Research: Recidivism and other offending figures - Revision history

Thorn: /* Excerpt Gallery Library */

2025-12-07T17:49:37Z

Excerpt Gallery Library

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	Taken as a whole, why pursue this punitive and ineffectual scheme when we already know the costs incurred to the taxpayer are obscene?<ref>[https://parsol.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/SORNACosts2021.pdf SORNA Costs], [https://web.archive.org/web/20170929123528/https://kstp.com/news/sex-offenders-jacob-wetterling-resource-center-money/4495794/?cat=1 ABC: Jacob Wetterling Resource Center: We Spend Too Much Money Watching Sex Offenders]</ref><ref>Rossow, K. B. (2025). [https://digitalcommons.csp.edu/%20human-services_masters/30 ''Not In My Neighborhood! The Harsh Realities of Sex Offender Registration Laws''] (Thesis, Concordia University, St. Paul).</ref>		Taken as a whole, why pursue this punitive and ineffectual scheme when we already know the costs incurred to the taxpayer are obscene?<ref>[https://parsol.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/SORNACosts2021.pdf SORNA Costs], [https://web.archive.org/web/20170929123528/https://kstp.com/news/sex-offenders-jacob-wetterling-resource-center-money/4495794/?cat=1 ABC: Jacob Wetterling Resource Center: We Spend Too Much Money Watching Sex Offenders]</ref><ref>Rossow, K. B. (2025). [https://digitalcommons.csp.edu/%20human-services_masters/30 ''Not In My Neighborhood! The Harsh Realities of Sex Offender Registration Laws''] (Thesis, Concordia University, St. Paul).</ref>

			== See also ==
			*[[Sex Offenders and Public Policy (Current Controversies)]] - a 2008 collection of contradicting expert viewpoints on sex offender policy.

	==Excerpt Gallery Library==		==Excerpt Gallery Library==

Jim Burton: /* Pornography */

2025-10-07T23:03:53Z

Pornography

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	====Pornography====		====Pornography====

	In 2015, Seto found only 9% recidivism for [[child pornography]], over a 5 year period.<ref>[https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Flhb0000128 Seto, M. C., & Eke, A. W. (2015). Predicting recidivism among adult male child pornography offenders: Development of the Child Pornography Offender Risk Tool (CPORT). Law and Human Behavior, 39(4), 416–429.]</ref>		In 2015, Seto found only 9% recidivism for [[child pornography]], over a 5 year period.<ref>[https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Flhb0000128 Seto, M. C., & Eke, A. W. (2015). Predicting recidivism among adult male child pornography offenders: Development of the Child Pornography Offender Risk Tool (CPORT). Law and Human Behavior, 39(4), 416–429.]</ref> In 2025 a meta-analysis involving Seto found that offenders who are limited to image-based offending have an especially low rate of relapse for sexual offending.<ref>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359178925000497 Baskurt, S., Babchishin, K.M., Hilkes, G., & Seto, M. (2025). A meta-analysis of recidivism rates among individuals who commit child sexual exploitation material (CSEM) offending. Aggression and Violent Behavior.]</ref>

	===Mixed===		===Mixed===

Prue: /* Facts and figures according to SOL Reform Groups and their allies */

2025-10-02T03:26:58Z

Facts and figures according to SOL Reform Groups and their allies

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	*'''Relatives''' can be unfairly targeted<ref>[https://floridaactioncommittee.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Secondary-registrants-A-new-conceptualization-of-the-spread-of-community-control.pdf “Secondary registrants”: A new conceptualization of the spread of community control - Leon and Kilmer]</ref> - with threats and harassment common.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090723045229/http://www.opd.ohio.gov/AWA_Information/AW_levenson_family_impact_study.pdf Levenson and Tewksbury (2009): Collateral Damage: Family Members of Registered Sex Offenders. ''American Journal of Criminal Justice.'']</ref> At the extreme end, [[Special Article: Adverse effects of hysteria\|murders]] are not unheard of.		*'''Relatives''' can be unfairly targeted<ref>[https://floridaactioncommittee.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Secondary-registrants-A-new-conceptualization-of-the-spread-of-community-control.pdf “Secondary registrants”: A new conceptualization of the spread of community control - Leon and Kilmer]</ref> - with threats and harassment common.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090723045229/http://www.opd.ohio.gov/AWA_Information/AW_levenson_family_impact_study.pdf Levenson and Tewksbury (2009): Collateral Damage: Family Members of Registered Sex Offenders. ''American Journal of Criminal Justice.'']</ref> At the extreme end, [[Special Article: Adverse effects of hysteria\|murders]] are not unheard of.

