Research: The Dangers of Stigma - Revision history

Jim Burton at 01:10, 11 November 2025

2025-11-11T01:10:00Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:10, 11 November 2025
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	:''This article is written in a standard style, unlike most of our research project, which takes the form of an excerpt list. This is because it derives from a censored Wikipedia article on the "Stigma of pedophilia". For some scholarly writing on vigilante hate, see [[Vigilantism]].''		:''This article is written in a standard style, unlike most of our research project, which takes the form of an excerpt list. This is because it derives from a censored Wikipedia article on the "Stigma of pedophilia". For some scholarly writing on vigilante hate, see [[Vigilantism]].''

	The '''stigma of pedophilia''' is a form of social stigma directed primarily toward [[pedophilia\|pedophiles]], i.e. people who are sexually attracted to [[Child\|prepubescent children]],<ref name=":2">Harper, Craig A., Lievesley, Rebecca, Blagden, Nicholas J. and Hocken, Kerensa (2022-02-01). [https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-021-02057-x Humanizing Pedophilia as Stigma Reduction: A Large-Scale Intervention Study]. ''[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]]'', volume 51, issue 2, pages 945–960, doi 10.1007/s10508-021-02057-x, issn 1573-2800, pmc 8888370, pmid 34716500</ref> but is also felt by other [[Minor Attracted Person\|MAPs]] and the LGBTQ+. It is often expressed in negative emotional reactions and aversions (disgust,<ref name=":5">[[Sara Jahnke\|Jahnke, Sara]] (2018). [https://econtent.hogrefe.com/doi/10.1027/1016-9040/a000325 The Stigma of Pedophilia: Clinical and Forensic Implications]. ''European Psychologist'', volume 23, issue 2, pages 144–153, doi 10.1027/1016-9040/a000325, issn 1016-9040</ref> fear, loathing, hatred, etc.), punitive beliefs and stereotyping,<ref name=":11">Harper, Craig A., Bartels, Ross M. and Hogue, Todd E., (2016). [http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1079063216681561 Reducing Stigma and Punitive Attitudes Toward Pedophiles Through Narrative Humanization] ''Sexual Abuse''. doi 10.1177/1079063216681561, issn 1079-0632</ref> sometimes termed [[Pedophobia]].		The '''stigma of pedophilia''' is a form of social stigma directed primarily toward [[pedophilia\|pedophiles]], i.e. people who are sexually attracted to [[Child\|prepubescent children]],<ref name=":2">Harper, Craig A., Lievesley, Rebecca, Blagden, Nicholas J. and Hocken, Kerensa (2022-02-01). [https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-021-02057-x Humanizing Pedophilia as Stigma Reduction: A Large-Scale Intervention Study]. ''[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]]'', volume 51, issue 2, pages 945–960, doi 10.1007/s10508-021-02057-x, issn 1573-2800, pmc 8888370, pmid 34716500</ref> but is also felt by other [[Minor Attracted Person\|MAPs]], racial minorities and the LGBTQ+. It is often expressed in negative emotional reactions and aversions (disgust,<ref name=":5">[[Sara Jahnke\|Jahnke, Sara]] (2018). [https://econtent.hogrefe.com/doi/10.1027/1016-9040/a000325 The Stigma of Pedophilia: Clinical and Forensic Implications]. ''European Psychologist'', volume 23, issue 2, pages 144–153, doi 10.1027/1016-9040/a000325, issn 1016-9040</ref> fear, loathing, hatred, etc.), punitive beliefs and stereotyping,<ref name=":11">Harper, Craig A., Bartels, Ross M. and Hogue, Todd E., (2016). [http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1079063216681561 Reducing Stigma and Punitive Attitudes Toward Pedophiles Through Narrative Humanization] ''Sexual Abuse''. doi 10.1177/1079063216681561, issn 1079-0632</ref> sometimes termed [[Pedophobia]].

	Anti-pedophile stigma is a worldwide phenomenon,<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal \|last=Heron \|first=Rebecca L. \|last2=Schwiekert \|first2=Lena \|last3=Karsten \|first3=Julie \|year=2023-01-01 \|title=[https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01384-5 Meeting a person with pedophilia: Attitudes towards pedophilia among psychology students: A pilot study] \|journal=''Current Psychology'' \|language=en \|volume=42 \|issue=2 \|pages=1022–1033 \|doi=10.1007/s12144-021-01384-5 \|issn=1936-4733}}</ref> particularly visible in western anglophone countries.<ref name="Sonenschein">David Sonenschein, 1998. ''[[Pedophiles on Parade]]''. isbn 9780915289004, oclc 40637993, ol 11413246M</ref> Common sentiments toward pedophiles in the general population include that they should be incarcerated or murdered by [[Vigilantism\|vigilantes]], even if they have never committed any sexual offense.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal \|last=Walker \|first=Allyson \|last2=Panfil \|first2=Vanessa R. \|year=2017-03-01 \|title=[https://doi.org/10.1007/s10612-016-9342-7 Minor Attraction: A Queer Criminological Issue] \|journal=''Critical Criminology'' \|language=en \|volume=25 \|issue=1 \|pages=37–53 \|doi=10.1007/s10612-016-9342-7 \|issn=1572-9877}}</ref> Popular beliefs regarding pedophilia include the idea that pedophiles commonly engage in sexual activities with children,<ref name=":13" /> that having a sexual attraction to children is something that one [[Debate Guide: Pedophiles chose their condition\|chooses for oneself]]<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":5" /> and that pedophiles are amoral.<ref name=":5" /> People included under this category are popularly characterized as "evil", "monsters" and "fiends".<ref name="Sonenschein" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal \|last=Kohm \|first=Steven A. \|last2=Greenhill \|first2=Pauline \|year=2011 \|title=[http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1362480610388974 Pedophile crime films as popular criminology: A problem of justice?] \|journal=''Theoretical Criminology'' \|language=en \|volume=15 \|issue=2 \|pages=195–215 \|doi=10.1177/1362480610388974 \|issn=1362-4806}}</ref> This type of stigma may also be extended to other minor-related [[Chronophilia\|chronophilic]] groups, such as [[Hebephilia\|hebephiles]].<ref name=":10" />		Anti-pedophile stigma is a worldwide phenomenon,<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal \|last=Heron \|first=Rebecca L. \|last2=Schwiekert \|first2=Lena \|last3=Karsten \|first3=Julie \|year=2023-01-01 \|title=[https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01384-5 Meeting a person with pedophilia: Attitudes towards pedophilia among psychology students: A pilot study] \|journal=''Current Psychology'' \|language=en \|volume=42 \|issue=2 \|pages=1022–1033 \|doi=10.1007/s12144-021-01384-5 \|issn=1936-4733}}</ref> particularly visible in western anglophone countries.<ref name="Sonenschein">David Sonenschein, 1998. ''[[Pedophiles on Parade]]''. isbn 9780915289004, oclc 40637993, ol 11413246M</ref> Common sentiments toward pedophiles in the general population include that they should be incarcerated or murdered by [[Vigilantism\|vigilantes]], even if they have never committed any sexual offense.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal \|last=Walker \|first=Allyson \|last2=Panfil \|first2=Vanessa R. \|year=2017-03-01 \|title=[https://doi.org/10.1007/s10612-016-9342-7 Minor Attraction: A Queer Criminological Issue] \|journal=''Critical Criminology'' \|language=en \|volume=25 \|issue=1 \|pages=37–53 \|doi=10.1007/s10612-016-9342-7 \|issn=1572-9877}}</ref> Popular beliefs regarding pedophilia include the idea that pedophiles commonly engage in sexual activities with children,<ref name=":13" /> that having a sexual attraction to children is something that one [[Debate Guide: Pedophiles chose their condition\|chooses for oneself]]<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":5" /> and that pedophiles are amoral.<ref name=":5" /> People included under this category are popularly characterized as "evil", "monsters" and "fiends".<ref name="Sonenschein" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal \|last=Kohm \|first=Steven A. \|last2=Greenhill \|first2=Pauline \|year=2011 \|title=[http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1362480610388974 Pedophile crime films as popular criminology: A problem of justice?] \|journal=''Theoretical Criminology'' \|language=en \|volume=15 \|issue=2 \|pages=195–215 \|doi=10.1177/1362480610388974 \|issn=1362-4806}}</ref> This type of stigma may also be extended to other minor-related [[Chronophilia\|chronophilic]] groups, such as [[Hebephilia\|hebephiles]].<ref name=":10" />

