Research: Intergenerational Sexual Behaviors in Animals - Revision history

Thorn: /* Rind's cross-species summary */

2026-07-29T13:02:40Z

Rind's cross-species summary

Thorn: /* Table IV: Homosexual Behavior Between Mature and Immature Males in Primates. */

2026-07-29T12:54:13Z

Table IV: Homosexual Behavior Between Mature and Immature Males in Primates.

Thorn: /* Rind's cross-species summary */

2026-07-29T12:39:59Z

Rind's cross-species summary

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	== Rind's cross-species summary==		== Rind's cross-species summary==
	[[Bruce Rind]]'s article on ''Pederasty(2013)'' <ref>Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research\|Censoring Sex Research]].'''</ref> contains excellent cross-cultural and cross-species summary tables of intergenerational male homosexuality (the tables also ~~are~~ in the ~~graphic excerpts library~~ below). Here is the exact quotation of the tables on animals, which is partly based on the Bagemihl, B. (1999). ''Biological exuberance''<ref>Bagemihl, B. (1999). Biological exuberance: Animal homosexuality and natural diversity. ''New York: St. Martin’s Press''. available via [[Help:Research_Resources#Information_Freedom_Companions\|option 2]]</ref> (see above), but with many important details.		[[Bruce Rind]]'s article on ''Pederasty(2013)'' <ref>Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research\|Censoring Sex Research]].'''</ref> contains excellent cross-cultural and cross-species summary tables of intergenerational male homosexuality (the tables are also in the Excerpt Graphic Library below). Here is the exact quotation of the tables on animals, which is partly based on the Bagemihl, B. (1999). ''Biological exuberance''<ref>Bagemihl, B. (1999). Biological exuberance: Animal homosexuality and natural diversity. ''New York: St. Martin’s Press''. available via [[Help:Research_Resources#Information_Freedom_Companions\|option 2]]</ref> (see above), but with many important details.

	=== Table IV: Homosexual Behavior Between Mature and Immature Males in Primates. ===		=== Table IV: Homosexual Behavior Between Mature and Immature Males in Primates. ===

Thorn: /* Rind's cross-species summary */

2026-07-29T12:37:53Z

Rind's cross-species summary

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:37, 29 July 2026
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	== Rind's cross-species summary==		== Rind's cross-species summary==
	[[Bruce Rind]]'s article on ''Pederasty(2013)'' <ref>Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research\|Censoring Sex Research]].'''</ref> contains excellent cross-cultural and cross-species summary tables of intergenerational male homosexuality (the tables also are in the graphic excerpts library below). Here is the exact quotation of the tables on animals, which is partly based on the Bagemihl, B. (1999). ''Biological exuberance'' (see above), but with many important details.		[[Bruce Rind]]'s article on ''Pederasty(2013)'' <ref>Rind, B. (2013). [https://greek-love.com/media/PDFs/Rind.Pederasty.an.Integration.pdf Pederasty: An Integration of Empirical, Historical, Sociological, Cross-Cultural, Cross-Species, and Evolutionary Evidence and Perspectives.] In: Hubbard & Verstraete (Eds.), [[Censoring Sex Research\|Censoring Sex Research]].'''</ref> contains excellent cross-cultural and cross-species summary tables of intergenerational male homosexuality (the tables also are in the graphic excerpts library below). Here is the exact quotation of the tables on animals, which is partly based on the Bagemihl, B. (1999). ''Biological exuberance''<ref>Bagemihl, B. (1999). Biological exuberance: Animal homosexuality and natural diversity. ''New York: St. Martin’s Press''. available via [[Help:Research_Resources#Information_Freedom_Companions\|option 2]]</ref> (see above), but with many important details.

	=== Table IV: Homosexual Behavior Between Mature and Immature Males in Primates. ===		=== Table IV: Homosexual Behavior Between Mature and Immature Males in Primates. ===

Thorn: /* Table VI: Homosexual Behavior Between Mature and Immature Males in Birзds */

2026-07-29T12:31:33Z

Table VI: Homosexual Behavior Between Mature and Immature Males in Birзds

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	'''Feral cats (Felis catus)''': In an extensive field study, a quarter of males did homosexual mounting, but only occasionally. It always occurred in the presence of estrus females. Mounters were adults, and mountees were adolescents, smaller in size, comparable to adult female size. Mounters bit the backs of mountees’ necks, as they do when mounting females. Older-younger male homosexual mounting appears to be an outlet for heterosexual mountings that were recently frustrated (Yamane, 2006).		'''Feral cats (Felis catus)''': In an extensive field study, a quarter of males did homosexual mounting, but only occasionally. It always occurred in the presence of estrus females. Mounters were adults, and mountees were adolescents, smaller in size, comparable to adult female size. Mounters bit the backs of mountees’ necks, as they do when mounting females. Older-younger male homosexual mounting appears to be an outlet for heterosexual mountings that were recently frustrated (Yamane, 2006).