	Taken as a whole, why pursue this punitive and ineffectual scheme when we already know the costs incurred to the taxpayer are obscene?<ref>[https://parsol.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/SORNACosts2021.pdf SORNA Costs], [https://web.archive.org/web/20170929123528/https://kstp.com/news/sex-offenders-jacob-wetterling-resource-center-money/4495794/?cat=1 ABC: Jacob Wetterling Resource Center: We Spend Too Much Money Watching Sex Offenders]</ref>		Taken as a whole, why pursue this punitive and ineffectual scheme when we already know the costs incurred to the taxpayer are obscene?<ref>[https://parsol.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/SORNACosts2021.pdf SORNA Costs], [https://web.archive.org/web/20170929123528/https://kstp.com/news/sex-offenders-jacob-wetterling-resource-center-money/4495794/?cat=1 ABC: Jacob Wetterling Resource Center: We Spend Too Much Money Watching Sex Offenders]</ref><ref>Rossow, K. B. (2025). [https://digitalcommons.csp.edu/%20human-services_masters/30 ''Not In My Neighborhood! The Harsh Realities of Sex Offender Registration Laws''] (Thesis, Concordia University, St. Paul).</ref>

	==Excerpt Gallery Library==		==Excerpt Gallery Library==

Xtjvimds16dovrfc at 16:38, 27 January 2025

2025-01-27T16:38:09Z

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	{{research}}		{{research}}
	__NOTOC__[[Image:Rr.jpg\|frame\|Source: Home Office ([[UK]])]]'''Recidivism''' (category-specific re-offending) and '''re-offending''' (all re-offending) are low among sex offenders, particularly child sex offenders. Studies reporting 80, 90 or 95% rates use flawed or atypical ~~methodology~~ not comparable to ~~that~~ used for other rates. Those who provided data that was misused ~~towards~~ such ~~ends~~ have described ~~such~~ statistical abuse in the Supreme Court as a disgrace.<ref>[https://reason.com/2017/09/14/im-appalled-says-source-of-pseudo-statis/ Reason: I'm appalled, says source of pseudo-statistic]</ref>		__NOTOC__[[Image:Rr.jpg\|frame\|Source: Home Office ([[UK]])]]'''Recidivism''' (category-specific re-offending) and '''re-offending''' (all re-offending) are low among sex offenders, particularly child sex offenders. Studies reporting 80%, 90% or 95% rates use flawed or atypical methodologies that are not comparable to those used for other rates. Those who provided data that was misused for such purposes have described this statistical abuse in the Supreme Court as a disgrace.<ref>[https://reason.com/2017/09/14/im-appalled-says-source-of-pseudo-statis/ Reason: I'm appalled, says source of pseudo-statistic]</ref>

	==Rates==		==Rates==

	For reasons of self-preservation, most governments have ~~not~~ capitulated to an agenda-driven approach when reporting re-offending among sex and child sex offenders. These authoritative sources ~~put to bed~~ the myth of high rates of re-offending, and indicate that child sex offending has very low rates of '''recidivism''' ''and'' '''re-offending'''.		For reasons of self-preservation, most governments have capitulated to an agenda-driven approach when reporting re-offending among sex offenders and child sex offenders. These authoritative sources dispel the myth of high rates of re-offending and indicate that child sex offending has very low rates of '''recidivism''' ''and'' '''re-offending''':

