diffused through a vast area of lowland and fringe-area Melanesia, perhaps 10,000 years ago or less. [...] Left unchecked by Western pacification or colonialization, what would the long-term evolution of these marginal populations have been? Perhaps homosexual practices might have contributed to their extinction, but we cannot be certain of this possibility: if one accepts the assumption of ancient migrations and ritual practices, these groups had flourished for generations." (pp. 48, 58-59)

::"(RH [Ritualized Homosexuality]) groups tend to use initiation as the social mechanism for recruitment to their ritual cults and to the village-based warriorhood corps as well. Survival and social reproduction of communities depend upon the warriorhood, and initiation means introduction to homosexual activity. It also brings with it adult, masculine socialization, through successive ceremonies and related achievements. Thus homosexuality is linked to what are essentially military and age-graded organizations." (p.60) (this is in line with [[Research: Evolutionary_Perspectives_on_Intergenerational_Sexuality#Mentorship-Bonding/Enculturation-Alliance Hypothesis|Evolutionary Mentorship-Bonding/Enculturation-Alliance Hypothesis]]

Often, when speaking about institutionalized intergenerational sexuality, anthropologists and publicists emphasize that there only adolescents involved in this, but they miss the fact that pedophilia is also institutionalized in many cultures (not only Melanesian):
*'''[[Gilbert Herdt|Herdt, G. H.]] (Ed.). (1984). Ritualized homosexuality in Melanesia. ''University of California Press.'''''
::"An important and ignored aspect of initiation in (RH) [ritualized homosexuality] groups is that it frequently occurs before puberty, often as early as middle to late childhood (e.g., Marind-anim, Sambia, Keraki, etc.). Elsewhere I have argued that this young age is psychologically necessary for the radical resocialization [from the female wing of the society] into, and eventual sex-role dramatization expected of, adult men (Herdt 1981, 1982cf . Mead 1949; Young 1965)." (p.60)

* '''Money, J. (1990). Pedophilia: A Specific Instance of New Phylism Theory as Applied to Paraphilic Lovemaps. In: Feierman, J.R. (eds) [https://libgen.is/book/index.php?md5=3CA15750CD7EC06C3052B55B5E16C76D Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions]. Springer, New York, NY. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_18'''
*:"The cultural tradition of pedophilia may belong not just to a small enclave of a population but also to an entire community, as in the case of various tribal peoples scattered across the Pacific in Melanesia and New Guinea (Herdt, 1984). The Sambia of the New Guinea Highlands (Herdt, 1981) are such a tribe. Their ancient customs as fierce head-hunting warriors survived European contact until after World War II. According to their folklore concerning their children, a boy could not become a warrior if he stayed living with women and children after age 8. So, he was taken into the men's longhouse to remain in the company of males only, there to be subjected to the rituals of indoctrination and initiation. As a baby, he had been nourished by woman's milk. As a juvenile, he would have to be nourished with men's milk so that his body would mature in the way that maturation occurs during puberty. It was an obligation of youths still too young to be married not to waste their semen but to have it sucked out of their penises by the prepubertal boys who, once able to ejaculate themselves, would nourish those still younger. At age 19, the age of marriage, their two-way experience of androphilic pedophilia would cease, and their lives would become heterosexual with an adult partner."
*:"The universal male/male pedophilia of the Sambia demonstrates the sexological plasticity of the human organism and the making of pedophilia into the social norm."

There are societies with girls and women participating in intergenerational sexual practices (but ritualized homosexuality is absent):
*'''Janssen, D.F. (2002). "[http://www.sexarchive.info/GESUND/ARCHIV/GUS/NEW_GUINEAWEB.HTM Papua New Guinea]," ''Growing Up Sexually, Volume I: World Reference Atlas''.'''
*:"Berndt (1962:p91): “As babies and small children their genitalia are fondled”. Mothers caress “the fleshy parts of [the infant's] body [...] and implanting breathy kisses over and over again in the region of its genital organs” (Hogbin, 1943:p298). Genital touching by older people was also noted by among the Marind-anim (Van Baal, 1966; cf. Money and Ehrhardt, 1973 [1996:p132]). Gillison (1993:p176) describes the process of masturbating infants among the Gimi:
*::The mother insists upon continued contact, interrupting her toddler's play repeatedly to offer the breast. Masturbation [...] with a baby girl [occurs when] the mother or amau holds her hand over the vulva and shakes it vigorously. She may kiss the vagina [sic], working her way up the middle of the body to the lips and then inserting her nipple (often when the child has given no sign of discontent). With a boy, she kisses the penis, pulls at it with her fingers and takes it into her mouth to induce an erection. Several women may pass a baby boy back and forth, each one holding him over her head as she takes a turn sucking or holding the penis in her mouth. When the child then pulls at his own organ, the women, greatly amused, offer squeezes and pulls of their own."

The Trobrianders of Papua New Guinea<ref>[http://libgen.is/book/index.php?md5=2E76D290FDCC06180F125CAF7336B2C0 Weiner, Annette B. (1988). ''The Trobrianders of Papua New Guinea.'' United States of America: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. ISBN 9780030119194]</ref> have received attention in the Western Media for sexual customs in infancy and adolescence that confuse morally conflicted Westerners:<ref>[https://medium.com/the-story-in-history/the-culture-where-children-as-young-as-six-years-are-sexualized-d7afef2d2985 The Culture Where Children as Young as Six Years are Sexualized]</ref>
:<blockquote>Popularly referred to as “The Islands of Love”, the Trobriand Islands are a 174-square-miles group of islands on the east coast of New Guinea. The people are indigenous matrilineal people with a population of 12,000. ''[...]'' In the Trobriand culture, children aren’t allowed the chance to be just children. They are groomed to lose their innocence and start acting like adults at a very young age. By the age of six, they start participating in erotic games with each other. They start engaging in seductive activities. Their little girls are expected to start looking and acting sexy to attract little boys as well as older men. Then, by the time they turn 10, they are expected to start having sexual intercourse with as many sexual partners as they will. Since they are a matrilineal culture, the Trobriand woman has the right to have as many sexual partners as she pleases. And their primitive way of dressing doesn’t make it any harder to engage in sexual intercourse at will.</blockquote>

