Research: Prevalence of Harm and Negative Outcomes - Revision history

Xtjvimds16dovrfc at 13:49, 20 September 2025

2025-09-20T13:49:54Z

Thorn: /* Simple or informed consent as predictive of positive reactions? */

2025-09-20T10:00:57Z

Simple or informed consent as predictive of positive reactions?

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:00, 20 September 2025
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	* '''[[Philip Tromovitch]] (2025) [https://doshisha.repo.nii.ac.jp/record/2000821/files/023065040009.pdf How do Men Describe Their Childhood and Early Adolescent Sexual Contacts with Older Partners]''', ''Harris Science Research Institute of Doshisha University''		* '''[[Philip Tromovitch]] (2025) [https://doshisha.repo.nii.ac.jp/record/2000821/files/023065040009.pdf How do Men Describe Their Childhood and Early Adolescent Sexual Contacts with Older Partners]''', ''Harris Science Research Institute of Doshisha University''
	::"A total sample of N = 195 Japanese and U.S. men [...] overwhelmingly endorsed positive descriptors for their experiences. It is concluded that in general, men find their early, willing sexual contacts with older partners to be pleasurable, satisfying, and fun -- negative associations are uncommon."		::"A total sample of N = 195 Japanese and U.S. men [...] overwhelmingly endorsed positive descriptors for their experiences. It is concluded that in general, men find their early, willing sexual contacts with older partners to be pleasurable, satisfying, and fun -- negative associations are uncommon."

			*'''Tener D. (2020). Perspectives on Adolescent Sexual Relations With Older Persons: A Systematic Review of the Literature. ''Trauma, violence & abuse'', 21(2), 393–405. doi:10.1177/1524838018772287'''
			::" Physical attraction and sexual experience as well as the older person’s perceived emotional maturity played some part, but one of the most consistent factors was the emotional support provided by the older person."
			::"The older person is often perceived by both those who experienced such relations and by the general population as abusive, even if the relations were consensual at the time. [...But] Adolescents perceiving the relationship as a loving one were strongly opposed to its reframing as abusive. [...] In these cases, legal intervention, rather than the SR relations themselves, are experienced as offensive and abusive (Tener et al., 2014)."
			::"[E]ven when relations were perceived by minors as offensive and exploitative, legal intervention was still often perceived as harmful."

	==Mainstream media==		==Mainstream media==

Xtjvimds16dovrfc at 04:09, 19 September 2025

2025-09-19T04:09:18Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:09, 19 September 2025
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	*'''Wilson, Glenn & Cox, David (1983). ''[http://www.ipce.info/host/wilson_83/index.htm The Child-Lovers: A Study of Paedophiles in Society]''. London: Peter Owen Publishers. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20130425190214/http://snifferdogonline.com/reports/Child%20Abuse,%20Sexuality%20and%20Violence/The%20Child-Lovers%20-%20A%20Study%20of%20Paedophiles%20in%20Society.pdf webarchive copy])		*'''Wilson, Glenn & Cox, David (1983). ''[http://www.ipce.info/host/wilson_83/index.htm The Child-Lovers: A Study of Paedophiles in Society]''. London: Peter Owen Publishers. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20130425190214/http://snifferdogonline.com/reports/Child%20Abuse,%20Sexuality%20and%20Violence/The%20Child-Lovers%20-%20A%20Study%20of%20Paedophiles%20in%20Society.pdf webarchive copy])
	:: "[N]umerous empirical attempts to demonstrate that lasting psychological harm is done to a child through sexual contact with adults (e.g. changing his sex orientation, or making him impotent) have generally failed to adduce any such evidence (e.g. Tindall, 1978; Bernard, 1979). Most researchers seem to be agreed that except in the case of physical assault against an unwilling child (tantamount to rape), no lasting harm to the sexual or social development of the child ‘victim’ can be detected (Powell and Chalkley, 1981)."		*:"[N]umerous empirical attempts to demonstrate that lasting psychological harm is done to a child through sexual contact with adults (e.g. changing his sex orientation, or making him impotent) have generally failed to adduce any such evidence (e.g. Tindall, 1978; Bernard, 1979). Most researchers seem to be agreed that except in the case of physical assault against an unwilling child (tantamount to rape), no lasting harm to the sexual or social development of the child ‘victim’ can be detected (Powell and Chalkley, 1981)."

