Research: Evolutionary Perspectives on Intergenerational Sexuality - Revision history

Thorn: /* Mentorship-Bonding/Enculturation-Alliance Hypothesis */

2025-08-15T12:55:55Z

Mentorship-Bonding/Enculturation-Alliance Hypothesis

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	*:"In this commentary, I discuss his social critique and focus on his evolutionary hypothesis, reviewing seven earlier hypotheses for comparison. "		*:"In this commentary, I discuss his social critique and focus on his evolutionary hypothesis, reviewing seven earlier hypotheses for comparison. "
	*:"Werner (2006) focused exclusively on the evolution of male homosexual behavior. Based on selected cross-species data, he posited that male homosexual behavior evolved in stages over eons of time. In the first, involving primitive species (e.g., reptiles), single adult males controlled territories, where they waited for females for mating. Adolescent or transvestite males, who resembled adult females in form and/or behavior, gained entry to these territories because of their female mimicry and they were tolerated once there because they submitted homosexually to the adult resident. Their benefit for this submission was mating opportunities with visiting females, which otherwise would not have been available to them. In the second stage, male homosexual behavior changed function (i.e., was an exaptation) in various more complex descendent species with greater cognitive capacities (so that deception via female mimicry no longer worked) and in which adult males lived together in groups rather than as isolates. Here, the changed function of homosexual submission was to elicit tolerance from the dominant male, which served to uphold the dominance hierarchy, which in turn facilitated multi-male group living. The third and final phase occurred when multiple males did not simply live together but cooperated on common tasks. Here, male homosexual behavior changed function once again, in which it facilitated alliance formation, which in turn enabled pursuit of common tasks. He called his explanation the hierarchy/cooperation theory for human male homosexual behavior. Werner claimed that pathic (i.e., transgenderal) homosexuality was the most common form of male homosexual behavior cross-culturally, followed by transgenerational homosexuality. He speculated that different social structures produce different strategies for male/male cooperation, which in turn determine the form by which male homoeroticism is expressed."		*:"Werner (2006) focused exclusively on the evolution of male homosexual behavior. Based on selected cross-species data, he posited that male homosexual behavior evolved in stages over eons of time. In the first, involving primitive species (e.g., reptiles), single adult males controlled territories, where they waited for females for mating. Adolescent or transvestite males, who resembled adult females in form and/or behavior, gained entry to these territories because of their female mimicry and they were tolerated once there because they submitted homosexually to the adult resident. Their benefit for this submission was mating opportunities with visiting females, which otherwise would not have been available to them. In the second stage, male homosexual behavior changed function (i.e., was an exaptation) in various more complex descendent species with greater cognitive capacities (so that deception via female mimicry no longer worked) and in which adult males lived together in groups rather than as isolates. Here, the changed function of homosexual submission was to elicit tolerance from the dominant male, which served to uphold the dominance hierarchy, which in turn facilitated multi-male group living. The third and final phase occurred when multiple males did not simply live together but cooperated on common tasks. Here, male homosexual behavior changed function once again, in which it facilitated alliance formation, which in turn enabled pursuit of common tasks. He called his explanation the hierarchy/cooperation theory for human male homosexual behavior. Werner claimed that pathic (i.e., transgenderal) homosexuality was the most common form of male homosexual behavior cross-culturally, followed by transgenerational homosexuality. He speculated that different social structures produce different strategies for male/male cooperation, which in turn determine the form by which male homoeroticism is expressed."

			* '''Jaroslava Varella Valentova, Andreone Teles Medrado, and Marco Antonio Correa Varella “Male Bisexuality”. In: Todd K. Shackelford (ed.), 2022, [https://annas-archive.org/md5/2d84ebccbbaafc78b4516ef6b129e5a2 The Cambridge Handbook of Evolutionary Perspectives on Sexual Psychology. Vol 4.] ''Cambridge University Press (Virtual Publishing)''.'''
			::"The alternative sneaking tactic can apply to transitory bisexual men, who would pursue predominantly same-sex relationships early in life when they do not possess status and/or resources to attract females, and create and maintain a family. In the younger age, they might have same-sex tutors or they might sexually serve to dominant males possessing resources. However, they might also sneak among the female partners of the dominant male, and gain at least some copulations and a nonzero reproductive success. Later in life they might switch to predominantly other-sex mating."