But mostly intergenerational male homosexuality:
*'''Jan N. Bremmer (2021) [https://www.amazon.com/Becoming-Man-Ancient-Greece-Rome/dp/3161590082 Becoming a Man in Ancient Greece and Rome. Essays on Myths and Rituals of Initiation.]'''(available via [[Help:Research_Resources#Information_Freedom_Companions|Option 2]])
::"This description [''see Williams' above''] is confirmed by more recent anthropological studies [See especially the many studies of [[Gilbert Herdt|G. Herdt]]] [...] the following points should be noted as important features: (1) we have here a case of pederasty, which should not be confused with modern homosexuality, as both initiators and novices normally marry afterwards; (2) the active pederasts are the novices of the previous initiation, and it may be of importance to note that it is these novices who usually play a prominent role in upholding discipline during the initiation; finally, (3) copulation, in which the novice is always the passive partner, takes place anally."

*'''Knauft, Bruce M. (1987). "Homosexuality in Melanesia," ''Journal of Psychoanalytic Anthropology'', 10, 155-91.'''
*:Melanesian boys "coquettishly initiated" homosexuality with grown men. Relationships were "grounded in personal affection rather than obligation".

=== Big Nambas (Malekula Island) ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Society had rampant warfare, chiefs had near monopoly on women; father chose man to circumcise his son; this man then became boy’s “husband,” and the boy his “wife;” intercourse believed to strengthen boy’s penis; relationship was very close; boy followed the man everywhere, participating with him in daily chores; man was intensely jealous if other men took interest in the boy; if man or boy died, the other would mourn deeply; some men were so deeply homosexual in affections that they would seldom have intercourse with their wives, preferring the boy; every chief had several boy lovers. Sources: Herdt (1993); Layard (1942)"

=== East Bay Islanders ===
*'''Davenport, William H. (1992). [https://www.newgon.net/wiki/File:Davenport_chapter.pdf Adult-Child Sexual Relations in Cross-Cultural Perspective], in W. O'Donohue & J. H. Geer (Eds.), ''The sexual abuse of children: Theory and research'' (Vol. 1, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 73-80), pp. 76-77.'''
::"[I]n a society called East Bay, where I did some ethnography of sexual behavior (Davenport 1965), formerly, there had been a pattern of male homosexuality in which some older men often took, always with consent from their fathers, nonrelated boys as relatively permanent, passive sexual partners for anal intercourse. From a cultural perspective, the boys were understood to be substitutes for females, not homosexual partners as our culture would define them. In fact, the culture of East Bay did not recognize — that is, had no cultural category for — intimate male homosexual relationships as something separate from those involving women. A boy, rather than a man, was selected, because a boy was a minor, without an independent legal status separate from his father’s, hence he could be told what to do. Women in East Bay society also were minors in this legal sense. But the crux of the matter was that the passive homosexual role was not considered to be in any way damaging to a boy’s psychosexual development. Moreover, such a close association with an elder man, who was expected to be gentle, generous, and indulgent, could have a positive effect on the boy’s development. If, however, the elder man did not fulfill these role expectations, he would find himself accused of mistreatment, that is, abusing the boy, and, therefore, in serious trouble with the boy’s father and other senior male relatives who were responsible for his well-being."

*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Nearly every male engaged in extensive homosex; men had sexual relations with boys (7 to 11); it was obligatory to give boy presents in return; the boys discussed these contacts freely and without shame in presence of parents, friends. Upon marriage, only a few men became exclusive heterosexuals; most continued to have sex with boys as well; only one man in the study preferred exclusively boys. Source: Davenport (1965)"

=== Keraki, Trans-Fly Delta ===
*'''Ford, C. S., & Beach, F. A. (1951). Patterns of sexual behavior. ''Harper & Brothers.'''''
::"Keraki bachelors of New Guinea universally practice sodomy, and in the course of his puberty rites each boy is initiated into anal intercourse by the older males. After his first year of playing the passive role he spends the rest of his bachelorhood sodomizing the newly initiated."

*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"[Keraki] All boys were sodomized for about a year, seen as essential for their development; adult informants repeatedly answered, when asked whether they submitted as boys, “Why yes! Otherwise how should I have grown?” Bachelors saw some boys as more attractive, gave them more attention; they sodomized boys until marriage, then engaged mostly in heterosex, but continued to have relations with boys on occasion. Source: Williams (1936)"

*'''Williams, F.E. (1969) Papuans of the Trans-Fly. ''Oxford'''''
::"It is actually regarded as essential to the growing boy to be sodomized.[...] In the meantime it is enough to note that every male adult in the Morehead district has in his time constantly played both parts in this perversion. The boy is initiated to it at the bull-roarer ceremony [...] When he becomes adolescent his part is reversed and he may then sodomize his juniors, the new initiates to the bull-roarer."
::"Gambadi informants describe the initial occasion more vividly. The father bids his son stoop to drink at a pool and as he does so catches him at a disadvantage. [...] It is to be noted that nowadays boys are not sodomized by their own fathers. The restriction of moiety exogamy is observed in sodomy as it is in marriage [...]"

