Research: Intergenerational Sexual Behaviors in Animals - Revision history

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	::"Another difference in homosexual interactions between silverbacks and immatures was the fixed role in mounting for the former. The two silverbacks always mounted the younger individuals, while both blackbacks and sub-adults took the roles of both mounter and mountee."		::"Another difference in homosexual interactions between silverbacks and immatures was the fixed role in mounting for the former. The two silverbacks always mounted the younger individuals, while both blackbacks and sub-adults took the roles of both mounter and mountee."
	:: note: Silverback: a fully mature adult male gorilla often dominant in the group. Blackback: a younger, not yet fully mature male gorilla; typically an adolescent or young adult stage.)
			:: ''note'': Silverback: a fully mature adult male gorilla often dominant in the group. Blackback: a younger, not yet fully mature male gorilla; typically an adolescent or young adult stage.)

	==Excerpt Graphic Library==		==Excerpt Graphic Library==

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 ::"Highlights: • Juvenile socio-sexual behaviors were more frequent when adult males were present. • The sexual repertoire of immature males, but not females, changes with age. • Immature belugas prefer to interact with older belugas. • Social partner preferences change with age."
 ::"The emergence of socio-sexual behaviors was relatively consistent among immature animals. [...]  The presence of an adult male significantly predicted if immature belugas would initiate and participate in socio-sexual behavior. However, partner preferences changed with age. In the first year of life, belugas engaged in sexual behavior with their mother most frequently but preferred to play with older males if given a choice. By the third year of life, belugas engaged in socio-sexual behavior most frequently with other immature animals."
 ==Excerpt Graphic Library==

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	::"Cebus subordinate adult males [(Capuchin monkeys comprise a subfamily, Cebinae)] , compared to alpha males, carry and play with infants more frequently, and they direct these behaviors toward male infants much more than toward female infants (Perry, 2012). Because subordinate males are unlikely to be these infants’ fathers (see below), these relationships are not a form of paternal investment but may function as a means of long-term recruitment of allies for male–male competition (Perry, 2012)."		::"Cebus subordinate adult males [(Capuchin monkeys comprise a subfamily, Cebinae)] , compared to alpha males, carry and play with infants more frequently, and they direct these behaviors toward male infants much more than toward female infants (Perry, 2012). Because subordinate males are unlikely to be these infants’ fathers (see below), these relationships are not a form of paternal investment but may function as a means of long-term recruitment of allies for male–male competition (Perry, 2012)."
	::"Nonconceptive sexual behavior includes copulations by noncycling (i.e., pregnant or lactating) females, sexual behavior in which one or both partners are juveniles, nonconceptive sexual postures (e.g., females mounting males), and same-sex sexual interactions between adults. All four of these phenomena have been observed in capuchins (Fragaszy et al., 2004). Male-male pseudo-copulations in C. capucinus are particularly noteworthy (Manson et al., 1997). [...] As a conspicuous form of intimate contact, these interactions might function to build or test trust (Smuts & Watanabe, 1990; Zahavi, 1977) or to display social bonds to third parties (Wrangham, 1993)."		::"Nonconceptive sexual behavior includes copulations by noncycling (i.e., pregnant or lactating) females, sexual behavior in which one or both partners are juveniles, nonconceptive sexual postures (e.g., females mounting males), and same-sex sexual interactions between adults. All four of these phenomena have been observed in capuchins (Fragaszy et al., 2004). Male-male pseudo-copulations in C. capucinus are particularly noteworthy (Manson et al., 1997). [...] As a conspicuous form of intimate contact, these interactions might function to build or test trust (Smuts & Watanabe, 1990; Zahavi, 1977) or to display social bonds to third parties (Wrangham, 1993)."