	==Childhood as a target for sexual selection==		==Childhood as a target for sexual selection==

Thorn: /* Sex as an attachment promoter. Development of paternal investment */

2025-08-13T07:49:22Z

Sex as an attachment promoter. Development of paternal investment

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	*:“the evolutionary explanation behind the origin of pedophilia refers to the fusion of two evolutionarily ancient adaptive systems – reproduction and nurturing. Money (1990) states that a pedophile’s relationship to a child qualitatively, and also neurologically, resembles a blend between parental and erotic love. Likewise, it can be linked to the close cohesion between these two systems that can be observed also between phylogenetically close species.”.		*:“the evolutionary explanation behind the origin of pedophilia refers to the fusion of two evolutionarily ancient adaptive systems – reproduction and nurturing. Money (1990) states that a pedophile’s relationship to a child qualitatively, and also neurologically, resembles a blend between parental and erotic love. Likewise, it can be linked to the close cohesion between these two systems that can be observed also between phylogenetically close species.”.
	*:”The founder of the human ethnology field, Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt (1973), directly warns about the type of affiliative-erotic relationship that connects to the composition of long-term partnership, which was developed both in mammals and birds together with nurturing behavior, and therefore it is not surprising that they are occasionally mixed in humans.”		*:”The founder of the human ethnology field, Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt (1973), directly warns about the type of affiliative-erotic relationship that connects to the composition of long-term partnership, which was developed both in mammals and birds together with nurturing behavior, and therefore it is not surprising that they are occasionally mixed in humans.”

			* '''Klapilová, K., Bártová, K. "Male Sexual Disorders" In: Todd K. Shackelford (ed.), 2022, [https://annas-archive.org/md5/2d84ebccbbaafc78b4516ef6b129e5a2 The Cambridge Handbook of Evolutionary Perspectives on Sexual Psychology. Vol 4.] ''Cambridge University Press (Virtual Publishing)''.'''
			:: "A phylogenetic explanation of pedophilia refers to the fusion of two evolutionarily old systems– reproduction and nurturing (Money, 1990). It is also in line with the results of neuroimaging studies in which pedophilic men could be distinguished from controls by their increased fMRI activity in reaction to child versus adult faces (Ponseti et al., 2016) and increased brain responses to not only human but also animal infants in pedophiles (Ponseti et al., 2018), interpreted as an over-responsive nurturing system. This view agrees with older ethological theories that sees pedophilia as a mixture of parental and erotic love indicated by behavioral displays of both (Money, 2012)."

	* '''Stevens, A., & Price, J. (2016). [https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315740577 Evolutionary Psychiatry: A new beginning] (Classic Ed.) (pp. 206-218) Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group. doi:10.4324/9781315740577'''		* '''Stevens, A., & Price, J. (2016). [https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315740577 Evolutionary Psychiatry: A new beginning] (Classic Ed.) (pp. 206-218) Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group. doi:10.4324/9781315740577'''

Thorn: /* By-product of lack of success in male sexual competition */

2025-02-17T13:41:35Z

By-product of lack of success in male sexual competition

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	The emergence of such sexuality has several [[Wikipedia:Darwinism\|evolutionary explanations]] with varying degrees of evidence, which come from [[Wikipedia:Ethology\|ethology]] and [[Wikipedia:Neuroscience\|neuroscience]]. There are suggestions that, in our evolutionary past, pedosexual behaviors could have had some evolutionary functions or been an evolutionary by-product of human sexuality development. These explanations may have pragmatic implications for the [[Research: A "cure" for pedophilia?#Psychological wellbeing for MAPs\|well-being]] of both MAPs and minors. "Evolutionary scenarios are not just interesting explanatory “stories,” but can illuminate limits as well as opportunities for intervention" (Del Giudice M., 2014). Here is an attempt to categorize these hypotheses, although they overlap greatly and can hardly be considered separately. Rather, they describe different aspects of a complex evolutionary process.		The emergence of such sexuality has several [[Wikipedia:Darwinism\|evolutionary explanations]] with varying degrees of evidence, which come from [[Wikipedia:Ethology\|ethology]] and [[Wikipedia:Neuroscience\|neuroscience]]. There are suggestions that, in our evolutionary past, pedosexual behaviors could have had some evolutionary functions or been an evolutionary by-product of human sexuality development. These explanations may have pragmatic implications for the [[Research: A "cure" for pedophilia?#Psychological wellbeing for MAPs\|well-being]] of both MAPs and minors. "Evolutionary scenarios are not just interesting explanatory “stories,” but can illuminate limits as well as opportunities for intervention" (Del Giudice M., 2014). Here is an attempt to categorize these hypotheses, although they overlap greatly and can hardly be considered separately. Rather, they describe different aspects of a complex evolutionary process.