=== Marind-anim ===
*'''[[Gilbert Herdt|Herdt, G. H.]] (Ed.). (1984). Ritualized homosexuality in Melanesia. ''University of California Press.'''''
::"[R]itualized anal homosexual practices are institutionalized on a widespread scale throughout the entire Marind area. [...]. Homosexual anal intercourse is begun in male initiation for boys between the ages of seven and fourteen years (Van Baal 1966:143-144). Afterward, boys live in the men's clubhouse for some six years, avoiding females and regularly engaging in anal intercourse." (pp. 25-25)
::"This transition happens when the first signs of approaching puberty become apparent. He is then made an aroi-patur, literally a black boy. His body is blackened all over, and a mother's brother is appointed to act as his mentor, his binahor-iather. The meaning of the word binahor is uncertain, but it probably refers to the mentor's main function, that of being the boy's pederast who, by "feeding" the boy anally, contributes to his physical growth." (p. 132)

*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Upon reaching puberty, a boy moved in with a mentor and his wife; he assisted the mentor in gardening, hunting, and other chores; their relation was sexual and lasted about seven years until boy’s later marriage; bond between them was extremely strong; the sexual contacts seemed to contribute to the strength of this bond; insemination was regarded as helpful to boy’s growth. Source: Van Baal (1966)"

=== Kimam / Kolepom papuans: ===
*'''[[Gilbert Herdt|Herdt, G. H.]] (Ed.). (1984). Ritualized homosexuality in Melanesia. ''University of California Press.'''''
::"The age at which [Kimam] boys enter the bachelor's house varies considerably in all villages, since it is dependent upon the simultaneous celebration of the final feast for a dead person. On this occasion a number of boys of varying ages, from about ten to fourteen years, are admitted. (Sometimes the boys are even younger.) [...] At his entry into the cult house, the boy is placed under the charge and guidance of a mentor who is designated as his "adoptive father." This man is supposed to have regular homosexual intercourse with the boy to make him strong with the semen that is inserted into his body through anal intercourse. In the western villages, there is no doubt that the adoptive father is mother's younger brother [...] They help each other in planting and harvesting, and they share food. A sister's son displays a conspicuous lack of respect toward his MB, even when there is a substantial difference in age. They play all sorts of pranks on each other, at which neither of them does or should get angry." (p. 300, 304)

::girls:
::"The first reports of missionaries and government officials mention the custom of "testing" sexually the marriageable [Kimam] girls. According to informants, the intention was to see whether the girls could stand the test. If they felt ill after intercourse, it was proof that they were not yet suited for marriage. It is possible that this trial took place during the promiscuous sexual intercourse of the ndambu festival.[...] When, for instance, an epidemic strikes the village and causes many deaths, as often happens, promiscuous heterosexual intercourse involving as many people as possible is organized in the village to collect large amounts of semen (probably by coitus interruptus). According to the information collected in the village of Bamol, very young girls are preferably selected for this sexual intercourse. [...] The first missionaries were in a better position to estimate the approximate age of the girls. They regularly made mention of schoolgirls who, for days on end, did not attend the mission school because they were sick after intercourse with a number of mature men. In his diary, Father Thieman (n.d.) mentions a number of girls (with names and exact age) who took part in sexual intercourse when they were no older than eight." (pp. 301, 304, 308)

=== Bedamini===
*'''[[Gilbert Herdt|Herdt, G. H.]] (Ed.). (1984). Ritualized homosexuality in Melanesia. ''University of California Press.'''''
::“Bedamini, like the Marind-anim (Van Baal 1966:817), consider semen the essence of life. [...] Immature boys do not possess semen, and they can mature only through the intervention of their seniors. Behind this conception is also the assumption that weakness in males will ensue from too much association with women, in particular through sexual intercourse. Boys have been breast-fed and have spent their first years in a predominantly female sphere of influence. The solution to this dilemma is to supply the boys with semen from the age of eight to ten years. The insemination is managed orally, by having the boys manipulate and suck the penes of young unmarried men, an activity referred to as sibi. The young man who will be a boy's inseminator is selected by the boy's father, and he must belong to the opposite moiety, that is, to a group with whom the boy's clan intermarries.” (pp. 322-323)

=== Etoro ===
*'''[[Gilbert Herdt|Herdt, G. H.]] (Ed.). (1984). Ritualized homosexuality in Melanesia. ''University of California Press.'''''
::"The Etoro achieve this [semen transmission] through oral intercourse, the Kaluli through anal intercourse, and the Onabasulu through masturbation and smearing of the semen over the bodies of the initates [...] The Kaluli are traditional enemies of the Etoro, and the Etoro particularly revile them for their initiatory practices which are regarded as totally disgusting. (The feeling is probably mutual.) [...] Among the Etoro, "a youth is continually inseminated from about age ten until he reaches his early mid-twenties" (Kelly 1976:45). [...] Kaluli initiation and homosexual activities, in contrast, seem more truncated: [...] When a boy is eleven or twelve years old, he is engaged for several months in homosexual intercourse with a healthy older man chosen by his father. [...] (Schieffelin 1976:124)" (pp. 34- 35)

*'''Anitei, Stefan (2007). "[http://news.softpedia.com/news/How-to-Drink-Sperm-to-Become-a-Strong-Man-67804.shtml How to Drink Sperm to Become a Strong Man]," Softpedia, October 6.'''
*:"This power is transmitted between the members of the [Etoro] tribe by means of sex. That's why young boys, even at the age of 12, get it from the sperm of the older males. The boy gets "power" orally by a young man assigned to be his partner. Few years later, the teenager is formally involved in relationships with many male sex partners, after which he turns into an "inseminator" from an "inseminee.""

