Research: Secondary Harm - Revision history

Prue: /* Effects of "CSA" - ethnic factors */

2025-06-28T13:08:21Z

Effects of "CSA" - ethnic factors

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:08, 28 June 2025
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	*:"[F]requently mentioned by female participants were feelings of shame, especially toward their parents. In many cases, parents did not actually know that their child had traded sex, but the idea that they might find out one day caused a lot of distress in itself. Feelings of shame could also concern other people apart from one's parents (i.e., friends) or one's own child. [...] In the case of the two Muslim girls in our sample, this feeling was even stronger because of the added shame of having lost their virginity:		*:"[F]requently mentioned by female participants were feelings of shame, especially toward their parents. In many cases, parents did not actually know that their child had traded sex, but the idea that they might find out one day caused a lot of distress in itself. Feelings of shame could also concern other people apart from one's parents (i.e., friends) or one's own child. [...] In the case of the two Muslim girls in our sample, this feeling was even stronger because of the added shame of having lost their virginity:

	''Of course it bugs me in the sense that I can never tell this to my parents. . . . I mean, I’ve done things my mother warned me for when I was very young. Like, watch out, make sure nothing happens. For them virginity is really important. So when you do something like that out of your own free will . . . it would have been bad enough if you’d been raped . . . let alone when you agree to it yourself.'' (Female participant, age 18)."		<blockquote>''Of course it bugs me in the sense that I can never tell this to my parents. . . . I mean, I’ve done things my mother warned me for when I was very young. Like, watch out, make sure nothing happens. For them virginity is really important. So when you do something like that out of your own free will . . . it would have been bad enough if you’d been raped . . . let alone when you agree to it yourself.'' (Female participant, age 18).</blockquote>

	*'''Roosa, Mark W., Reinholtz, Cindy, and Angelini Patti Jo (1999). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20140714155218/https://taasa.org/library/pdfs/TAASALibrary176.pdf The relation of child sexual abuse and depression in young women: comparisons across four ethnic groups]," ''Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology'', 25:65-76.'''		*'''Roosa, Mark W., Reinholtz, Cindy, and Angelini Patti Jo (1999). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20140714155218/https://taasa.org/library/pdfs/TAASALibrary176.pdf The relation of child sexual abuse and depression in young women: comparisons across four ethnic groups]," ''Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology'', 25:65-76.'''

Prue: /* Effects of "CSA" - ethnic factors */

2025-06-28T13:07:02Z

Effects of "CSA" - ethnic factors

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:07, 28 June 2025
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	The harm of CSA varies significantly between ethnic groups, presumably due to cultural differences. This is the closest "quantitative" data-led substitute to ethnological comparisons between societies.		The harm of CSA varies significantly between ethnic groups, presumably due to cultural differences. This is the closest "quantitative" data-led substitute to ethnological comparisons between societies.

	*'''Robert van de Walle et al. (2012). [https://sci-hub.st/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/00224499.2011.618955?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed Young Dutch People's Experiences of Trading Sex: A Qualitative Study], ''Journal of Sex Research'', 49:6, 547-557.'''		*'''Robert van de Walle et al. (2012). [https://sci-hub.st/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/00224499.2011.618955?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed Young Dutch People's Experiences of Trading Sex: A Qualitative Study], ''Journal of Sex Research'', 49:6, 547-557'''

	*:'''Note:''' Large amounts of research indicate sex / gender differences, with males perceiving sex more positively than females in general, being less likely to experience retrospective shame and/or regret after having had taboo or non-normative sexual contact. This well-rounded study adds to this picture, but also finds cultural differences play a role, in this case with young Muslim females.		*:'''Note:''' Large amounts of research indicate sex / gender differences, with males perceiving sex more positively than females in general, being less likely to experience retrospective shame and/or regret after having had taboo or non-normative sexual contact. This well-rounded study adds to this picture, but also finds cultural differences play a role, in this case with young Muslim females.
			*:"[F]requently mentioned by female participants were feelings of shame, especially toward their parents. In many cases, parents did not actually know that their child had traded sex, but the idea that they might find out one day caused a lot of distress in itself. Feelings of shame could also concern other people apart from one's parents (i.e., friends) or one's own child. [...] In the case of the two Muslim girls in our sample, this feeling was even stronger because of the added shame of having lost their virginity:
	"[F]requently mentioned by female participants were feelings of shame, especially toward their parents. In many cases, parents did not actually know that their child had traded sex, but the idea that they might find out one day caused a lot of distress in itself. Feelings of shame could also concern other people apart from one's parents (i.e., friends) or one's own child. [...] In the case of the two Muslim girls in our sample, this feeling was even stronger because of the added shame of having lost their virginity:

	''Of course it bugs me in the sense that I can never tell this to my parents. . . . I mean, I’ve done things my mother warned me for when I was very young. Like, watch out, make sure nothing happens. For them virginity is really important. So when you do something like that out of your own free will . . . it would have been bad enough if you’d been raped . . . let alone when you agree to it yourself.'' (Female participant, age 18)."		''Of course it bugs me in the sense that I can never tell this to my parents. . . . I mean, I’ve done things my mother warned me for when I was very young. Like, watch out, make sure nothing happens. For them virginity is really important. So when you do something like that out of your own free will . . . it would have been bad enough if you’d been raped . . . let alone when you agree to it yourself.'' (Female participant, age 18)."

Prue: /* Effects of "CSA" - ethnic factors */

2025-06-28T13:02:00Z

Effects of "CSA" - ethnic factors

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:02, 28 June 2025
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	*:'''Note:''' Large amounts of research indicate sex / gender differences, with males perceiving sex more positively than females in general, being less likely to experience retrospective shame and/or regret after having had taboo or non-normative sexual contact. This well-rounded study adds to this picture, but also finds cultural differences play a role, in this case with young Muslim females.		*:'''Note:''' Large amounts of research indicate sex / gender differences, with males perceiving sex more positively than females in general, being less likely to experience retrospective shame and/or regret after having had taboo or non-normative sexual contact. This well-rounded study adds to this picture, but also finds cultural differences play a role, in this case with young Muslim females.

	*:"[F]requently mentioned by female participants were feelings of shame, especially toward their parents. In many cases, parents did not actually know that their child had traded sex, but the idea that they might find out one day caused a lot of distress in itself. Feelings of shame could also concern other people apart from one's parents (i.e., friends) or one's own child. [...] In the case of the two Muslim girls in our sample, this feeling was even stronger because of the added shame of having lost their virginity:		"[F]requently mentioned by female participants were feelings of shame, especially toward their parents. In many cases, parents did not actually know that their child had traded sex, but the idea that they might find out one day caused a lot of distress in itself. Feelings of shame could also concern other people apart from one's parents (i.e., friends) or one's own child. [...] In the case of the two Muslim girls in our sample, this feeling was even stronger because of the added shame of having lost their virginity:

	*:''Of course it bugs me in the sense that I can never tell this to my parents. . . . I mean, I’ve done things my mother warned me for when I was very young. Like, watch out, make sure nothing happens. For them virginity is really important. So when you do something like that out of your own free will . . . it would have been bad enough if you’d been raped . . . let alone when you agree to it yourself.'' (Female participant, age 18)."		''Of course it bugs me in the sense that I can never tell this to my parents. . . . I mean, I’ve done things my mother warned me for when I was very young. Like, watch out, make sure nothing happens. For them virginity is really important. So when you do something like that out of your own free will . . . it would have been bad enough if you’d been raped . . . let alone when you agree to it yourself.'' (Female participant, age 18)."

	*'''Roosa, Mark W., Reinholtz, Cindy, and Angelini Patti Jo (1999). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20140714155218/https://taasa.org/library/pdfs/TAASALibrary176.pdf The relation of child sexual abuse and depression in young women: comparisons across four ethnic groups]," ''Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology'', 25:65-76.'''		*'''Roosa, Mark W., Reinholtz, Cindy, and Angelini Patti Jo (1999). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20140714155218/https://taasa.org/library/pdfs/TAASALibrary176.pdf The relation of child sexual abuse and depression in young women: comparisons across four ethnic groups]," ''Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology'', 25:65-76.'''