	=== Table VI: Homosexual Behavior Between Mature and Immature Males in ~~Birзds~~ ===		=== Table VI: Homosexual Behavior Between Mature and Immature Males in Birds ===
	All descriptions based on Bagemihl (1999)		All descriptions based on Bagemihl (1999)
	==== Aquatic and shore birds ====		==== Aquatic and shore birds ====

Thorn: /* Prosimians */

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Prosimians

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	'''Verreaux’s sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi)''': Homosexual behavior is rare in prosimians. In this lemur species, adult males sometimes mount younger adults or adolescents, who often snap and struggle to wriggle free (Bagemihl, 1999).		'''Verreaux’s sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi)''': Homosexual behavior is rare in prosimians. In this lemur species, adult males sometimes mount younger adults or adolescents, who often snap and struggle to wriggle free (Bagemihl, 1999).


	=== Table V: Homosexual Behavior Between Mature and Immature Males in Subprimate Mammals ===		=== Table V: Homosexual Behavior Between Mature and Immature Males in Subprimate Mammals ===

Thorn: /* Table V: Homosexual Behavior Between Mature and Immature Males in Subprimate Mammals */

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Table V: Homosexual Behavior Between Mature and Immature Males in Subprimate Mammals

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	=== Table V: Homosexual Behavior Between Mature and Immature Males in Subprimate Mammals ===		=== Table V: Homosexual Behavior Between Mature and Immature Males in Subprimate Mammals ===
	All descriptions based on Bagemihl (1999) ~~unless~~ unless primary sources are indicated.		All descriptions based on Bagemihl (1999) unless primary sources are indicated.

	==== Marine Mammals ====		==== Marine Mammals ====
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	'''Feral cats (Felis catus)''': In an extensive field study, a quarter of males did homosexual mounting, but only occasionally. It always occurred in the presence of estrus females. Mounters were adults, and mountees were adolescents, smaller in size, comparable to adult female size. Mounters bit the backs of mountees’ necks, as they do when mounting females. Older-younger male homosexual mounting appears to be an outlet for heterosexual mountings that were recently frustrated (Yamane, 2006).		'''Feral cats (Felis catus)''': In an extensive field study, a quarter of males did homosexual mounting, but only occasionally. It always occurred in the presence of estrus females. Mounters were adults, and mountees were adolescents, smaller in size, comparable to adult female size. Mounters bit the backs of mountees’ necks, as they do when mounting females. Older-younger male homosexual mounting appears to be an outlet for heterosexual mountings that were recently frustrated (Yamane, 2006).


	=== Table VI: Homosexual Behavior Between Mature and Immature Males in Birзds ===		=== Table VI: Homosexual Behavior Between Mature and Immature Males in Birзds ===

Thorn: /* Other sources */

2026-07-29T12:29:49Z

Other sources

Show changes

Thorn: /* Other sources */

2026-07-15T16:04:06Z

Other sources

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	::Immature langurs, as young as three months, frequently engage in mounting, with both immature and mature partners of either sex. The combination juvenile female–juvenile female and juvenile male–juvenile male is the most frequent (Srivastava et al., 1991).”		::Immature langurs, as young as three months, frequently engage in mounting, with both immature and mature partners of either sex. The combination juvenile female–juvenile female and juvenile male–juvenile male is the most frequent (Srivastava et al., 1991).”

	gorillas:		::gorillas:
	::“[...] even adult male gorillas occasionally exhibit interest in genital stimulation with immatures, and solicit them in the absence of females. Since the genital stimulation behaviour of gorillas has no socio-sexual functions, adult males show such behaviour in a purely sexual context. Frequent courtship and chest-beating displays by the two silverbacks around the young partners and intensive fights between them observed in the all-male group show that homosexual behaviour did not have tension-reduction role but, instead, resulted in increased competition between silverbacks over same-sex partners.		::“[...] even adult male gorillas occasionally exhibit interest in genital stimulation with immatures, and solicit them in the absence of females. Since the genital stimulation behaviour of gorillas has no socio-sexual functions, adult males show such behaviour in a purely sexual context. Frequent courtship and chest-beating displays by the two silverbacks around the young partners and intensive fights between them observed in the all-male group show that homosexual behaviour did not have tension-reduction role but, instead, resulted in increased competition between silverbacks over same-sex partners.