	===Child===		===Child===

Thorn: /* Facts and figures according to SOL Reform Groups and their allies */

2024-11-18T11:55:47Z

Facts and figures according to SOL Reform Groups and their allies

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	*The ineffectual nature of registries and restrictions, plus collateral damages		*The ineffectual nature of registries and restrictions, plus collateral damages

	Liberal media such as ''Huffington Post'' ~~and~~ ''The New Yorker''<ref>[https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/03/14/when-kids-are-accused-of-sex-crimes New Yorker: The List]</ref> have sometimes been amenable to registry-reform positions, as have been the [[Wikipedia:American Civil Liberties Union\|ACLU]]<ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/sex-offender-laws-dont-make-children-safer-politicians-keep-passing-them-anyway_n_5d2c8571e4b02a5a5d5e96d1?95s Huffpo: Sex Offender Registries Don't Keep Kids Safe, But Politicians Keep Expanding Them Anyway]</ref> and [[Wikipedia:American Bar Association\|ABA]]. A brief analysis of SOL Reform positions reveals the following observations re. sex offender registries and their implications for human rights, law-enforcement, budgeting and other areas of concern in public life:		Liberal media such as ''Huffington Post'', ''The New Yorker''<ref>[https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/03/14/when-kids-are-accused-of-sex-crimes New Yorker: The List]</ref> and ''The New York Times''<ref> Ian Lovett (Oct. 1,2013) [https://web.archive.org/web/20230726232749/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/02/us/restricted-group-speaks-up-saying-sex-crime-measures-go-too-far.html?_r=0 Restricted Group Speaks Up, Saying Sex Crime Measures Go Too Far,] ''The New York Times'' - a noteworthy article about a conference on sex offenders' rights and some of the successes in overturning unjust laws</ref> have sometimes been amenable to registry-reform positions, as have been the [[Wikipedia:American Civil Liberties Union\|ACLU]]<ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/sex-offender-laws-dont-make-children-safer-politicians-keep-passing-them-anyway_n_5d2c8571e4b02a5a5d5e96d1?95s Huffpo: Sex Offender Registries Don't Keep Kids Safe, But Politicians Keep Expanding Them Anyway]</ref> and [[Wikipedia:American Bar Association\|ABA]]. A brief analysis of SOL Reform positions reveals the following observations re. sex offender registries and their implications for human rights, law-enforcement, budgeting and other areas of concern in public life:

	*'''Youth''' are regularly added to registers, fuelling concerns over their true potential to "protect the vulnerable". In 2008, 7,500 offenders were added to the Texas register after committing sex crimes as "children".<ref>[http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/metropolitan/6163587.html Texas Department of Public Safety/Chron, 2008]</ref> This is a natural consequence of [[Research: Who offends and how often?\|high offending rates in this age group]] (as detection rate is very low in this age group, even more could be added if surveillance were increased). The American Bar Association, for example, list numerous adverse consequences of registering juveniles. These include increasing the likelihood of youth suicide, homelessness and vigilante justice, increasing [[Research: The Dangers of Stigma\|stigma]] in ways counterproductive to rehabilitation, interfering with education and employment, and discriminating against ethnic minorities.<ref>[https://www.americanbar.org/groups/litigation/committees/childrens-rights/practice/2018/ten-ways-youth-sex-offender-registration-harms-kids/ Ten Ways Youth Sex Offender Registration Harms Kids - ABA]</ref>		*'''Youth''' are regularly added to registers, fuelling concerns over their true potential to "protect the vulnerable". In 2008, 7,500 offenders were added to the Texas register after committing sex crimes as "children".<ref>[http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/metropolitan/6163587.html Texas Department of Public Safety/Chron, 2008]</ref> This is a natural consequence of [[Research: Who offends and how often?\|high offending rates in this age group]] (as detection rate is very low in this age group, even more could be added if surveillance were increased). The American Bar Association, for example, list numerous adverse consequences of registering juveniles. These include increasing the likelihood of youth suicide, homelessness and vigilante justice, increasing [[Research: The Dangers of Stigma\|stigma]] in ways counterproductive to rehabilitation, interfering with education and employment, and discriminating against ethnic minorities.<ref>[https://www.americanbar.org/groups/litigation/committees/childrens-rights/practice/2018/ten-ways-youth-sex-offender-registration-harms-kids/ Ten Ways Youth Sex Offender Registration Harms Kids - ABA]</ref>