	== ~~By-product of~~ lack of success in male sexual competition ==		== Adaptation to the lack of success in male sexual competition ==
	One hypothesis is that if a male is unsuccessful in sexual competition for fertile females, and he chronically feels inferior to others and is afraid of other adults, then his sexuality towards adults may be suppressed and redirected towards children, because children do not cause fear, and next to them the male feels his strength and superiority. Male's sexuality is more associated with dominance and this may explain the greater prevalence of attraction to children among men than among women.<ref>[https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_5 Medicus, G., Hopf, S. (1990). The Phylogeny of Male/Female Differences in Sexual Behavior.] In: Feierman, J.R. (eds) [https://libgen.is/book/index.php?md5=3CA15750CD7EC06C3052B55B5E16C76D Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions] Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_5</ref>		One hypothesis is that if a male is unsuccessful in sexual competition for fertile females, and he chronically feels inferior to others and is afraid of other adults, then his sexuality towards adults may be suppressed and redirected towards children, because children do not cause fear, and next to them the male feels his strength and superiority. Male's sexuality is more associated with dominance and this may explain the greater prevalence of attraction to children among men than among women.<ref>[https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_5 Medicus, G., Hopf, S. (1990). The Phylogeny of Male/Female Differences in Sexual Behavior.] In: Feierman, J.R. (eds) [https://libgen.is/book/index.php?md5=3CA15750CD7EC06C3052B55B5E16C76D Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions] Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_5</ref>

The Admins: /* By-product of lack of success in male sexual competition */

2024-11-11T12:41:00Z

By-product of lack of success in male sexual competition

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	== By-product of lack of success in male sexual competition ==		== By-product of lack of success in male sexual competition ==
	One hypothesis is that if a male is unsuccessful in sexual competition for fertile females, and he chronically feels inferior to others and is afraid of other adults, then his sexuality towards adults may be suppressed and redirected towards children, because children do not cause fear, and next to them the male feels his strength and superiority. Male's sexuality is more associated with dominance and this may explain the greater prevalence of attraction to children among men than among women. <ref>[https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_5 Medicus, G., Hopf, S. (1990). The Phylogeny of Male/Female Differences in Sexual Behavior.] In: Feierman, J.R. (eds) [https://libgen.is/book/index.php?md5=3CA15750CD7EC06C3052B55B5E16C76D Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions] Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_5</ref>		One hypothesis is that if a male is unsuccessful in sexual competition for fertile females, and he chronically feels inferior to others and is afraid of other adults, then his sexuality towards adults may be suppressed and redirected towards children, because children do not cause fear, and next to them the male feels his strength and superiority. Male's sexuality is more associated with dominance and this may explain the greater prevalence of attraction to children among men than among women.<ref>[https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_5 Medicus, G., Hopf, S. (1990). The Phylogeny of Male/Female Differences in Sexual Behavior.] In: Feierman, J.R. (eds) [https://libgen.is/book/index.php?md5=3CA15750CD7EC06C3052B55B5E16C76D Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions] Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9682-6_5</ref>

	Excerpts:		Excerpts:

The Admins at 12:39, 11 November 2024

2024-11-11T12:39:06Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:39, 11 November 2024
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	*:"Werner (2006) focused exclusively on the evolution of male homosexual behavior. Based on selected cross-species data, he posited that male homosexual behavior evolved in stages over eons of time. In the first, involving primitive species (e.g., reptiles), single adult males controlled territories, where they waited for females for mating. Adolescent or transvestite males, who resembled adult females in form and/or behavior, gained entry to these territories because of their female mimicry and they were tolerated once there because they submitted homosexually to the adult resident. Their benefit for this submission was mating opportunities with visiting females, which otherwise would not have been available to them. In the second stage, male homosexual behavior changed function (i.e., was an exaptation) in various more complex descendent species with greater cognitive capacities (so that deception via female mimicry no longer worked) and in which adult males lived together in groups rather than as isolates. Here, the changed function of homosexual submission was to elicit tolerance from the dominant male, which served to uphold the dominance hierarchy, which in turn facilitated multi-male group living. The third and final phase occurred when multiple males did not simply live together but cooperated on common tasks. Here, male homosexual behavior changed function once again, in which it facilitated alliance formation, which in turn enabled pursuit of common tasks. He called his explanation the hierarchy/cooperation theory for human male homosexual behavior. Werner claimed that pathic (i.e., transgenderal) homosexuality was the most common form of male homosexual behavior cross-culturally, followed by transgenerational homosexuality. He speculated that different social structures produce different strategies for male/male cooperation, which in turn determine the form by which male homoeroticism is expressed."		*:"Werner (2006) focused exclusively on the evolution of male homosexual behavior. Based on selected cross-species data, he posited that male homosexual behavior evolved in stages over eons of time. In the first, involving primitive species (e.g., reptiles), single adult males controlled territories, where they waited for females for mating. Adolescent or transvestite males, who resembled adult females in form and/or behavior, gained entry to these territories because of their female mimicry and they were tolerated once there because they submitted homosexually to the adult resident. Their benefit for this submission was mating opportunities with visiting females, which otherwise would not have been available to them. In the second stage, male homosexual behavior changed function (i.e., was an exaptation) in various more complex descendent species with greater cognitive capacities (so that deception via female mimicry no longer worked) and in which adult males lived together in groups rather than as isolates. Here, the changed function of homosexual submission was to elicit tolerance from the dominant male, which served to uphold the dominance hierarchy, which in turn facilitated multi-male group living. The third and final phase occurred when multiple males did not simply live together but cooperated on common tasks. Here, male homosexual behavior changed function once again, in which it facilitated alliance formation, which in turn enabled pursuit of common tasks. He called his explanation the hierarchy/cooperation theory for human male homosexual behavior. Werner claimed that pathic (i.e., transgenderal) homosexuality was the most common form of male homosexual behavior cross-culturally, followed by transgenerational homosexuality. He speculated that different social structures produce different strategies for male/male cooperation, which in turn determine the form by which male homoeroticism is expressed."

	==Childhood is a target for sexual selection==		==Childhood as a target for sexual selection==
	~~There is evidence~~ that not only adolescence but also middle childhood are involved in sexual selection process, and evolved as a stage at which individuals not only could but should take responsibilities ~~(which does not correspond~~ to how childhood is constructed in modern society). (~~See~~ also [[Research:_Cognitive_ability#Competence\|research on childhood ~~Competence~~]]) In middle childhood individuals become "nest helpers", helping in nurturing for younger siblings, foraging, and chores. ~~It also evolved as~~ a fine tuning stage of later social and sexual life-history strategies. First sexual or romantic attractions, sexual play, separation in gender roles typically emerge several years before puberty reflecting the fact that children are drawn into the evolutionary process of sexual selection much earlier than they become fertile. At this stage they actively learn sociosexual behavior and receive feedback about their sociosexual success from peer and adults, adapting their sexual competitive strategy to the environmental input. They engage in sexual and romantic relationship along with adults benefiting from learning, resources and social status they gain. This ~~contribute~~ to their sexual success in later life stages.
			Some authors have suggested that not only adolescence but also middle childhood are involved in sexual selection process, and evolved as a stage at which individuals not only could but should take responsibilities. This appears to contradict how childhood is constructed in modern society (see also [[Research:_Cognitive_ability#Competence\|research on childhood competence]]). According to such theories, in middle childhood, individuals become "nest helpers", helping in nurturing for younger siblings, foraging, and chores. This is a fine tuning stage of later social and sexual life-history strategies. First sexual or romantic attractions, sexual play, separation in gender roles typically emerge several years before puberty reflecting the fact that children are drawn into the evolutionary process of sexual selection much earlier than they become fertile. At this stage they actively learn sociosexual behavior and receive feedback about their sociosexual success from peer and adults, adapting their sexual competitive strategy to the environmental input. They engage in sexual and romantic relationship along with adults benefiting from learning, resources and social status they gain. This contributes to their sexual success in later life stages.