Prue: /* Effects of "CSA" - ethnic factors */

2025-06-28T13:01:07Z

Effects of "CSA" - ethnic factors

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:01, 28 June 2025
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	*:"[F]requently mentioned by female participants were feelings of shame, especially toward their parents. In many cases, parents did not actually know that their child had traded sex, but the idea that they might find out one day caused a lot of distress in itself. Feelings of shame could also concern other people apart from one's parents (i.e., friends) or one's own child. [...] In the case of the two Muslim girls in our sample, this feeling was even stronger because of the added shame of having lost their virginity:		*:"[F]requently mentioned by female participants were feelings of shame, especially toward their parents. In many cases, parents did not actually know that their child had traded sex, but the idea that they might find out one day caused a lot of distress in itself. Feelings of shame could also concern other people apart from one's parents (i.e., friends) or one's own child. [...] In the case of the two Muslim girls in our sample, this feeling was even stronger because of the added shame of having lost their virginity:

	''Of course it bugs me in the sense that I can never tell this to my parents. . . . I mean, I’ve done things my mother warned me for when I was very young. Like, watch out, make sure nothing happens. For them virginity is really important. So when you do something like that out of your own free will . . . it would have been bad enough if you’d been raped . . . let alone when you agree to it yourself.'' (Female participant, age 18)."		*:''Of course it bugs me in the sense that I can never tell this to my parents. . . . I mean, I’ve done things my mother warned me for when I was very young. Like, watch out, make sure nothing happens. For them virginity is really important. So when you do something like that out of your own free will . . . it would have been bad enough if you’d been raped . . . let alone when you agree to it yourself.'' (Female participant, age 18)."

	*'''Roosa, Mark W., Reinholtz, Cindy, and Angelini Patti Jo (1999). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20140714155218/https://taasa.org/library/pdfs/TAASALibrary176.pdf The relation of child sexual abuse and depression in young women: comparisons across four ethnic groups]," ''Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology'', 25:65-76.'''		*'''Roosa, Mark W., Reinholtz, Cindy, and Angelini Patti Jo (1999). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20140714155218/https://taasa.org/library/pdfs/TAASALibrary176.pdf The relation of child sexual abuse and depression in young women: comparisons across four ethnic groups]," ''Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology'', 25:65-76.'''

Prue: /* Effects of "CSA" - ethnic factors */

2025-06-28T13:00:31Z

Effects of "CSA" - ethnic factors

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:00, 28 June 2025
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	The harm of CSA varies significantly between ethnic groups, presumably due to cultural differences. This is the closest "quantitative" data-led substitute to ethnological comparisons between societies.		The harm of CSA varies significantly between ethnic groups, presumably due to cultural differences. This is the closest "quantitative" data-led substitute to ethnological comparisons between societies.

			*'''Robert van de Walle et al. (2012). [https://sci-hub.st/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/00224499.2011.618955?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed Young Dutch People's Experiences of Trading Sex: A Qualitative Study], ''Journal of Sex Research'', 49:6, 547-557.'''

			*:'''Note:''' Large amounts of research indicate sex / gender differences, with males perceiving sex more positively than females in general, being less likely to experience retrospective shame and/or regret after having had taboo or non-normative sexual contact. This well-rounded study adds to this picture, but also finds cultural differences play a role, in this case with young Muslim females.

			*:"[F]requently mentioned by female participants were feelings of shame, especially toward their parents. In many cases, parents did not actually know that their child had traded sex, but the idea that they might find out one day caused a lot of distress in itself. Feelings of shame could also concern other people apart from one's parents (i.e., friends) or one's own child. [...] In the case of the two Muslim girls in our sample, this feeling was even stronger because of the added shame of having lost their virginity:

			''Of course it bugs me in the sense that I can never tell this to my parents. . . . I mean, I’ve done things my mother warned me for when I was very young. Like, watch out, make sure nothing happens. For them virginity is really important. So when you do something like that out of your own free will . . . it would have been bad enough if you’d been raped . . . let alone when you agree to it yourself.'' (Female participant, age 18)."

	*'''Roosa, Mark W., Reinholtz, Cindy, and Angelini Patti Jo (1999). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20140714155218/https://taasa.org/library/pdfs/TAASALibrary176.pdf The relation of child sexual abuse and depression in young women: comparisons across four ethnic groups]," ''Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology'', 25:65-76.'''		*'''Roosa, Mark W., Reinholtz, Cindy, and Angelini Patti Jo (1999). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20140714155218/https://taasa.org/library/pdfs/TAASALibrary176.pdf The relation of child sexual abuse and depression in young women: comparisons across four ethnic groups]," ''Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology'', 25:65-76.'''