Thorn: /* Rates */

2024-11-18T11:33:32Z

Rates

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	*:"Within the first 3 years following release from prison in 1994, 3.3% (141 of 4,295) of released child molesters were rearrested for another sex crime against a child".		*:"Within the first 3 years following release from prison in 1994, 3.3% (141 of 4,295) of released child molesters were rearrested for another sex crime against a child".
	**'''[http://web.archive.org/web/20090307043014/http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/crimoff.htm See also]'''		**'''[http://web.archive.org/web/20090307043014/http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/crimoff.htm See also]'''

			*'''Kristen M. Zgoba et al. (2012) [https://web.archive.org/web/20230711015120/https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/240099.pdf Multi-State Recidivism Study Using Static-99R and Static-2002 Risk Scores and Tier Guidelines From the Adam Walsh Act]'''
			*:"On average, we found that the recidivism rate was approximately 5% at five years and 10% at 10 years."
			*:"The researchers found that age significantly lowered the risk of reoffending and this was consistent across age measures and across states. Older offenders are at lower risk for reoffending than younger offenders. Thus, lifetime registration may not be necessary and it may be more efficient to phase out such requirements as offenders grow older."


	====Pornography====		====Pornography====

The Admins at 21:52, 2 October 2024

2024-10-02T21:52:17Z

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	You may find a lot of information about the legislative process and the consequences of laws restricting the rights of sex offenders on the '''[https://ccresourcecenter.org/topics/topics/cctypes/sex-offenders/ Collateral Consequences Resource Center (CCRC)]''' ([https://web.archive.org/web/20220515033451/https://ccresourcecenter.org/topics/topics/cctypes/sex-offenders/ archived copy of the page])		You may find a lot of information about the legislative process and the consequences of laws restricting the rights of sex offenders on the '''[https://ccresourcecenter.org/topics/topics/cctypes/sex-offenders/ Collateral Consequences Resource Center (CCRC)]''' ([https://web.archive.org/web/20220515033451/https://ccresourcecenter.org/topics/topics/cctypes/sex-offenders/ archived copy of the page])



	===The Dark Figure===		===The Dark Figure===
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	Taken as a whole, why pursue this punitive and ineffectual scheme when we already know the costs incurred to the taxpayer are obscene?<ref>[https://parsol.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/SORNACosts2021.pdf SORNA Costs], [https://web.archive.org/web/20170929123528/https://kstp.com/news/sex-offenders-jacob-wetterling-resource-center-money/4495794/?cat=1 ABC: Jacob Wetterling Resource Center: We Spend Too Much Money Watching Sex Offenders]</ref>		Taken as a whole, why pursue this punitive and ineffectual scheme when we already know the costs incurred to the taxpayer are obscene?<ref>[https://parsol.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/SORNACosts2021.pdf SORNA Costs], [https://web.archive.org/web/20170929123528/https://kstp.com/news/sex-offenders-jacob-wetterling-resource-center-money/4495794/?cat=1 ABC: Jacob Wetterling Resource Center: We Spend Too Much Money Watching Sex Offenders]</ref>


