Research: Teen pregnancy - Revision history

Thorn at 17:55, 25 March 2025

2025-03-25T17:55:01Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:55, 25 March 2025
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	__NOTOC__{{research}}		__NOTOC__{{research}}
	:''[https://web.archive.org/web/20211021011409/https://tp2021.tiiny.site/ Web Archive]''		:''[https://web.archive.org/web/20211021011409/https://tp2021.tiiny.site/ Web Archive]''
	The moral panic over teenage pregnancy is sustained by myths and pseudoscience, primarily an ignorance of socioeconomic confounding factors for negative outcomes.<ref>[https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2007/0501/p1310.html Michael Magill MD - Adolescent Pregnancy and Associated Risks: Not Just a Result of Maternal Age]</ref> While genetic defects in children such as Down Syndrome famously increase with parental age at birth, autism and lower intelligence in children are further risks.<ref>Wang, M. (2023). [https://~~www~~.~~sciencedirect.com~~/~~science~~/~~article~~/~~abs~~/~~pii~~/~~S0191886923000600?via%3Dihub~~ Estimating the parental age effect on intelligence with controlling for confounding effects from genotypic differences.] In Personality and Individual Differences. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PAID.2023.112137</ref><ref>[https://academic.oup.com/ije/article/43/1/107/736982 Parental age and the risk of autism spectrum disorders: findings from a Swedish population-based cohort]</ref><ref>Gajos JM, Beaver KM. [https://~~gwern~~.~~net~~/~~doc~~/~~genetics/heritable/rare/2023-mingrui~~.~~pdf~~ The Role of Paternal Age in the Prediction of Offspring Intelligence.] ''J Genet Psychol.'' 2017 Nov-Dec;178(6):319-333. doi: 10.1080/00221325.2017.1377678. Epub 2017 Nov 3. PMID: 29099674; PMCID: PMC6324179.</ref>		The moral panic over teenage pregnancy is sustained by myths and pseudoscience, primarily an ignorance of socioeconomic confounding factors for negative outcomes.<ref>[https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2007/0501/p1310.html Michael Magill MD - Adolescent Pregnancy and Associated Risks: Not Just a Result of Maternal Age]</ref> While genetic defects in children such as Down Syndrome famously increase with parental age at birth, autism and lower intelligence in children are further risks.<ref>Wang, M. (2023). [https://gwern.net/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/2023-mingrui.pdf Estimating the parental age effect on intelligence with controlling for confounding effects from genotypic differences.] In Personality and Individual Differences. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PAID.2023.112137</ref><ref>[https://academic.oup.com/ije/article/43/1/107/736982 Parental age and the risk of autism spectrum disorders: findings from a Swedish population-based cohort]</ref><ref>Gajos JM, Beaver KM. [https://sci-hub.ru/10.1080/00221325.2017.1377678 The Role of Paternal Age in the Prediction of Offspring Intelligence.] ''J Genet Psychol.'' 2017 Nov-Dec;178(6):319-333. doi: 10.1080/00221325.2017.1377678. Epub 2017 Nov 3. PMID: 29099674; PMCID: PMC6324179.</ref>

	The most commonly circulated soundbite concerning "Teen Pregnancy", is the WHO's claim that "complications during pregnancy and childbirth are the leading cause of death for 15–19-year-old girls globally". The obvious problem with this statement is that natural mortality is already a very low risk for women and girls in the 15-19 age range, particularly in western countries. Therefore, it is unsurprising that pregnancy is the single leading cause of mortality in this age group. Indeed, within any single socioeconomic group, childbirth mortality risk ''increases'' after the teen years. Within one sample of teen pregnancies, husband involvement, family support and motivation to seek antenatal care were all related to outcomes, and age was not.<ref>[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/22799036231197195 Riyanti, Salim LA, Heriteluna M, Legawati. Development of pregnancy class with husband’s assistance on the outcome of teenage pregnancy. ''Journal of Public Health Research''. 2023;12(3). doi:10.1177/22799036231197195]. <small>''"Conclusions: Pregnancy class with husband’s assistance affects positive outcomes of teenage pregnancy. Other factors with meaningful influence on pregnancy outcomes include family support and motivation to seek teenage antenatal care. Furthermore, other factors that have no influence include the teenager’s age, history of antenatal care, frequency of antenatal care, and support from health workers. An intervention is needed that involves the husband/partner in the form of active assistance."''</small></ref>		The most commonly circulated soundbite concerning "Teen Pregnancy", is the WHO's claim that "complications during pregnancy and childbirth are the leading cause of death for 15–19-year-old girls globally". The obvious problem with this statement is that natural mortality is already a very low risk for women and girls in the 15-19 age range, particularly in western countries. Therefore, it is unsurprising that pregnancy is the single leading cause of mortality in this age group. Indeed, within any single socioeconomic group, childbirth mortality risk ''increases'' after the teen years. Within one sample of teen pregnancies, husband involvement, family support and motivation to seek antenatal care were all related to outcomes, and age was not.<ref>[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/22799036231197195 Riyanti, Salim LA, Heriteluna M, Legawati. Development of pregnancy class with husband’s assistance on the outcome of teenage pregnancy. ''Journal of Public Health Research''. 2023;12(3). doi:10.1177/22799036231197195]. <small>''"Conclusions: Pregnancy class with husband’s assistance affects positive outcomes of teenage pregnancy. Other factors with meaningful influence on pregnancy outcomes include family support and motivation to seek teenage antenatal care. Furthermore, other factors that have no influence include the teenager’s age, history of antenatal care, frequency of antenatal care, and support from health workers. An intervention is needed that involves the husband/partner in the form of active assistance."''</small></ref>