	*'''Halina Sklenarova et al. 2018 [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0145213417304209 Online sexual solicitation by adults and peers – Results from a population based German sample]. ''Child Abuse & Neglect'''''		*'''Halina Sklenarova et al. 2018 [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0145213417304209 Online sexual solicitation by adults and peers – Results from a population based German sample]. ''Child Abuse & Neglect'''''
	::"Findings illustrated that 51.3% (n = 1148) of adolescents had experienced online sexual activity, which mostly involved peers (n = 969; 84.4%). In contrast, [...] 22.2% (n = 490) reporting online sexual interactions with adults, of which 10.4% (n = 51) were perceived as negative. The findings suggest that adolescents frequently engage in sexual interactions on the Internet with only a relatively small number perceiving such contacts as exploitative."		*:"Findings illustrated that 51.3% (n = 1148) of adolescents had experienced online sexual activity, which mostly involved peers (n = 969; 84.4%). In contrast, [...] 22.2% (n = 490) reporting online sexual interactions with adults, of which 10.4% (n = 51) were perceived as negative. The findings suggest that adolescents frequently engage in sexual interactions on the Internet with only a relatively small number perceiving such contacts as exploitative."

	=== Outcomes and "severity" ===		=== Outcomes and "severity" ===

Thorn: /* Outcomes */

2025-09-16T13:43:50Z

Outcomes

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	*'''Wilson, Glenn & Cox, David (1983). ''[http://www.ipce.info/host/wilson_83/index.htm The Child-Lovers: A Study of Paedophiles in Society]''. London: Peter Owen Publishers. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20130425190214/http://snifferdogonline.com/reports/Child%20Abuse,%20Sexuality%20and%20Violence/The%20Child-Lovers%20-%20A%20Study%20of%20Paedophiles%20in%20Society.pdf webarchive copy])		*'''Wilson, Glenn & Cox, David (1983). ''[http://www.ipce.info/host/wilson_83/index.htm The Child-Lovers: A Study of Paedophiles in Society]''. London: Peter Owen Publishers. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20130425190214/http://snifferdogonline.com/reports/Child%20Abuse,%20Sexuality%20and%20Violence/The%20Child-Lovers%20-%20A%20Study%20of%20Paedophiles%20in%20Society.pdf webarchive copy])
	:: "[N]umerous empirical attempts to demonstrate that lasting psychological harm is done to a child through sexual contact with adults (e.g. changing his sex orientation, or making him impotent) have generally failed to adduce any such evidence (e.g. Tindall, 1978; Bernard, 1979). Most researchers seem to be agreed that except in the case of physical assault against an unwilling child (tantamount to rape), no lasting harm to the sexual or social development of the child ‘victim’ can be detected (Powell and Chalkley, 1981)."		:: "[N]umerous empirical attempts to demonstrate that lasting psychological harm is done to a child through sexual contact with adults (e.g. changing his sex orientation, or making him impotent) have generally failed to adduce any such evidence (e.g. Tindall, 1978; Bernard, 1979). Most researchers seem to be agreed that except in the case of physical assault against an unwilling child (tantamount to rape), no lasting harm to the sexual or social development of the child ‘victim’ can be detected (Powell and Chalkley, 1981)."

			*'''Halina Sklenarova et al. 2018 [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0145213417304209 Online sexual solicitation by adults and peers – Results from a population based German sample]. ''Child Abuse & Neglect'''''
			::"Findings illustrated that 51.3% (n = 1148) of adolescents had experienced online sexual activity, which mostly involved peers (n = 969; 84.4%). In contrast, [...] 22.2% (n = 490) reporting online sexual interactions with adults, of which 10.4% (n = 51) were perceived as negative. The findings suggest that adolescents frequently engage in sexual interactions on the Internet with only a relatively small number perceiving such contacts as exploitative."