	==Excerpt Gallery Library==		==Excerpt Gallery Library==

Thorn at 10:41, 1 October 2024

2024-10-01T10:41:50Z

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	*: "We study how registration and notification affect the frequency and incidence across victims of reported sex offenses. We present evidence that registration reduces the frequency of reported sex offenses against local victims (for example, neighbors) by keeping police informed about local sex offenders. Notification also appears to reduce crime, not by disrupting the criminal conduct of convicted sex offenders, but by deterring nonregistered offenders. We find that notification may actually increase recidivism. This latter finding, consistent with the idea that notification imposes severe costs that offset the benefits to offenders of forgoing criminal activity, is significant, given that notification’s purpose is recidivism reduction."		*: "We study how registration and notification affect the frequency and incidence across victims of reported sex offenses. We present evidence that registration reduces the frequency of reported sex offenses against local victims (for example, neighbors) by keeping police informed about local sex offenders. Notification also appears to reduce crime, not by disrupting the criminal conduct of convicted sex offenders, but by deterring nonregistered offenders. We find that notification may actually increase recidivism. This latter finding, consistent with the idea that notification imposes severe costs that offset the benefits to offenders of forgoing criminal activity, is significant, given that notification’s purpose is recidivism reduction."

	These two studies have been widely reported in the media (links archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20220628032151/http://www.williamapercy.com/wiki/index.php?title=Two_newly_published_studies_question_effectiveness_of_sex_offender_laws williamapercy.com]):		:::These two studies (Agan, Amanda Y. (2011); J.J. Prescott and Jonah E. Rockoff (2011)) have been widely reported in the media (links archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20220628032151/http://www.williamapercy.com/wiki/index.php?title=Two_newly_published_studies_question_effectiveness_of_sex_offender_laws williamapercy.com]):
	*[https://www.chicagotribune.com/2011/08/18/the-false-hope-of-sex-offender-registries/ The false hope of sex offender registries] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20220628032151/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2011-08-18/news/ct-oped-0818-chapman-20110818_1_offender-registries-megan-kanka-broad-curbs copy])		::*[https://www.chicagotribune.com/2011/08/18/the-false-hope-of-sex-offender-registries/ The false hope of sex offender registries] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20220628032151/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2011-08-18/news/ct-oped-0818-chapman-20110818_1_offender-registries-megan-kanka-broad-curbs copy])
	*[https://slate.com/human-interest/2011/08/a-study-on-how-sex-offender-laws-may-increase-crime.html Do Our Laws Encourage Sex Offenders?]		::*[https://slate.com/human-interest/2011/08/a-study-on-how-sex-offender-laws-may-increase-crime.html Do Our Laws Encourage Sex Offenders?]
	*[https://www.jezebel.com/sex-offender-registries-may-not-be-very-effective-5836093 Sex Offender Registries May Not Be Very Effective] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20220628032151/http://jezebel.com/5836093/sex-offender-registries-may-not-be-very-effective copy])		::*[https://www.jezebel.com/sex-offender-registries-may-not-be-very-effective-5836093 Sex Offender Registries May Not Be Very Effective] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20220628032151/http://jezebel.com/5836093/sex-offender-registries-may-not-be-very-effective copy])
	*[https://mynorthwest.com/82804/level-3-sex-offender-hopes-public-registry-will-end-for-the-rehabilitated/ Level 3 sex offender hopes public registry will end for the rehabilitated.]		::*[https://mynorthwest.com/82804/level-3-sex-offender-hopes-public-registry-will-end-for-the-rehabilitated/ Level 3 sex offender hopes public registry will end for the rehabilitated.]
	*[https://marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2011/08/fear-without-function-do-sex-offender-registries-reduce-crime.html Fear without Function: Do Sex Offender Registries Reduce Crime?] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20220628032151/http://marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2011/08/fear-without-function-do-sex-offender-registries-reduce-crime.html copy])		::*[https://marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2011/08/fear-without-function-do-sex-offender-registries-reduce-crime.html Fear without Function: Do Sex Offender Registries Reduce Crime?] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20220628032151/http://marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2011/08/fear-without-function-do-sex-offender-registries-reduce-crime.html copy])
	*[https://web.archive.org/web/20220628032151/http://blogs.chicagotribune.com/news_columnists_ezorn/2011/08/but-they-make-us-feel-like-were-doing-something-right.html But they make us feel like we're doing something, right?]		::*[https://web.archive.org/web/20220628032151/http://blogs.chicagotribune.com/news_columnists_ezorn/2011/08/but-they-make-us-feel-like-were-doing-something-right.html But they make us feel like we're doing something, right?]
	*[https://sentencing.typepad.com/sentencing_law_and_policy/2011/08/two-new-pieces-in-journal-of-law-econ-examine-efficacy-of-sex-offender-registries.html Two new pieces in Journal of Law & Econ examine efficacy of sex offender registries.] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20220628032151/http://sentencing.typepad.com/sentencing_law_and_policy/2011/08/two-new-pieces-in-journal-of-law-econ-examine-efficacy-of-sex-offender-registries.html copy])		::*[https://sentencing.typepad.com/sentencing_law_and_policy/2011/08/two-new-pieces-in-journal-of-law-econ-examine-efficacy-of-sex-offender-registries.html Two new pieces in Journal of Law & Econ examine efficacy of sex offender registries.] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20220628032151/http://sentencing.typepad.com/sentencing_law_and_policy/2011/08/two-new-pieces-in-journal-of-law-econ-examine-efficacy-of-sex-offender-registries.html copy])
	*[https://www.statesman.com/story/news/2011/09/02/follow-evidence-not-gut-feeling/6692231007/ Follow evidence, not gut feeling, on sex offenders.]		::*[https://www.statesman.com/story/news/2011/09/02/follow-evidence-not-gut-feeling/6692231007/ Follow evidence, not gut feeling, on sex offenders.]