The Admins at 19:30, 28 May 2024

2024-05-28T19:30:43Z

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	*:"Early motherhood was reported, then, to have had a positive impact on the respondents' lives and the lives of those around them, even when pregnancy was unplanned. For those young women who had previously had fraught relationships with parents, birth transformed family dynamics and healed breaches. [...] Women reported motherhood as having benefits, primarily in that it healed family breaches and brought estranged family members together. This was especially the case where women had experienced early life adversity. Popular images of young mothers often depict them as unsupported and alone. Here, women were well-supported and their parenting status was accepted by their families (even though not all parents initially welcomed pregnancy). Many young women were able to work or study with the help of their families. Macintyre and Cunningham-Burley's (1993) observation that teenage mothers are often well-supported and that the loneliest and least well-supported mothers are middle class, married women geographically distant from their families was confirmed here. Against a national picture of low pay, family-unfriendly working practices and the difficulties and expense of securing suitable childcare, the women in the study were assisted in a way that would be unthinkable to many older women. This is not to imply that the young women did not struggle; there seemed little hope of decently paid and satisfying work in their areas, and women reported sporadic episodes of hostility from others in their neighbourhoods. However, supported by their parents, they coped well with the transition to parenthood and were keen to point out the benefits of early motherhood, especially to those strangers who judged them."		*:"Early motherhood was reported, then, to have had a positive impact on the respondents' lives and the lives of those around them, even when pregnancy was unplanned. For those young women who had previously had fraught relationships with parents, birth transformed family dynamics and healed breaches. [...] Women reported motherhood as having benefits, primarily in that it healed family breaches and brought estranged family members together. This was especially the case where women had experienced early life adversity. Popular images of young mothers often depict them as unsupported and alone. Here, women were well-supported and their parenting status was accepted by their families (even though not all parents initially welcomed pregnancy). Many young women were able to work or study with the help of their families. Macintyre and Cunningham-Burley's (1993) observation that teenage mothers are often well-supported and that the loneliest and least well-supported mothers are middle class, married women geographically distant from their families was confirmed here. Against a national picture of low pay, family-unfriendly working practices and the difficulties and expense of securing suitable childcare, the women in the study were assisted in a way that would be unthinkable to many older women. This is not to imply that the young women did not struggle; there seemed little hope of decently paid and satisfying work in their areas, and women reported sporadic episodes of hostility from others in their neighbourhoods. However, supported by their parents, they coped well with the transition to parenthood and were keen to point out the benefits of early motherhood, especially to those strangers who judged them."

	*'''Sandra L.Hofferth (1987). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK219236~~/#a200032D7ddd00175~~/Risking the Future: Adolescent Sexuality, Pregnancy, and Childbearing, Volume II: Working Papers and Statistical Appendices. Ch. 8: THE CHILDREN OF TEEN CHILDBEARERS]'''		*'''Sandra L. Hofferth (1987). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK219236/ Risking the Future: Adolescent Sexuality, Pregnancy, and Childbearing, Volume II: Working Papers and Statistical Appendices.] Ch. 8: THE CHILDREN OF TEEN CHILDBEARERS.'''
	*:"Although a relationship between an early first birth and the child's health at birth has been found, this appears to be a result of less than adequate prenatal and perinatal care rather than biology, since it appears to disappear in special hospital populations that receive excellent health care."		*:"Although a relationship between an early first birth and the child's health at birth has been found, this appears to be a result of less than adequate prenatal and perinatal care rather than biology, since it appears to disappear in special hospital populations that receive excellent health care."
	*:"Children of older mothers are consistently less healthy at birth than children of average age mothers. This is likely to be a true biological effect. The few studies that have looked at the health of infants of adolescent and older mothers find few direct effects of age on infant health."		*:"Children of older mothers are consistently less healthy at birth than children of average age mothers. This is likely to be a true biological effect. The few studies that have looked at the health of infants of adolescent and older mothers find few direct effects of age on infant health."

The Admins: Undo revision 26537 by The Admins (talk)

2024-05-28T19:29:31Z

Undo revision 26537 by The Admins (talk)

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:29, 28 May 2024
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	*'''Lopoo, L (2011). "[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22329088/ Labor and Delivery Complications among Teenage Mothers]," ''Biodemography and Social Biology'', Volume 57, 2011 - Issue 2.'''		*'''Lopoo, L (2011). "[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22329088/ Labor and Delivery Complications among Teenage Mothers]," ''Biodemography and Social Biology'', Volume 57, 2011 - Issue 2.'''
	*:"A broad set of academic literatures shows that childbearing is associated with a variety of negative health outcomes for teenage mothers. Many researchers question whether teenage childbearing is the causal explanation for the negative outcomes (i.e., whether there is a biological effect of teenage childbearing or whether the relationship is due to other factors correlated with health and teenage childbearing). This study investigates the relationship between teenage childbearing and labor and delivery complications using a panel of confidential birth certificate data over the period from 1994 to 2003 from the state of Texas. Findings show that compared to mothers aged 25 to 29 having their first child, teenager mothers appear to have superior health in most--but not all--labor and delivery outcomes."		*:"A broad set of academic literatures shows that childbearing is associated with a variety of negative health outcomes for teenage mothers. Many researchers question whether teenage childbearing is the causal explanation for the negative outcomes (i.e., whether there is a biological effect of teenage childbearing or whether the relationship is due to other factors correlated with health and teenage childbearing). This study investigates the relationship between teenage childbearing and labor and delivery complications using a panel of confidential birth certificate data over the period from 1994 to 2003 from the state of Texas. Findings show that compared to mothers aged 25 to 29 having their first child, teenager mothers appear to have superior health in most--but not all--labor and delivery outcomes."

