Research: Age of Innocence - Revision history

Thorn: /* Unrepresentatively sampled and/or coercive CSA studies */

2025-03-01T18:34:30Z

Unrepresentatively sampled and/or coercive CSA studies

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:34, 1 March 2025
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	*:"Age was not significantly correlated with sexual problems. [...] However, there is greater ambiguity in the literature for the variable duration and age at onset. Although duration was significantly correlated with internalizing, externalizing, and sexual behavior, neither it nor age at onset contributed significant unique variance to the regression statements"		*:"Age was not significantly correlated with sexual problems. [...] However, there is greater ambiguity in the literature for the variable duration and age at onset. Although duration was significantly correlated with internalizing, externalizing, and sexual behavior, neither it nor age at onset contributed significant unique variance to the regression statements"

	Most studies that sought to answer this question, found no association between the age of onset and intensity of later psycholological sequelae.<ref>[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34633279/ Nagtegaal MH, Boonmann C. Child Sexual Abuse and Problems Reported by Survivors of CSA: A Meta-Review. J Child Sex Abus. 2022 Feb-Mar;31(2):147-176.]</ref>		Most studies that sought to answer this question, found no association between the age of onset and intensity of later psycholological sequelae.<ref>[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34633279/ Nagtegaal MH, Boonmann C. Child Sexual Abuse and Problems Reported by Survivors of CSA: A Meta-Review. J Child Sex Abus. 2022 Feb-Mar;31(2):147-176.]</ref> (''see more in [[Research: Association or Causation]] and [[Research:_Prevalence_of_Harm_and_Negative_Outcomes#Outcomes_and_%22severity%22\|Outcomes and severity]]'')

	==Studies which use Rind-type CSA definitions==		==Studies which use Rind-type CSA definitions==

The Admins: /* Studies which use Rind-type CSA definitions */

2024-12-07T23:40:27Z

Studies which use Rind-type CSA definitions

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:40, 7 December 2024
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	==Studies which use Rind-type CSA definitions==		==Studies which use Rind-type CSA definitions==

	It should be noted that the above studies (which nearly always insist on self-perceived abuse and/or use of force) are fundamentally different to the [[Research: Prevalence of Harm and Negative Outcomes\|Rind/Daly type studies]] which canvass for all legally defined "CSA" regardless of force or perception of abuse, and meta-analyze such data. With the latter type of study, it may well be the case that younger "victims" of legally-defined CSA go on to ''perceive'' these events as more negative, however, concrete psychological outcomes are known to be no different to the general population. The reasons for this more negative ''self-perception'' may again be related to wider social factors such as the taboo on sex with prepubescent children, higher frequency of incest and ~~a higher frequency~~ of ~~opportunistic, low-quality interactions owing to~~ the underprivileged social position of smaller children. As a result of this, and the tendency of older minors to be more open to initiating a contact, coercive contacts are likely to be overrepresented in the younger age of onset group, throughout society at large.		It should be noted that the above studies (which nearly always insist on self-perceived abuse and/or use of force) are fundamentally different to the [[Research: Prevalence of Harm and Negative Outcomes\|Rind/Daly type studies]] which canvass for all legally defined "CSA" regardless of force or perception of abuse, and meta-analyze such data. With the latter type of study, it may well be the case that younger "victims" of legally-defined CSA go on to ''perceive'' these events as more negative, however, concrete psychological outcomes are known to be no different to the general population. The reasons for this more negative ''self-perception'' may again be related to wider social factors such as the taboo on sex with prepubescent children, illegality selecting for deviance, opportunism and secrecy, higher frequency of incest and abuse of the underprivileged social position of smaller children. As a result of this, and the tendency of older minors to be more open to initiating a contact, coercive contacts are likely to be overrepresented in the younger age of onset group, throughout society at large.

	The following studies did not insist upon force or use unrepresentative sampling (hence the now familiar and highly replicable ''absence'' of negative psychological adjustment in the CSA group as per Rind's study).		The following studies did not insist upon force or use unrepresentative sampling (hence the now familiar and highly replicable ''absence'' of negative psychological adjustment in the CSA group as per Rind's study).