			*'''Wayne A. Logan, J.J. Prescott (2021) "[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/sex-offender-registration-and-community-notification-laws/5E3B30A35C5D3CF518C9EDEEF4589BA9 Sex Offender Registration and Community Notification Laws: An Empirical Evaluation]" ''Cambridge University Press'''''
			*:Editor's description: the book compiles research from leading experts, addressing key aspects of SORN laws, such as their origins, structure, and impact on registrants, law enforcement, and public perception. The book examines the laws' premises and provides empirical evidence to evaluate whether these policies meet their intended goals, particularly in terms of reducing recidivism and protecting communities. One significant finding presented is that SORN laws may not only fail to reduce recidivism but could potentially increase it by creating additional social and economic barriers for offenders. The volume also touches on controversial issues like juvenile registration and the ancillary consequences of these policies.

			You may find a lot of information about the legislative process and the consequences of laws restricting the rights of sex offenders on the '''[https://ccresourcecenter.org/topics/topics/cctypes/sex-offenders/ Collateral Consequences Resource Center (CCRC)]''' ([https://web.archive.org/web/20220515033451/https://ccresourcecenter.org/topics/topics/cctypes/sex-offenders/ archived copy of the page])



	===The Dark Figure===		===The Dark Figure===
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	Taken as a whole, why pursue this punitive and ineffectual scheme when we already know the costs incurred to the taxpayer are obscene?<ref>[https://parsol.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/SORNACosts2021.pdf SORNA Costs], [https://web.archive.org/web/20170929123528/https://kstp.com/news/sex-offenders-jacob-wetterling-resource-center-money/4495794/?cat=1 ABC: Jacob Wetterling Resource Center: We Spend Too Much Money Watching Sex Offenders]</ref>		Taken as a whole, why pursue this punitive and ineffectual scheme when we already know the costs incurred to the taxpayer are obscene?<ref>[https://parsol.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/SORNACosts2021.pdf SORNA Costs], [https://web.archive.org/web/20170929123528/https://kstp.com/news/sex-offenders-jacob-wetterling-resource-center-money/4495794/?cat=1 ABC: Jacob Wetterling Resource Center: We Spend Too Much Money Watching Sex Offenders]</ref>