	*'''National Research Council (US) Panel on Adolescent Pregnancy and Childbearing; Hofferth SL, Hayes CD, editors (1987). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK219236/ Risking the Future: Adolescent Sexuality, Pregnancy, and Childbearing, Volume II: Working Papers and Statistical Appendices. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US)]. CHAPTER 8, THE CHILDREN OF TEEN CHILDBEARERS. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK219236/'''
	*:"Although a relationship between an early first birth and the child's health at birth has been found, this appears to be a result of less than adequate prenatal and perinatal care rather than biology, since it appears to disappear in special hospital populations that receive excellent health care. [...] Children of older mothers are consistently less healthy at birth than children of average age mothers. This is likely to be a true biological effect. The few studies that have looked at the health of infants of adolescent and older mothers find few direct effects of age on infant health.[...] The age of the mother at birth of a child does appear, on average, to affect her child's intelligence scores on standard tests, achievement scores on standard tests, retention in grade, and other parental and teacher evaluations of performance. This appears to hold for both blacks and whites, for children of all ages beyond the infant level, and for both boys and girls. The direct effects, however, are very small in all the studies. This probably explains why studies using large samples (such as the CPP and the HES) do obtain results that are statistically significant while other studies of smaller samples obtain only occasionally significant results (for example, Kinard and Reinherz). The studies appear to be consistent in this regard. However, even in the very large data sets the differences between children of adolescent and older mothers are very small. [...] Thus it is not possible to draw sharp age of mother distinctions in child outcomes. In fact, one study (Moore et al., 1985) suggests that, if anything, outcomes for children of very youngest mothers may be slightly above those expected. This may be due to the likelihood that the girl's mother participates in the rearing of the child. One studies suggest that such participation improves child outcomes (Mednick and Baker, 1980; Field, 1984). [...] Effects of mothers' age at first birth on the socio-emotional development of their children have been found, but appear to be very weak. Several studies found that children of adolescent childbearers are at risk of social impairment and mild behavior disorders, particularly undercontrol of behavior. The pattern differs between the sexes, however. One study showed boys more likely to show rebelliousness, aggression or under control of anger while girls showed fearfulness and other “neurotic” behaviors (Marecek, 19879:204.5). Another study (Mednick and Baker, 1980) found just the reverse, with daughters of early childbearers exhibiting greater aggressiveness and impulsivity while sons exhibited withdrawal, fearfulness and feelings of inferiority. As with cognitive outcomes, most effects are indirect, which, according to Mednick and Baker, operate through family structure. That is, children of young mothers experience unstable family situations, which are associated with problem behaviors in their children. Again, what is needed here is an adequate explanation for the effects of family structure on child outcomes. [...] Only one study shows differences in mothering behaviors between adolescent and older mothers. Finally, there appears to be no consistent relationship between mother's age at first birth and child abuse and neglect net of differential socioeconomic status of the family."

	A more recent study, funded by the [[UN]] and [[WHO]] came to conclusions one assumes those institutions were not expecting:		A more recent study, funded by the [[UN]] and [[WHO]] came to conclusions one assumes those institutions were not expecting:

The Admins at 19:26, 28 May 2024

2024-05-28T19:26:10Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:26, 28 May 2024
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	*'''Lopoo, L (2011). "[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22329088/ Labor and Delivery Complications among Teenage Mothers]," ''Biodemography and Social Biology'', Volume 57, 2011 - Issue 2.'''		*'''Lopoo, L (2011). "[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22329088/ Labor and Delivery Complications among Teenage Mothers]," ''Biodemography and Social Biology'', Volume 57, 2011 - Issue 2.'''
	*:"A broad set of academic literatures shows that childbearing is associated with a variety of negative health outcomes for teenage mothers. Many researchers question whether teenage childbearing is the causal explanation for the negative outcomes (i.e., whether there is a biological effect of teenage childbearing or whether the relationship is due to other factors correlated with health and teenage childbearing). This study investigates the relationship between teenage childbearing and labor and delivery complications using a panel of confidential birth certificate data over the period from 1994 to 2003 from the state of Texas. Findings show that compared to mothers aged 25 to 29 having their first child, teenager mothers appear to have superior health in most--but not all--labor and delivery outcomes."		*:"A broad set of academic literatures shows that childbearing is associated with a variety of negative health outcomes for teenage mothers. Many researchers question whether teenage childbearing is the causal explanation for the negative outcomes (i.e., whether there is a biological effect of teenage childbearing or whether the relationship is due to other factors correlated with health and teenage childbearing). This study investigates the relationship between teenage childbearing and labor and delivery complications using a panel of confidential birth certificate data over the period from 1994 to 2003 from the state of Texas. Findings show that compared to mothers aged 25 to 29 having their first child, teenager mothers appear to have superior health in most--but not all--labor and delivery outcomes."