The Admins at 23:37, 7 December 2024

2024-12-07T23:37:07Z

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	{{research}}__NOTOC__		{{research}}__NOTOC__
	:''Most literature used in this anthology fails to sample and/or define CSA in a way that can be generalized to the wider population, instead focusing exclusively on coercive/unwanted acts. ~~We use this type~~ of literature ~~because we already know that when~~ all acts legally defined as CSA ~~are included in the sample~~, no significant relationship ~~has been found with~~ psychological dysfunction. See [[Research: Prevalence of Harm and Negative Outcomes\|Prevalence of Harm and Negative Outcomes]].''		:''Most literature used in this anthology fails to sample and/or define CSA in a way that can be generalized to the wider population, instead focusing exclusively on ''coercive/unwanted acts''. The article uses these types of study, because they are the only literature showing significant harms associated with CSA. Other (representative) studies include all acts ''legally'' defined as CSA, and show no significant relationship between said "CSA" and psychological dysfunction. See [[Research: Prevalence of Harm and Negative Outcomes\|Prevalence of Harm and Negative Outcomes]].''

	It is widely assumed that when ''forced or unwanted'' (a minority of) sexual contact does take place with adults, '''younger''' minors are especially vulnerable to harm. This is said to manifest itself in the form of multiple psychological impairments in later life. Much like the idea that [[Research: Methodological flaws and syndrome construction\|CSA "syndrome"]] takes on a certain observable form, these ideas are not supported by quantitative evidence. It instead appears that the perception of having been abused is associated with comparable negative psychological outcomes, regardless of the age at which the perceived abuse took place. Causation is nevertheless very hard to prove.		It is widely assumed that when ''forced or unwanted'' (a minority of) sexual contact does take place with adults, '''younger''' minors are especially vulnerable to harm. This is said to manifest itself in the form of multiple psychological impairments in later life. Much like the idea that [[Research: Methodological flaws and syndrome construction\|CSA "syndrome"]] takes on a certain observable form, these ideas are not supported by quantitative evidence. It instead appears that the perception of having been abused is associated with comparable negative psychological outcomes, regardless of the age at which the perceived abuse took place. Causation is nevertheless very hard to prove.

Xtjvimds16dovrfc at 21:34, 14 July 2024

2024-07-14T21:34:42Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:34, 14 July 2024
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	*:Abstract: "Sexual relationships between an adolescent and an older person are considered controversial and in many countries are conceptualized under the legal definition of statutory relationship/rape. Despite the consensus regarding their potential negative implications, little is known about how adolescents perceive and construct them. To address this lacuna, the current exploratory study examined how individuals who have experienced sexual relationships with an adult while growing up perceived the older person and the meaning they ascribed to the age gap (M age gap, 7.78 years; range, 2–18 years). A qualitative thematic methodology was incorporated in analyzing in-depth semi-structured interviews with 28 individuals (M age, 29.89 years) who had experienced sexual relationships with an (at least 2 years) older person during adolescence (M age, 14.78 years). Participants described five different perceptions of the older persons: romantic partner; sexual partner; authority figure; complex/unstable figure; and exploiter. Subsequent analysis, focusing on the role participants assigned to age when describing these different images of older persons, shed additional light on their subjective perceptions; namely, for each image, age had a particular meaning. This paper may contribute to the understanding of individuals’ experiences of sexual relationships with an older person by emphasizing the complexity of such relationships, as reflected in the participants’ construction of the older person’s image, potentially providing important information that can inform best practice for professionals working with this population. Findings highlight the need to address diversity and ambiguity rather than the uniform dichotomy that characterizes the legal framing of automatically constructing these relationships as statutory. Further implications for research, policy, and practice are discussed."		*:Abstract: "Sexual relationships between an adolescent and an older person are considered controversial and in many countries are conceptualized under the legal definition of statutory relationship/rape. Despite the consensus regarding their potential negative implications, little is known about how adolescents perceive and construct them. To address this lacuna, the current exploratory study examined how individuals who have experienced sexual relationships with an adult while growing up perceived the older person and the meaning they ascribed to the age gap (M age gap, 7.78 years; range, 2–18 years). A qualitative thematic methodology was incorporated in analyzing in-depth semi-structured interviews with 28 individuals (M age, 29.89 years) who had experienced sexual relationships with an (at least 2 years) older person during adolescence (M age, 14.78 years). Participants described five different perceptions of the older persons: romantic partner; sexual partner; authority figure; complex/unstable figure; and exploiter. Subsequent analysis, focusing on the role participants assigned to age when describing these different images of older persons, shed additional light on their subjective perceptions; namely, for each image, age had a particular meaning. This paper may contribute to the understanding of individuals’ experiences of sexual relationships with an older person by emphasizing the complexity of such relationships, as reflected in the participants’ construction of the older person’s image, potentially providing important information that can inform best practice for professionals working with this population. Findings highlight the need to address diversity and ambiguity rather than the uniform dichotomy that characterizes the legal framing of automatically constructing these relationships as statutory. Further implications for research, policy, and practice are discussed."