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	:: ''note'': Silverback: a fully mature adult male gorilla often dominant in the group. Blackback: a younger, not yet fully mature male gorilla; typically an adolescent or young adult stage.)		:: ''note'': Silverback: a fully mature adult male gorilla often dominant in the group. Blackback: a younger, not yet fully mature male gorilla; typically an adolescent or young adult stage.)

			*'''Bixler, R. H. (1992). "Do we/should we behave like animals?" In: W. T. O’Donohue & J. H. Geer (Eds.), The sexual abuse of children: Volume I—Theory and research (pp. 81–107). ''Routledge''. doi: 10.4324/9781315799698-7'''
			::drosophila
			::"Adult males of many drosophila species court the immature and essentially in the same manner in which they court females (McRobert & Tompkins, 1983). Young males, as well as immature females, excite their adult counterparts with both visual and pheromonal stimuli (Gailey, Hall, & Siegel, 1985; Gailey, Jackson, & Siegel, 1985; Siegel, Hall, Gailey, & Kyriacou, 1984; Tompkins, 1984; Zawistowski & Richmond, 1985). Within hours after they have emerged from their pupal cases (eclosed) males begin to lose their homosexual appeal because they start to synthesize a courtship-inhibiting pheromone. Their attractiveness to adult males declines sharply, but does not evaporate entirely, as the courtship-stimulating pheromone that misled adult males is produced in steadily diminishing quantities. [...] Finally, the courted immature males when placed later with mature females mate significantly faster (p 0.001) than do inexperienced males (McRobert & Tompkins, 1988). [...] The same males that court immature conspecifics also court and copulate with mature females. [...] it is likely that it has committed a recognition error (Aiken, 1981; Colgan, 1983; Tompkins, 1989). However, the immature male clearly benefited from its being mistaken for a female and courted."

			::rats
			::"Moore and Morelli (1979) found that rat mothers spend more time licking the anogenital region of male pups than that of their sisters. The role of genital stimulation in developing efficient excretory habits is well established; perhaps the differential treatment of the sexes is explicable solely by the greater complexity of male excretory morphology. It is also possible that this difference in treatment affects the eventual sexual behavior of the male or even of its mother."

			::mammals in general
			::"There also is a common pattern of adult-young sex “play” among mammals in normal settings, much of which is initiated by the immature males and some by females (Byers, 1984; Geist, 1971; Grubb, 1974; Hoffman, 1985; Lent, 1979; Schaller & Mirza, 1974; de Waal, 1990; also see Klemm, Sherry, Schake, & Sis, 1983/1984; Tennessen, Price, & Berg, 1985, for homosexual abuse of young by peers and Lott, 1983/1984, for evidence that homosexual mounting and anal penetration occurs in the wild). Parallels to this mammalian pattern are not found in species that do not play, such as ectotherms, most birds, and some mammals (Smith, Pt. 1, 1984; Wilson, 1975)."