	==Excerpt Gallery Library==		==Excerpt Gallery Library==

Thorn: /* The effect of sex offender restrictions */

2024-09-27T18:38:47Z

The effect of sex offender restrictions

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	*:“The influence attitudes and perceptions have on decision-making is important as negative attitudes held by the general public towards individuals who have committed sexual offences has contributed to current legislation perceived to protect the public, including restrictions upon movement (e.g. not living within a specific distance from schools, travelling abroad) and community notifications, where the general public can access information on those convicted of sexual offences who live in close proximity to them (Levenson & Cotter, 2005). The general public are of the view that such legislation is positive and reduces risk. However, research has found no support for these strategies in reducing recidivism (Nobles et al., 2012; Tewksbury & Jennings, 2010; Zgoba et al., 2010). The public may therefore be unintentionally increasing the risk they wish to reduce through calling for the implementation of strategies that are predominantly informed by attitudes and perceptions (Willis et al., 2010).”		*:“The influence attitudes and perceptions have on decision-making is important as negative attitudes held by the general public towards individuals who have committed sexual offences has contributed to current legislation perceived to protect the public, including restrictions upon movement (e.g. not living within a specific distance from schools, travelling abroad) and community notifications, where the general public can access information on those convicted of sexual offences who live in close proximity to them (Levenson & Cotter, 2005). The general public are of the view that such legislation is positive and reduces risk. However, research has found no support for these strategies in reducing recidivism (Nobles et al., 2012; Tewksbury & Jennings, 2010; Zgoba et al., 2010). The public may therefore be unintentionally increasing the risk they wish to reduce through calling for the implementation of strategies that are predominantly informed by attitudes and perceptions (Willis et al., 2010).”

			There are two prominent studies on effectiveness of registry and notification laws:
	* '''Agan, Amanda Y. (2011) [https://www.wellesu.com/10.1086/658483 Sex Offender Registries: Fear Without Function?] ''Journal of Law and Economics'' 54:1.'''		* '''Agan, Amanda Y. (2011) [https://www.wellesu.com/10.1086/658483 Sex Offender Registries: Fear Without Function?] ''Journal of Law and Economics'' 54:1.'''
	*: "This pattern of noneffectiveness across the data sets does not support the conclusion that sex offender registries are successful in meeting their objectives of increasing public safety and lowering recidivism rates."		*: "This pattern of noneffectiveness across the data sets does not support the conclusion that sex offender registries are successful in meeting their objectives of increasing public safety and lowering recidivism rates."
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	* '''J.J. Prescott and Jonah E. Rockoff (2011) "[https://www.wellesu.com/10.2139/ssrn.1100663 Do Sex Offender Registration and Notification Laws Affect Criminal Behavior?]" ''Journal of Law and Economics'' 54:1'''		* '''J.J. Prescott and Jonah E. Rockoff (2011) "[https://www.wellesu.com/10.2139/ssrn.1100663 Do Sex Offender Registration and Notification Laws Affect Criminal Behavior?]" ''Journal of Law and Economics'' 54:1'''
	*: "We study how registration and notification affect the frequency and incidence across victims of reported sex offenses. We present evidence that registration reduces the frequency of reported sex offenses against local victims (for example, neighbors) by keeping police informed about local sex offenders. Notification also appears to reduce crime, not by disrupting the criminal conduct of convicted sex offenders, but by deterring nonregistered offenders. We find that notification may actually increase recidivism. This latter finding, consistent with the idea that notification imposes severe costs that offset the benefits to offenders of forgoing criminal activity, is significant, given that notification’s purpose is recidivism reduction."		*: "We study how registration and notification affect the frequency and incidence across victims of reported sex offenses. We present evidence that registration reduces the frequency of reported sex offenses against local victims (for example, neighbors) by keeping police informed about local sex offenders. Notification also appears to reduce crime, not by disrupting the criminal conduct of convicted sex offenders, but by deterring nonregistered offenders. We find that notification may actually increase recidivism. This latter finding, consistent with the idea that notification imposes severe costs that offset the benefits to offenders of forgoing criminal activity, is significant, given that notification’s purpose is recidivism reduction."