	=== Outcomes and "severity" ===		=== Outcomes and "severity" ===

Thorn: /* Depression, Personality Disorders, Eating Disorders and other supposed consequences */

2025-08-11T14:17:37Z

Depression, Personality Disorders, Eating Disorders and other supposed consequences

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	*'''Spatz Widom C, DuMont K, Czaja SJ. (2007) [https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/209970 A Prospective Investigation of Major Depressive Disorder and Comorbidity in Abused and Neglected Children Grown Up]. ''Arch Gen Psychiatry''.;64(1):49–56. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.1.49'''		*'''Spatz Widom C, DuMont K, Czaja SJ. (2007) [https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/209970 A Prospective Investigation of Major Depressive Disorder and Comorbidity in Abused and Neglected Children Grown Up]. ''Arch Gen Psychiatry''.;64(1):49–56. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.1.49'''
	*:"Children with substantiated cases of physical and sexual abuse and neglect (before the age of 11 years) ... (n = 676) ... Children who were physically abused (OR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.00-2.52; P≤.05) or experienced multiple types of abuse (OR, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.01-3.02; P≤.05) were at increased risk of lifetime MDD, whereas neglect increased risk for current MDD (OR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.10-2.29; P<.01). Childhood sexual abuse was not associated with elevated risk of MDD."		*:"Children with substantiated cases of physical and sexual abuse and neglect (before the age of 11 years) ... (n = 676) ... Children who were physically abused (OR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.00-2.52; P≤.05) or experienced multiple types of abuse (OR, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.01-3.02; P≤.05) were at increased risk of lifetime MDD, whereas neglect increased risk for current MDD (OR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.10-2.29; P<.01). Childhood sexual abuse was not associated with elevated risk of MDD."

			*'''Brown, A., Barker, E. D., & Rahman, Q. (2019). [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00224499.2019.1665619 A Systematic Scoping Review of the Prevalence, Etiological, Psychological, and Interpersonal Factors Associated with BDSM.] The Journal of Sex Research, 57(6), 781–811. doi.org:10.1080/00224499.2019.1665619'''
			::"Shulman and Home (2006) tested the guilt reduction theory [which] stipulates that those with high sex guilt will feel less guilty if they are in a sexual scenario where they are unable to reject sexual advances as they do not have the burden of asking for (or even saying yes to) sex. CSA may result in high levels of sex guilt, which would then cascade into fantasies of force (related to the domination and submission aspects of BDSM). However, results indicated that CSA was not directly related to sex guilt but did have a direct path to erotophilia (an individual’s general propensity to respond to sexual cues). Most notable was the finding that low levels of sex guilt and high levels of erotophilia predicted forceful sexual fantasies. Stronger feminist beliefs coupled with low levels of guilt were also related to erotophilia and more sexual experience. This indicated that, although CSA may be related to forceful sexual fantasies, it is not the only potential origin of these fantasies."

	==Simple or informed consent as predictive of positive reactions?==		==Simple or informed consent as predictive of positive reactions?==

Thorn: /* Poly Victimizations and Comorbidities */

2025-08-03T08:26:14Z

Poly Victimizations and Comorbidities

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	==Poly Victimizations and Comorbidities==		==Poly Victimizations and Comorbidities==

	Studies that contrast and compare differing forms of victimization (physical, neglect vs sexual - almost always defined as ''forceful or unwanted'' in this instance) often show that sexual ~~(and other)~~ experiences are ~~unrelated~~ to later poor functioning once multivariate analysis is taken into account. Instead, multiple combined victimizations are associated with the sequelae.		Studies that contrast and compare differing forms of victimization (emotional, physical, neglect vs sexual - almost always defined as ''forceful or unwanted'' in this instance) often show that sexual experiences are much less related to later poor functioning. The association between sexual experiences and later functioning often even becomes insignificant once multivariate analysis is taken into account (should be taken with [[Research:_Methodological_flaws_and_syndrome_construction#Limitations_in_attempts_of_consideration_of_the_third_factors\|caution]]). Instead, multiple combined victimizations are consistently associated with the sequelae. Furthermore, polyvictimization mostly occurs in dysfunctional family environments or in a broader unfavorable socioeconomic context, which in turn accounts for much of the CSA-well-being correlation. (See more in [[Research: Family Environment]])
	Furthermore, polyvictimization mostly occurs in dysfunctional family environments or in a broader unfavorable socioeconomic context, which in turn accounts for much of the CSA-well-being correlation. See more in [[Research: Family Environment]] .