=== Kaluli ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"[Kaluli] From 8 to 28, males resided in sex-segregated hunting lodge; daily, boys accompanied older males on grueling hunting trips, learning essentials of the practice; at 10 or 11, a boy’s father chose for him an older male to inseminate him for months or years; some boys chose their own inseminator; insemination thought essential for growth. Men looked back on youth in hunting lodge with nostalgic excitement, zest; remembered continual hunting, growth-stimulating insemination, ritual discipline, unity of purpose, vigorous manly ethos as highlight of their lives; whole practice was one of prestige for them. Tradition ended in 1960s by colonial administration and missionaries, who policed against it. Source: Schieffelin (1982)"

===Gebusi===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"[Gebusi] Boys in early adolescence “coquettishly” initiated sexual relations with older, unrelated males. As with the Sambia, the belief was that insemination grew the boys into men. The sexual relations were based on personal affection rather than obligation. Sources: Herdt (1991, 1997)"

=== Sambia ===

*'''[[Gilbert Herdt|Herdt, G. H.]] (Ed.). (1984). Ritualized homosexuality in Melanesia. ''University of California Press.'''''
::"Male development and masculinization after childhood are the responsibility of the men's secret cult and its initiation system. This cult is organized and perpetuated by the confederacy of hamlets. Boys are initiated at seven to ten years of age, when they are separated from their mothers, natal households, and younger siblings. [...] Sambia practice secret homosexual fellatio, which is taught and instituted in first-stage initiation. Boys learn to ingest semen from older youths through oral sexual contacts. First- and second-stage initiates may only serve as fellators; they are forbidden to reverse erotic roles with older partners. Third-stage pubescent bachelors and older youths thus act as fellateds, inseminating prepubescent boys. All males pass through both erotic stages, being first fellators, then fellateds: there are no exceptions since all Sambia males are initiated and pressured to engage in homosexual fellatio." (pp. 172-173)

*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"[Sambia] Boys between 7 and 10 taken into men’s society; until age 14 fellated older bachelors up to age 25; semen viewed necessary for growth to be strong warrior; after age 25, most men stopped being semen “donors” to get married (some men continued who preferred boys); relations were not just duty for the boys, who were often complicit in arousing bachelors through bawdy enthusiasm; as boys matured, they tended to express more desire for insemination, became more aggressive in soliciting it. Sources: Herdt (1991, 1997)"

*'''Review of [[Gilbert Herdt]]'s famous fieldwork on the Sambia (by [[Walter L. Williams]] as quoted in our page on Herdt):'''
*:"Between the ages of about seven and thirteen, boys are taken from the maternal household and placed in a separate boys' house away from the village. For a period of several months to several years, depending on the culture, boys avoid all contact with females as they are prepared for manhood in elaborate initiations. It is the social duty of men to plant sperm in boys in order for them to grow. In some societies this is done by the boy performing oral sex upon the man, in others by him receiving anal intercourse, or in others by having the sperm rubbed on his body. The sexual act must always be with the boy receiving the older male's semen. To reverse roles is considered damaging to the boy's growth."

*'''Davenport, William H. (1992). [https://www.newgon.net/wiki/File:Davenport_chapter.pdf Adult-Child Sexual Relations in Cross-Cultural Perspective], in W. O'Donohue & J. H. Geer (Eds.), ''The sexual abuse of children: Theory and research'' (Vol. 1, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 73-80), pp. 76-77.'''
*:"The best description of these patterns, by Herdt (1982, 1987) is with a people the author calls the Sambia. In brief, the pattern is as follows:
*::''Seven-to-ten-year-old Sambia boys are taken from their mothers when first initiated into the male cult, and thereafter experience the most powerful and seductive homosexual fellatio activities. For some ten to fifteen years, they engage in these practices on a daily basis, first as fellator, and then as fellated. Elders teach that semen is absolutely vital: it should be consumed daily since the creation of biological maleness and the maintenance of masculinity depend upon it. Hence, from middle childhood untul puberty, boys should perform fellatio on older youths.''

:::''Near puberty the same initiates become dominant youths. Ritual helps remake their social and erotic identity, the bachelors becoming the fellated partners for a new crop of ritual novices. ... [editor's quote extension from Herdt, G. H. (1987). "Guardians of the flutes: Idioms of masculinity" : "abundant evidence indicates that most youths also experience them as pleasurable and erotically exciting"] Yet, in spite of this formidable background, the final outcome is exclusive heterosexuality—of a particular form. Youths eventually become sexually attracted to women. At marriage (c. sixteen to twenty-five years of age), they may even act as true bisexuals, for a time. With fatherhood, however, homosexuality should cease; thereafter men should engage only in heterosexual activities. (Herdt 1987, pp. 2-3)''"

*'''Hyena, Hank (1999). "[http://web.archive.org/web/20131002090633/http://gettingit.com/article/56 Semen Warriors Of New Guinea]," Gettingit.com, September 16.'''
*:"Although many boys tremble initially ("I felt afraid... the penises were enormous," recalls Kalutuo, a Sambian from the Eastern Highlands) they all adjust quickly, because they believe semen is an elixir for manhood."

*'''Janssen, D.F. (2002). "[http://www.sexarchive.info/GESUND/ARCHIV/GUS/NEW_GUINEAWEB.HTM Papua New Guinea]," ''Growing Up Sexually, Volume I: World Reference Atlas''.'''
*:"...the “Sambia” value male-virgin contacts (1984:p177), while “sexual partners are perceived as having more “heat” and being more exciting the younger they are. A second factor is reciprocity: the more asymmetrical the sexual partners (youth/boy), the more erotic play seems to culturally define their contact” [sic]. Against the background of an utterly phallocentric ideology on the androtrophic properties of semen, “Sambia” prepubertal boys (7-12, on average 8.5) fellate post-pubertal adolescents to ejaculation in order to grow and turn seminarchic themselves, so that they may reverse roles. The boys do not have orgasms, and might have “vicarious erotic pleasure as indicated by erections” only “near puberty” ([[Gilbert Herdt|Herdt]] and Stoller, 1990:p70-1)."