Xtjvimds16dovrfc at 19:16, 30 April 2025

2025-04-30T19:16:09Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:16, 30 April 2025
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	* '''[[Philip Tromovitch]] (2025) [https://doshisha.repo.nii.ac.jp/record/2000821/files/023065040009.pdf How do Men Describe Their Childhood and Early Adolescent Sexual Contacts with Older Partners]''', ''Harris Science Research Institute of Doshisha University''		* '''[[Philip Tromovitch]] (2025) [https://doshisha.repo.nii.ac.jp/record/2000821/files/023065040009.pdf How do Men Describe Their Childhood and Early Adolescent Sexual Contacts with Older Partners]''', ''Harris Science Research Institute of Doshisha University''
	::"using misleading terms such as "victimized" can lead people with such experiences to start to view themselves as victims, which can lead to nocebo effects wherein the person develops problems (e.g., depression, anxiety, a sexual dysfunction) as a result of expectation (cf. the placebo effect)."		::"[...]using misleading terms such as "victimized" can lead people with such experiences to start to view themselves as victims, which can lead to nocebo effects wherein the person develops problems (e.g., depression, anxiety, a sexual dysfunction) as a result of expectation (cf. the placebo effect)."

	===Earlier research===		===Earlier research===

Thorn: /* Self-appraisal of abuse, Self-Perception and "Consent" */

2025-04-29T17:01:09Z

Self-appraisal of abuse, Self-Perception and "Consent"

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:01, 29 April 2025
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	*'''Grondin, A. M. (2011). [https://journals.uvic.ca/index.php/ijcyfs/article/view/7759/2536 Youth victims, competent agents: A second opinion on sexual victimization trauma]. ''International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies'', 2(3/4), 450-472.'''		*'''Grondin, A. M. (2011). [https://journals.uvic.ca/index.php/ijcyfs/article/view/7759/2536 Youth victims, competent agents: A second opinion on sexual victimization trauma]. ''International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies'', 2(3/4), 450-472.'''
	::"[...]dominant CSA discourses, which pathologize already heavily stigmatized individuals, efface counter-narratives, essentialize trauma as an inherent and immovable attribute, and constrain the ability of former victims to transcend their victimization. This maintains these victims “in” trauma through the discourse of the trauma “in” them."		::"[...]dominant CSA discourses, which pathologize already heavily stigmatized individuals, efface counter-narratives, essentialize trauma as an inherent and immovable attribute, and constrain the ability of former victims to transcend their victimization. This maintains these victims “in” trauma through the discourse of the trauma “in” them."

			* '''[[Philip Tromovitch]] (2025) [https://doshisha.repo.nii.ac.jp/record/2000821/files/023065040009.pdf How do Men Describe Their Childhood and Early Adolescent Sexual Contacts with Older Partners]''', ''Harris Science Research Institute of Doshisha University''
			::"using misleading terms such as "victimized" can lead people with such experiences to start to view themselves as victims, which can lead to nocebo effects wherein the person develops problems (e.g., depression, anxiety, a sexual dysfunction) as a result of expectation (cf. the placebo effect)."