	*'''[[David Finkelhor\|Finkelhor, David]] et al. (2007). [http://www.unh.edu/ccrc/pdf/CV91.pdf Poly-victimization: A neglected component in child victimization"] ''Child Abuse & Neglect'', 31, 7–26.'''		*'''[[David Finkelhor\|Finkelhor, David]] et al. (2007). [http://www.unh.edu/ccrc/pdf/CV91.pdf Poly-victimization: A neglected component in child victimization"] ''Child Abuse & Neglect'', 31, 7–26.'''

Thorn: /* Outcomes and "severity" */

2025-08-03T07:53:24Z

Outcomes and "severity"

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	=== Outcomes and "severity" ===		=== Outcomes and "severity" ===
	Much literature has suggested more negative outcomes in victims of more "severe" forms of sexual abuse, such as those involving ~~force~~, longer duration, younger age. Nevertheless, the results of many studies do not confirm that ~~hypothesis~~. (''see more in [[Research: Association or Causation]]'')		Much literature has suggested more negative outcomes in victims of more "severe" forms of sexual abuse, such as those involving penetration, longer duration, younger age of debut, age of partner. The observed "dose–response" relationship supports a causal interpretation: greater exposure produces a stronger effect. Nevertheless, this is highly inconsistent, the results of many studies do not confirm that. (''see more in [[Research: Association or Causation]]'')

	*'''Browning, C. R., & Laumann, E. O. (1997). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273078559_Sexual_Contact_between_Children_and_Adults_A_Life_Course_Perspective Sexual Contact between Children and Adults: A Life Course Perspective.] ''American Sociological Review'', 62(4), 540. doi:10.2307/2657425'''		*'''Browning, C. R., & Laumann, E. O. (1997). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273078559_Sexual_Contact_between_Children_and_Adults_A_Life_Course_Perspective Sexual Contact between Children and Adults: A Life Course Perspective.] ''American Sociological Review'', 62(4), 540. doi:10.2307/2657425'''
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	*:'''Note:''' They tested two large samples, referred to as NHSLS and CHSLS, which yielded divergent results: "For the NHSLS, men’s adult-child sex is associated with all the adult adjustment variables, while for the CHSLS, it is not associated with any of these variables. Moreover, consistent with the life course perspective, for the NHSLS, peer sexual contacts were associated with both adult overall well-being and high sexual dysfunction[...] These results also run counter to the psychogenic assumption that those who experience sexual contacts with age peers will not manifest similar adult outcomes. However, for the CHSLS no significant differences in adult well-being or sexual adjustment between men with and without peer sexual experiences were found."		*:'''Note:''' They tested two large samples, referred to as NHSLS and CHSLS, which yielded divergent results: "For the NHSLS, men’s adult-child sex is associated with all the adult adjustment variables, while for the CHSLS, it is not associated with any of these variables. Moreover, consistent with the life course perspective, for the NHSLS, peer sexual contacts were associated with both adult overall well-being and high sexual dysfunction[...] These results also run counter to the psychogenic assumption that those who experience sexual contacts with age peers will not manifest similar adult outcomes. However, for the CHSLS no significant differences in adult well-being or sexual adjustment between men with and without peer sexual experiences were found."
	*:'''Note:''' For the last two studies [[Research:_Secondary_Harm#Stigma_as_a_factor\|stigma as a factor]] may be of relevance. [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-020-01860-2?error=cookies_not_supported&code=af0a3560-1e1c-45a1-bfdd-79c359fac45c Moral Incongruence] typically targets non-marital sexual activity in women and same-sex sexual activity in men.		*:'''Note:''' For the last two studies [[Research:_Secondary_Harm#Stigma_as_a_factor\|stigma as a factor]] may be of relevance. [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-020-01860-2?error=cookies_not_supported&code=af0a3560-1e1c-45a1-bfdd-79c359fac45c Moral Incongruence] typically targets non-marital sexual activity in women and same-sex sexual activity in men.