	*'''Rind, B. (2020). [https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01721-y First Sexual Intercourse in the Irish Study of Sexual Health and Relationships: Current Functioning in Relation to Age at Time of Experience and Partner Age.] ''Archives of Sexual Behavior.'''''		*'''[[Bruce Rind\|Rind, B.]] (2020). [https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01721-y First Sexual Intercourse in the Irish Study of Sexual Health and Relationships: Current Functioning in Relation to Age at Time of Experience and Partner Age.] ''Archives of Sexual Behavior.'''''
	*:"The vast majority of cases involved postpubertal heterosexual coitus. Overall, minors involved with adults were not significantly less well adjusted than adults involved with other adults on a majority of measures, effect size differences in adjustment were mostly small, and mean adjustment responses consistently indicated good rather than poor adjustment. "		*:"The vast majority of cases involved postpubertal heterosexual coitus. Overall, minors involved with adults were not significantly less well adjusted than adults involved with other adults on a majority of measures, effect size differences in adjustment were mostly small, and mean adjustment responses consistently indicated good rather than poor adjustment. "

	*'''Rind, B., & Welter, M. (2013). [https://sci-hub.se/10.1007/s10508-013-0186-x Enjoyment and Emotionally Negative Reactions in Minor–Adult Versus Minor–Peer and Adult–Adult First Postpubescent Coitus: A Secondary Analysis of the Kinsey Data.] ''Archives of Sexual Behavior'', 43(2), 285–297.'''		*'''[[Bruce Rind\|Rind, B.]], & Welter, M. (2013). [https://sci-hub.se/10.1007/s10508-013-0186-x Enjoyment and Emotionally Negative Reactions in Minor–Adult Versus Minor–Peer and Adult–Adult First Postpubescent Coitus: A Secondary Analysis of the Kinsey Data.] ''Archives of Sexual Behavior'', 43(2), 285–297.'''
	*:"For males, boys aged 14 and under with women had emotionally negative reasons in 15 % of the cases, which was not significantly different from any other category and was nearly the same nominally as men with peer-aged women (12 %). Likewise, girls aged 14 and under with men had emotionally negative reasons in 18 % of the cases, which was not significantly different from the other categories, in particular women with peer-aged men (16 %). Between-gender contrasts revealed only one significant difference: men with peer-aged women less often had emotionally negative reasons (12 %) than women with peer-aged men (16 %)"		*:"For males, boys aged 14 and under with women had emotionally negative reasons in 15 % of the cases, which was not significantly different from any other category and was nearly the same nominally as men with peer-aged women (12 %). Likewise, girls aged 14 and under with men had emotionally negative reasons in 18 % of the cases, which was not significantly different from the other categories, in particular women with peer-aged men (16 %). Between-gender contrasts revealed only one significant difference: men with peer-aged women less often had emotionally negative reasons (12 %) than women with peer-aged men (16 %)"

The Admins: /* Studies which use Rind-type CSA definitions */

2024-03-17T20:50:49Z

Studies which use Rind-type CSA definitions

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:50, 17 March 2024
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	==Studies which use Rind-type CSA definitions==		==Studies which use Rind-type CSA definitions==

	It should be noted that the above studies (which nearly always insist on self-perceived abuse and/or use of force) are fundamentally different to the [[Research: Prevalence of Harm and Negative Outcomes\|Rind/Daly type studies]] which canvass for all legally defined "CSA" regardless of force or perception of abuse, or meta-analyze such data. With the latter type of study, it may well be the case that younger "victims" of legally-defined CSA go on to ''perceive'' these events as more negative, however, concrete psychological outcomes are known to be no different to the general population. The reasons for this more negative ''self-perception'' may again be related to wider social factors such as the taboo on sex with prepubescent children, higher frequency of incest and a higher frequency of opportunistic, low-quality interactions owing to the underprivileged social position of smaller children. As a result of this, and the tendency of older minors to be more open to initiating a contact, coercive contacts are likely to be overrepresented in the younger age of onset group, throughout society at large.		It should be noted that the above studies (which nearly always insist on self-perceived abuse and/or use of force) are fundamentally different to the [[Research: Prevalence of Harm and Negative Outcomes\|Rind/Daly type studies]] which canvass for all legally defined "CSA" regardless of force or perception of abuse, and meta-analyze such data. With the latter type of study, it may well be the case that younger "victims" of legally-defined CSA go on to ''perceive'' these events as more negative, however, concrete psychological outcomes are known to be no different to the general population. The reasons for this more negative ''self-perception'' may again be related to wider social factors such as the taboo on sex with prepubescent children, higher frequency of incest and a higher frequency of opportunistic, low-quality interactions owing to the underprivileged social position of smaller children. As a result of this, and the tendency of older minors to be more open to initiating a contact, coercive contacts are likely to be overrepresented in the younger age of onset group, throughout society at large.