			*'''National Research Council (US) Panel on Adolescent Pregnancy and Childbearing; Hofferth SL, Hayes CD, editors (1987). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK219236/ Risking the Future: Adolescent Sexuality, Pregnancy, and Childbearing, Volume II: Working Papers and Statistical Appendices. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US)]. CHAPTER 8, THE CHILDREN OF TEEN CHILDBEARERS. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK219236/'''
			*:"Although a relationship between an early first birth and the child's health at birth has been found, this appears to be a result of less than adequate prenatal and perinatal care rather than biology, since it appears to disappear in special hospital populations that receive excellent health care. [...] Children of older mothers are consistently less healthy at birth than children of average age mothers. This is likely to be a true biological effect. The few studies that have looked at the health of infants of adolescent and older mothers find few direct effects of age on infant health.[...] The age of the mother at birth of a child does appear, on average, to affect her child's intelligence scores on standard tests, achievement scores on standard tests, retention in grade, and other parental and teacher evaluations of performance. This appears to hold for both blacks and whites, for children of all ages beyond the infant level, and for both boys and girls. The direct effects, however, are very small in all the studies. This probably explains why studies using large samples (such as the CPP and the HES) do obtain results that are statistically significant while other studies of smaller samples obtain only occasionally significant results (for example, Kinard and Reinherz). The studies appear to be consistent in this regard. However, even in the very large data sets the differences between children of adolescent and older mothers are very small. [...] Thus it is not possible to draw sharp age of mother distinctions in child outcomes. In fact, one study (Moore et al., 1985) suggests that, if anything, outcomes for children of very youngest mothers may be slightly above those expected. This may be due to the likelihood that the girl's mother participates in the rearing of the child. One studies suggest that such participation improves child outcomes (Mednick and Baker, 1980; Field, 1984). [...] Effects of mothers' age at first birth on the socio-emotional development of their children have been found, but appear to be very weak. Several studies found that children of adolescent childbearers are at risk of social impairment and mild behavior disorders, particularly undercontrol of behavior. The pattern differs between the sexes, however. One study showed boys more likely to show rebelliousness, aggression or under control of anger while girls showed fearfulness and other “neurotic” behaviors (Marecek, 19879:204.5). Another study (Mednick and Baker, 1980) found just the reverse, with daughters of early childbearers exhibiting greater aggressiveness and impulsivity while sons exhibited withdrawal, fearfulness and feelings of inferiority. As with cognitive outcomes, most effects are indirect, which, according to Mednick and Baker, operate through family structure. That is, children of young mothers experience unstable family situations, which are associated with problem behaviors in their children. Again, what is needed here is an adequate explanation for the effects of family structure on child outcomes. [...] Only one study shows differences in mothering behaviors between adolescent and older mothers. Finally, there appears to be no consistent relationship between mother's age at first birth and child abuse and neglect net of differential socioeconomic status of the family."

	A more recent study, funded by the [[UN]] and [[WHO]] came to conclusions one assumes those institutions were not expecting:		A more recent study, funded by the [[UN]] and [[WHO]] came to conclusions one assumes those institutions were not expecting:

GeoTerra: /* Broader social context */

2024-05-28T12:41:01Z

Broader social context

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:41, 28 May 2024
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	*'''Sandra L.Hofferth (1987). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK219236/#a200032D7ddd00175/Risking the Future: Adolescent Sexuality, Pregnancy, and Childbearing, Volume II: Working Papers and Statistical Appendices. Ch. 8: THE CHILDREN OF TEEN CHILDBEARERS]'''		*'''Sandra L.Hofferth (1987). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK219236/#a200032D7ddd00175/Risking the Future: Adolescent Sexuality, Pregnancy, and Childbearing, Volume II: Working Papers and Statistical Appendices. Ch. 8: THE CHILDREN OF TEEN CHILDBEARERS]'''
	*:"conclusions"
	*:"Although a relationship between an early first birth and the child's health at birth has been found, this appears to be a result of less than adequate prenatal and perinatal care rather than biology, since it appears to disappear in special hospital populations that receive excellent health care."		*:"Although a relationship between an early first birth and the child's health at birth has been found, this appears to be a result of less than adequate prenatal and perinatal care rather than biology, since it appears to disappear in special hospital populations that receive excellent health care."
	*:"Children of older mothers are consistently less healthy at birth than children of average age mothers. This is likely to be a true biological effect. The few studies that have looked at the health of infants of adolescent and older mothers find few direct effects of age on infant health."		*:"Children of older mothers are consistently less healthy at birth than children of average age mothers. This is likely to be a true biological effect. The few studies that have looked at the health of infants of adolescent and older mothers find few direct effects of age on infant health."

GeoTerra: /* Broader social context */

2024-05-28T12:40:21Z

Broader social context

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:40, 28 May 2024
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	*'''Arai, Lisa (2009). "What a Difference a Decade Makes: Rethinking Teenage Pregnancy as a Problem," ''Social Policy and Society'', 8, 171-183.'''		*'''Arai, Lisa (2009). "What a Difference a Decade Makes: Rethinking Teenage Pregnancy as a Problem," ''Social Policy and Society'', 8, 171-183.'''
	*:"Early motherhood was reported, then, to have had a positive impact on the respondents' lives and the lives of those around them, even when pregnancy was unplanned. For those young women who had previously had fraught relationships with parents, birth transformed family dynamics and healed breaches. [...] Women reported motherhood as having benefits, primarily in that it healed family breaches and brought estranged family members together. This was especially the case where women had experienced early life adversity. Popular images of young mothers often depict them as unsupported and alone. Here, women were well-supported and their parenting status was accepted by their families (even though not all parents initially welcomed pregnancy). Many young women were able to work or study with the help of their families. Macintyre and Cunningham-Burley's (1993) observation that teenage mothers are often well-supported and that the loneliest and least well-supported mothers are middle class, married women geographically distant from their families was confirmed here. Against a national picture of low pay, family-unfriendly working practices and the difficulties and expense of securing suitable childcare, the women in the study were assisted in a way that would be unthinkable to many older women. This is not to imply that the young women did not struggle; there seemed little hope of decently paid and satisfying work in their areas, and women reported sporadic episodes of hostility from others in their neighbourhoods. However, supported by their parents, they coped well with the transition to parenthood and were keen to point out the benefits of early motherhood, especially to those strangers who judged them."		*:"Early motherhood was reported, then, to have had a positive impact on the respondents' lives and the lives of those around them, even when pregnancy was unplanned. For those young women who had previously had fraught relationships with parents, birth transformed family dynamics and healed breaches. [...] Women reported motherhood as having benefits, primarily in that it healed family breaches and brought estranged family members together. This was especially the case where women had experienced early life adversity. Popular images of young mothers often depict them as unsupported and alone. Here, women were well-supported and their parenting status was accepted by their families (even though not all parents initially welcomed pregnancy). Many young women were able to work or study with the help of their families. Macintyre and Cunningham-Burley's (1993) observation that teenage mothers are often well-supported and that the loneliest and least well-supported mothers are middle class, married women geographically distant from their families was confirmed here. Against a national picture of low pay, family-unfriendly working practices and the difficulties and expense of securing suitable childcare, the women in the study were assisted in a way that would be unthinkable to many older women. This is not to imply that the young women did not struggle; there seemed little hope of decently paid and satisfying work in their areas, and women reported sporadic episodes of hostility from others in their neighbourhoods. However, supported by their parents, they coped well with the transition to parenthood and were keen to point out the benefits of early motherhood, especially to those strangers who judged them."