			*'''Rind, B., Tromovitch, P., & Bauserman, R. (2001). The validity and appropriateness of methods, analyses, and conclusions in Rind et al. (1998): A rebuttal of victimological critique from Ondersma et al. (2001) and Dallam et al. (2001). ''Archives of Sexual Behavior'', 30(5), 463–499. Doi:10.1023/A:1010271214506'''
			::"Clearly, meta-analyses of nonclinical samples show that both men and women with a history of CSA are slightly less well adjusted than controls. However, in our society, minors in general who have precocious sex—for example, willing peer intercourse at a young age—are also less well adjusted (e.g., Jessor, Costa, Jessor, & Donovan, 1983; Ketterlinus, Lamb, Nitz, & Elster, 1992; Resnick & Blum, 1994; D. Rosenthal, Smith, & de Visser, 1999). Early sex is nonconventional in our society, but not cross culturally (Ford & Beach, 1951), and reflects a package of emotional, behavioral, familial, and social correlates that are maladaptive according to our society's standards. Jessor et al. (1983) described this package in terms of behavior problem theory, which is composed of three systems that promote nonnormative behavior. In the personality system, proneness is represented in the motivational structure; for example, the young person places a lower value on academic achievement, is more tolerant toward deviance, and is less religious. In the environment system, proneness comes from lesser parental control, greater peer influence, and social models for problem behaviors. In the behavior system, proneness is reflected in greater involvement in other problem behaviors and simultaneous less involvement in conventional behaviors, such as doing well in school. Early sex is seen as originating in these systems rather than causing them. This point is relevant to cause and effect regarding CSA"

	*'''Shen, F., Liu, Y. (2023). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/370523396_Perceived_Parental_Attachment_and_Psychological_Distress_Among_Child_Sexual_Abuse_Survivors_The_Mediating_Role_of_Coping_Strategies Perceived Parental Attachment and Psychological Distress Among Child Sexual Abuse Survivors: The Mediating Role of Coping Strategies.] ''J Fam Viol''. DOI:10.1007/s10896-023-00568-w'''		*'''Shen, F., Liu, Y. (2023). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/370523396_Perceived_Parental_Attachment_and_Psychological_Distress_Among_Child_Sexual_Abuse_Survivors_The_Mediating_Role_of_Coping_Strategies Perceived Parental Attachment and Psychological Distress Among Child Sexual Abuse Survivors: The Mediating Role of Coping Strategies.] ''J Fam Viol''. DOI:10.1007/s10896-023-00568-w'''

Thorn: /* Poly Victimizations and Comorbidities */

2025-07-25T12:48:06Z

Poly Victimizations and Comorbidities

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	::[E]motional abuse was more strongly associated with mental health than physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional neglect, and broader measures of maltreatment and ACEs [adverse childhood experiences], while institutional neglect was more strongly associated with mental health than ACEs." (Institutional neglect d = 0.53, Emotional abuse d = 0.52, Physical abuse d = 0.29, Sexual abuse d = 0.29)		::[E]motional abuse was more strongly associated with mental health than physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional neglect, and broader measures of maltreatment and ACEs [adverse childhood experiences], while institutional neglect was more strongly associated with mental health than ACEs." (Institutional neglect d = 0.53, Emotional abuse d = 0.52, Physical abuse d = 0.29, Sexual abuse d = 0.29)
	::"Regarding confounding, we found that the association between childhood maltreatment and mental health in quasi-experimental adjusted models was substantially (45%) smaller than in unadjusted models. [...] This reduction in effect size after quasi-experimental adjustment suggests that a large part of the overall relationship between childhood maltreatment and mental health is confounded by preexisting risk factors for psychopathology"		::"Regarding confounding, we found that the association between childhood maltreatment and mental health in quasi-experimental adjusted models was substantially (45%) smaller than in unadjusted models. [...] This reduction in effect size after quasi-experimental adjustment suggests that a large part of the overall relationship between childhood maltreatment and mental health is confounded by preexisting risk factors for psychopathology"
	::"[But] we cannot draw firm conclusions about the specific effects of maltreatment types, because poly-victimization is common and		::"[But] we cannot draw firm conclusions about the specific effects of maltreatment types, because poly-victimization is common and studies rarely controlled for other co-occurring forms of maltreatment."
	studies rarely controlled for other co-occurring forms of maltreatment. "