	The following studies did not insist upon force or use unrepresentative sampling (hence the now familiar and highly replicable ''absence'' of negative psychological adjustment in the CSA group as per Rind's study).		The following studies did not insist upon force or use unrepresentative sampling (hence the now familiar and highly replicable ''absence'' of negative psychological adjustment in the CSA group as per Rind's study).

The Admins: /* Studies which use Rind-type CSA definitions */

2024-03-17T20:50:05Z

Studies which use Rind-type CSA definitions

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:50, 17 March 2024
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	==Studies which use Rind-type CSA definitions==		==Studies which use Rind-type CSA definitions==

	It should be noted that the above studies (which insist on self-perceived abuse and/or use of force) are fundamentally different to the [[Research: Prevalence of Harm and Negative Outcomes\|Rind/Daly type studies]] which canvass for all legally defined "CSA" regardless of force or perception of abuse, or meta-analyze such data. With the latter type of study, it may well be the case that younger "victims" of legally-defined CSA go on to ''perceive'' these events as more negative, however, concrete psychological outcomes are known to be no different to the general population. The reasons for this more negative ''self-perception'' may again be related to wider social factors such as the taboo on sex with prepubescent children, higher frequency of incest and a higher frequency of opportunistic, low-quality interactions owing to the underprivileged social position of smaller children. As a result of this, and the tendency of older minors to be more open to initiating a contact, coercive contacts are likely to be overrepresented in the younger age of onset group, throughout society at large.		It should be noted that the above studies (which nearly always insist on self-perceived abuse and/or use of force) are fundamentally different to the [[Research: Prevalence of Harm and Negative Outcomes\|Rind/Daly type studies]] which canvass for all legally defined "CSA" regardless of force or perception of abuse, or meta-analyze such data. With the latter type of study, it may well be the case that younger "victims" of legally-defined CSA go on to ''perceive'' these events as more negative, however, concrete psychological outcomes are known to be no different to the general population. The reasons for this more negative ''self-perception'' may again be related to wider social factors such as the taboo on sex with prepubescent children, higher frequency of incest and a higher frequency of opportunistic, low-quality interactions owing to the underprivileged social position of smaller children. As a result of this, and the tendency of older minors to be more open to initiating a contact, coercive contacts are likely to be overrepresented in the younger age of onset group, throughout society at large.

	The following studies did not insist upon force or use unrepresentative sampling (hence the now familiar and highly replicable ''absence'' of negative psychological adjustment in the CSA group as per Rind's study).		The following studies did not insist upon force or use unrepresentative sampling (hence the now familiar and highly replicable ''absence'' of negative psychological adjustment in the CSA group as per Rind's study).

Prue: /* Studies which use Rind-type CSA definitions */

2023-02-07T03:11:49Z

Studies which use Rind-type CSA definitions

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:11, 7 February 2023
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	The following studies did not insist upon force or use unrepresentative sampling (hence the now familiar and highly replicable ''absence'' of negative psychological adjustment in the CSA group as per Rind's study).		The following studies did not insist upon force or use unrepresentative sampling (hence the now familiar and highly replicable ''absence'' of negative psychological adjustment in the CSA group as per Rind's study).