			* '''Jackson R. Ham et al. (2022) [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0376635722001127 The emergence and early development of socio-sexual behavior in beluga calves (Delphinapterus leucas)], ''Behavioural Processes, Volume 200'', doi: 10.1016/j.beproc.2022.104695'''
			::"Highlights: • Juvenile socio-sexual behaviors were more frequent when adult males were present. • The sexual repertoire of immature males, but not females, changes with age. • Immature belugas prefer to interact with older belugas. • Social partner preferences change with age."
			::"The emergence of socio-sexual behaviors was relatively consistent among immature animals. [...] The presence of an adult male significantly predicted if immature belugas would initiate and participate in socio-sexual behavior. However, partner preferences changed with age. In the first year of life, belugas engaged in sexual behavior with their mother most frequently but preferred to play with older males if given a choice. By the third year of life, belugas engaged in socio-sexual behavior most frequently with other immature animals."

	==Excerpt Graphic Library==		==Excerpt Graphic Library==

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	* '''Jaroslava Varella Valentova, Andreone Teles Medrado, and Marco Antonio Correa Varella “Male Bisexuality”. In: Todd K. Shackelford (ed.), 2022, [https://annas-archive.org/md5/2d84ebccbbaafc78b4516ef6b129e5a2 The Cambridge Handbook of Evolutionary Perspectives on Sexual Psychology. Vol 4.] ''Cambridge University Press (Virtual Publishing)''.'''		* '''Jaroslava Varella Valentova, Andreone Teles Medrado, and Marco Antonio Correa Varella “Male Bisexuality”. In: Todd K. Shackelford (ed.), 2022, [https://annas-archive.org/md5/2d84ebccbbaafc78b4516ef6b129e5a2 The Cambridge Handbook of Evolutionary Perspectives on Sexual Psychology. Vol 4.] ''Cambridge University Press (Virtual Publishing)''.'''
	::"Lilley et al. (2020) and Wrangham (1993) complement by describing that nonconceptual sex between individuals of the same sex among nonhuman primates may have been an exaptation of reproductive behavior, which acquired other diverse functions, such as: establishment of dominance, practice by immatures for a future successful copulation, reduce tensions, and help with reconciliations, in addition to facilitating the formation of alliances and reducing the reproductive success of other individuals."		::"Lilley et al. (2020) and Wrangham (1993) complement by describing that nonconceptual sex between individuals of the same sex among nonhuman primates may have been an exaptation of reproductive behavior, which acquired other diverse functions, such as: establishment of dominance, practice by immatures for a future successful copulation, reduce tensions, and help with reconciliations, in addition to facilitating the formation of alliances and reducing the reproductive success of other individuals."

			* '''Zanna Clay, Liza R. Moscovice, and Thibaud Gruber “Bonobo Sexual Behavior and Psychology” In: Todd K. Shackelford (ed.), 2022, [https://annas-archive.org/md5/2d84ebccbbaafc78b4516ef6b129e5a2 The Cambridge Handbook of Evolutionary Perspectives on Sexual Psychology. Vol 4.] ''Cambridge University Press (Virtual Publishing)''.'''
			::"As bonobos reach juvenility, their sexual behavior becomes more frequent and elaborated, including both participating as third parties as well as actively engaging in sex themselves (Hashimoto, 1997). Excerpts from Kano’s observations of the Wamba bonobos paint an informative picture: ''adults are generally cooperative in awakening the erotic impulses of these juveniles. A female that has finished copulating and GG rubbing will stop and wait when a male juvenile clings to her behind; the female will grasp the juvenile’s hips and insert his penis. [...] The female does her best to accommodate the partners, one by one, without much ado. [...] Adult males are also enthusiastic about “sex education.” After copulation, they mount and thrust at juveniles, either male or female, that approach and present. Without inserting their penis, the adult males rub against the top of the hips and the thigh. Often, instead of thrusts, an adult male raises one ankle in the air and lightly scratches the side of the juvenile’s chest.'' (Kano, 1992, p. 196)"