Jim Burton at 01:09, 11 November 2025

2025-11-11T01:09:20Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:09, 11 November 2025
Line 2:		Line 2:
	:''This article is written in a standard style, unlike most of our research project, which takes the form of an excerpt list. This is because it derives from a censored Wikipedia article on the "Stigma of pedophilia". For some scholarly writing on vigilante hate, see [[Vigilantism]].''		:''This article is written in a standard style, unlike most of our research project, which takes the form of an excerpt list. This is because it derives from a censored Wikipedia article on the "Stigma of pedophilia". For some scholarly writing on vigilante hate, see [[Vigilantism]].''

	The '''stigma of pedophilia''' is a form of social stigma directed primarily toward [[pedophilia\|pedophiles]], i.e. people who are sexually attracted to [[Child\|prepubescent children]],<ref name=":2">Harper, Craig A., Lievesley, Rebecca, Blagden, Nicholas J. and Hocken, Kerensa (2022-02-01). [https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-021-02057-x Humanizing Pedophilia as Stigma Reduction: A Large-Scale Intervention Study]. ''[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]]'', volume 51, issue 2, pages 945–960, doi 10.1007/s10508-021-02057-x, issn 1573-2800, pmc 8888370, pmid 34716500</ref> but is also felt by other [[Minor Attracted Person\|MAPs]]. It is often expressed in negative emotional reactions and aversions (disgust,<ref name=":5">[[Sara Jahnke\|Jahnke, Sara]] (2018). [https://econtent.hogrefe.com/doi/10.1027/1016-9040/a000325 The Stigma of Pedophilia: Clinical and Forensic Implications]. ''European Psychologist'', volume 23, issue 2, pages 144–153, doi 10.1027/1016-9040/a000325, issn 1016-9040</ref> fear, loathing, hatred, etc.), punitive beliefs and stereotyping,<ref name=":11">Harper, Craig A., Bartels, Ross M. and Hogue, Todd E., (2016). [http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1079063216681561 Reducing Stigma and Punitive Attitudes Toward Pedophiles Through Narrative Humanization] ''Sexual Abuse''. doi 10.1177/1079063216681561, issn 1079-0632</ref> sometimes termed [[Pedophobia]].		The '''stigma of pedophilia''' is a form of social stigma directed primarily toward [[pedophilia\|pedophiles]], i.e. people who are sexually attracted to [[Child\|prepubescent children]],<ref name=":2">Harper, Craig A., Lievesley, Rebecca, Blagden, Nicholas J. and Hocken, Kerensa (2022-02-01). [https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-021-02057-x Humanizing Pedophilia as Stigma Reduction: A Large-Scale Intervention Study]. ''[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]]'', volume 51, issue 2, pages 945–960, doi 10.1007/s10508-021-02057-x, issn 1573-2800, pmc 8888370, pmid 34716500</ref> but is also felt by other [[Minor Attracted Person\|MAPs]] and the LGBTQ+. It is often expressed in negative emotional reactions and aversions (disgust,<ref name=":5">[[Sara Jahnke\|Jahnke, Sara]] (2018). [https://econtent.hogrefe.com/doi/10.1027/1016-9040/a000325 The Stigma of Pedophilia: Clinical and Forensic Implications]. ''European Psychologist'', volume 23, issue 2, pages 144–153, doi 10.1027/1016-9040/a000325, issn 1016-9040</ref> fear, loathing, hatred, etc.), punitive beliefs and stereotyping,<ref name=":11">Harper, Craig A., Bartels, Ross M. and Hogue, Todd E., (2016). [http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1079063216681561 Reducing Stigma and Punitive Attitudes Toward Pedophiles Through Narrative Humanization] ''Sexual Abuse''. doi 10.1177/1079063216681561, issn 1079-0632</ref> sometimes termed [[Pedophobia]].