			*'''Sandra L.Hofferth (1987). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK219236/#a200032D7ddd00175/Risking the Future: Adolescent Sexuality, Pregnancy, and Childbearing, Volume II: Working Papers and Statistical Appendices. Ch. 8: THE CHILDREN OF TEEN CHILDBEARERS]'''
			*:"conclusions"
			*:"Although a relationship between an early first birth and the child's health at birth has been found, this appears to be a result of less than adequate prenatal and perinatal care rather than biology, since it appears to disappear in special hospital populations that receive excellent health care."
			*:"Children of older mothers are consistently less healthy at birth than children of average age mothers. This is likely to be a true biological effect. The few studies that have looked at the health of infants of adolescent and older mothers find few direct effects of age on infant health."
			*:"The age of the mother at birth of a child does appear, on average, to affect her child's intelligence scores on standard tests, achievement scores on standard tests, retention in grade, and other parental and teacher evaluations of performance. This appears to hold for both blacks and whites, for children of all ages beyond the infant level, and for both boys and girls. The direct effects, however, are very small in all the studies. This probably explains why studies using large samples (such as the CPP and the HES) do obtain results that are statistically significant while other studies of smaller samples obtain only occasionally significant results (for example, Kinard and Reinherz). The studies appear to be consistent in this regard. However, even in the very large data sets the differences between children of adolescent and older mothers are very small."
			*:"Thus it is not possible to draw sharp age of mother distinctions in child outcomes. In fact, one study (Moore et al., 1985) suggests that, if anything, outcomes for children of very youngest mothers may be slightly above those expected. This may be due to the likelihood that the girl's mother participates in the rearing of the child. One studies suggest that such participation improves child outcomes (Mednick and Baker, 1980; Field, 1984)."
			*:"Effects of mothers' age at first birth on the socio-emotional development of their children have been found, but appear to be very weak. Several studies found that children of adolescent childbearers are at risk of social impairment and mild behavior disorders, particularly undercontrol of behavior. The pattern differs between the sexes, however. One study showed boys more likely to show rebelliousness, aggression or under control of anger while girls showed fearfulness and other “neurotic” behaviors (Marecek, 19879:204.5). Another study (Mednick and Baker, 1980) found just the reverse, with daughters of early childbearers exhibiting greater aggressiveness and impulsivity while sons exhibited withdrawal, fearfulness and feelings of inferiority. As with cognitive outcomes, most effects are indirect, which, according to Mednick and Baker, operate through family structure. That is, children of young mothers experience unstable family situations, which are associated with problem behaviors in their children. Again, what is needed here is an adequate explanation for the effects of family structure on child outcomes."
			*:"Only one study shows differences in mothering behaviors between adolescent and older mothers. Finally, there appears to be no consistent relationship between mother's age at first birth and child abuse and neglect net of differential socioeconomic status of the family."

	==Rates==		==Rates==

The Admins at 14:55, 21 May 2024

2024-05-21T14:55:29Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:55, 21 May 2024
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	The moral panic over teenage pregnancy is sustained by myths and pseudoscience, primarily an ignorance of socioeconomic confounding factors for negative outcomes.<ref>[https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2007/0501/p1310.html Michael Magill MD - Adolescent Pregnancy and Associated Risks: Not Just a Result of Maternal Age]</ref> While genetic defects in children such as Down Syndrome famously increase with parental age at birth, autism and lower intelligence in children are further risks.<ref>Wang, M. (2023). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886923000600?via%3Dihub Estimating the parental age effect on intelligence with controlling for confounding effects from genotypic differences.] In Personality and Individual Differences. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PAID.2023.112137</ref><ref>[https://academic.oup.com/ije/article/43/1/107/736982 Parental age and the risk of autism spectrum disorders: findings from a Swedish population-based cohort]</ref><ref>Gajos JM, Beaver KM. [https://gwern.net/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/2023-mingrui.pdf The Role of Paternal Age in the Prediction of Offspring Intelligence.] ''J Genet Psychol.'' 2017 Nov-Dec;178(6):319-333. doi: 10.1080/00221325.2017.1377678. Epub 2017 Nov 3. PMID: 29099674; PMCID: PMC6324179.</ref>		The moral panic over teenage pregnancy is sustained by myths and pseudoscience, primarily an ignorance of socioeconomic confounding factors for negative outcomes.<ref>[https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2007/0501/p1310.html Michael Magill MD - Adolescent Pregnancy and Associated Risks: Not Just a Result of Maternal Age]</ref> While genetic defects in children such as Down Syndrome famously increase with parental age at birth, autism and lower intelligence in children are further risks.<ref>Wang, M. (2023). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886923000600?via%3Dihub Estimating the parental age effect on intelligence with controlling for confounding effects from genotypic differences.] In Personality and Individual Differences. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PAID.2023.112137</ref><ref>[https://academic.oup.com/ije/article/43/1/107/736982 Parental age and the risk of autism spectrum disorders: findings from a Swedish population-based cohort]</ref><ref>Gajos JM, Beaver KM. [https://gwern.net/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/2023-mingrui.pdf The Role of Paternal Age in the Prediction of Offspring Intelligence.] ''J Genet Psychol.'' 2017 Nov-Dec;178(6):319-333. doi: 10.1080/00221325.2017.1377678. Epub 2017 Nov 3. PMID: 29099674; PMCID: PMC6324179.</ref>