			*''' Joseph H. Manson "Capuchin Sexual Behavior" In: Todd K. Shackelford (ed.), 2022, [https://annas-archive.org/md5/2d84ebccbbaafc78b4516ef6b129e5a2 The Cambridge Handbook of Evolutionary Perspectives on Sexual Psychology. Vol 4.] ''Cambridge University Press (Virtual Publishing)''.'''
			::"Cebus subordinate adult males [(Capuchin monkeys comprise a subfamily, Cebinae)] , compared to alpha males, carry and play with infants more frequently, and they direct these behaviors toward male infants much more than toward female infants (Perry, 2012). Because subordinate males are unlikely to be these infants’ fathers (see below), these relationships are not a form of paternal investment but may function as a means of long-term recruitment of allies for male–male competition (Perry, 2012)."
			::"Nonconceptive sexual behavior includes copulations by noncycling (i.e., pregnant or lactating) females, sexual behavior in which one or both partners are juveniles, nonconceptive sexual postures (e.g., females mounting males), and same-sex sexual interactions between adults. All four of these phenomena have been observed in capuchins (Fragaszy et al., 2004). Male-male pseudo-copulations in C. capucinus are particularly noteworthy (Manson et al., 1997). [...] As a conspicuous form of intimate contact, these interactions might function to build or test trust (Smuts & Watanabe, 1990; Zahavi, 1977) or to display social bonds to third parties (Wrangham, 1993)."

	==Excerpt Graphic Library==		==Excerpt Graphic Library==

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	*'''Rind, Bruce (2024). "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/383699408_Same-Sex_Sexual_Behavior_Age-Class_and_Coalitions_in_Male_Rhesus_Macaques_Macaca_mulatta Same‑Sex Sexual Behavior, Age‑Class, and Coalitions in Male Rhesus Macaques]". ''Archives of Sexual Behavior''. 1-20. 10.1007/s10508-024-02983-6.		*'''Rind, Bruce (2024). "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/383699408_Same-Sex_Sexual_Behavior_Age-Class_and_Coalitions_in_Male_Rhesus_Macaques_Macaca_mulatta Same‑Sex Sexual Behavior, Age‑Class, and Coalitions in Male Rhesus Macaques]". ''Archives of Sexual Behavior''. 1-20. 10.1007/s10508-024-02983-6.
	*:"In the present study, relations between same-sex sexual behavior (SSB), age-class, and coalitional behavior in male rhesus macaques were examined in a re-analysis of data ﬁrst analyzed and reported by Clive et al. (2023). [...] Most dyads contained at least one non-adult (76%). Young and prime adult mounters most often selected non-adults to mount. Mounters were often sexually motivated: most for adolescents (72%); equally for juveniles (57%) and adults (56%). Finally, the highest rate of SSB with coalitional context appeared in adolescent–adult dyads involved in multiple repeated mounts. SSB, age-class, special friendships, bonding, and coalitions were linked, as reported in some other primate species and human societies cross-culturally. Employing age-class in male SSB analysis improved description and explanation."		*:"In the present study, relations between same-sex sexual behavior (SSB), age-class, and coalitional behavior in male rhesus macaques were examined in a re-analysis of data ﬁrst analyzed and reported by Clive et al. (2023). [...] Most dyads contained at least one non-adult (76%). Young and prime adult mounters most often selected non-adults to mount. Mounters were often sexually motivated: most for adolescents (72%); equally for juveniles (57%) and adults (56%). Finally, the highest rate of SSB with coalitional context appeared in adolescent–adult dyads involved in multiple repeated mounts. SSB, age-class, special friendships, bonding, and coalitions were linked, as reported in some other primate species and human societies cross-culturally. Employing age-class in male SSB analysis improved description and explanation."

			* '''Jaroslava Varella Valentova, Andreone Teles Medrado, and Marco Antonio Correa Varella “Male Bisexuality”. In: Todd K. Shackelford (ed.), 2022, [https://annas-archive.org/md5/2d84ebccbbaafc78b4516ef6b129e5a2 The Cambridge Handbook of Evolutionary Perspectives on Sexual Psychology. Vol 4.] ''Cambridge University Press (Virtual Publishing)''.'''
			::"Lilley et al. (2020) and Wrangham (1993) complement by describing that nonconceptual sex between individuals of the same sex among nonhuman primates may have been an exaptation of reproductive behavior, which acquired other diverse functions, such as: establishment of dominance, practice by immatures for a future successful copulation, reduce tensions, and help with reconciliations, in addition to facilitating the formation of alliances and reducing the reproductive success of other individuals."