			::primates in general
			::"Immature primates are confronted by and, even more frequently, seek participation in sexual behavior with adults. The young watch adults or harass them when they copulate and do so with obvious interest (Colvin, 1985; Goodall, 1986; Hrdy, 1977; Thierry, 1986; Tutin, 1979; de Waal, 1982). They explore adult genitalia and experience manipulation of their own (Chevalier-Skolnikoff, 1976; Estrada, Estrada, & Ervin, 1977; Goodall, 1968; Nadler, 1985; Schaller, 1963; Thierry, 1986; de Waal, 1982, 1990); they court and are courted (Cheney, 1978; Hayaki, 1985; Hrdy, 1977; Kummer, 1968). Immature males mount and may copulate with their mothers (Bixler, 1981b; Harlow, Joslyn, Senko, & Dopp, 1966; Missakian, 1973; Sugiyama & Koman, 1979); with other mature females (Cheney, 1978; Chevalier-Skolnikoff, 1976; Colvin, 1985; Estrada, Estrada, & Ervin, 1977; Fossey, 1979; Goodall, 1968, 1986; Harcourt, Fossey, Stewart, & Watts, 1980; Hayaki, 1985; Kummer, 1968; Kummer & Kurt, 1963; Sugiyama & Koman, 1979; Takasaki, 1985; Tardif, 1983; Thierry, 1986), and adult males (Chevalier-Skolnikoff, 1974, 1976; Dunbar, 1984). Immature females are less likely to be involved in copulatory-like behavior with adults but it is by no means rare (Abegglen, 1986; Chevalier-Skolnikoff, 1976; Dunbar, 1984; Kummer & Kurt, 1963; Nadler, 1985; Tardif, 1983; de Waal, 1990)."

	==Excerpt Graphic Library==		==Excerpt Graphic Library==

Thorn: /* Other sources */

2026-03-23T14:50:03Z

Other sources

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	::"Another difference in homosexual interactions between silverbacks and immatures was the fixed role in mounting for the former. The two silverbacks always mounted the younger individuals, while both blackbacks and sub-adults took the roles of both mounter and mountee."		::"Another difference in homosexual interactions between silverbacks and immatures was the fixed role in mounting for the former. The two silverbacks always mounted the younger individuals, while both blackbacks and sub-adults took the roles of both mounter and mountee."
	:: note: Silverback: a fully mature adult male gorilla often dominant in the group. Blackback: a younger, not yet fully mature male gorilla; typically an adolescent or young adult stage.)
			:: ''note'': Silverback: a fully mature adult male gorilla often dominant in the group. Blackback: a younger, not yet fully mature male gorilla; typically an adolescent or young adult stage.)

	==Excerpt Graphic Library==		==Excerpt Graphic Library==

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:54, 29 July 2026
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	=== Table IV: Homosexual Behavior Between Mature and Immature Males in Primates. ===		=== Table IV: Homosexual Behavior Between Mature and Immature Males in Primates. ===
			In this table Rind also provided rating of species' typical receptiveness to sexual encounters coded as : 1 = mostly unwilling with resistance or aggression; 2 = mix of receptive and non-receptive encounters; 3 = mostly receptive with no or little aggression.
	==== Great Apes ====		==== Great Apes ====

	'''Bonobos (Pan paniscus)''': Mature males frequently performed thrusts on much younger males who might actively solicit the mounting (Kano, 1980). Common also is an adult male masturbating an adolescent male lying on his back with legs spread apart. Sex serves to reduce social tension (de Waal, 1997).		'''Bonobos (Pan paniscus)''' 3: Mature males frequently performed thrusts on much younger males who might actively solicit the mounting (Kano, 1980). Common also is an adult male masturbating an adolescent male lying on his back with legs spread apart. Sex serves to reduce social tension (de Waal, 1997).

	'''Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)''': Male homosex varies considerably across and within chimp populations (Bagemihl, 1999). Kollar et al. (1968) described multiple age-gap encounters (e.g., a young juvenile male interrupted copulation of an adolescent male and female, then presented to the older male, who mounted him).		'''Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)''' 3: Male homosex varies considerably across and within chimp populations (Bagemihl, 1999). Kollar et al. (1968) described multiple age-gap encounters (e.g., a young juvenile male interrupted copulation of an adolescent male and female, then presented to the older male, who mounted him).

	'''Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla)''': In all-male groups, adults are most attracted to adolescents; mounting can be initiated by either (Harcourt, 1979; Yamagiwa, 1987, 2006). Courtship and copulation occur daily (Bagemihl, 1999). Age-gap sex may help group cohesiveness (Harcourt, 1979).		'''Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla)''' 3: In all-male groups, adults are most attracted to adolescents; mounting can be initiated by either (Harcourt, 1979; Yamagiwa, 1987, 2006). Courtship and copulation occur daily (Bagemihl, 1999). Age-gap sex may help group cohesiveness (Harcourt, 1979).

	'''Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus)''': Homosex is often consensual (heterosex often not), often occurs within a special friendship (Bagemihl, 1999). Example: An adolescent male that received fellatio from a young adult male became very attached to him, and followed him wherever he went (Rijksen, 1978).		'''Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus)''' 3: Homosex is often consensual (heterosex often not), often occurs within a special friendship (Bagemihl, 1999). Example: An adolescent male that received fellatio from a young adult male became very attached to him, and followed him wherever he went (Rijksen, 1978).