	*'''Del Giudice M. (2014) [https://iris.unito.it/retrieve/handle/2318/1853338/974935/DelGiudice_2018_middle-childhood_chapter_pre.pdf Middle childhood: an evolutionary-developmental synthesis.]; 8:193–200. doi:10.1111/cdep.12084. in: Halfon N, Forrest CB, Lerner RM, et al., editors. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK543707/ Handbook of Life Course Health Development]. ''Cham (CH): Springer''; 2018. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-47143-3'''		*'''Del Giudice M. (2014) [https://iris.unito.it/retrieve/handle/2318/1853338/974935/DelGiudice_2018_middle-childhood_chapter_pre.pdf Middle childhood: an evolutionary-developmental synthesis.]; 8:193–200. doi:10.1111/cdep.12084. in: Halfon N, Forrest CB, Lerner RM, et al., editors. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK543707/ Handbook of Life Course Health Development]. ''Cham (CH): Springer''; 2018. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-47143-3'''
	*:"In summary, the life stage of juvenility/middle childhood has two major interlocking functions: social learning and social integration in a system of roles, norms, activities, and shared knowledge. While children are still receiving sustained investment from parents and other relatives—in the form of food, protection, knowledge, and so forth—they also start to actively contribute to their family economy. By providing resources and sharing the burden of child care, juveniles can boost their parents’ reproductive potential. The dual nature of juveniles as both receivers and providers explains many psychological features of middle childhood and has likely played a major role in the evolution of human life history (Kramer, 2011)."		*:"In summary, the life stage of juvenility/middle childhood has two major interlocking functions: social learning and social integration in a system of roles, norms, activities, and shared knowledge. While children are still receiving sustained investment from parents and other relatives—in the form of food, protection, knowledge, and so forth—they also start to actively contribute to their family economy. By providing resources and sharing the burden of child care, juveniles can boost their parents’ reproductive potential. The dual nature of juveniles as both receivers and providers explains many psychological features of middle childhood and has likely played a major role in the evolution of human life history (Kramer, 2011)."

Thorn: /* Evolutionary by-product of human neotenization */

2024-11-09T14:43:24Z

Evolutionary by-product of human neotenization

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	*:“All of these genetically and culturally transmitted processes blur the distinction between reproductively competent adults and children and adolescents. Therefore, all of these processes must be considered to be determinants, at some level, of pedo- and ephebophilia.”		*:“All of these genetically and culturally transmitted processes blur the distinction between reproductively competent adults and children and adolescents. Therefore, all of these processes must be considered to be determinants, at some level, of pedo- and ephebophilia.”
	*:“pedo-and ephebophiles, like chins and spandrels, may have no primary adaptive function in themselves but, instead, may be rank-ordered by-products of selection for more adaptive attributes in their kin.”		*:“pedo-and ephebophiles, like chins and spandrels, may have no primary adaptive function in themselves but, instead, may be rank-ordered by-products of selection for more adaptive attributes in their kin.”

			*'''Lievesley, R. and Harper, C.A. (2024) “[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19419899.2024.2321149#d1e314 The interaction between perceived chronological age and physical sexual development in attractiveness judgments made by people who are attracted to children]”, ''Psychology and Sexuality'', DOI:10.1080/19419899.2024.2321149'''
			*:"From an evolutionary perspective, men typically perceive more youthful faces as more attractive due to these indicating a greater degree of fertility (Gallup & Frederick, Citation2010, Little, Citation2015, Thornhill & Grammer, Citation1999). [...] [A]n increased degree of closeness of facial features appears to be encoded as indicating youth (Albert et al., Citation2007), and in turn, this youthfulness is associated with beauty (Sutherland et al., Citation2013)."

	*'''Bogin, B. (1997). [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/%28SICI%291096-8644%281997%2925%20%3C63%3A%3AAID-AJPA3%3E3.0.CO%3B2-8 Evolutionary hypotheses for human childhood]. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 40, 63–89.'''		*'''Bogin, B. (1997). [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/%28SICI%291096-8644%281997%2925%20%3C63%3A%3AAID-AJPA3%3E3.0.CO%3B2-8 Evolutionary hypotheses for human childhood]. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 40, 63–89.'''

Thorn: /* Environmental factors */

2024-11-09T14:25:20Z

Environmental factors

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:25, 9 November 2024
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	*:"Paraphilias are defined as sexual attractions to objects or individuals not normally found attractive. [...] It is argued that, in some types of individual deviance, cultural factors are more likely to play an important role. Some cultures are seen as sex-positive and others as sex-negative but, within each cultural setting, attitudes towards sex and the function of sexual activity are a key to understanding the development of sexual deviance. In cultures where sex is seen as an attraction-led phenomenon rather than a purely procreative one, individuals are more likely to be attracted to 'objects'."		*:"Paraphilias are defined as sexual attractions to objects or individuals not normally found attractive. [...] It is argued that, in some types of individual deviance, cultural factors are more likely to play an important role. Some cultures are seen as sex-positive and others as sex-negative but, within each cultural setting, attitudes towards sex and the function of sexual activity are a key to understanding the development of sexual deviance. In cultures where sex is seen as an attraction-led phenomenon rather than a purely procreative one, individuals are more likely to be attracted to 'objects'."