	Anti-pedophile stigma is a worldwide phenomenon,<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal \|last=Heron \|first=Rebecca L. \|last2=Schwiekert \|first2=Lena \|last3=Karsten \|first3=Julie \|year=2023-01-01 \|title=[https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01384-5 Meeting a person with pedophilia: Attitudes towards pedophilia among psychology students: A pilot study] \|journal=''Current Psychology'' \|language=en \|volume=42 \|issue=2 \|pages=1022–1033 \|doi=10.1007/s12144-021-01384-5 \|issn=1936-4733}}</ref> particularly visible in western anglophone countries.<ref name="Sonenschein">David Sonenschein, 1998. ''[[Pedophiles on Parade]]''. isbn 9780915289004, oclc 40637993, ol 11413246M</ref> Common sentiments toward pedophiles in the general population include that they should be incarcerated or murdered by [[Vigilantism\|vigilantes]], even if they have never committed any sexual offense.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal \|last=Walker \|first=Allyson \|last2=Panfil \|first2=Vanessa R. \|year=2017-03-01 \|title=[https://doi.org/10.1007/s10612-016-9342-7 Minor Attraction: A Queer Criminological Issue] \|journal=''Critical Criminology'' \|language=en \|volume=25 \|issue=1 \|pages=37–53 \|doi=10.1007/s10612-016-9342-7 \|issn=1572-9877}}</ref> Popular beliefs regarding pedophilia include the idea that pedophiles commonly engage in sexual activities with children,<ref name=":13" /> that having a sexual attraction to children is something that one [[Debate Guide: Pedophiles chose their condition\|chooses for oneself]]<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":5" /> and that pedophiles are amoral.<ref name=":5" /> People included under this category are popularly characterized as "evil", "monsters" and "fiends".<ref name="Sonenschein" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal \|last=Kohm \|first=Steven A. \|last2=Greenhill \|first2=Pauline \|year=2011 \|title=[http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1362480610388974 Pedophile crime films as popular criminology: A problem of justice?] \|journal=''Theoretical Criminology'' \|language=en \|volume=15 \|issue=2 \|pages=195–215 \|doi=10.1177/1362480610388974 \|issn=1362-4806}}</ref> This type of stigma may also be extended to other minor-related [[Chronophilia\|chronophilic]] groups, such as [[Hebephilia\|hebephiles]].<ref name=":10" />		Anti-pedophile stigma is a worldwide phenomenon,<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal \|last=Heron \|first=Rebecca L. \|last2=Schwiekert \|first2=Lena \|last3=Karsten \|first3=Julie \|year=2023-01-01 \|title=[https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01384-5 Meeting a person with pedophilia: Attitudes towards pedophilia among psychology students: A pilot study] \|journal=''Current Psychology'' \|language=en \|volume=42 \|issue=2 \|pages=1022–1033 \|doi=10.1007/s12144-021-01384-5 \|issn=1936-4733}}</ref> particularly visible in western anglophone countries.<ref name="Sonenschein">David Sonenschein, 1998. ''[[Pedophiles on Parade]]''. isbn 9780915289004, oclc 40637993, ol 11413246M</ref> Common sentiments toward pedophiles in the general population include that they should be incarcerated or murdered by [[Vigilantism\|vigilantes]], even if they have never committed any sexual offense.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal \|last=Walker \|first=Allyson \|last2=Panfil \|first2=Vanessa R. \|year=2017-03-01 \|title=[https://doi.org/10.1007/s10612-016-9342-7 Minor Attraction: A Queer Criminological Issue] \|journal=''Critical Criminology'' \|language=en \|volume=25 \|issue=1 \|pages=37–53 \|doi=10.1007/s10612-016-9342-7 \|issn=1572-9877}}</ref> Popular beliefs regarding pedophilia include the idea that pedophiles commonly engage in sexual activities with children,<ref name=":13" /> that having a sexual attraction to children is something that one [[Debate Guide: Pedophiles chose their condition\|chooses for oneself]]<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":5" /> and that pedophiles are amoral.<ref name=":5" /> People included under this category are popularly characterized as "evil", "monsters" and "fiends".<ref name="Sonenschein" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal \|last=Kohm \|first=Steven A. \|last2=Greenhill \|first2=Pauline \|year=2011 \|title=[http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1362480610388974 Pedophile crime films as popular criminology: A problem of justice?] \|journal=''Theoretical Criminology'' \|language=en \|volume=15 \|issue=2 \|pages=195–215 \|doi=10.1177/1362480610388974 \|issn=1362-4806}}</ref> This type of stigma may also be extended to other minor-related [[Chronophilia\|chronophilic]] groups, such as [[Hebephilia\|hebephiles]].<ref name=":10" />

Jim Burton: /* Ineffective policy */

2025-08-03T21:26:09Z

Ineffective policy

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:26, 3 August 2025
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	*: "Convicted sex offenders, at the conclusions of their criminal trials, were deemed sufficiently in control of their behavior to be deemed responsible for their sex offending and punished. But when these same offenders max out of their criminal terms, having committed no further sex offenses, they may be found so volitionally impaired as to warrant indefinite incarceration because they are dangerous but not mentally ill. There are, I submit, no public reasons — reasons that all similarly situated citizens can agree upon — for civilly committing this special class of offenders. The arbitrariness of isolating the class of sex offenders from all other violent offenders, and subjecting only sex offenders to involuntary civil commitment is a ground for any rational, impartial citizen to bar such commitments. There is no reason to believe that other grounds for finding a person civilly committable will not one day be discerned, and any citizen may be in the class of committable persons. [...] By removing the mentally ill criterion from the legal basis for civil commitment, the Supreme Court removed one basis for finding civil commitment supportable by public reasons, because serious mental illness may be linked to dangerousness. But sex offenders are not generally mentally ill. Thus, their involuntary civil commitment is unjust."		*: "Convicted sex offenders, at the conclusions of their criminal trials, were deemed sufficiently in control of their behavior to be deemed responsible for their sex offending and punished. But when these same offenders max out of their criminal terms, having committed no further sex offenses, they may be found so volitionally impaired as to warrant indefinite incarceration because they are dangerous but not mentally ill. There are, I submit, no public reasons — reasons that all similarly situated citizens can agree upon — for civilly committing this special class of offenders. The arbitrariness of isolating the class of sex offenders from all other violent offenders, and subjecting only sex offenders to involuntary civil commitment is a ground for any rational, impartial citizen to bar such commitments. There is no reason to believe that other grounds for finding a person civilly committable will not one day be discerned, and any citizen may be in the class of committable persons. [...] By removing the mentally ill criterion from the legal basis for civil commitment, the Supreme Court removed one basis for finding civil commitment supportable by public reasons, because serious mental illness may be linked to dangerousness. But sex offenders are not generally mentally ill. Thus, their involuntary civil commitment is unjust."