	==== Lesser Apes ====		==== Lesser Apes ====

	'''White-handed gibbons (Hylobates lar)''': Homosex occurs sometimes in father-son pairs (Bagemihl, 1999). Edwards and Todd (1991) observed fifty-five episodes between father and adolescent son, always without tension or aggression, initiated by both; seemed to provide reassurance to the adolescent.		'''White-handed gibbons (Hylobates lar)''' 3: Homosex occurs sometimes in father-son pairs (Bagemihl, 1999). Edwards and Todd (1991) observed fifty-five episodes between father and adolescent son, always without tension or aggression, initiated by both; seemed to provide reassurance to the adolescent.

	'''Siamangs (Hylobates syndactylus)''': Father-son sex occurs (like gibbons), but is sometimes accompanied by threats, when the younger partner wants to end it before the older one does (unlike gibbons) (Bagemihl, 1999).		'''Siamangs (Hylobates syndactylus)''' 2: Father-son sex occurs (like gibbons), but is sometimes accompanied by threats, when the younger partner wants to end it before the older one does (unlike gibbons) (Bagemihl, 1999).

	Old World Monkeys		Old World Monkeys

	'''Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus)''': Immature males frequently engage in mounting, often with like-aged males, but also with mature males (Sommer et al., 2006). Immature males increase their touching, mounting, and embracing of adult males as they mature (Jay, 1965). Weber (1973) found that male-male age-gap mounting was usually initiated by the immature partner, with apparent function of securing social acceptance (juveniles are no longer protected by mothers and turn to other adults; mounting and other physical contact are mechanisms to achieve social integration).		'''Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus)''' 3: Immature males frequently engage in mounting, often with like-aged males, but also with mature males (Sommer et al., 2006). Immature males increase their touching, mounting, and embracing of adult males as they mature (Jay, 1965). Weber (1973) found that male-male age-gap mounting was usually initiated by the immature partner, with apparent function of securing social acceptance (juveniles are no longer protected by mothers and turn to other adults; mounting and other physical contact are mechanisms to achieve social integration).

	'''Nilgiri langurs (Presbytis johnii)''': Dominant males (alphas) mount subordinate males (juveniles, adolescents, younger adults) in dominance displays, which the subordinates may initiate by presenting. Mounts are brief, with several thrusts but no penetration, and are part of a communication matrix that maintains troop harmony (Hohmann, 1989; Poirier, 1970).		'''Nilgiri langurs (Presbytis johnii)''' 3: Dominant males (alphas) mount subordinate males (juveniles, adolescents, younger adults) in dominance displays, which the subordinates may initiate by presenting. Mounts are brief, with several thrusts but no penetration, and are part of a communication matrix that maintains troop harmony (Hohmann, 1989; Poirier, 1970).

	'''Proboscis monkeys (Nasalis larvatus)''': Homosexual mounting occurs in younger males (adolescents and juveniles); it tends to stem from play wrestling. It is resisted by the younger male in some cases (as females sometimes also do in heterosexual mounting). Its frequency is low, as is heterosexual sex (Bagemihl, 1999; Yeager, 1990).		'''Proboscis monkeys (Nasalis larvatus)''' 2: Homosexual mounting occurs in younger males (adolescents and juveniles); it tends to stem from play wrestling. It is resisted by the younger male in some cases (as females sometimes also do in heterosexual mounting). Its frequency is low, as is heterosexual sex (Bagemihl, 1999; Yeager, 1990).

	'''Bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata)''': Males of all ages are frequently involved in a wide variety of homosex. Younger males often masturbate other males to orgasm, sometimes eating the semen. Some do only a little homosex, others a great deal (Bagemihl, 1999).		'''Bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata)''' 3: Males of all ages are frequently involved in a wide variety of homosex. Younger males often masturbate other males to orgasm, sometimes eating the semen. Some do only a little homosex, others a great deal (Bagemihl, 1999).