==Polynesia==

===Marquesas Islands===
For a range of sources on the Marquesas Islands, [[#Excerpt_Graphic_Library | see gallery below]], primarily ''Marquesan sexual behavior'' by Robert C. Suggs.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/marquesansexualb0000sugg/mode/2up Marquesan sexual behavior by Suggs, Robert C.]</ref>

*'''Martinson, Floyd M. (1973). ''[http://www.ipce.info/booksreborn/martinson/infant/InfantAndChildSexuality.html Infant and Child Sexuality: A Sociological Perspective]''. The Book Mark.'''
*:"Sex play was common practice from the earliest ages among the Marquesa and not only tolerated but encouraged. (Kardiner, 1939, p. 205-206). They recognized the erotic impulse in childhood and accorded it the right of free exercise. They eroticized the child by masturbating it to keep it quiet. In the case of the girls, labia were manipulated as a placebo, but also to encourage the growth of large labia, which to the Marquesans was a mark of beauty. Such activity was, no doubt, also erotically stimulating. There was social recognition of all sexual activity in childhood, and there were no restrictions against encouragement to exercise it freely; it was allocated the same place in the child's world that it occupied in the adult's."

*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Adolescent boys frequently had sex with each other. Married men rarely had homosex, but would when conditions prevented heterosexual intercourse; they preferred boys for this purpose, whose bodies they said were soft, like females; contacts with boys were casual, fleeting, and without stigma. Source: Suggs (1966)"

===Hawaii===
*'''Janssen, D.F. (2002). "[http://www.sexarchive.info/GESUND/ARCHIV/GUS/HAWAII.HTM Hawaii]," ''Growing Up Sexually, Volume I: World Reference Atlas''.'''
*:"Karsch-Haack, (1901) stated that according to Richard Neuhauss, Hawai’ian “girls of 12 to 14 years are generally virgins no more and acts of impurity of father with daughter are no rarity[6] [...] For infant females in Hawai’i, “milk was squirted into her vagina, and the labia were pressed together (Diamond, 1990). The mons [veneris] was rubbed with kukui (candlenut) oil and pressed with the palm of the hand to flatten it and make it less prominent. The molding continued until the labia did not separate. This chore usually was done by the mother or by an “aunt” [...]”. The buttocks of infants, males more than females, were molded so that they became “rounded and not flat”, also clearly evolving from an aesthetic motive. A “blower” is designated for each male infant, ostensibly to prepare him for subincision of the foreskin: “the penis was blown into daily starting from birth. The blowing was said to loosen and balloon the foreskin [and] continued daily [...] until the young male was 6 or 7”, when penile subincision takes place. Diamond reports: “Individuals of both sexes were expected to initiate and participate in coitus at puberty, although sexual activity, play, instruction, and so forth occurred much earlier. For instance, as part of exploratory play, the young investigated each other’s genitals, and young males and females might masturbate each other heterosexually or homosexually. This activity occurred without adult disapproval, and it was considered to be an introduction to adulthood. Casual intercourse before adolescence was not an uncommon experience for males (Handy and Pukui, 1958) and females (Pukui, Haertig and Lee, 1972)"

*'''Milton Diamond. (2004 [1990]). [https://www.hawaii.edu/PCSS/biblio/articles/2000to2004/2004-sexual-behavior-in-pre-contact-hawaii.html Sexual Behavior in Pre Contact Hawai'i: A Sexological Ethnography]. Published in: ''Revista Española del Pacifico''. 16: 37-58.'''
*:"Sex training was direct and firsthand. Young individuals learned of coitus and sex play from instruction, direct observation, and practice. As they slept in the family house (hale noa), they observed their parents having coitus. "Public privacy" among the Mangaian Islanders, as it was described by Marshall (1971, p. 108), probably is similar to the "privacy" that was found in Hawai'i and elsewhere in Polynesia: "[A Mangaian may copulate], at any age, in the single room of a hut that contains from five to fifteen family members of all ages — as have his ancestors before him. His daughter may receive and make love with each of her varied nightly suitors in the same room."
*:The young observed dogs, pigs, and other animals mating, and these activities were discussed openly with parents or other adults. Parturition was not a secret event and was well attended by the young and by adults, all of whom observed traditions that included the washing and burying of the placenta and, usually, the disposing of the umbilical cord (Pukui, Haertig and Lee, 1972, p. 16; Handy and Pukui, 1958, p. 78). The young Hawai‘ian also acquired sex education in day-by-day exposure to precepts, practices, and attitudes concerning sex. Traditionally, ... childish curiosity about sex was satisfied, with neither guilt nor shame instilled” (Pukui, Haertig, and Lee, 1972, p. 249). [...] Ellis (1782, Vol. 2, p. 153) wrote of sexual expression in Oceania: "The ladies are very lavish of their favors ... and some of their attachments seemed purely the effects of affection. They are initiated into this way of life at a very early period; we saw some, who could not be more than ten years old."
*:The time considered “right” to start coitus was not so much based on chronological age as on ability or maturity (Pukui, Haertig, and Lee, 1972, p. 78). [...] Suggs (1966) elaborated on the early sexual experiences of pubertal males with married females in their 30s and 40s in the Marquesas Islands, who “take special pains to be pleasing and patient with them ... a source of enjoyment for many Marquesan women” (p. 61). For young females of the Marquesas Islands, the first coital experience reportedly is earlier than it is for young males before menarche —and occurs unplanned with an adult male (Suggs, 1966, p. 63). [...] These adult/nonadult sexual interactions were socially approved behaviors. [...] For adults not to have given such practical education would have been unthinkable - a dereliction of duty.
*:Most important for Hawai‘ian society, the young learned of sexual humor. Among the Hawai‘ians, sex was and remains a rich source of humor and enjoyment. In everyday conversation and in song and story, it was considered to be an “art form” to speak using sexual double entendres (kaona). [...] Suggs (1966, p. 39) considered the early manifestations of infantile and childhood sexual behavior, including sexual behavior with adults, to be among the most distinguishing features of Marquesan sexual behavior. Many of the activities he described, however, are similar to activities that were present in Hawai'i and elsewhere in Oceania. Oliver (1974, pp. 458-459), for example, reported on adult/nonadult sexual behavior in Tahiti and quoted the missionary Orsmond from 1832: “In all Tahitians as well as officers who come in ships there is a cry for little girls,” and older females, when in a position to choose, preferred younger males. Marshall (1971, p. 126) described the routine early sexual encounters of young males and females in Mangaia as being with older, experienced males and females."