	The most commonly circulated soundbite concerning "Teen Pregnancy", is the WHO's claim that "complications during pregnancy and childbirth are the leading cause of death for 15–19-year-old girls globally". The obvious problem with this statement is that natural mortality is already a very low risk for women and girls in the 15-19 age range, particularly in western countries. Therefore, it is unsurprising that pregnancy is the single leading cause of mortality in this age group. Indeed, within a single socioeconomic group, childbirth mortality risk ~~only~~ increases ~~with age~~. Within one sample of teen pregnancies, husband involvement, family support and motivation to seek antenatal care were all related to outcomes, and age was not.<ref>[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/22799036231197195 Riyanti, Salim LA, Heriteluna M, Legawati. Development of pregnancy class with husband’s assistance on the outcome of teenage pregnancy. ''Journal of Public Health Research''. 2023;12(3). doi:10.1177/22799036231197195]. <small>''"Conclusions: Pregnancy class with husband’s assistance affects positive outcomes of teenage pregnancy. Other factors with meaningful influence on pregnancy outcomes include family support and motivation to seek teenage antenatal care. Furthermore, other factors that have no influence include the teenager’s age, history of antenatal care, frequency of antenatal care, and support from health workers. An intervention is needed that involves the husband/partner in the form of active assistance."''</small></ref>		The most commonly circulated soundbite concerning "Teen Pregnancy", is the WHO's claim that "complications during pregnancy and childbirth are the leading cause of death for 15–19-year-old girls globally". The obvious problem with this statement is that natural mortality is already a very low risk for women and girls in the 15-19 age range, particularly in western countries. Therefore, it is unsurprising that pregnancy is the single leading cause of mortality in this age group. Indeed, within any single socioeconomic group, childbirth mortality risk ''increases'' after the teen years. Within one sample of teen pregnancies, husband involvement, family support and motivation to seek antenatal care were all related to outcomes, and age was not.<ref>[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/22799036231197195 Riyanti, Salim LA, Heriteluna M, Legawati. Development of pregnancy class with husband’s assistance on the outcome of teenage pregnancy. ''Journal of Public Health Research''. 2023;12(3). doi:10.1177/22799036231197195]. <small>''"Conclusions: Pregnancy class with husband’s assistance affects positive outcomes of teenage pregnancy. Other factors with meaningful influence on pregnancy outcomes include family support and motivation to seek teenage antenatal care. Furthermore, other factors that have no influence include the teenager’s age, history of antenatal care, frequency of antenatal care, and support from health workers. An intervention is needed that involves the husband/partner in the form of active assistance."''</small></ref>

	==Effects==		==Effects==

The Admins at 14:53, 21 May 2024

2024-05-21T14:53:19Z

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	__NOTOC__{{research}}		__NOTOC__{{research}}
	:''[https://web.archive.org/web/20211021011409/https://tp2021.tiiny.site/ Web Archive]''		:''[https://web.archive.org/web/20211021011409/https://tp2021.tiiny.site/ Web Archive]''
	The moral panic over teenage pregnancy is sustained by myths and pseudoscience, primarily an ignorance of socioeconomic confounding factors for negative outcomes.<ref>[https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2007/0501/p1310.html Michael Magill MD - Adolescent Pregnancy and Associated Risks: Not Just a Result of Maternal Age]</ref> While genetic defects in children such as Down Syndrome famously increase with parental age at birth, autism in children ~~is another risk~~.<ref>Wang, M. (2023). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886923000600?via%3Dihub Estimating the parental age effect on intelligence with controlling for confounding effects from genotypic differences.] In Personality and Individual Differences. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PAID.2023.112137</ref><ref>[https://academic.oup.com/ije/article/43/1/107/736982 Parental age and the risk of autism spectrum disorders: findings from a Swedish population-based cohort]</ref>		The moral panic over teenage pregnancy is sustained by myths and pseudoscience, primarily an ignorance of socioeconomic confounding factors for negative outcomes.<ref>[https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2007/0501/p1310.html Michael Magill MD - Adolescent Pregnancy and Associated Risks: Not Just a Result of Maternal Age]</ref> While genetic defects in children such as Down Syndrome famously increase with parental age at birth, autism and lower intelligence in children are further risks.<ref>Wang, M. (2023). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886923000600?via%3Dihub Estimating the parental age effect on intelligence with controlling for confounding effects from genotypic differences.] In Personality and Individual Differences. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PAID.2023.112137</ref><ref>[https://academic.oup.com/ije/article/43/1/107/736982 Parental age and the risk of autism spectrum disorders: findings from a Swedish population-based cohort]</ref><ref>Gajos JM, Beaver KM. [https://gwern.net/doc/genetics/heritable/rare/2023-mingrui.pdf The Role of Paternal Age in the Prediction of Offspring Intelligence.] ''J Genet Psychol.'' 2017 Nov-Dec;178(6):319-333. doi: 10.1080/00221325.2017.1377678. Epub 2017 Nov 3. PMID: 29099674; PMCID: PMC6324179.</ref>