	*'''[[Michael C. Baurmann\|Baurmann, M.]] (2005) "[https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1300/J056v16n02_07 Sexuality, Adolescence and the Criminal Law: The Perspective of Criminology.]" Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality 16(2/3): 71-88.'''		*'''[[Michael C. Baurmann\|Baurmann, M.]] (2005) "[https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1300/J056v16n02_07 Sexuality, Adolescence and the Criminal Law: The Perspective of Criminology.]" ''Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality'' 16(2/3): 71-88.'''
	*:'''Abstract:''' "The provisions in the German Criminal Code protecting sexual self-determination even after several penal law reforms-are still criminologically not yet coherently structured and carry some contradictions. Recent research implies that in the section of the German Criminal Code establishing sexual offences three very divergent forms of deviant behavior are lumped together in an undifferentiated way: violent offences, infractions of moral norms and commercialization of sexuality (the latter in most cases in the form of organised crime). Some offences lack empirical justification in the sense of a concept of protection, for example due to the fact that damage caused to victims is not proven. In addition the establishment of age limits turns out as a difficult task, i.e., when consensual (love) relations of adolescents and of young adults are concerned. International efforts to approximate (sexual) offences legislation carry the risk that reasoned, criminologically analysed and empirically justified regulations are sacrificed to populistic diffused mainstream-thinking."		*:'''Abstract:''' "The provisions in the German Criminal Code protecting sexual self-determination even after several penal law reforms-are still criminologically not yet coherently structured and carry some contradictions. Recent research implies that in the section of the German Criminal Code establishing sexual offences three very divergent forms of deviant behavior are lumped together in an undifferentiated way: violent offences, infractions of moral norms and commercialization of sexuality (the latter in most cases in the form of organised crime). Some offences lack empirical justification in the sense of a concept of protection, for example due to the fact that damage caused to victims is not proven. In addition the establishment of age limits turns out as a difficult task, i.e., when consensual (love) relations of adolescents and of young adults are concerned. International efforts to approximate (sexual) offences legislation carry the risk that reasoned, criminologically analysed and empirically justified regulations are sacrificed to populistic diffused mainstream-thinking."

Jim Burton: /* Ineffective policy */

2025-08-03T21:25:31Z

Ineffective policy

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:25, 3 August 2025
Line 67:		Line 67:
	*: "Convicted sex offenders, at the conclusions of their criminal trials, were deemed sufficiently in control of their behavior to be deemed responsible for their sex offending and punished. But when these same offenders max out of their criminal terms, having committed no further sex offenses, they may be found so volitionally impaired as to warrant indefinite incarceration because they are dangerous but not mentally ill. There are, I submit, no public reasons — reasons that all similarly situated citizens can agree upon — for civilly committing this special class of offenders. The arbitrariness of isolating the class of sex offenders from all other violent offenders, and subjecting only sex offenders to involuntary civil commitment is a ground for any rational, impartial citizen to bar such commitments. There is no reason to believe that other grounds for finding a person civilly committable will not one day be discerned, and any citizen may be in the class of committable persons. [...] By removing the mentally ill criterion from the legal basis for civil commitment, the Supreme Court removed one basis for finding civil commitment supportable by public reasons, because serious mental illness may be linked to dangerousness. But sex offenders are not generally mentally ill. Thus, their involuntary civil commitment is unjust."		*: "Convicted sex offenders, at the conclusions of their criminal trials, were deemed sufficiently in control of their behavior to be deemed responsible for their sex offending and punished. But when these same offenders max out of their criminal terms, having committed no further sex offenses, they may be found so volitionally impaired as to warrant indefinite incarceration because they are dangerous but not mentally ill. There are, I submit, no public reasons — reasons that all similarly situated citizens can agree upon — for civilly committing this special class of offenders. The arbitrariness of isolating the class of sex offenders from all other violent offenders, and subjecting only sex offenders to involuntary civil commitment is a ground for any rational, impartial citizen to bar such commitments. There is no reason to believe that other grounds for finding a person civilly committable will not one day be discerned, and any citizen may be in the class of committable persons. [...] By removing the mentally ill criterion from the legal basis for civil commitment, the Supreme Court removed one basis for finding civil commitment supportable by public reasons, because serious mental illness may be linked to dangerousness. But sex offenders are not generally mentally ill. Thus, their involuntary civil commitment is unjust."

	*[[Michael C. Baurmann\|Baurmann, M.]] (2005) "[https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1300/J056v16n02_07 Sexuality, Adolescence and the Criminal Law: The Perspective of Criminology.]" Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality 16(2/3): 71-88.		*'''[[Michael C. Baurmann\|Baurmann, M.]] (2005) "[https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1300/J056v16n02_07 Sexuality, Adolescence and the Criminal Law: The Perspective of Criminology.]" Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality 16(2/3): 71-88.'''
	*:'''Abstract:''' "The provisions in the German Criminal Code protecting sexual self-determination even after several penal law reforms-are still criminologically not yet coherently structured and carry some contradictions. Recent research implies that in the section of the German Criminal Code establishing sexual offences three very divergent forms of deviant behavior are lumped together in an undifferentiated way: violent offences, infractions of moral norms and commercialization of sexuality (the latter in most cases in the form of organised crime). Some offences lack empirical justification in the sense of a concept of protection, for example due to the fact that damage caused to victims is not proven. In addition the establishment of age limits turns out as a difficult task, i.e., when consensual (love) relations of adolescents and of young adults are concerned. International efforts to approximate (sexual) offences legislation carry the risk that reasoned, criminologically analysed and empirically justified regulations are sacrificed to populistic diffused mainstream-thinking."		*:'''Abstract:''' "The provisions in the German Criminal Code protecting sexual self-determination even after several penal law reforms-are still criminologically not yet coherently structured and carry some contradictions. Recent research implies that in the section of the German Criminal Code establishing sexual offences three very divergent forms of deviant behavior are lumped together in an undifferentiated way: violent offences, infractions of moral norms and commercialization of sexuality (the latter in most cases in the form of organised crime). Some offences lack empirical justification in the sense of a concept of protection, for example due to the fact that damage caused to victims is not proven. In addition the establishment of age limits turns out as a difficult task, i.e., when consensual (love) relations of adolescents and of young adults are concerned. International efforts to approximate (sexual) offences legislation carry the risk that reasoned, criminologically analysed and empirically justified regulations are sacrificed to populistic diffused mainstream-thinking."