==Indonesia==

===Bali===
*'''Martinson, Floyd M. (1973). ''[http://www.ipce.info/booksreborn/martinson/infant/InfantAndChildSexuality.html Infant and Child Sexuality: A Sociological Perspective]''. The Book Mark.'''
*:"Among the Balinese, play and teasing with the genitals is common. A mother will pat her baby girl on the vulva and exclaim, "Pretty! Pretty!" (Bateson and Mead, 1942, p. 26, 32, 131). A boy's penis will be stroked and rubbed. After he has urinated, he will be dried by a flick of his penis. As he grows older, his penis will be pulled and stretched and ruffled, and he will often attempt to keep his balance when learning to walk by holding on to it. Babies are comforted and quieted by manipulating their genital organs. In fact, in Bali, a baby, especially a baby's genital, is a toy with which to play. There is much delight taken in stimulating and playing with the baby to watch him respond."

==South and Southeast Asia ==

=== Philippines ===
*'''[https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy-Claude_Burger Burger, G.C.] (Date unknown). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20230830163437/https://youjo.love/media/8db97b489e84f14e500046445c113066d720c1e691df6cc7934220a7b565483f.pdf The Sexual Mistake of the West].'''''
*:"Enamored of travel, he went to a different country every year, and, that year, he visited the Philippines. Not wanting to stay in the capital, he had taken the bus in order to get closer to the population. He thus found himself next to a mother who had reserved only one seat for herself and her eight-year-old daughter. The child at first amused herself by running in the central aisle and approaching the other passengers, but after three hours on the way, she began to have enough. As she was becoming more and more cranky, the mother put her on her lap and asked our gentlemen from Bordeaux if it would bother him if she put her daughter’s legs on his knees, so that the little one could sleep better. He accepted, of course, when he noticed that the mother began masturbating the child, as if it were the most natural thing in the world. You can imagine him blushing, asking himself what he should do, looking all around him to see how the other passengers would react, feeling that he would be accused of complicity in incest. But all the neighbors watched with big calm smiles, as if it were obvious, and worthy of the greatest discretion. As soon as the little girl reached orgasm, she fell asleep like an angel..."

===Khumbo (Nepal)===
*'''Diemberger, H. (1993). Blood, sperm, soul and the mountain. In T. del Valle (Ed.), [https://library.lol/main/E2340CAF82B58307F2AA3CBD3D1F97C9 ''Gendered Anthropology''] (pp. 88). Routledge.'''
*:"Caili, an energetic and sensual woman, is playing with her youngest son, Migmar. I enter the house. Caili offers me a cup of barley beer and then continues to play with Migmar who does not really want to be disturbed. He drinks some milk from the breast and plays with his erect little penis. He offers it to his mother who sucks it tenderly and then continues to chat with me. Migmar is five years old."

=== Tibet ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Monasteries had a strong reputation for master-novice sexual relations, which participants viewed without shame as they made no attempt to conceal them to Westerners upon early contacts. Prince Peter (1963)"

=== Batak (Northern Sumatra) ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"In late childhood, boys moved into all-male houses with about a dozen other boys and young men. From puberty until marriage, homosexual behavior was prescribed and constant. Pederasty and age-equal sex were both common. Sequestering the sexes ensured girls remained virgins until marriage (premarital sex for girls was highly taboo). With outside cultural contact, the tradition began to change. Money & Ehrhardt (1972)"

=== Java ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"In Ponorogo area, all-male folk dance was a major cultural institution (before 1990s); spectating men admired beauty of dancing youths; boy dancers aged 8–14, called gemblaks, often had culturally approved sex with men; interviewees who had been gemblaks all viewed the sex positively; all got married; some had long-term sexual relationships with the dance troupe directors (the Waroks). Waroks were spiritual guides, valorized by the community. Each Ponorogo village had a formalized male group for unmarried males; the group did socially constructive work for the community; heterosexual sex before marriage was disapproved, so members had sex with gemblaks; this practice was seen as benefiting the gemblaks, who got gifts, the group members, who got a sexual outlet, the community, which got good works. Under Western influence, educated Ponorogo people began seeing all this as an embarrassment (relic from an “uncivilized” past); have since worked to end the practice. Weis (1974); Williams (2011)"

==Africa==

=== Maassai (Kenya, Tanzania) ===
*'''Carles Feixa (2011). Past and present of adolescence in society: The ‘teen brain’ debate in perspective. ''Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews'', Volume 35, Issue 8'''
::"Sexual intercourse with [postpubertal] girls is admitted as long as they do not become pregnant."