			*'''Dana Larssi, Ortal Wasser and Dafna Tener. (2022). [https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-021-02233-z ‘Lover, Mentor, or Exploiter: Retrospective Perspectives of the Older Person Following Sexual Relationships with Adults During Adolescence’], in ''Archives of Sexual Behavior'', 51:2, pp. 987-999.'''
			*:Abstract: "Sexual relationships between an adolescent and an older person are considered controversial and in many countries are conceptualized under the legal definition of statutory relationship/rape. Despite the consensus regarding their potential negative implications, little is known about how adolescents perceive and construct them. To address this lacuna, the current exploratory study examined how individuals who have experienced sexual relationships with an adult while growing up perceived the older person and the meaning they ascribed to the age gap (M age gap, 7.78 years; range, 2–18 years). A qualitative thematic methodology was incorporated in analyzing in-depth semi-structured interviews with 28 individuals (M age, 29.89 years) who had experienced sexual relationships with an (at least 2 years) older person during adolescence (M age, 14.78 years). Participants described five different perceptions of the older persons: romantic partner; sexual partner; authority figure; complex/unstable figure; and exploiter. Subsequent analysis, focusing on the role participants assigned to age when describing these different images of older persons, shed additional light on their subjective perceptions; namely, for each image, age had a particular meaning. This paper may contribute to the understanding of individuals’ experiences of sexual relationships with an older person by emphasizing the complexity of such relationships, as reflected in the participants’ construction of the older person’s image, potentially providing important information that can inform best practice for professionals working with this population. Findings highlight the need to address diversity and ambiguity rather than the uniform dichotomy that characterizes the legal framing of automatically constructing these relationships as statutory. Further implications for research, policy, and practice are discussed."

	*'''Rind, B. (2020). [https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01721-y First Sexual Intercourse in the Irish Study of Sexual Health and Relationships: Current Functioning in Relation to Age at Time of Experience and Partner Age.] ''Archives of Sexual Behavior.'''''		*'''Rind, B. (2020). [https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01721-y First Sexual Intercourse in the Irish Study of Sexual Health and Relationships: Current Functioning in Relation to Age at Time of Experience and Partner Age.] ''Archives of Sexual Behavior.'''''

The Admins: /* Studies which use Rind-type CSA definitions */

2022-08-13T13:30:07Z

Studies which use Rind-type CSA definitions

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:30, 13 August 2022
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	==Studies which use Rind-type CSA definitions==		==Studies which use Rind-type CSA definitions==

	It should be noted that the above studies (which insist on self-perceived abuse and/or use of force) are fundamentally different to the [[Research: Prevalence of Harm and Negative Outcomes\|Rind/Daly type studies]] which canvass for all legally defined "CSA" regardless of force or perception of abuse, or meta-analyze such data. With the latter type of study, it may well be the case that younger "victims" of legally-defined CSA go on to ''perceive'' these events as more negative, however, concrete psychological outcomes are known to be no different to the general population. The reasons for this more negative ''self-perception'' may again be related to wider social factors such as the taboo on sex with prepubescent children, higher frequency of incest and a higher frequency of opportunistic, low-quality interactions owing to the underprivileged social position of smaller children. As a result of this, and the tendency of older minors to be more open to initiating a contact, coercive contacts are likely to be overrepresented in the younger age group, throughout society at large.		It should be noted that the above studies (which insist on self-perceived abuse and/or use of force) are fundamentally different to the [[Research: Prevalence of Harm and Negative Outcomes\|Rind/Daly type studies]] which canvass for all legally defined "CSA" regardless of force or perception of abuse, or meta-analyze such data. With the latter type of study, it may well be the case that younger "victims" of legally-defined CSA go on to ''perceive'' these events as more negative, however, concrete psychological outcomes are known to be no different to the general population. The reasons for this more negative ''self-perception'' may again be related to wider social factors such as the taboo on sex with prepubescent children, higher frequency of incest and a higher frequency of opportunistic, low-quality interactions owing to the underprivileged social position of smaller children. As a result of this, and the tendency of older minors to be more open to initiating a contact, coercive contacts are likely to be overrepresented in the younger age of onset group, throughout society at large.

	The following studies did not insist upon force or use unrepresentative sampling (hence the now familiar and highly replicable ''absence'' of negative psychological adjustment in the CSA group as per Rind's study).		The following studies did not insist upon force or use unrepresentative sampling (hence the now familiar and highly replicable ''absence'' of negative psychological adjustment in the CSA group as per Rind's study).

The Admins at 13:23, 13 August 2022

2022-08-13T13:23:38Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:23, 13 August 2022
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	:''Most literature used in this anthology fails to sample and/or define CSA in a way that can be generalized to the wider population, instead focusing exclusively on coercive/unwanted acts. We use this type of literature because we already know that when all acts legally defined as CSA are included in the sample, no significant relationship has been found with psychological dysfunction. See [[Research: Prevalence of Harm and Negative Outcomes\|Prevalence of Harm and Negative Outcomes]].''		:''Most literature used in this anthology fails to sample and/or define CSA in a way that can be generalized to the wider population, instead focusing exclusively on coercive/unwanted acts. We use this type of literature because we already know that when all acts legally defined as CSA are included in the sample, no significant relationship has been found with psychological dysfunction. See [[Research: Prevalence of Harm and Negative Outcomes\|Prevalence of Harm and Negative Outcomes]].''