	===~~Environmental factors~~===		===Undesirable traits as adaptations===

	Both pedohebephilic attraction and childhood sexuality are likely influenced somewhat by environmental factors. For example, there exist theories of [[Research:_Psychopathy_and_abnormal_psychology#Adverse_childhood\|adverse childhood in pedohebephiles]] and [[Research:_Youth_sexuality#Factors_of_earlier_sexual_development\|factors of earlier sexual development]] in youth sexuality. These are unproven and causality is hard to infer. It has been speculated that these are [[Research:_Evolutionary_Perspectives_on_Intergenerational_Sexuality#Complementary_behavior_among_minors\|complementary]] adaptations to difficult circumstances.		Both pedohebephilic attraction and childhood sexuality are likely influenced somewhat by environmental factors. For example, there exist theories of [[Research:_Psychopathy_and_abnormal_psychology#Adverse_childhood\|adverse childhood in pedohebephiles]] and [[Research:_Youth_sexuality#Factors_of_earlier_sexual_development\|factors of earlier sexual development]] in youth sexuality. These are unproven and causality is hard to infer. It has been speculated that these are [[Research:_Evolutionary_Perspectives_on_Intergenerational_Sexuality#Complementary_behavior_among_minors\|complementary]] adaptations to difficult circumstances.

Thorn: /* Environmental factors */

2024-11-09T14:17:45Z

Environmental factors

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:17, 9 November 2024
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	===Environmental factors===		===Environmental factors===

	Both pedohebephilic attraction and childhood sexuality are likely influenced somewhat by environmental factors. For example, there exist theories of [[Research:_Psychopathy_and_abnormal_psychology#Adverse_childhood\|adverse childhood in pedohebephiles]] and [[Research:_Youth_sexuality#Factors_of_earlier_sexual_development\|factors of earlier sexual development]] in youth sexuality. These are unproven and causality is hard to infer. It has been speculated that these are complementary adaptations to difficult circumstances.		Both pedohebephilic attraction and childhood sexuality are likely influenced somewhat by environmental factors. For example, there exist theories of [[Research:_Psychopathy_and_abnormal_psychology#Adverse_childhood\|adverse childhood in pedohebephiles]] and [[Research:_Youth_sexuality#Factors_of_earlier_sexual_development\|factors of earlier sexual development]] in youth sexuality. These are unproven and causality is hard to infer. It has been speculated that these are [[Research:_Evolutionary_Perspectives_on_Intergenerational_Sexuality#Complementary_behavior_among_minors\|complementary]] adaptations to difficult circumstances.

	From a layman's point of view, undesirable traits that arise as a result of adverse environment are mental breakdowns. From an evolutionary perspective, these may be ways to adapt in a harsh, primordial context. It is worth keeping this perspective in mind.		From a layman's point of view, undesirable traits that arise as a result of adverse environment are mental breakdowns. From an evolutionary perspective, these may be ways to adapt in a harsh, primordial context. It is worth keeping this perspective in mind.

The Admins: bal

2024-11-09T00:03:57Z

bal

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	== Other relevant information ==		== Other relevant information ==

	=== Ontogenetic plasticity ===		=== Ontogenetic plasticity ===

	Here's an explanation for why, if a minor attraction was adaptive, it may not be ubiquitous today.		Here's an explanation for why, if a minor attraction was adaptive, it may not be ubiquitous today.
	*'''Alanko K, Salo B, Mokros A, Santtila P, (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235369954_Evidence_for_Heritability_of_Adult_Men's_Sexual_Interest_in_Youth_under_Age_16_from_a_Population-Based_Extended_Twin_Design "Evidence for heritability of adult men's sexual interest in youth under age 16 from a population-based extended twin design."] ''J Sex Med,'' 10(4):1090-9.'''		*'''Alanko K, Salo B, Mokros A, Santtila P, (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235369954_Evidence_for_Heritability_of_Adult_Men's_Sexual_Interest_in_Youth_under_Age_16_from_a_Population-Based_Extended_Twin_Design "Evidence for heritability of adult men's sexual interest in youth under age 16 from a population-based extended twin design."] ''J Sex Med,'' 10(4):1090-9.'''
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	*:"Paraphilias are defined as sexual attractions to objects or individuals not normally found attractive. [...] It is argued that, in some types of individual deviance, cultural factors are more likely to play an important role. Some cultures are seen as sex-positive and others as sex-negative but, within each cultural setting, attitudes towards sex and the function of sexual activity are a key to understanding the development of sexual deviance. In cultures where sex is seen as an attraction-led phenomenon rather than a purely procreative one, individuals are more likely to be attracted to 'objects'."		*:"Paraphilias are defined as sexual attractions to objects or individuals not normally found attractive. [...] It is argued that, in some types of individual deviance, cultural factors are more likely to play an important role. Some cultures are seen as sex-positive and others as sex-negative but, within each cultural setting, attitudes towards sex and the function of sexual activity are a key to understanding the development of sexual deviance. In cultures where sex is seen as an attraction-led phenomenon rather than a purely procreative one, individuals are more likely to be attracted to 'objects'."