	==Excerpt Graphic Library==		==Excerpt Graphic Library==

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	*'''deMause, Lloyd (2002). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20120224062853/http://psychohistory.com/htm/eln08_childrearing.html The Emotional Life of Nations]'', chapter 8.'''		*'''deMause, Lloyd (2002). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20120224062853/http://psychohistory.com/htm/eln08_childrearing.html The Emotional Life of Nations]'', chapter 8.'''
	*:"Primate mothers are widely reported as copulating with their children; indeed, many cannot learn to reproduce unless they have had sex with adults when they were children. Many immature primates "copulate with their mothers...explore adult genitalia and experience manipulation of their own." Our closest ancestors, the bonobo chimps-termed "the erotic champions" of primates-spend much of their time sucking and masturbating the genitals and "genitogenital rubbing" of both male and female juveniles, "to reduce tensions." Primate children are regularly observed being taught to thrust against their mothers' genitals. This "sexualization of the infant" was likely extended when human infants grew much larger heads, since it meant in order to get through the narrow birth canal before the head grew too large human infants had to be "born fetal," extremely immature and increasingly helpless, so that in early humans "maternal attention was not sufficient to care for more helpless infants..."This in turn meant a selection for those babies who could most satisfy the mother's erotic needs-for instance through the extension of non-hairy, erotic skin areas-for they would be best nursed and cared for as an erotic, tension-reducing object. Likewise, those human mothers were selected who had evolved the largest and most erotic breasts and who had genitals shifted around to the front, where they could rub them against their children."		*:"Primate mothers are widely reported as copulating with their children; indeed, many cannot learn to reproduce unless they have had sex with adults when they were children. Many immature primates "copulate with their mothers...explore adult genitalia and experience manipulation of their own." Our closest ancestors, the bonobo chimps-termed "the erotic champions" of primates-spend much of their time sucking and masturbating the genitals and "genitogenital rubbing" of both male and female juveniles, "to reduce tensions." Primate children are regularly observed being taught to thrust against their mothers' genitals. This "sexualization of the infant" was likely extended when human infants grew much larger heads, since it meant in order to get through the narrow birth canal before the head grew too large human infants had to be "born fetal," extremely immature and increasingly helpless, so that in early humans "maternal attention was not sufficient to care for more helpless infants..."This in turn meant a selection for those babies who could most satisfy the mother's erotic needs-for instance through the extension of non-hairy, erotic skin areas-for they would be best nursed and cared for as an erotic, tension-reducing object. Likewise, those human mothers were selected who had evolved the largest and most erotic breasts and who had genitals shifted around to the front, where they could rub them against their children."
	*'''Rind, B., Bauserman, R. and Tromovitch, P. (2000). ''[http://www.ipce.info/library_2/rbt/science_frame.htm Science versus orthodoxy: Anatomy of the congressional condemnation of a scientific article and reflections on remedies for future ideological attacks]''~~, chapter 8~~.'''		*'''Rind, B., Bauserman, R. and Tromovitch, P. (2000). ''[http://www.ipce.info/library_2/rbt/science_frame.htm Science versus orthodoxy: Anatomy of the congressional condemnation of a scientific article and reflections on remedies for future ideological attacks]''.'''
	*:"Ford and Beach (1951), in their seminal review of cross-cultural and cross-species data, observed that "[a]s long as the adult members of a society permit them to do so, immature males and females engage in practically every type of sexual behavior found in grown men and women" (p, 197) They also observed that juvenile sexual activity in monkeys and apes is "no less natural for the young primate than are the chasing, wrestling, and mock fighting that consume so much of his waking life" (p. 255). Psychologists have all but ignored these perspectives in favor of fitting their descriptions and explanations of juvenile sexuality to current Western values."		*:"Ford and Beach (1951), in their seminal review of cross-cultural and cross-species data, observed that "[a]s long as the adult members of a society permit them to do so, immature males and females engage in practically every type of sexual behavior found in grown men and women" (p, 197) They also observed that juvenile sexual activity in monkeys and apes is "no less natural for the young primate than are the chasing, wrestling, and mock fighting that consume so much of his waking life" (p. 255). Psychologists have all but ignored these perspectives in favor of fitting their descriptions and explanations of juvenile sexuality to current Western values."