	===Earlier research===		===Earlier research===

Xtjvimds16dovrfc at 18:10, 8 March 2025

2025-03-08T18:10:43Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:10, 8 March 2025
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	* '''[[Agustin Malon\|Malón, Agustín]] (2009). [https://sci-hub.3800808.com/10.1007/s12119-009-9045-2 "On the Iatrogenic Nature of the Child Sexual Abuse Discourse."]''', [https://web.archive.org/web/20130425185903/http://snifferdogonline.com/reports/Child%20Abuse,%20Sexuality%20and%20Violence/On%20the%20Iatrogenic%20Nature%20of%20the%20Child%20Sexual%20Abuse%20Discourse.pdf copy at web.archive]		* '''[[Agustin Malon\|Malón, Agustín]] (2009). [https://sci-hub.3800808.com/10.1007/s12119-009-9045-2 "On the Iatrogenic Nature of the Child Sexual Abuse Discourse."]''', [https://web.archive.org/web/20130425185903/http://snifferdogonline.com/reports/Child%20Abuse,%20Sexuality%20and%20Violence/On%20the%20Iatrogenic%20Nature%20of%20the%20Child%20Sexual%20Abuse%20Discourse.pdf copy at web.archive]
	*: ''"It is sometimes said that the solution is the problem; some minimally harmful experiences may well be severely exacerbated by overemphasizing their presumed invariable dreadfulness; indeed, essentially benign or neutral experiences can thus be made harmful. These iatrogenic tendencies may exist in four areas: the modern problematization of the erotic, the crisis of responsibility among individuals with a victimistic bent, the questionable penalties imposed on the ‘‘perpetrators,’’ and the damaging distractions between the sexes and generations."''		*: "It is sometimes said that the solution is the problem; some minimally harmful experiences may well be severely exacerbated by overemphasizing their presumed invariable dreadfulness; indeed, essentially benign or neutral experiences can thus be made harmful. These iatrogenic tendencies may exist in four areas: the modern problematization of the erotic, the crisis of responsibility among individuals with a victimistic bent, the questionable penalties imposed on the ‘‘perpetrators,’’ and the damaging distractions between the sexes and generations."

	===Intervention and reactions===		===Intervention and reactions===

Xtjvimds16dovrfc at 18:09, 8 March 2025

2025-03-08T18:09:26Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:09, 8 March 2025
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	* '''Talmon, A., Ditzer, J., Talmon, A., & Tsur, N. (2023). [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/15248380231155528 Maltreatment in Daycare Settings: A Review of Empirical Studies in the Field.] ''Trauma, Violence, & Abuse'', 0(0). doi:10.1177/15248380231155528'''		* '''Talmon, A., Ditzer, J., Talmon, A., & Tsur, N. (2023). [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/15248380231155528 Maltreatment in Daycare Settings: A Review of Empirical Studies in the Field.] ''Trauma, Violence, & Abuse'', 0(0). doi:10.1177/15248380231155528'''
	*:~~“findings~~ imply that children’s responses to maltreatment may vary as a function of their parents’ reactions. [...] findings show that in cases where parents experience emotional difficulties as a result of their children’s abuse, the children often develop heightened levels of emotional and behavioral symptoms, such as PTSD and depression (Khamis, 2016). Hence, previous studies suggest that parents’ reactions could serve as an explanatory mechanism for the relation between childhood maltreatment [...] and its implications for the child.”		*:“[...] findings imply that children’s responses to maltreatment may vary as a function of their parents’ reactions. [...] findings show that in cases where parents experience emotional difficulties as a result of their children’s abuse, the children often develop heightened levels of emotional and behavioral symptoms, such as PTSD and depression (Khamis, 2016). Hence, previous studies suggest that parents’ reactions could serve as an explanatory mechanism for the relation between childhood maltreatment [...] and its implications for the child.”
	*:“Kelley (1990) found that parents of sexually abused children reported significantly more psychological distress and more symptoms consistent with PTSD than parents of non-abused children. [...] In their study, van Duin et al. (2018) found a correlation between severity of parental PTSD symptoms and child’s psychological functioning. Within the sample’s confirmed victims, severity of parental PTSD symptoms was correlated with child’s PTSD symptoms, dissociative symptoms, behavior problems, and attachment problems. Consistent with findings presented in the introduction (Khamis, 2016), this study also found that children of parents experiencing more emotional reactions to the sexual abuse had significantly more symptoms of PTSD.”		*:“Kelley (1990) found that parents of sexually abused children reported significantly more psychological distress and more symptoms consistent with PTSD than parents of non-abused children. [...] In their study, van Duin et al. (2018) found a correlation between severity of parental PTSD symptoms and child’s psychological functioning. Within the sample’s confirmed victims, severity of parental PTSD symptoms was correlated with child’s PTSD symptoms, dissociative symptoms, behavior problems, and attachment problems. Consistent with findings presented in the introduction (Khamis, 2016), this study also found that children of parents experiencing more emotional reactions to the sexual abuse had significantly more symptoms of PTSD.”