	Both pedohebephilic attraction and childhood sexuality are ~~seemingly largely~~ influenced by environmental factors ~~(for~~ example [[Research:_Psychopathy_and_abnormal_psychology#Adverse_childhood\|~~Adverse~~ childhood of pedohebephiles]] and [[Research:_Youth_sexuality#Factors_of_earlier_sexual_development\|~~Factors~~ of earlier sexual development]]), these ~~may be forms of~~ complementary adaptations to difficult circumstances.		===Environmental factors===

			Both pedohebephilic attraction and childhood sexuality are likely influenced somewhat by environmental factors. For example, there exist theories of [[Research:_Psychopathy_and_abnormal_psychology#Adverse_childhood\|adverse childhood in pedohebephiles]] and [[Research:_Youth_sexuality#Factors_of_earlier_sexual_development\|factors of earlier sexual development]] in youth sexuality. These are unproven and causality is hard to infer. It has been speculated that these are complementary adaptations to difficult circumstances.

			From a layman's point of view, undesirable traits that arise as a result of adverse environment are mental breakdowns. From an evolutionary perspective, these may be ways to adapt in a harsh, primordial context. It is worth keeping this perspective in mind.

	From a layman's point of view, undesirable traits that arise as a result of adverse environment are mental breakdowns. From an evolutionary perspective, these may be ways to adapt in harsh primordial context. It is worth keeping this perspective in mind.
	*'''Belsky, J., Steinberg, L., & Draper, P. (1991). Childhood experience, interpersonal development, and reproductive strategy: An evolutionary theory of socialization. Child Development, 62, 647–670.'''		*'''Belsky, J., Steinberg, L., & Draper, P. (1991). Childhood experience, interpersonal development, and reproductive strategy: An evolutionary theory of socialization. Child Development, 62, 647–670.'''
	*:"The concept of "reproductive strategy" drawn from the field of behavioral ecology is applied to the study of childhood experience and interpersonal development in order to develop an evolutionary theory of socialization. The theory is presented in terms of 2 divergent development pathways considered to promote reproductive success in the contexts in which they have arisen. One is characterized, in childhood, by a stressful rearing environment and the development of insecure attachments to parents and subsequent behavior problems; in adolescence by early pubertal development and precocious sexuality; and, in adulthood, by unstable pair bonds and limited investment in child rearing, whereas the other is characterized by the opposite."		*:"The concept of "reproductive strategy" drawn from the field of behavioral ecology is applied to the study of childhood experience and interpersonal development in order to develop an evolutionary theory of socialization. The theory is presented in terms of 2 divergent development pathways considered to promote reproductive success in the contexts in which they have arisen. One is characterized, in childhood, by a stressful rearing environment and the development of insecure attachments to parents and subsequent behavior problems; in adolescence by early pubertal development and precocious sexuality; and, in adulthood, by unstable pair bonds and limited investment in child rearing, whereas the other is characterized by the opposite."
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	=== Response to critique of evolutionary explanations ===		=== Response to critique of evolutionary explanations ===

	*'''Karen Franklin. (2010). [https://pismin.com/10.1007/s10508-010-9616-1 Why the Rush to Create Dubious New Sexual Disorders?]. , 39(4), 819–820. doi:10.1007/s10508-010-9616-1'''		*'''Karen Franklin. (2010). [https://pismin.com/10.1007/s10508-010-9616-1 Why the Rush to Create Dubious New Sexual Disorders?]. , 39(4), 819–820. doi:10.1007/s10508-010-9616-1'''
	*:"As all students of Darwin know, evolutionary success strategies must be understood on a population-wide basis, not an individual level. Moreover, social scientists generally agree that biological evolution is rarely sufficient to understand human behavior in modern, complex social systems. Thus, to say that a trait may have emerged as evolutionarily adaptive in prehistoric times implies nothing of its presence or function on an individual level in contemporary society."		*:"As all students of Darwin know, evolutionary success strategies must be understood on a population-wide basis, not an individual level. Moreover, social scientists generally agree that biological evolution is rarely sufficient to understand human behavior in modern, complex social systems. Thus, to say that a trait may have emerged as evolutionarily adaptive in prehistoric times implies nothing of its presence or function on an individual level in contemporary society."