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Biological Exuberance

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	==Biological Exuberance==		==Biological Exuberance==

	The following are excerpted from ''Biological Exuberance - Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity'' by Bruce Bagemihl.		The following are excerpted from ''[https://libgen.vg/edition.php?id=136630482 Biological Exuberance - Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity]'' by Bruce Bagemihl (2000).

	===Heterosexual===		===Heterosexual===

Xtjvimds16dovrfc at 23:56, 23 January 2025

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	Intergenerational sexual activity has been documented in numerous species, particularly closely related primates. Bonobos are one example - see, nature documentaries and home movies: [https://av.tib.eu/media/22174 (1)], [https://fstube.net/w/jhRL37NdsWTscpPr5dkTsS (Backup)]		Intergenerational sexual activity has been documented in numerous species, particularly closely related primates. Bonobos are one example - see, nature documentaries and home movies: [https://av.tib.eu/media/22174 (1)], [https://fstube.net/w/jhRL37NdsWTscpPr5dkTsS (Backup)]

	While this should not be interpreted as instruction ~~for~~ how humans should behave, it does cast doubt ~~upon~~ the biological necessity of arbitrary ~~morals~~-based prohibitions on age discrepant behavior.		While this should not be interpreted as an instruction on how humans should behave, it does cast doubt on the biological necessity of arbitrary, morality-based prohibitions against age-discrepant behavior.

	==Biological Exuberance==		==Biological Exuberance==

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	*:When it comes to human age-gap sexual relations, the stereotype is that they are, by nature, aggressive encounters, where the older person imposes his will on an unwilling younger partner, who is traumatized and psychologically ruined. It is striking, then, that we find just the opposite in the primate data, where researchers document that eagerness and even initiative on the part of the younger animal are commonplace,26 and they repeatedly describe positive developmental and social functions that these relations appear to serve—just as historians and anthropologists also have also done with regard to other times and cultures."		*:When it comes to human age-gap sexual relations, the stereotype is that they are, by nature, aggressive encounters, where the older person imposes his will on an unwilling younger partner, who is traumatized and psychologically ruined. It is striking, then, that we find just the opposite in the primate data, where researchers document that eagerness and even initiative on the part of the younger animal are commonplace,26 and they repeatedly describe positive developmental and social functions that these relations appear to serve—just as historians and anthropologists also have also done with regard to other times and cultures."

	*'''Rind, Bruce (2024). "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/383699408_Same-Sex_Sexual_Behavior_Age-Class_and_Coalitions_in_Male_Rhesus_Macaques_Macaca_mulatta Same‑Sex Sexual Behavior, Age‑Class, ~~andCoalitions inMale~~ Rhesus		*'''Rind, Bruce (2024). "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/383699408_Same-Sex_Sexual_Behavior_Age-Class_and_Coalitions_in_Male_Rhesus_Macaques_Macaca_mulatta Same‑Sex Sexual Behavior, Age‑Class, and Coalitions in Male Rhesus Macaques]". ''Archives of Sexual Behavior''. 1-20. 10.1007/s10508-024-02983-6.
	Macaques]. ''Archives of Sexual Behavior''. 1-20. 10.1007/s10508-024-02983-6."		*:"In the present study, relations between same-sex sexual behavior (SSB), age-class, and coalitional behavior in male rhesus macaques were examined in a re-analysis of data ﬁrst analyzed and reported by Clive et al. (2023). [...] Most dyads contained at least one non-adult (76%). Young and prime adult mounters most often selected non-adults to mount. Mounters were often sexually motivated: most for adolescents (72%); equally for juveniles (57%) and adults (56%). Finally, the highest rate of SSB with coalitional context appeared in adolescent–adult dyads involved in multiple repeated mounts. SSB, age-class, special friendships, bonding, and coalitions were linked, as reported in some other primate species and human societies cross-culturally. Employing age-class in male SSB analysis improved description and explanation."
	*:"In the present study, relations between same-sex sexual behavior (SSB), age-class, and coalitional behavior in male rhesus macaques were examined in a re-analysis of data ﬁrst analyzed and reported by Clive ~~etal~~. (2023). [...] Most dyads contained at least one non-adult (76%). Young and prime adult mounters most often selected non-adults to mount. Mounters were often sexually motivated: most for adolescents (72%); equally for juveniles (57%) and adults (56%). Finally, the highest rate of SSB with coalitional context appeared in adolescent–adult dyads involved in multiple repeated mounts. SSB, age-class, special friendships, bonding, and coalitions were linked, as reported in some other primate species and human societies cross-culturally. Employing age-class in male SSB analysis improved description and explanation."