Jim Burton at 19:06, 21 May 2025

2025-05-21T19:06:11Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:06, 21 May 2025
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	:''This article is written in a standard style, unlike most of our research project, which takes the form of an excerpt list. This is because it derives from a censored Wikipedia article on the "Stigma of pedophilia". For some scholarly writing on vigilante hate, see [[Vigilantism]].''		:''This article is written in a standard style, unlike most of our research project, which takes the form of an excerpt list. This is because it derives from a censored Wikipedia article on the "Stigma of pedophilia". For some scholarly writing on vigilante hate, see [[Vigilantism]].''

	The '''stigma of pedophilia'''~~, also called [[Pedophobia]],~~ is a form of social stigma ~~or aversion~~ directed primarily toward [[pedophilia\|pedophiles]], i.e. people who are sexually attracted to [[Child\|prepubescent children]],<ref name=":2">Harper, Craig A., Lievesley, Rebecca, Blagden, Nicholas J. and Hocken, Kerensa (2022-02-01). [https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-021-02057-x Humanizing Pedophilia as Stigma Reduction: A Large-Scale Intervention Study]. ''[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]]'', volume 51, issue 2, pages 945–960, doi 10.1007/s10508-021-02057-x, issn 1573-2800, pmc 8888370, pmid 34716500</ref> but is also felt by other [[Minor Attracted Person\|MAPs]]. It ~~takes form~~ in negative emotional reactions (disgust,<ref name=":5">[[Sara Jahnke\|Jahnke, Sara]] (2018). [https://econtent.hogrefe.com/doi/10.1027/1016-9040/a000325 The Stigma of Pedophilia: Clinical and Forensic Implications]. ''European Psychologist'', volume 23, issue 2, pages 144–153, doi 10.1027/1016-9040/a000325, issn 1016-9040</ref> fear, loathing, hatred, etc.), punitive beliefs and stereotyping.<ref name=":11">Harper, Craig A., Bartels, Ross M. and Hogue, Todd E., (2016). [http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1079063216681561 Reducing Stigma and Punitive Attitudes Toward Pedophiles Through Narrative Humanization] ''Sexual Abuse''. doi 10.1177/1079063216681561, issn 1079-0632</ref>		The '''stigma of pedophilia''' is a form of social stigma directed primarily toward [[pedophilia\|pedophiles]], i.e. people who are sexually attracted to [[Child\|prepubescent children]],<ref name=":2">Harper, Craig A., Lievesley, Rebecca, Blagden, Nicholas J. and Hocken, Kerensa (2022-02-01). [https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-021-02057-x Humanizing Pedophilia as Stigma Reduction: A Large-Scale Intervention Study]. ''[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]]'', volume 51, issue 2, pages 945–960, doi 10.1007/s10508-021-02057-x, issn 1573-2800, pmc 8888370, pmid 34716500</ref> but is also felt by other [[Minor Attracted Person\|MAPs]]. It is often expressed in negative emotional reactions and aversions (disgust,<ref name=":5">[[Sara Jahnke\|Jahnke, Sara]] (2018). [https://econtent.hogrefe.com/doi/10.1027/1016-9040/a000325 The Stigma of Pedophilia: Clinical and Forensic Implications]. ''European Psychologist'', volume 23, issue 2, pages 144–153, doi 10.1027/1016-9040/a000325, issn 1016-9040</ref> fear, loathing, hatred, etc.), punitive beliefs and stereotyping,<ref name=":11">Harper, Craig A., Bartels, Ross M. and Hogue, Todd E., (2016). [http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1079063216681561 Reducing Stigma and Punitive Attitudes Toward Pedophiles Through Narrative Humanization] ''Sexual Abuse''. doi 10.1177/1079063216681561, issn 1079-0632</ref> sometimes termed [[Pedophobia]].