	'''Crab-eating macaques (Macaca fascicularis)''': Males can develop intense sexual friendships, especially between older and younger males (with affection, arousal, mounting). Homosexual mounting is both consensual (54%) and nonconsensual (46%). In the former, the mountee fully cooperates and may initiate the mounting (Bagemihl, 1999).		'''Crab-eating macaques (Macaca fascicularis)''' 2: Males can develop intense sexual friendships, especially between older and younger males (with affection, arousal, mounting). Homosexual mounting is both consensual (54%) and nonconsensual (46%). In the former, the mountee fully cooperates and may initiate the mounting (Bagemihl, 1999).

	'''Crested black macaques (Macaca nigra)''': Younger males often mount older ones (Bagemihl, 1999). Dixson (1977) frequently observed the oldest male in one troop presenting to younger males, who invariably responded by mounting him, often with erections. Also, ritualized “greeting” gestures (e.g., penis-grabbing), especially by younger males, are common practice (Bagemihl, 1999).		'''Crested black macaques (Macaca nigra)''' 3: Younger males often mount older ones (Bagemihl, 1999). Dixson (1977) frequently observed the oldest male in one troop presenting to younger males, who invariably responded by mounting him, often with erections. Also, ritualized “greeting” gestures (e.g., penis-grabbing), especially by younger males, are common practice (Bagemihl, 1999).

	'''Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata)''': All adult and juvenile males were seen presenting to another male (aggression was rare, <3%) (Hanby & Brown, 1974). Takenoshita (1998) observed free-ranging adult-juvenile consort relationships (adults ejaculated, juveniles erected; they foraged, groomed, and attacked others together).		'''Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata)''' 3: All adult and juvenile males were seen presenting to another male (aggression was rare, <3%) (Hanby & Brown, 1974). Takenoshita (1998) observed free-ranging adult-juvenile consort relationships (adults ejaculated, juveniles erected; they foraged, groomed, and attacked others together).

	'''Pig-tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina)''': Age-equal and age-gap male-male mounting (juveniles, adolescents, adults) occurs frequently, is not associated with force (as heterosexual mounting sometimes is), and makes up from 8% to 67% of individual males’ overall mounts (Bagemihl, 1999). Dominants invite subordinates to mount them as an elaborate display of tolerance toward subordinates (Oi, 1990) or mount subordinates as a rank maintenance mechanism (Tokuda et al., 1968).		'''Pig-tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina)''' 3: Age-equal and age-gap male-male mounting (juveniles, adolescents, adults) occurs frequently, is not associated with force (as heterosexual mounting sometimes is), and makes up from 8% to 67% of individual males’ overall mounts (Bagemihl, 1999). Dominants invite subordinates to mount them as an elaborate display of tolerance toward subordinates (Oi, 1990) or mount subordinates as a rank maintenance mechanism (Tokuda et al., 1968).

	'''Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)''': Age-gap consort relationships occur, highly affectionate (Bagemihl, 1999). Kempf (1917) observed two juvenile males competing to be mounted by an adult male. Homosex helps juveniles get protection, integrate into group (Carpenter, 1942). Older, younger both show sexual excitement; mature-immature relationships are frequent, seem to have sexual basis (Hamilton, 1914). Redican et al. (1974) observed an immature male taking the sexual initiative with an adult male in an intensive relationship.		'''Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)''' 3: Age-gap consort relationships occur, highly affectionate (Bagemihl, 1999). Kempf (1917) observed two juvenile males competing to be mounted by an adult male. Homosex helps juveniles get protection, integrate into group (Carpenter, 1942). Older, younger both show sexual excitement; mature-immature relationships are frequent, seem to have sexual basis (Hamilton, 1914). Redican et al. (1974) observed an immature male taking the sexual initiative with an adult male in an intensive relationship.

	'''Stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides)''': Chevalier-Skolnikoff (1976) reported mutual excitement and affection in several intense friendship-based mature-immature sexual relationships. These were “rewarding” to all participants (e.g., protection for younger partner). Homosex seemed to foster greater social cohesion.		'''Stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides)''' 3: Chevalier-Skolnikoff (1976) reported mutual excitement and affection in several intense friendship-based mature-immature sexual relationships. These were “rewarding” to all participants (e.g., protection for younger partner). Homosex seemed to foster greater social cohesion.

	'''Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana)''': Ogawa (1995) found that male adult-juvenile homosex occurs on a regular basis; either may initiate oral sex on the juvenile; it is never aggressive; both are excited; context is friendly. It seems to serve to reduce tension.		'''Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana)''' 3: Ogawa (1995) found that male adult-juvenile homosex occurs on a regular basis; either may initiate oral sex on the juvenile; it is never aggressive; both are excited; context is friendly. It seems to serve to reduce tension.