	==Excerpt Graphic Library==		==Excerpt Graphic Library==

The Admins at 18:39, 7 September 2024

2024-09-07T18:39:31Z

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	*'''Rind, Bruce (2009). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20111122131235/https://www.inter-disciplinary.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/gsbs1rind.pdf Social Response to Age-Gap Sex Involving Minors: Empirical, Historical, Cross-Cultural, and Cross-Species Considerations]." Paper presented at the "Good sex, bad sex: Sex law, crime and ethics" conference in Budapest, Hungary, May 4 to 6, 2009.		*'''Rind, Bruce (2009). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20111122131235/https://www.inter-disciplinary.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/gsbs1rind.pdf Social Response to Age-Gap Sex Involving Minors: Empirical, Historical, Cross-Cultural, and Cross-Species Considerations]." Paper presented at the "Good sex, bad sex: Sex law, crime and ethics" conference in Budapest, Hungary, May 4 to 6, 2009.
	*:"If age-gap sex involving non-adults is, by nature, as disturbing as most contemporary authorities believe it is, then should we not see evidence for this elsewhere in nature—for example, in our close primate relatives? Age-gap sex in primates is commonplace but shows no evidence of the trauma many think is so [[intrinsic harm\|intrinsic]] to these contacts.		*:"If age-gap sex involving non-adults is, by nature, as disturbing as most contemporary authorities believe it is, then should we not see evidence for this elsewhere in nature—for example, in our close primate relatives? Age-gap sex in primates is commonplace but shows no evidence of the trauma many think is so [[intrinsic harm\|intrinsic]] to these contacts.
	*:Bonobos and chimpanzees are our closest animal relatives. Immature males in these two species are highly sexual, much more than immature females.17 They behave sexually with other immatures and with adults of both sexes, but prefer mature females, with whom they often attempt to initiate sex. In most cases, they show sexual arousal, with erections. The mature females are quite tolerant of the young males and usually allow them to attempt copulation.18 When immature male chimps are rebuffed by mature females, they typically whimper and throw tantrums. Researchers have concluded that male chimps in early puberty actually need copulatory practice with older females, else their adult copulating behavior will be inept.19		*:Bonobos and chimpanzees are our closest animal relatives. Immature males in these two species are highly sexual, much more than immature females. They behave sexually with other immatures and with adults of both sexes, but prefer mature females, with whom they often attempt to initiate sex. In most cases, they show sexual arousal, with erections. The mature females are quite tolerant of the young males and usually allow them to attempt copulation. When immature male chimps are rebuffed by mature females, they typically whimper and throw tantrums. Researchers have concluded that male chimps in early puberty actually need copulatory practice with older females, else their adult copulating behavior will be inept.
	*:In bonobos, when a female reaches adolescence, she transfers into a new group, where she pairs up with one adult female in particular, who acts as her “mentor.” This relationship, which is sexually based and lasts about a year, helps the adolescent female integrate into the new group and eventually be accepted by all the other females.20		*:In bonobos, when a female reaches adolescence, she transfers into a new group, where she pairs up with one adult female in particular, who acts as her “mentor.” This relationship, which is sexually based and lasts about a year, helps the adolescent female integrate into the new group and eventually be accepted by all the other females.
	*:Age-gap homosexual relations among males are also quite common in apes and Old World monkeys. Pederasty in gorillas, for example, is pervasive. In this species, while one male dominates a group of females in a harem, the remaining males form an all-male group for many years at a time, in which courtship and copulation occur on a daily basis between adult and adolescent males. Several researchers directly observing this behavior have concluded that it serves to maintain group cohesiveness.21 In rhesus macaques, sexual relations between mature and immature males are frequent. They often occur despite the presence of receptive females. Young males tend to welcome these contacts and may even compete for older males’ attentions. The relations can be highly affectionate and appear to be functional for the immature males’ development of sexual and gregarious behaviors.22 Similarly affectionate age-gap male homosexual relations have been observed in various other species, such as orangutans, Hanuman langurs, and stumptail macaques.23 Among Tibetan macaques, oral-genital contact between adult and juvenile males occurs on a regular basis. Sometimes the younger partner jumps onto the adult’s face to initiate it; other times the adult begins the contact by turning the juvenile upside down. Both younger and older participants generally seem excited. These behaviors are never aggressive and appear to reduce tension between the them. 24 Similar age-gap relations occur daily and universally in Mona monkeys; the sexual interactions are almost never aggressive and appear to help the younger males integrate into the male group and to maintain group cohesion. 