	Anti-pedophile stigma is a worldwide phenomenon,<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal \|last=Heron \|first=Rebecca L. \|last2=Schwiekert \|first2=Lena \|last3=Karsten \|first3=Julie \|year=2023-01-01 \|title=[https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01384-5 Meeting a person with pedophilia: Attitudes towards pedophilia among psychology students: A pilot study] \|journal=''Current Psychology'' \|language=en \|volume=42 \|issue=2 \|pages=1022–1033 \|doi=10.1007/s12144-021-01384-5 \|issn=1936-4733}}</ref> particularly visible in western anglophone countries.<ref name="Sonenschein">David Sonenschein, 1998. ''[[Pedophiles on Parade]]''. isbn 9780915289004, oclc 40637993, ol 11413246M</ref> Common sentiments toward pedophiles in the general population include that they should be incarcerated or murdered by [[Vigilantism\|vigilantes]], even if they have never committed any sexual offense.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal \|last=Walker \|first=Allyson \|last2=Panfil \|first2=Vanessa R. \|year=2017-03-01 \|title=[https://doi.org/10.1007/s10612-016-9342-7 Minor Attraction: A Queer Criminological Issue] \|journal=''Critical Criminology'' \|language=en \|volume=25 \|issue=1 \|pages=37–53 \|doi=10.1007/s10612-016-9342-7 \|issn=1572-9877}}</ref> Popular beliefs regarding pedophilia include the idea that pedophiles commonly engage in sexual activities with children,<ref name=":13" /> that having a sexual attraction to children is something that one [[Debate Guide: Pedophiles chose their condition\|chooses for oneself]]<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":5" /> and that pedophiles are amoral.<ref name=":5" /> People included under this category are popularly characterized as "evil", "monsters" and "fiends".<ref name="Sonenschein" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal \|last=Kohm \|first=Steven A. \|last2=Greenhill \|first2=Pauline \|year=2011 \|title=[http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1362480610388974 Pedophile crime films as popular criminology: A problem of justice?] \|journal=''Theoretical Criminology'' \|language=en \|volume=15 \|issue=2 \|pages=195–215 \|doi=10.1177/1362480610388974 \|issn=1362-4806}}</ref> This type of stigma may also be extended to other minor-related [[Chronophilia\|chronophilic]] groups, such as [[Hebephilia\|hebephiles]].<ref name=":10" />		Anti-pedophile stigma is a worldwide phenomenon,<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal \|last=Heron \|first=Rebecca L. \|last2=Schwiekert \|first2=Lena \|last3=Karsten \|first3=Julie \|year=2023-01-01 \|title=[https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01384-5 Meeting a person with pedophilia: Attitudes towards pedophilia among psychology students: A pilot study] \|journal=''Current Psychology'' \|language=en \|volume=42 \|issue=2 \|pages=1022–1033 \|doi=10.1007/s12144-021-01384-5 \|issn=1936-4733}}</ref> particularly visible in western anglophone countries.<ref name="Sonenschein">David Sonenschein, 1998. ''[[Pedophiles on Parade]]''. isbn 9780915289004, oclc 40637993, ol 11413246M</ref> Common sentiments toward pedophiles in the general population include that they should be incarcerated or murdered by [[Vigilantism\|vigilantes]], even if they have never committed any sexual offense.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal \|last=Walker \|first=Allyson \|last2=Panfil \|first2=Vanessa R. \|year=2017-03-01 \|title=[https://doi.org/10.1007/s10612-016-9342-7 Minor Attraction: A Queer Criminological Issue] \|journal=''Critical Criminology'' \|language=en \|volume=25 \|issue=1 \|pages=37–53 \|doi=10.1007/s10612-016-9342-7 \|issn=1572-9877}}</ref> Popular beliefs regarding pedophilia include the idea that pedophiles commonly engage in sexual activities with children,<ref name=":13" /> that having a sexual attraction to children is something that one [[Debate Guide: Pedophiles chose their condition\|chooses for oneself]]<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":5" /> and that pedophiles are amoral.<ref name=":5" /> People included under this category are popularly characterized as "evil", "monsters" and "fiends".<ref name="Sonenschein" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal \|last=Kohm \|first=Steven A. \|last2=Greenhill \|first2=Pauline \|year=2011 \|title=[http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1362480610388974 Pedophile crime films as popular criminology: A problem of justice?] \|journal=''Theoretical Criminology'' \|language=en \|volume=15 \|issue=2 \|pages=195–215 \|doi=10.1177/1362480610388974 \|issn=1362-4806}}</ref> This type of stigma may also be extended to other minor-related [[Chronophilia\|chronophilic]] groups, such as [[Hebephilia\|hebephiles]].<ref name=":10" />

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Effects among people attracted to minors

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	== Effects among people attracted to minors ==		== Effects among people attracted to minors ==
	:''See also [[Research: A "cure" for pedophilia?#Psychological wellbeing for MAPs\|Psychological wellbeing for MAPs]].''		:''See also [[Research: A "cure" for pedophilia?#Psychological wellbeing for MAPs\|Psychological wellbeing for MAPs]]''
	:''See also [[Pedophobia#Addressing_pedophobic_attitudes\|Addressing pedophobic attitudes]]''		:''See also [[Pedophobia#Addressing_pedophobic_attitudes\|Addressing pedophobic attitudes]]''

Thorn: /* Effects among people attracted to minors */

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Effects among people attracted to minors

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	== Effects among people attracted to minors ==		== Effects among people attracted to minors ==
	:''See also [[Research: A "cure" for pedophilia?#Psychological wellbeing for MAPs\|Psychological wellbeing for MAPs]].''		:''See also [[Research: A "cure" for pedophilia?#Psychological wellbeing for MAPs\|Psychological wellbeing for MAPs]].''
			:''See also [[Pedophobia#Addressing_pedophobic_attitudes\|Addressing pedophobic attitudes]]''

	The effects of social stigma among people sexually attracted to children include stigma-related stress, suppression of sexual thoughts, reduced well-being, internalization of the stigma, fear of being outed<ref name=":2" /> and reluctance to receive external help when needed.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":1" />		The effects of social stigma among people sexually attracted to children include stigma-related stress, suppression of sexual thoughts, reduced well-being, internalization of the stigma, fear of being outed<ref name=":2" /> and reluctance to receive external help when needed.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":1" />

Thorn: /* List of excerpts */

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List of excerpts

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	*'''Christophersen, L. & Brotto, G. (2024) [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/15248380241262286 The Effectiveness of Educational Interventions for Mental Health Professionals in Reducing Stigmatization Toward People with Pedophilia: A Meta-Analysis] ''Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 00(0)'', DOI: 10.1177/15248380241262286'''		*'''Christophersen, L. & Brotto, G. (2024) [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/15248380241262286 The Effectiveness of Educational Interventions for Mental Health Professionals in Reducing Stigmatization Toward People with Pedophilia: A Meta-Analysis] ''Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 00(0)'', DOI: 10.1177/15248380241262286'''
	::"Another study, examining mental health issues related to having a sexual interest in children, found elevated rates of addiction (13%), anxiety (18%), depression (16%), self-harm/self-hatred/suicide (30%), and various other mental disorders (23%) among people with pedophilia (Stevens & Wood, 2019)."		::"Another study, examining mental health issues related to having a sexual interest in children, found elevated rates of addiction (13%), anxiety (18%), depression (16%), self-harm/self-hatred/suicide (30%), and various other mental disorders (23%) among people with pedophilia (Stevens & Wood, 2019)."

			*'''Jahnke, S., McPhail, I.V., & Antfolk, J. (2024) [https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0312382 Stigma processes, psychological distress, and attitudes toward seeking treatment among pedohebephilic people] ''PLOS One 19 (10)'', DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0312382'''
			::"In line with expectations from the minority stress model [19] and previous research [25], internalized stigma was associated with more psychological distress. For general anticipated stigma, higher anticipated stigma was associated with less psychological distress and higher wellbeing in a SEM model. This finding hints at a potential mediating effect, as anticipated stigma might activate coping strategies to manage situations where the stigmatizing attribute might be discovered."