=== Azande (South Sudan, Northern Congo)===
*'''Evans-Pritchard, E. E. (1970). [https://sci-hub.st/10.2307/672861 Sexual Inversion among the Azande. American Anthropologist], 72(6), 1428–1434.'''
*: "It was the custom for members of bachelor companies, some of whom would always be living in barracks at court, to take boy-wives. [...] Most young men consequently married late -- well into their twenties and thirties -- and, because girls were engaged (in a legal sense married) very young, often at birth, the only way youths could obtain satisfaction from a woman was in adultery. [...] The boys performed many of the smaller services a woman performs daily for her husband [...] Also, the boywife carried his husband's shield when on a journey. It should be understood that he performed these services lest it might be thought that the relationship was entirely of a sexual nature; it will be appreciated that it had an educational side to it. With regard to the sexual side, at night the boy slept with his lover, who had intercourse with him between his thighs (Azande expressed disgust at the suggestion of anal penetration). The boys got what pleasure they could by friction of their organs on the husband's belly or groin. However, even though there was this side to the relationship, it was clear from Zande accounts that there was also the comfort of a nightly sharing of the bed with a companion."
*: "The word "boy" (kumba gude) must, it would appear, be interpreted liberally, for as far as I could judge from what I was told the lads might have been anywhere between about twelve and twenty years of age"
*: "I have pointedly used the terms "wife,""husband," and "marriage," for, as the texts will make clear, the relationship was, for so long as it lasted, a legal union on the model of a normal marriage. The warrior paid bridewealth (some five spears or more) to the parents of his boy and performed services for them as he would have done had he married their daughter; if he proved to be a good son-in-law they might later replace the son by a daughter. Also, if another man had relations with his boy he could, I was told, sue him at court for adultery."

*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Under polygynous system, women were scarce; warriors married boys aged 12 or older; commanders might have more than one boy-wife; man and boy addressed each other with terms such as my love and my lover; boy performed wifely duties and apprenticed for man; on reaching adulthood, the boy typically joined a military company, taking a boy-wife of his own; tradition faded when practice of military service discontinued under British colonialism. Evans-Pritchard (1971); Murray & Roscoe (1998); Seligman & Seligman (1932)"

===Kadar (Nigeria)===
*'''Harris, M. [http://library.lol/main/98025ADB86EEFAF62B59DF2C3CA21CC7 ''Cultural Anthropology''] (New York: Harper and Row, 1983), p. 94.'''
*:"Among the Kadar of northern Nigeria, as reported by M. G. Smith (1968),<ref>M. G. Smith (1968). 'Secondary Marriage among Kadera and Kagoro.' In ''Marriage, Family, and Residence'', Bohannan, Paul and Middleton, J., eds. pp. 109-130. Garden City, N.Y.: Published for the American Museum of Natural History by the Natural History Press.</ref> most marriages result from infant betrothals. These matches are arranged by the fathers of the bride and groom when the girl is 3 to 6 years old. Ten years or more may elapse before the bride goes to live with her betrothed. During this time, a Kadar girl is not unlikely to become pregnant. This will disturb no one, even if the biological father is a man other than her husband:
*::''Kadar set no value on premarital chastity'' (1968, p. 113)."

=== Mossi (Burkina Faso) ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"All chiefs (ca. late nineteenth century) had large groups of pages, boys aged 8 to 15 chosen for attractiveness (some were thought to be quite beautiful); on Friday nights, because heterosexual intercourse was forbidden, a (W. chief would engage in sex with a boy instead (he could also on other nights). Upon reaching maturity, a boy Africa) was given a wife by the chief. Murray & Roscoe (1998); Tauxier (1912)"

=== Tsonga (Southern Mozambique) ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Common practice in twentieth century among native men, used as miners by colonialists, was taking boys as wives (with wedding feast, brideprice payment); boy performed domestic, sexual duties; was given presents, money in exchange; fidelity was expected; relationships were marked by intense feelings and jealousy; marriage could be terminated in divorce; some men took boy-wives home after mining, where they were accepted by men’s other wives and tribal leaders. Asked if boys desired being wives, an elderly Tsonga man answered, “Yes: for the sake of security, for the acquisition of property and for the fun itself.” A beard indicated the boy was no longer a sex object but a competitor for boys. Murray & Roscoe (1998); Wallace (2006)"

=== Bantu-Speaking Tribes (Central Africa) ===
*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Male peer homosexual behavior was universal from puberty until age 18 or 20, and adult-youth sexual interactions were common as well. The older men disposed to form such relationships were described as bian nku’ma (having a heart for boys). In various Central Bantu groups, boy initiates resided at a sex-segregated lodge during their initiation phase and were required to manipulate the phalluses of the lodge-keeper and other adult male visitors, a practice that was seen as instrumental in helping the boys’ phalluses grow large and strong. Wallace (2006)"

=== Siwans (Libya) ===
*'''Ford, C. S., & Beach, F. A. (1951). Patterns of sexual behavior. ''Harper & Brothers.'''''
::"Among the Siwans of Africa, for example, all men and boys engage in anal intercourse. They adopt the feminine role only in strictly sexual situations and males are singled out as peculiar if they do not indulge in these homosexual activities. Prominent Siwan men lend their sons to each other, and they talk about their masculine love affairs as openly as they discuss their love of women."