Xtjvimds16dovrfc at 18:05, 8 March 2025

2025-03-08T18:05:07Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:05, 8 March 2025
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	*:'''Note:''' This study investigated "non-consensual contact" only, and specifies that "most individuals who have experienced sexual assault do not define it as such", with their questionnaire scale asking "behavioral questions, defining acts of sexual violence without labels." I.e. "Respondents were asked whether they experienced nonconsensual sexual contact (fondling, kissing; attempted vaginal penetration with a penis; penetration with an object; and vaginal, oral, or anal penetration with a penis) since age 14 due to sexual coercion (43%), incapacitation (58%), and force (32%)" (pp. 9-10).		*:'''Note:''' This study investigated "non-consensual contact" only, and specifies that "most individuals who have experienced sexual assault do not define it as such", with their questionnaire scale asking "behavioral questions, defining acts of sexual violence without labels." I.e. "Respondents were asked whether they experienced nonconsensual sexual contact (fondling, kissing; attempted vaginal penetration with a penis; penetration with an object; and vaginal, oral, or anal penetration with a penis) since age 14 due to sexual coercion (43%), incapacitation (58%), and force (32%)" (pp. 9-10).

	*'''[[Michael C. Baurmann\|Baurmann, Michael C.]] (1983). [https://michaelbaurmann.info/ Sexuality, Violence and Psychological After-Effects: A Longitudinal Study of Cases of Sexual Assault which were Reported to the Police]. In: Sessar, K., Kerner, HJ. (eds) [https://annas-archive.org/md5/e11e71b71a6847dec4b3ae2c2623fa3c Developments in Crime and Crime Control Research. Research in Criminology]. ''Springer, New York''. ([https://www.ipce.info/library_2/files/baurmann.htm Ipce backup]), ([https://web.archive.org/web/20130425190201/http://snifferdogonline.com/reports/Child%20Abuse,%20Sexuality%20and%20Violence/Sexuality_%20Violence%20and%20Psychological%20After-Effects.pdf webarchive copy of the summary chapter])~~'''~~		*'''[[Michael C. Baurmann\|Baurmann, Michael C.]] (1983). [https://michaelbaurmann.info/ Sexuality, Violence and Psychological After-Effects: A Longitudinal Study of Cases of Sexual Assault which were Reported to the Police]. In: Sessar, K., Kerner, HJ. (eds) [https://annas-archive.org/md5/e11e71b71a6847dec4b3ae2c2623fa3c Developments in Crime and Crime Control Research. Research in Criminology]. ''Springer, New York''. ([https://www.ipce.info/library_2/files/baurmann.htm Ipce backup]), ([https://web.archive.org/web/20130425190201/http://snifferdogonline.com/reports/Child%20Abuse,%20Sexuality%20and%20Violence/Sexuality_%20Violence%20and%20Psychological%20After-Effects.pdf webarchive copy of the summary chapter])
	*: “Many experts in the field of prevention have assumed that sexual victims without primary injuries are rare. It certainly appears that this opinion must be re-evaluated. Adults who have the opinion that any sexual behavior is traumatic for children and young people have to face the fact that in many cases the young person becomes a victim only because grown-ups expect him or her to become a victim. On the basis of this expectation they act in such a way that the child really is victimized. This behavior then has a labeling function. It leads to the labeling of a victim (page 501).		*: “Many experts in the field of prevention have assumed that sexual victims without primary injuries are rare. It certainly appears that this opinion must be re-evaluated. Adults who have the opinion that any sexual behavior is traumatic for children and young people have to face the fact that in many cases the young person becomes a victim only because grown-ups expect him or her to become a victim. On the basis of this expectation they act in such a way that the child really is victimized. This behavior then has a labeling function. It leads to the labeling of a victim (page 501).
	*: This kind of secondary victimization can easily occur after exhibitionist and other non-violent sexual contacts if the child comes from a family with particularly strict sexual attitudes, or a family in which fear is created about "immoral assaults", or a family which, out of helplessness and fear, dramatizes the victimization. As another source of secondary victimization, members of prosecuting authorities, like policemen and policewomen can unfortunately not be excluded (page 461).”		*: This kind of secondary victimization can easily occur after exhibitionist and other non-violent sexual contacts if the child comes from a family with particularly strict sexual attitudes, or a family in which fear is created about "immoral assaults", or a family which, out of helplessness and fear, dramatizes the victimization. As another source of secondary victimization, members of prosecuting authorities, like policemen and policewomen can unfortunately not be excluded (page 461).”