	== In specific countries ==		== In specific countries ==

Xtjvimds16dovrfc at 02:04, 21 January 2025

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Xtjvimds16dovrfc at 02:01, 21 January 2025

2025-01-21T02:01:25Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:04, 21 January 2025
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	*::"Notification laws, intended to empower citizen awareness and thus reduce risk for victimization, are often perceived as being unfair by sexual offenders and contribute to high percentages of offenders experiencing property damage, threats, or assault (Brannon et al. 2007; Robbers 2009)."		*::"Notification laws, intended to empower citizen awareness and thus reduce risk for victimization, are often perceived as being unfair by sexual offenders and contribute to high percentages of offenders experiencing property damage, threats, or assault (Brannon et al. 2007; Robbers 2009)."
	*::"Current policy runs contradictory to both contemporary criminological and behavioral change theories. For example, control theories focus on the importance of social bonds, and people with weak attachments to others are more likely to commit crime (Hirschi 1969)."		*::"Current policy runs contradictory to both contemporary criminological and behavioral change theories. For example, control theories focus on the importance of social bonds, and people with weak attachments to others are more likely to commit crime (Hirschi 1969)."
	*: '''It is an ethical problem:'''		:'''It is an ethical problem:'''
	*:: "While a core ethical responsibility of correctional professionals is to work to keep the community safe, which means applying necessary restrictions based on offender risk, it also appears to be both ineffective and unethical to apply more restriction than is warranted. Furthermore, many sexual offenders, regardless of their specific offenses, are often dehumanized in society. Obviously, the demonization of sexual offenders is a salient ethical issue in US sexual offender policy that deserves special attention."		*:: "While a core ethical responsibility of correctional professionals is to work to keep the community safe, which means applying necessary restrictions based on offender risk, it also appears to be both ineffective and unethical to apply more restriction than is warranted. Furthermore, many sexual offenders, regardless of their specific offenses, are often dehumanized in society. Obviously, the demonization of sexual offenders is a salient ethical issue in US sexual offender policy that deserves special attention."

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	*'''Amy L. Lawrence & Gwenda M. Willis (2021). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348580548_Understanding_and_Challenging_Stigma_Associated_With_Sexual_Interest_in_Children_A_Systematic_Review Understanding and Challenging Stigma Associated With Sexual Interest in Children: A Systematic Review], ''International Journal of Sexual Health'', 33(1):1-20.'''		*'''Amy L. Lawrence & Gwenda M. Willis (2021). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348580548_Understanding_and_Challenging_Stigma_Associated_With_Sexual_Interest_in_Children_A_Systematic_Review Understanding and Challenging Stigma Associated With Sexual Interest in Children: A Systematic Review], ''International Journal of Sexual Health'', 33(1):1-20.'''
	*: '''Attraction nonconformity is a target of stigma in itself:'''		:'''Attraction nonconformity is a target of stigma in itself:'''
	*::"Imhoff (2015), Jahnke (2018), and Imhoff and Jahnke (2018) all found that discriminatory attitudes were not only predicted by the perceived association of attraction and offending behavior, but also by the perceived choice of the sexual interest and its nonconformity. [...] [T]he attraction itself and not just its assumed criminality evokes a desire for punishment (Imhoff, 2015). These studies also indicated that higher social desirability is related to stronger discrimination. Thus, choice and social desirability as predictors of discrimination appear to have a direct relationship to the desire to conform to group norms and to punish those who deviate. Furthermore, the studies suggested that the desire to punish based upon an inherent difference correlates with deviance, fear, and (in Jahnke, Imhoff, et al., 2015) right-wing authoritarianism."		*::"Imhoff (2015), Jahnke (2018), and Imhoff and Jahnke (2018) all found that discriminatory attitudes were not only predicted by the perceived association of attraction and offending behavior, but also by the perceived choice of the sexual interest and its nonconformity. [...] [T]he attraction itself and not just its assumed criminality evokes a desire for punishment (Imhoff, 2015). These studies also indicated that higher social desirability is related to stronger discrimination. Thus, choice and social desirability as predictors of discrimination appear to have a direct relationship to the desire to conform to group norms and to punish those who deviate. Furthermore, the studies suggested that the desire to punish based upon an inherent difference correlates with deviance, fear, and (in Jahnke, Imhoff, et al., 2015) right-wing authoritarianism."
	*: '''Mental distress description:'''		:'''Mental distress description:'''
	*::"All 14 studies (see Table 2) exploring the effects of stigma identified significant mental distress was felt by individuals with sexual interest in children. Mental distress was characterized by self-reported depression, anger (at the public, themselves, and wider society), anxiety, despair, shame, grief, guilt, loneliness, isolation, and low self-esteem. Many participants spoke of despair as the most substantial challenge they faced in living with a sexual interest in children. This was described as a profound sense of loss for their future. Participants discussed grief for these losses which centered around a lack of intimacy, love, family relationships, and professional opportunities."		*::"All 14 studies (see Table 2) exploring the effects of stigma identified significant mental distress was felt by individuals with sexual interest in children. Mental distress was characterized by self-reported depression, anger (at the public, themselves, and wider society), anxiety, despair, shame, grief, guilt, loneliness, isolation, and low self-esteem. Many participants spoke of despair as the most substantial challenge they faced in living with a sexual interest in children. This was described as a profound sense of loss for their future. Participants discussed grief for these losses which centered around a lack of intimacy, love, family relationships, and professional opportunities."
	*: '''Effects of disclosure evasion:'''		:'''Effects of disclosure evasion:'''
	*::"Cohen et al. (2020) reported suicidal participants self-reported more reasons not to self-disclose compared with their non-suicidal counterparts and had higher scores on low self-esteem and social anxiety. Lievesley et al. (2020) found that higher levels of self-reported guilt and shame and lower levels of hope for the future were consistent with high levels of internalization of negative societal attitudes."		*::"Cohen et al. (2020) reported suicidal participants self-reported more reasons not to self-disclose compared with their non-suicidal counterparts and had higher scores on low self-esteem and social anxiety. Lievesley et al. (2020) found that higher levels of self-reported guilt and shame and lower levels of hope for the future were consistent with high levels of internalization of negative societal attitudes."
	*::"Several participants [...] experienced substantial fear of their sexual interests being discovered [...] This fear compelled many participants to actively evade suspicion, which negatively impacted their relationships."		*::"Several participants [...] experienced substantial fear of their sexual interests being discovered [...] This fear compelled many participants to actively evade suspicion, which negatively impacted their relationships."