			These two studies have been widely reported in the media (links archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20220628032151/http://www.williamapercy.com/wiki/index.php?title=Two_newly_published_studies_question_effectiveness_of_sex_offender_laws williamapercy.com]):
			*[https://www.chicagotribune.com/2011/08/18/the-false-hope-of-sex-offender-registries/ The false hope of sex offender registries] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20220628032151/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2011-08-18/news/ct-oped-0818-chapman-20110818_1_offender-registries-megan-kanka-broad-curbs copy])
			*[https://slate.com/human-interest/2011/08/a-study-on-how-sex-offender-laws-may-increase-crime.html Do Our Laws Encourage Sex Offenders?]
			*[https://www.jezebel.com/sex-offender-registries-may-not-be-very-effective-5836093 Sex Offender Registries May Not Be Very Effective] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20220628032151/http://jezebel.com/5836093/sex-offender-registries-may-not-be-very-effective copy])
			*[https://mynorthwest.com/82804/level-3-sex-offender-hopes-public-registry-will-end-for-the-rehabilitated/ Level 3 sex offender hopes public registry will end for the rehabilitated.]
			*[https://marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2011/08/fear-without-function-do-sex-offender-registries-reduce-crime.html Fear without Function: Do Sex Offender Registries Reduce Crime?] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20220628032151/http://marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2011/08/fear-without-function-do-sex-offender-registries-reduce-crime.html copy])
			*[https://web.archive.org/web/20220628032151/http://blogs.chicagotribune.com/news_columnists_ezorn/2011/08/but-they-make-us-feel-like-were-doing-something-right.html But they make us feel like we're doing something, right?]
			*[https://sentencing.typepad.com/sentencing_law_and_policy/2011/08/two-new-pieces-in-journal-of-law-econ-examine-efficacy-of-sex-offender-registries.html Two new pieces in Journal of Law & Econ examine efficacy of sex offender registries.] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20220628032151/http://sentencing.typepad.com/sentencing_law_and_policy/2011/08/two-new-pieces-in-journal-of-law-econ-examine-efficacy-of-sex-offender-registries.html copy])
			*[https://www.statesman.com/story/news/2011/09/02/follow-evidence-not-gut-feeling/6692231007/ Follow evidence, not gut feeling, on sex offenders.]

	===The Dark Figure===		===The Dark Figure===

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← Older revision		Revision as of 09:21, 26 September 2024
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	*:[...]		*:[...]
	*:4) New York Department of Corrections, nine year follow-up study. Finding a 6% rate of recidivism for new sex offenses."		*:4) New York Department of Corrections, nine year follow-up study. Finding a 6% rate of recidivism for new sex offenses."

			* '''[https://reason.com/2011/06/14/perverted-justice-2/ Perverted Justice. Sex offender laws represent the triumph of outrage over reason.] (2011)''' [https://web.archive.org/web/20220808015126/https://reason.com/2011/06/14/perverted-justice-2/ copy]
			*:""Though often thought of as the most persistent and dangerous criminals, sex offenders are among the least likely criminals to recidivate," write Florida Institute of Technology psychologist Timothy Fortney and three co-authors in a 2007 article published by the journal Sexual Offender Treatment. A 2003 Justice Department study of 9,700 sex offenders found that 5 percent were arrested for new sex crimes within three years of being released from prison. (By comparison, 23 percent of burglars were arrested for new burglaries, and 22 percent of people who had served time for nonsexual assault were arrested for new assaults.) Studies that cover longer periods find higher recidivism rates for sex offenders, but still nothing like those claimed by panic-promoting politicians. Two meta-analyses of studies involving a total of 29,000 sex offenders, published by the Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology in 1998 and 2005, found a recidivism rate of 14 percent after four to six years. A study of 4,700 sex offenders, published by Public Safety Canada in 2004, found that 24 percent were charged with a new sex crime over a period of 15 years."

	===Attempts to "treat" sex offenders in general===		===Attempts to "treat" sex offenders in general===