*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"(Ages of boys involved 12–18) Pederasty was a well-entrenched custom from antiquity to at least 1950s; matchmakers made marriage-like ; arrangements between men and boys; the boy got a gift larger than brideprice for females; man and boy then entered into alliance with family approval; prominent men lent each other their sons for sex; love affairs and jealousies over boys were common; Robin Maugham said: “They will kill for a boy. Never for a woman.” Adam (1985); Herdt (1997)"

==India==

===Muria===

*'''Elwin, V. (1947). ''[http://library.lol/main/F416733E30BB1A46214CC9AC38656FDE The Muria and their Ghotul]''. Oxford: Oxford University Press.''' [Childhood of the Muria people of Bastar, in central India, as summarized here in scholarship by [[Tom O'Carroll]] (2018)].<ref>Thomas O'Carroll (2018). [https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-018-9519-1 Childhood ‘Innocence’ is Not Ideal: Virtue Ethics and Child–Adult Sex.] ''Sexuality and Culture'', 22:1230–1262 (pp. 1254-1255).</ref>
*:"Anthropologist Verrier Elwin described the elaborate sexual apprenticeship children have, which takes place principally in a special house for the young, known as the ''ghotul''. Infants and toddlers sleep in their parents' house. There are no locked doors and these little children inevitably see something of their parents' intimacies. By the time the children are six or seven a new domestic arrangement is brought into play. The child goes of to the ghotul, a self-regulated domain with its own boy leader and girl leader. The little children are free to come and go as they please between the ghotul and the parental home. Within the ghotul the children are free to engage in sex rehearsal play. Adolescents are able to have intercourse as they choose, able to experiment with different partners and under no pressure to make a premature commitment (Elwin 1947). Elwin, who spent much of his life in India, thought the arrangement worked very well. [...] In 1982, to the surprise of the academic community, it was reported that the ghotul system was still in existence and even expanding (von Fürer-Haimendorf 1982). [...] Elwin says that in practice [girls becoming pregnant] was a rare occurrence in the ghotul, even in the absence of modern contraceptives."

=== Crow ===
*'''Ford, C. S., & Beach, F. A. (1951). Patterns of sexual behavior. ''Harper & Brothers.'''''
::"A few Crow men adopt women's dress and mannerisms, and live alone. Adolescent boys and occasionally older men visit these ''bate'', as they are called. The bate stimulates the boy's genitals orally. One informant stated that there were four such men in his community and that seventeen of his adolescent friends visited them occasionally."

==The Balkans==

===Albania===

*'''Zimmerman, Ann (1994). "[https://www.dallasobserver.com/news/tell-mama-why-you-cry-part-i-6404797 'Tell Mama Why You Cry' (Part I)]," [https://web.archive.org/web/20100926211411/http://www.dallasobserver.com/1994-11-17/news/tell-mama-why-you-cry-part-i/1 (archive)], ''Dallas Observer'', November 17.'''
*:An Albanian immigrant to the US is arrested for retaining his culture: "This harsh--and irreversible--punishment came at the end of a strange case that began in 1989 when several witnesses reported seeing Krasniqi fondle his daughter during a karate tournament in a Plano high school gymnasium in which his son was competing. Several years after the family court ruling, Krasniqi finally had his day in criminal court. Collin County Judge Nathan White acquitted him of the charge of indecency with a child primarily on the strength of testimony from Massachusetts anthropologist Barbara Halpern--one of the country's foremost authorities on the peasant culture of the Balkans. Halpern explained that Sam Krasniqi's actions were done not with sexual intent, but rather with playful affection--in keeping with his culture, which cherishes children and showers them with physical affection. [...]
*: Shortly after the tournament began, Taylor's attention was drawn to the spectator in front of her. She watched as a 50-year-old man with thinning gray hair repeatedly rubbed the underpants-clad buttocks and bare legs of a little girl who was laid out across his lap. He also slipped his hand under the girl's panties and caressed and squeezed her buttocks. "He lifted her to face him and rubbed her front chest under her little dress. He then put his hand inside her panties from the leg opening and squeezed her vagina," Taylor wrote in a statement she gave police. [...]
*:Wunderlich, who did not retrun calls to the Observer, had to explain to Kathy what molestation meant. "If you mean something sexual like with me and my husband, you are wrong," Kathy responded. "It is not a sexual thing and there is no harm to my children," Kathy told Wunderlich. [...]
*:"According to Wunderlich's case notes, he admitted touching Lima and Tim, that it was acceptable in his country and it was just a big misunderstanding. "He denied it was sexual at all and said that I could kill him if he was lying and if it was sexually gratifying to him." Krasniqi has since insisted that Wunderlich misconstrued what he was telling her. At the karate tournament, Krasniqi insists he was just playing a game with his daughter--touching the parts of her body and asking her to say their names. "I tell Wunderlich, How can you love your children and not touch them?" Krasniqi explains, sitting in his home, surrounded by pictures of his children when they were younger.
*:Nowhere in Wunderlich's case notes does it indicate that anyone in her department tried to research the Krasniqis' culture. If they had they might have learned what Barbara Halpern, the anthropologist from Massachusetts, testified to in Krasniqi's criminal trial. The Krasniqis come from "very physically demonstrative culture. Children are universally adored. Until they attain school age and venture beyond the household gates, they are the constant subjects of hugs, caresses and overt displays of affection.""

*'''Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research|Censoring Sex Research]].'''
::"Highly romanticized pederasty still found in latter half of twentieth century [...] [Y]ounger men frequently cultivated passionate, enthusiastic erotic relations with boys (12 to 17); Muslim Albanian custom of “boy-brides” also spread to Albanian Christians. Greenberg (1988); Murray (1997, 2000); Williams (1992)"

== See also ==
*[[Research: Intergenerational Relationships in History]]
*[[Pederasty in Islam]]
*[[Pederasty in Japanese culture]]
* [https://wiki.yesmap.net/wiki/Walter_L._Williams#The_Spirit_and_the_Flesh_%281986%29 The Spirit and the Flesh (1986)] - the book by Walter L. Williams with a broad section on pederasty among non-western societies
* [[Gilbert_Herdt|Gilbert Herdt]] - anthropologist who studied ritualized intergenerational homosexuality in Melanesia

==Excerpt Graphic Library==

The EGL on '''Broader Perspectives''' has some relevant information. Just right click/save and reproduce by uploading in short-form media to bypass character limits.

{{Template:EGLBP}}

==References==

[[Category:Official Encyclopedia]][[Category:Research into effects on Children]][[Category:Research: Broader Perspectives]]