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:01, 21 January 2025
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	*::"Notification laws, intended to empower citizen awareness and thus reduce risk for victimization, are often perceived as being unfair by sexual offenders and contribute to high percentages of offenders experiencing property damage, threats, or assault (Brannon et al. 2007; Robbers 2009)."		*::"Notification laws, intended to empower citizen awareness and thus reduce risk for victimization, are often perceived as being unfair by sexual offenders and contribute to high percentages of offenders experiencing property damage, threats, or assault (Brannon et al. 2007; Robbers 2009)."
	*::"Current policy runs contradictory to both contemporary criminological and behavioral change theories. For example, control theories focus on the importance of social bonds, and people with weak attachments to others are more likely to commit crime (Hirschi 1969)."		*::"Current policy runs contradictory to both contemporary criminological and behavioral change theories. For example, control theories focus on the importance of social bonds, and people with weak attachments to others are more likely to commit crime (Hirschi 1969)."
	: '''It is an ethical problem:'''		*: '''It is an ethical problem:'''
	*:: "While a core ethical responsibility of correctional professionals is to work to keep the community safe, which means applying necessary restrictions based on offender risk, it also appears to be both ineffective and unethical to apply more restriction than is warranted. Furthermore, many sexual offenders, regardless of their specific offenses, are often dehumanized in society. Obviously, the demonization of sexual offenders is a salient ethical issue in US sexual offender policy that deserves special attention."		*:: "While a core ethical responsibility of correctional professionals is to work to keep the community safe, which means applying necessary restrictions based on offender risk, it also appears to be both ineffective and unethical to apply more restriction than is warranted. Furthermore, many sexual offenders, regardless of their specific offenses, are often dehumanized in society. Obviously, the demonization of sexual offenders is a salient ethical issue in US sexual offender policy that deserves special attention."

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	*'''Amy L. Lawrence & Gwenda M. Willis (2021). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348580548_Understanding_and_Challenging_Stigma_Associated_With_Sexual_Interest_in_Children_A_Systematic_Review Understanding and Challenging Stigma Associated With Sexual Interest in Children: A Systematic Review], ''International Journal of Sexual Health'', 33(1):1-20.'''		*'''Amy L. Lawrence & Gwenda M. Willis (2021). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348580548_Understanding_and_Challenging_Stigma_Associated_With_Sexual_Interest_in_Children_A_Systematic_Review Understanding and Challenging Stigma Associated With Sexual Interest in Children: A Systematic Review], ''International Journal of Sexual Health'', 33(1):1-20.'''
	*:'''Attraction nonconformity is a target of stigma in itself:'''		*: '''Attraction nonconformity is a target of stigma in itself:'''
	*::"Imhoff (2015), Jahnke (2018), and Imhoff and Jahnke (2018) all found that discriminatory attitudes were not only predicted by the perceived association of attraction and offending behavior, but also by the perceived choice of the sexual interest and its nonconformity. [...] [T]he attraction itself and not just its assumed criminality evokes a desire for punishment (Imhoff, 2015). These studies also indicated that higher social desirability is related to stronger discrimination. Thus, choice and social desirability as predictors of discrimination appear to have a direct relationship to the desire to conform to group norms and to punish those who deviate. Furthermore, the studies suggested that the desire to punish based upon an inherent difference correlates with deviance, fear, and (in Jahnke, Imhoff, et al., 2015) right-wing authoritarianism."		*::"Imhoff (2015), Jahnke (2018), and Imhoff and Jahnke (2018) all found that discriminatory attitudes were not only predicted by the perceived association of attraction and offending behavior, but also by the perceived choice of the sexual interest and its nonconformity. [...] [T]he attraction itself and not just its assumed criminality evokes a desire for punishment (Imhoff, 2015). These studies also indicated that higher social desirability is related to stronger discrimination. Thus, choice and social desirability as predictors of discrimination appear to have a direct relationship to the desire to conform to group norms and to punish those who deviate. Furthermore, the studies suggested that the desire to punish based upon an inherent difference correlates with deviance, fear, and (in Jahnke, Imhoff, et al., 2015) right-wing authoritarianism."
	*:'''Mental distress description:'''		*: '''Mental distress description:'''
	*::"All 14 studies (see Table 2) exploring the effects of stigma identified significant mental distress was felt by individuals with sexual interest in children. Mental distress was characterized by self-reported depression, anger (at the public, themselves, and wider society), anxiety, despair, shame, grief, guilt, loneliness, isolation, and low self-esteem. Many participants spoke of despair as the most substantial challenge they faced in living with a sexual interest in children. This was described as a profound sense of loss for their future. Participants discussed grief for these losses which centered around a lack of intimacy, love, family relationships, and professional opportunities."		*::"All 14 studies (see Table 2) exploring the effects of stigma identified significant mental distress was felt by individuals with sexual interest in children. Mental distress was characterized by self-reported depression, anger (at the public, themselves, and wider society), anxiety, despair, shame, grief, guilt, loneliness, isolation, and low self-esteem. Many participants spoke of despair as the most substantial challenge they faced in living with a sexual interest in children. This was described as a profound sense of loss for their future. Participants discussed grief for these losses which centered around a lack of intimacy, love, family relationships, and professional opportunities."
	*:'''Effects of disclosure evasion:'''		*: '''Effects of disclosure evasion:'''
	*::"Cohen et al. (2020) reported suicidal participants self-reported more reasons not to self-disclose compared with their non-suicidal counterparts and had higher scores on low self-esteem and social anxiety. Lievesley et al. (2020) found that higher levels of self-reported guilt and shame and lower levels of hope for the future were consistent with high levels of internalization of negative societal attitudes."		*::"Cohen et al. (2020) reported suicidal participants self-reported more reasons not to self-disclose compared with their non-suicidal counterparts and had higher scores on low self-esteem and social anxiety. Lievesley et al. (2020) found that higher levels of self-reported guilt and shame and lower levels of hope for the future were consistent with high levels of internalization of negative societal attitudes."
	*::"Several participants [...] experienced substantial fear of their sexual interests being discovered [...] This fear compelled many participants to actively evade suspicion, which negatively impacted their relationships."		*::"Several participants [...] experienced substantial fear of their sexual interests being discovered [...] This fear compelled many participants to actively evade suspicion, which negatively impacted their relationships."