	The most commonly circulated soundbite concerning "Teen Pregnancy", is the WHO's claim that "complications during pregnancy and childbirth are the leading cause of death for 15–19-year-old girls globally". The obvious problem with this statement is that natural mortality is already a very low risk for women and girls in the 15-19 age range, particularly in western countries. Therefore, it is unsurprising that pregnancy is the single leading cause of mortality in this age group. Indeed, within a single socioeconomic group, childbirth mortality risk only increases with age. Within one sample of teen pregnancies, husband involvement, family support and motivation to seek antenatal care were all related to outcomes, and age was not.<ref>[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/22799036231197195 Riyanti, Salim LA, Heriteluna M, Legawati. Development of pregnancy class with husband’s assistance on the outcome of teenage pregnancy. ''Journal of Public Health Research''. 2023;12(3). doi:10.1177/22799036231197195]. <small>''"Conclusions: Pregnancy class with husband’s assistance affects positive outcomes of teenage pregnancy. Other factors with meaningful influence on pregnancy outcomes include family support and motivation to seek teenage antenatal care. Furthermore, other factors that have no influence include the teenager’s age, history of antenatal care, frequency of antenatal care, and support from health workers. An intervention is needed that involves the husband/partner in the form of active assistance."''</small></ref>		The most commonly circulated soundbite concerning "Teen Pregnancy", is the WHO's claim that "complications during pregnancy and childbirth are the leading cause of death for 15–19-year-old girls globally". The obvious problem with this statement is that natural mortality is already a very low risk for women and girls in the 15-19 age range, particularly in western countries. Therefore, it is unsurprising that pregnancy is the single leading cause of mortality in this age group. Indeed, within a single socioeconomic group, childbirth mortality risk only increases with age. Within one sample of teen pregnancies, husband involvement, family support and motivation to seek antenatal care were all related to outcomes, and age was not.<ref>[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/22799036231197195 Riyanti, Salim LA, Heriteluna M, Legawati. Development of pregnancy class with husband’s assistance on the outcome of teenage pregnancy. ''Journal of Public Health Research''. 2023;12(3). doi:10.1177/22799036231197195]. <small>''"Conclusions: Pregnancy class with husband’s assistance affects positive outcomes of teenage pregnancy. Other factors with meaningful influence on pregnancy outcomes include family support and motivation to seek teenage antenatal care. Furthermore, other factors that have no influence include the teenager’s age, history of antenatal care, frequency of antenatal care, and support from health workers. An intervention is needed that involves the husband/partner in the form of active assistance."''</small></ref>

The Admins at 00:53, 9 April 2024

2024-04-09T00:53:56Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:53, 9 April 2024
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	===Physiological - causation or just correlation?===		===Physiological - causation or just correlation?===
			[[File:ScreenshotKramer.png\|thumb\|Meta-analysis by Kramer (2017).<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312077387_Evolutionary_Perspectives_on_Teen_Motherhood_How_Young_Is_Too_Young Kramer, Karen. (2017). Evolutionary Perspectives on Teen Motherhood: How Young Is Too Young?. 10.1007/978-1-4939-4038-7_5.]</ref> Notice the rash of asterisks (controlled study) next to the studies finding no difference.]]
			*'''Palma Honorato et al (2021). "[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33898367/ Risks of Adverse Neonatal Outcomes in Early Adolescent Pregnancy Using Group Prenatal Care as a Strategy for Public Health Policies: A Retrospective Cohort Study in Brazil]," ''Frontiers in Public Health'', 2021 Apr, 9:9:536342.'''
			*:"The overall incidence of adverse neonatal outcomes (low birth weight and prematurity) was measured as 10.2% (95% CI: 9.7-11.5). Apgar scores collected at 1 and 5 min were found to be normal, and no instance of fetal death occurred. The incidence of low birth weight was 16.1% for the 10-13 age group, 8.7% for the 14-15 age group and 12.1% for the 16-17 age group. The incidence of preterm was measured at 12, 8.5, and 12.6% for adolescents who were 10-13, 14-15, and 16-17 years of age, respectively. Neither low birth weight nor prematurity levels significantly differed among the groups (p > 0.05). The infants born to mothers aged 10-13 years presented significantly (p < 0.05) lower Apgar scores than other age groups, but the scores were within the normal range. '''Conclusions:''' Our findings showed lower incidence of neonatal adverse outcomes and no risk difference of neonatal outcomes in younger pregnancy adolescents."

	*'''~~Palma Honorato et al~~ (~~2021~~). "[https://~~pubmed~~.~~ncbi.nlm.nih~~.~~gov~~/~~33898367/ Risks of Adverse Neonatal Outcomes in Early Adolescent Pregnancy Using Group Prenatal Care as a Strategy for Public Health Policies~~: ~~A Retrospective Cohort Study in Brazil~~ ]," ''~~Frontiers in Public Health~~'', ~~2021 Apr, 9~~:~~9:536342~~.'''		*'''Kramer, K. L. (2017). [https://sci-hub.se/10.1007/978-1-4939-4038-7_5 Evolutionary Perspectives on Teen Motherhood: How Young Is Too Young?] ''The Arc of Life'', 55–75. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-4038-7_5.'''
	*:"~~The overall incidence~~ of adverse ~~neonatal outcomes (low birth weight and prematurity) was measured as 10~~.~~2% (95% CI: 9.7~~-~~11.5). Apgar scores collected at 1 and 5 min were found to be normal, and no instance~~ of ~~fetal death occurred. The incidence of low birth weight was 16~~.~~1% for the 10-13 age group~~, ~~8.7% for~~ the ~~14-15 age group and 12.1%~~ for ~~the 16-17 age group. The incidence of preterm was measured at 12~~, ~~8.5~~, and 12.~~6% for adolescents who were 10-13~~, ~~14-15~~, and ~~16-17 years of age~~, ~~respectively. Neither low birth weight nor prematurity levels significantly differed among~~ the ~~groups (p > 0.05). The infants born to mothers aged 10-13 years presented significantly (p < 0.05) lower Apgar scores than other age groups~~, ~~but the scores were within~~ the ~~normal range. '''Conclusions:''' Our findings showed lower incidence of neonatal adverse outcomes and no risk difference of neonatal outcomes in younger pregnancy adolescents~~."		*:"Many of the adverse effects associated with teen motherhood in developed societies are mediated through strong social support networks in traditional societies. However, young women growing up in developed societies may face different trade-offs because they often cannot count on the same level of social support in rearing children. Importantly, the decision to initiate childbearing is weighted against opportunities for education, training, and employment. A life history perspective helps to explain why teen motherhood generates considerable public, media, and scholarly concern in developed societies, yet is the norm in traditional societies, as it likely was in the ancestral past."