Thorn: /* Poly Victimizations and Comorbidities */

2025-07-23T13:50:34Z

Poly Victimizations and Comorbidities

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:50, 23 July 2025
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	*'''Baldwin JR, et al. (2023) [https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/pdf/10.1176/appi.ajp.20220174 Childhood Maltreatment and Mental Health Problems: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Quasi-Experimental Studies.] Am J Psychiatry. 2023 Feb 1;180(2):117-126. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.20220174.'''		*'''Baldwin JR, et al. (2023) [https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/pdf/10.1176/appi.ajp.20220174 Childhood Maltreatment and Mental Health Problems: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Quasi-Experimental Studies.] Am J Psychiatry. 2023 Feb 1;180(2):117-126. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.20220174.'''
	::[E]motional abuse was more strongly associated with mental health than physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional neglect, and broader measures of maltreatment and ACEs [adverse childhood experiences], while institutional neglect was more strongly associated with mental health than ACEs."		::[E]motional abuse was more strongly associated with mental health than physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional neglect, and broader measures of maltreatment and ACEs [adverse childhood experiences], while institutional neglect was more strongly associated with mental health than ACEs." (Institutional neglect d = 0.53, Emotional abuse d = 0.52, Physical abuse d = 0.29, Sexual abuse d = 0.29)
	::"Regarding confounding, we found that the association between childhood maltreatment and mental health in quasi-experimental adjusted models was substantially (45%) smaller than in unadjusted models. [...] This reduction in effect size after quasi experimental adjustment suggests that a large part of the overall relationship between childhood maltreatment and mental health is confounded by preexisting risk factors for psychopathology"		::"Regarding confounding, we found that the association between childhood maltreatment and mental health in quasi-experimental adjusted models was substantially (45%) smaller than in unadjusted models. [...] This reduction in effect size after quasi-experimental adjustment suggests that a large part of the overall relationship between childhood maltreatment and mental health is confounded by preexisting risk factors for psychopathology"
			::"[But] we cannot draw firm conclusions about the specific effects of maltreatment types, because poly-victimization is common and
			studies rarely controlled for other co-occurring forms of maltreatment. "

Thorn: /* Poly Victimizations and Comorbidities */

2025-07-23T13:38:31Z

Poly Victimizations and Comorbidities

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:38, 23 July 2025
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	::"[P]sychological abuse presented a stronger association with depression than other forms of maltreatment. [...] Furthermore, findings from this meta-analysis extend the evidence of prior studies demonstrating the influence not only of psychological abuse but also of neglect on depressive disorders [...] As regards physical and sexual abuse [...] the stronger association found between physical abuse and depression confirms the results of a recent meta-analysis [...] In contrast, the association between sexual abuse and depression was not as strong as that with others forms of maltreatment."		::"[P]sychological abuse presented a stronger association with depression than other forms of maltreatment. [...] Furthermore, findings from this meta-analysis extend the evidence of prior studies demonstrating the influence not only of psychological abuse but also of neglect on depressive disorders [...] As regards physical and sexual abuse [...] the stronger association found between physical abuse and depression confirms the results of a recent meta-analysis [...] In contrast, the association between sexual abuse and depression was not as strong as that with others forms of maltreatment."

	*Baldwin JR, et al. (2023) [https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/pdf/10.1176/appi.ajp.20220174 Childhood Maltreatment and Mental Health Problems: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Quasi-Experimental Studies.] Am J Psychiatry. 2023 Feb 1;180(2):117-126. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.20220174.		*'''Baldwin JR, et al. (2023) [https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/pdf/10.1176/appi.ajp.20220174 Childhood Maltreatment and Mental Health Problems: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Quasi-Experimental Studies.] Am J Psychiatry. 2023 Feb 1;180(2):117-126. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.20220174.'''
	::[E]motional abuse was more strongly associated with mental health than physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional neglect, and broader measures of maltreatment and ACEs [adverse childhood experiences], while institutional neglect was more strongly associated with mental health than ACEs."		::[E]motional abuse was more strongly associated with mental health than physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional neglect, and broader measures of maltreatment and ACEs [adverse childhood experiences], while institutional neglect was more strongly associated with mental health than ACEs."
	::"Regarding confounding, we found that the association between childhood maltreatment and mental health in quasi-experimental adjusted models was substantially (45%) smaller than in unadjusted models. [...] This reduction in effect size after quasi experimental adjustment suggests that a large part of the overall relationship between childhood maltreatment and mental health is confounded by preexisting risk factors for psychopathology"		::"Regarding confounding, we found that the association between childhood maltreatment and mental health in quasi-experimental adjusted models was substantially (45%) smaller than in unadjusted models. [...] This reduction in effect size after quasi experimental adjustment suggests that a large part of the overall relationship between childhood maltreatment and mental health is confounded by preexisting risk factors for psychopathology"