	'''Savanna baboons (Papio cynocephalus)''': All males, from juvenile to adult, greet one another via ritualized sexual behaviors. These behaviors (presenting, mounting, fondling) occur briefly (a few seconds), constitute “greetings,” and appear to serve in part formation of coalitions (Bagemihl, 1999; Smuts & Watanabe, 1990).		'''Savanna baboons (Papio cynocephalus)''' 3: All males, from juvenile to adult, greet one another via ritualized sexual behaviors. These behaviors (presenting, mounting, fondling) occur briefly (a few seconds), constitute “greetings,” and appear to serve in part formation of coalitions (Bagemihl, 1999; Smuts & Watanabe, 1990).

	'''Hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas)''': Zuckerman (1932) observed a three-year sexual relationship between an adult and immature male. Whenever the immature was threatened, the adult immediately rescued it.		'''Hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas)''' 3: Zuckerman (1932) observed a three-year sexual relationship between an adult and immature male. Whenever the immature was threatened, the adult immediately rescued it.

	'''Gelada baboons (Theropithecus gelada)''': Bernstein (1975) found that mounting occurs between bachelors and immature males in the all-male group. When a bachelor successfully challenges a harem leader, he switches entirely to heterosex (the deposed leader switches to homosex).		'''Gelada baboons (Theropithecus gelada)''' 3: Bernstein (1975) found that mounting occurs between bachelors and immature males in the all-male group. When a bachelor successfully challenges a harem leader, he switches entirely to heterosex (the deposed leader switches to homosex).

	'''Mona monkeys (Cercopithecus mona)''': Glenn, Ramsier, and Benson (2006) found that homosex, with oral sex (often with orgasm), is universal in all-male groups, where males spend most of their lives. It involves all combinations from juveniles to adults; aggression is extremely rare. It seems to function to help younger males’ immigration and social skills, as well as the groups’ social cohesion.		'''Mona monkeys (Cercopithecus mona)''' 3: Glenn, Ramsier, and Benson (2006) found that homosex, with oral sex (often with orgasm), is universal in all-male groups, where males spend most of their lives. It involves all combinations from juveniles to adults; aggression is extremely rare. It seems to function to help younger males’ immigration and social skills, as well as the groups’ social cohesion.

	'''Patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas)''': Adolescent or younger males often fondle and nuzzle the genitals and scrotum of adult males (Bagemihl, 1999).		'''Patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas)''' 3: Adolescent or younger males often fondle and nuzzle the genitals and scrotum of adult males (Bagemihl, 1999).

	==== New World Monkeys ====		==== New World Monkeys ====

	'''Squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus)''': Denniston (1980) frequently observed male homosexual behavior, the commonest form being between adults and adolescents. Baldwin (1969) frequently observed sexual mounting and sometimes consortships between older adolescents and much younger juveniles (of both sexes); older adolescents, unlike younger adolescents, were gentle with their younger partners, who consequently allowed the interactions to take place (by contrast, they tended to resist the much rougher initiatives from younger adolescents).		'''Squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus)''' 3: Denniston (1980) frequently observed male homosexual behavior, the commonest form being between adults and adolescents. Baldwin (1969) frequently observed sexual mounting and sometimes consortships between older adolescents and much younger juveniles (of both sexes); older adolescents, unlike younger adolescents, were gentle with their younger partners, who consequently allowed the interactions to take place (by contrast, they tended to resist the much rougher initiatives from younger adolescents).

	==== Prosimians ====		==== Prosimians ====

	'''Verreaux’s sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi)''': Homosexual behavior is rare in prosimians. In this lemur species, adult males sometimes mount younger adults or adolescents, who often snap and struggle to wriggle free (Bagemihl, 1999).		'''Verreaux’s sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi)''' 1: Homosexual behavior is rare in prosimians. In this lemur species, adult males sometimes mount younger adults or adolescents, who often snap and struggle to wriggle free (Bagemihl, 1999).

	=== Table V: Homosexual Behavior Between Mature and Immature Males in Subprimate Mammals ===		=== Table V: Homosexual Behavior Between Mature and Immature Males in Subprimate Mammals ===