	*'''Perry, R. et al (1996). "[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/14767059609018410 Pregnancy in early adolescence: Are there obstetric risks?]," ''Journal of Maternal-Fetal Medicine'', Volume 5, 1996 - Issue 6.'''		*'''Perry, R. et al (1996). "[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/14767059609018410 Pregnancy in early adolescence: Are there obstetric risks?]," ''Journal of Maternal-Fetal Medicine'', Volume 5, 1996 - Issue 6.'''

The Admins at 08:17, 4 April 2024

2024-04-04T08:17:45Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:17, 4 April 2024
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	The moral panic over teenage pregnancy is sustained by myths and pseudoscience, primarily an ignorance of socioeconomic confounding factors for negative outcomes.<ref>[https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2007/0501/p1310.html Michael Magill MD - Adolescent Pregnancy and Associated Risks: Not Just a Result of Maternal Age]</ref> While genetic defects in children such as Down Syndrome famously increase with parental age at birth, autism in children is another risk.<ref>Wang, M. (2023). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886923000600?via%3Dihub Estimating the parental age effect on intelligence with controlling for confounding effects from genotypic differences.] In Personality and Individual Differences. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PAID.2023.112137</ref><ref>[https://academic.oup.com/ije/article/43/1/107/736982 Parental age and the risk of autism spectrum disorders: findings from a Swedish population-based cohort]</ref>		The moral panic over teenage pregnancy is sustained by myths and pseudoscience, primarily an ignorance of socioeconomic confounding factors for negative outcomes.<ref>[https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2007/0501/p1310.html Michael Magill MD - Adolescent Pregnancy and Associated Risks: Not Just a Result of Maternal Age]</ref> While genetic defects in children such as Down Syndrome famously increase with parental age at birth, autism in children is another risk.<ref>Wang, M. (2023). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886923000600?via%3Dihub Estimating the parental age effect on intelligence with controlling for confounding effects from genotypic differences.] In Personality and Individual Differences. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PAID.2023.112137</ref><ref>[https://academic.oup.com/ije/article/43/1/107/736982 Parental age and the risk of autism spectrum disorders: findings from a Swedish population-based cohort]</ref>

	The most commonly circulated soundbite concerning "Teen Pregnancy", is the WHO's claim that "complications during pregnancy and childbirth are the leading cause of death for 15–19-year-old girls globally". The obvious problem with this statement is that natural mortality is already a very low risk for ~~someone giving birth~~ in the 15-19 age range, particularly in western countries. Therefore, it is unsurprising that pregnancy is the single leading cause of mortality in this age group. Indeed, within a single socioeconomic group, childbirth mortality risk only increases with age. Within one sample of teen pregnancies, husband involvement, family support and motivation to seek antenatal care were all related to outcomes, and age was not.<ref>[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/22799036231197195 Riyanti, Salim LA, Heriteluna M, Legawati. Development of pregnancy class with husband’s assistance on the outcome of teenage pregnancy. ''Journal of Public Health Research''. 2023;12(3). doi:10.1177/22799036231197195]. <small>''"Conclusions: Pregnancy class with husband’s assistance affects positive outcomes of teenage pregnancy. Other factors with meaningful influence on pregnancy outcomes include family support and motivation to seek teenage antenatal care. Furthermore, other factors that have no influence include the teenager’s age, history of antenatal care, frequency of antenatal care, and support from health workers. An intervention is needed that involves the husband/partner in the form of active assistance."''</small></ref>		The most commonly circulated soundbite concerning "Teen Pregnancy", is the WHO's claim that "complications during pregnancy and childbirth are the leading cause of death for 15–19-year-old girls globally". The obvious problem with this statement is that natural mortality is already a very low risk for women and girls in the 15-19 age range, particularly in western countries. Therefore, it is unsurprising that pregnancy is the single leading cause of mortality in this age group. Indeed, within a single socioeconomic group, childbirth mortality risk only increases with age. Within one sample of teen pregnancies, husband involvement, family support and motivation to seek antenatal care were all related to outcomes, and age was not.<ref>[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/22799036231197195 Riyanti, Salim LA, Heriteluna M, Legawati. Development of pregnancy class with husband’s assistance on the outcome of teenage pregnancy. ''Journal of Public Health Research''. 2023;12(3). doi:10.1177/22799036231197195]. <small>''"Conclusions: Pregnancy class with husband’s assistance affects positive outcomes of teenage pregnancy. Other factors with meaningful influence on pregnancy outcomes include family support and motivation to seek teenage antenatal care. Furthermore, other factors that have no influence include the teenager’s age, history of antenatal care, frequency of antenatal care, and support from health workers. An intervention is needed that involves the husband/partner in the form of active assistance."''</small></ref>

	==Effects==		==Effects==