	It is widely assumed that when ''forced or unwanted'' (a minority of) sexual contact does take place with adults, '''younger''' minors are especially vulnerable to harm. This is said to manifest itself in the form of multiple psychological impairments in later life. Much like the idea that [[Research: Methodological flaws and syndrome construction\|CSA "syndrome"]] takes on a certain observable form, these ideas are not supported by quantitative evidence. It instead appears that the perception of having been abused is associated with comparable negative psychological outcomes, regardless of the age at which the perceived abuse took place.		It is widely assumed that when ''forced or unwanted'' (a minority of) sexual contact does take place with adults, '''younger''' minors are especially vulnerable to harm. This is said to manifest itself in the form of multiple psychological impairments in later life. Much like the idea that [[Research: Methodological flaws and syndrome construction\|CSA "syndrome"]] takes on a certain observable form, these ideas are not supported by quantitative evidence. It instead appears that the perception of having been abused is associated with comparable negative psychological outcomes, regardless of the age at which the perceived abuse took place. Causation is nevertheless very hard to prove.

	==Unrepresentatively sampled and/or coercive CSA studies==		==Unrepresentatively sampled and/or coercive CSA studies==

The Admins at 00:10, 5 August 2022

2022-08-05T00:10:11Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:10, 5 August 2022
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	{{research}}__NOTOC__		{{research}}__NOTOC__
	:''Most literature used in this anthology fails to sample and/or define CSA in a way that can be generalized to the wider population, instead focusing on coercive acts. We do this because we already know that when all acts legally defined as CSA are included in the sample, no significant relationship has been found with psychological dysfunction. See [[Research: Prevalence of Harm and Negative Outcomes\|Prevalence of Harm and Negative Outcomes]].''		:''Most literature used in this anthology fails to sample and/or define CSA in a way that can be generalized to the wider population, instead focusing exclusively on coercive/unwanted acts. We use this type of literature because we already know that when all acts legally defined as CSA are included in the sample, no significant relationship has been found with psychological dysfunction. See [[Research: Prevalence of Harm and Negative Outcomes\|Prevalence of Harm and Negative Outcomes]].''

	It is widely assumed that when ''forced or unwanted'' (a minority of) sexual contact does take place, '''younger''' minors are especially vulnerable to harm. This is said to manifest itself in the form of multiple psychological impairments in later life. Much like the idea that [[Research: Methodological flaws and syndrome construction\|CSA "syndrome"]] takes on a certain observable form, these ideas are not supported by quantitative evidence. It instead appears that the perception of having been abused is associated with negative psychological outcomes, regardless of the age at which the perceived abuse took place.		It is widely assumed that when ''forced or unwanted'' (a minority of) sexual contact does take place with adults, '''younger''' minors are especially vulnerable to harm. This is said to manifest itself in the form of multiple psychological impairments in later life. Much like the idea that [[Research: Methodological flaws and syndrome construction\|CSA "syndrome"]] takes on a certain observable form, these ideas are not supported by quantitative evidence. It instead appears that the perception of having been abused is associated with comparable negative psychological outcomes, regardless of the age at which the perceived abuse took place.

	==Unrepresentatively sampled and/or coercive CSA studies==		==Unrepresentatively sampled and/or coercive CSA studies==

	Studies which focus on a) ''unrepresentative'' clinical samples rather than the wider population, and/or b) narrow definitions of CSA which focus on coercion or unwillingness, have only occasionally shown an association between age of onset and severity of symptoms. However, said relationship is not ''always'' ~~inverse, as projected by~~ the ~~predominating~~ traumatological norms. Where this ~~inverse~~ relationship ~~does exist~~, this might be because of self-perception, as sexual contacts before puberty - regardless of coercion, are rarer and considered taboo. It might also be in part due to the higher prevalence of forced incestuous contacts at a younger age of first onset (incest is usually associated with more negative outcomes). Such studies often fail to control for confounding variables, or account for pre-existing genetic and/or socialized character traits in victims, which may put them at risk of ''both'' early victimization and later development of psychological problems. The role of multiple forms of victimization is also underexplored in relation to age; see our section on [[Research: Prevalence of Harm and Negative Outcomes#Poly Victimizations and Comorbidities\|poly-victimization]].		Studies which focus on a) ''unrepresentative'' clinical samples rather than the wider population, and/or b) narrow definitions of CSA which focus on coercion or unwillingness, have only very occasionally shown an association between age of onset and severity of symptoms. However, said relationship is not ''always'' in the expected direction according to traumatological norms. Where this expected relationship is observed, this might be because of self-perception, as sexual contacts before puberty - regardless of coercion, are rarer and considered taboo. It might also be in part due to the higher prevalence of forced incestuous contacts at a younger age of first onset (incest is usually associated with more negative outcomes). Such studies often fail to control for confounding variables, or account for pre-existing genetic and/or socialized character traits in victims, which may put them at risk of ''both'' early victimization and later development of psychological problems. The role of multiple forms of victimization is also underexplored in relation to age; see our section on [[Research: Prevalence of Harm and Negative Outcomes#Poly Victimizations and Comorbidities\|poly-victimization]]. A sampling of this literature follows:

	*'''Bulik, C. M., Prescott, C. A., & Kendler, K. S. (2001). [https://sci-hub.se/10.1192/bjp.179.5.444 Features of childhood sexual abuse and the development of psychiatric and substance use disorders.] ''British Journal of Psychiatry'', 179(05), 444–449.'''		*'''Bulik, C. M., Prescott, C. A., & Kendler, K. S. (2001). [https://sci-hub.se/10.1192/bjp.179.5.444 Features of childhood sexual abuse and the development of psychiatric and substance use disorders.] ''British Journal of Psychiatry'', 179(05), 444–449.'''
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	*'''Paolucci, E. O., Genuis, M. L., & Violato, C. (2001). [https://sci-hub.se/10.1080/00223980109603677 A Meta-Analysis of the Published Research on the Effects of Child Sexual Abuse.] ''The Journal of Psychology'', 135(1), 17–36. '''		*'''Paolucci, E. O., Genuis, M. L., & Violato, C. (2001). [https://sci-hub.se/10.1080/00223980109603677 A Meta-Analysis of the Published Research on the Effects of Child Sexual Abuse.] ''The Journal of Psychology'', 135(1), 17–36. '''
	*:"For the present meta-analysis, we have defined CSA as any unwanted sexual contact (ranging from genital touching and fondling to penetration) during the period in which the victim is considered a child by legal definition and the perpetrator is in a position of relative power vis 2 vis the victim [...] gender, socioeconomic status (SES), type of abuse, age when abused, relationship to perpetrator, and number of incidents of abuse were not found to mediate the effect of CSA on these outcomes. [...] These results do not corroborate the findings of other studies that have found an increased risk for the development of negative outcomes depending on the type of sexual abuse experienced, the child’s age, repetition of abuse, and familiarity with the perpetrator."		*:"For the present meta-analysis, we have defined CSA as any unwanted sexual contact (ranging from genital touching and fondling to penetration) during the period in which the victim is considered a child by legal definition and the perpetrator is in a position of relative power vis 2 vis the victim [...] gender, socioeconomic status (SES), type of abuse, age when abused, relationship to perpetrator, and number of incidents of abuse were not found to mediate the effect of CSA on these outcomes. [...] These results do not corroborate the findings of other studies that have found an increased risk for the development of negative outcomes depending on the type of sexual abuse experienced, the child’s age, repetition of abuse, and familiarity with the perpetrator."

			*'''Friedrich, W. N., Urquiza, A. J., & Beilke, R. L. (1986). [https://sci-hub.se/10.1093/jpepsy/11.1.47 Behavior Problems in Sexually Abused Young Children.] ''Journal of Pediatric Psychology'', 11(1), 47–57. '''
			*:"Age was not significantly correlated with sexual problems. [...] However, there is greater ambiguity in the literature for the variable duration and age at onset. Although duration was significantly correlated with internalizing, externalizing, and sexual behavior, neither it nor age at onset contributed significant unique variance to the regression statements"