25		*:Age-gap homosexual relations among males are also quite common in apes and Old World monkeys. Pederasty in gorillas, for example, is pervasive. In this species, while one male dominates a group of females in a harem, the remaining males form an all-male group for many years at a time, in which courtship and copulation occur on a daily basis between adult and adolescent males. Several researchers directly observing this behavior have concluded that it serves to maintain group cohesiveness. In rhesus macaques, sexual relations between mature and immature males are frequent. They often occur despite the presence of receptive females. Young males tend to welcome these contacts and may even compete for older males’ attentions. The relations can be highly affectionate and appear to be functional for the immature males’ development of sexual and gregarious behaviors. Similarly affectionate age-gap male homosexual relations have been observed in various other species, such as orangutans, Hanuman langurs, and stumptail macaques. Among Tibetan macaques, oral-genital contact between adult and juvenile males occurs on a regular basis. Sometimes the younger partner jumps onto the adult’s face to initiate it; other times the adult begins the contact by turning the juvenile upside down. Both younger and older participants generally seem excited. These behaviors are never aggressive and appear to reduce tension between the them. Similar age-gap relations occur daily and universally in Mona monkeys; the sexual interactions are almost never aggressive and appear to help the younger males integrate into the male group and to maintain group cohesion.
	*:When it comes to human age-gap sexual relations, the stereotype is that they are, by nature, aggressive encounters, where the older person imposes his will on an unwilling younger partner, who is traumatized and psychologically ruined. It is striking, then, that we find just the opposite in the primate data, where researchers document that eagerness and even initiative on the part of the younger animal are commonplace,26 and they repeatedly describe positive developmental and social functions that these relations appear to serve—just as historians and anthropologists also have also done with regard to other times and cultures."		*:When it comes to human age-gap sexual relations, the stereotype is that they are, by nature, aggressive encounters, where the older person imposes his will on an unwilling younger partner, who is traumatized and psychologically ruined. It is striking, then, that we find just the opposite in the primate data, where researchers document that eagerness and even initiative on the part of the younger animal are commonplace,26 and they repeatedly describe positive developmental and social functions that these relations appear to serve—just as historians and anthropologists also have also done with regard to other times and cultures."

			*'''Rind, Bruce (2024). "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/383699408_Same-Sex_Sexual_Behavior_Age-Class_and_Coalitions_in_Male_Rhesus_Macaques_Macaca_mulatta Same‑Sex Sexual Behavior, Age‑Class, andCoalitions inMale Rhesus
			Macaques]. ''Archives of Sexual Behavior''. 1-20. 10.1007/s10508-024-02983-6."
			*:"In the present study, relations between same-sex sexual behavior (SSB), age-class, and coalitional behavior in male rhesus macaques were examined in a re-analysis of data ﬁrst analyzed and reported by Clive etal. (2023). [...] Most dyads contained at least one non-adult (76%). Young and prime adult mounters most often selected non-adults to mount. Mounters were often sexually motivated: most for adolescents (72%); equally for juveniles (57%) and adults (56%). Finally, the highest rate of SSB with coalitional context appeared in adolescent–adult dyads involved in multiple repeated mounts. SSB, age-class, special friendships, bonding, and coalitions were linked, as reported in some other primate species and human societies cross-culturally. Employing age-class in male SSB analysis improved description and explanation."

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