Thorn: /* Ontogenetic plasticity */

2024-11-08T07:47:53Z

Ontogenetic plasticity

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:47, 8 November 2024
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	*:"Adult men's sexual interest in youthfulness‐related cues may be genetically influenced. [...] The amount of variance attributable to nonadditive genetic influences (heritability) was estimated at 14.6%.[...] Compared with the variance attributable to nonshared environmental effects (plus measurement error), the contribution of any genetic factors seems comparatively weak."		*:"Adult men's sexual interest in youthfulness‐related cues may be genetically influenced. [...] The amount of variance attributable to nonadditive genetic influences (heritability) was estimated at 14.6%.[...] Compared with the variance attributable to nonshared environmental effects (plus measurement error), the contribution of any genetic factors seems comparatively weak."
	*::'''Editor''': Note, that a heritability coefficient close to zero does not mean the weakness/absence of genetic control over the trait, counter wise may point to high genetic consistency among population, in which case the trait variance is naturally more dependent on the environment. ("Traits such as walking and breathing have low heritability, because these are usually universal traits with slight variations. [...] as heredity becomes more similar, the environment becomes the primary explanation for differences."<ref>[https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanations/psychology/biological-bases-of-behavior/heritability/ Studysmarter.co.uk: Explanation on heritability]</ref>) This finding of low heritability may be interpreted to mean that the genetic ability to develop minor attraction is highly pervasive among humans and modified by nurture and other environments. This goes along with the [[Research:_Evolutionary_Perspectives_on_Intergenerational_Sexuality#Mentorship-Bonding%2FEnculturation-Alliance_Hypothesis\|Rind's conclusion]] on pederasty as evolutionary determined but a facultative trait.		*::'''Editor''': Note, that a heritability coefficient close to zero does not mean the weakness/absence of genetic control over the trait, counter wise may point to high genetic consistency among population, in which case the trait variance is naturally more dependent on the environment. ("Traits such as walking and breathing have low heritability, because these are usually universal traits with slight variations. [...] as heredity becomes more similar, the environment becomes the primary explanation for differences."<ref>[https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanations/psychology/biological-bases-of-behavior/heritability/ Studysmarter.co.uk: Explanation on heritability]</ref>) This finding of low heritability may be interpreted to mean that the genetic ability to develop minor attraction is highly pervasive among humans and modified by nurture and other environments. This goes along with the [[Research:_Evolutionary_Perspectives_on_Intergenerational_Sexuality#Mentorship-Bonding%2FEnculturation-Alliance_Hypothesis\|Rind's conclusion]] on pederasty as evolutionary determined but a facultative trait.

			*'''Bhugra, D. (2000). [https://sci-hub.ru/10.1080/14681990050001574 Disturbances in objects of desire: Cross-cultural issues.] Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 15(1), 67–78. doi:10.1080/14681990050001574'''
			*:"Paraphilias are defined as sexual attractions to objects or individuals not normally found attractive. [...] It is argued that, in some types of individual deviance, cultural factors are more likely to play an important role. Some cultures are seen as sex-positive and others as sex-negative but, within each cultural setting, attitudes towards sex and the function of sexual activity are a key to understanding the development of sexual deviance. In cultures where sex is seen as an attraction-led phenomenon rather than a purely procreative one, individuals are more likely to be attracted to 'objects'."

	Both pedohebephilic attraction and childhood sexuality are seemingly largely influenced by environmental factors (for example [[Research:_Psychopathy_and_abnormal_psychology#Adverse_childhood\|Adverse childhood of pedohebephiles]] and [[Research:_Youth_sexuality#Factors_of_earlier_sexual_development\|Factors of earlier sexual development]]), these may be forms of complementary adaptations to difficult circumstances.		Both pedohebephilic attraction and childhood sexuality are seemingly largely influenced by environmental factors (for example [[Research:_Psychopathy_and_abnormal_psychology#Adverse_childhood\|Adverse childhood of pedohebephiles]] and [[Research:_Youth_sexuality#Factors_of_earlier_sexual_development\|Factors of earlier sexual development]]), these may be forms of complementary adaptations to difficult circumstances.