	Most studies that sought to answer this question, found no association between the age of onset and intensity of later psycholological sequelae.<ref>[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34633279/ Nagtegaal MH, Boonmann C. Child Sexual Abuse and Problems Reported by Survivors of CSA: A Meta-Review. J Child Sex Abus. 2022 Feb-Mar;31(2):147-176.]</ref>		Most studies that sought to answer this question, found no association between the age of onset and intensity of later psycholological sequelae.<ref>[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34633279/ Nagtegaal MH, Boonmann C. Child Sexual Abuse and Problems Reported by Survivors of CSA: A Meta-Review. J Child Sex Abus. 2022 Feb-Mar;31(2):147-176.]</ref>
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	It should be noted that the above studies (which insist on self-perceived abuse and/or use of force) are fundamentally different to the [[Research: Prevalence of Harm and Negative Outcomes\|Rind/Daly type studies]] which canvass for all legally defined "CSA" regardless of force or perception of abuse, or meta-analyze such data. With the latter type of study, it may well be the case that younger "victims" of legally-defined CSA go on to ''perceive'' these events as more negative, however, concrete psychological outcomes are known to be no different to the general population. The reasons for this more negative ''self-perception'' may again be related to wider social factors such as the taboo on sex with prepubescent children, higher frequency of incest and a higher frequency of opportunistic, low-quality interactions owing to the underprivileged social position of smaller children. As a result of this, and the tendency of older minors to be more open to initiating a contact, coercive contacts are likely to be overrepresented in the younger age group, throughout society at large.		It should be noted that the above studies (which insist on self-perceived abuse and/or use of force) are fundamentally different to the [[Research: Prevalence of Harm and Negative Outcomes\|Rind/Daly type studies]] which canvass for all legally defined "CSA" regardless of force or perception of abuse, or meta-analyze such data. With the latter type of study, it may well be the case that younger "victims" of legally-defined CSA go on to ''perceive'' these events as more negative, however, concrete psychological outcomes are known to be no different to the general population. The reasons for this more negative ''self-perception'' may again be related to wider social factors such as the taboo on sex with prepubescent children, higher frequency of incest and a higher frequency of opportunistic, low-quality interactions owing to the underprivileged social position of smaller children. As a result of this, and the tendency of older minors to be more open to initiating a contact, coercive contacts are likely to be overrepresented in the younger age group, throughout society at large.

	The following ~~study~~ did not insist upon force or use unrepresentative sampling (hence the now familiar ''absence'' of negative psychological adjustment in the CSA group).		The following studies did not insist upon force or use unrepresentative sampling (hence the now familiar and highly replicable ''absence'' of negative psychological adjustment in the CSA group as per Rind's study).

	*'''Rind, B. (2020). [https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01721-y First Sexual Intercourse in the Irish Study of Sexual Health and Relationships: Current Functioning in Relation to Age at Time of Experience and Partner Age.] ''Archives of Sexual Behavior.'''''		*'''Rind, B. (2020). [https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01721-y First Sexual Intercourse in the Irish Study of Sexual Health and Relationships: Current Functioning in Relation to Age at Time of Experience and Partner Age.] ''Archives of Sexual Behavior.'''''
	*:"The vast majority of cases involved postpubertal heterosexual coitus. Overall, minors involved with adults were not significantly less well adjusted than adults involved with other adults on a majority of measures, effect size differences in adjustment were mostly small, and mean adjustment responses consistently indicated good rather than poor adjustment. "		*:"The vast majority of cases involved postpubertal heterosexual coitus. Overall, minors involved with adults were not significantly less well adjusted than adults involved with other adults on a majority of measures, effect size differences in adjustment were mostly small, and mean adjustment responses consistently indicated good rather than poor adjustment. "

			*'''Rind, B., & Welter, M. (2013). [https://sci-hub.se/10.1007/s10508-013-0186-x Enjoyment and Emotionally Negative Reactions in Minor–Adult Versus Minor–Peer and Adult–Adult First Postpubescent Coitus: A Secondary Analysis of the Kinsey Data.] ''Archives of Sexual Behavior'', 43(2), 285–297.'''
			*:"For males, boys aged 14 and under with women had emotionally negative reasons in 15 % of the cases, which was not significantly different from any other category and was nearly the same nominally as men with peer-aged women (12 %). Likewise, girls aged 14 and under with men had emotionally negative reasons in 18 % of the cases, which was not significantly different from the other categories, in particular women with peer-aged men (16 %). Between-gender contrasts revealed only one significant difference: men with peer-aged women less often had emotionally negative reasons (12 %) than women with peer-aged men (16 %)"

	*'''Briere, J., & Runtz, M. (1988). [https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/0145-2134(88)90007-5 Symptomatology associated with childhood sexual victimization in a nonclinical adult sample.] ''Child Abuse & Neglect'', 12(1), 51–59. '''		*'''Briere, J., & Runtz, M. (1988). [https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/0145-2134(88)90007-5 Symptomatology associated with childhood sexual victimization in a nonclinical adult sample.] ''Child Abuse & Neglect'', 12(1), 51–59. '''