Research: The Dangers of Stigma - Revision history

Thorn: /* List of excerpts */

2026-06-20T12:02:45Z

List of excerpts

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	*'''Jahnke, S., McPhail, I.V., & Antfolk, J. (2024) [https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0312382 Stigma processes, psychological distress, and attitudes toward seeking treatment among pedohebephilic people] ''PLOS One 19 (10)'', DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0312382'''		*'''Jahnke, S., McPhail, I.V., & Antfolk, J. (2024) [https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0312382 Stigma processes, psychological distress, and attitudes toward seeking treatment among pedohebephilic people] ''PLOS One 19 (10)'', DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0312382'''
	::"In line with expectations from the minority stress model [19] and previous research [25], internalized stigma was associated with more psychological distress. For general anticipated stigma, higher anticipated stigma was associated with less psychological distress and higher wellbeing in a SEM model. This finding hints at a potential mediating effect, as anticipated stigma might activate coping strategies to manage situations where the stigmatizing attribute might be discovered."		::"In line with expectations from the minority stress model [19] and previous research [25], internalized stigma was associated with more psychological distress. For general anticipated stigma, higher anticipated stigma was associated with less psychological distress and higher wellbeing in a SEM model. This finding hints at a potential mediating effect, as anticipated stigma might activate coping strategies to manage situations where the stigmatizing attribute might be discovered."

			*'''McPhail I. V., Stephens S. (2024). [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ian-Mcphail/publication/341325940_Development_and_Initial_Validation_of_Measures_of_Internalized_Sexual_Stigma_and_Experiences_of_Discrimination_for_Minor_Attracted_People/links/5ebae6e392851c11a864e4b6/Development-and Development and initial validation of measures of internalized sexual stigma and experiences of discrimination for minor attracted people]. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 53(6), 2123–2139. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-024-02842-4'''
			::"The internalized stigma scale for minor attracted people (ISSS–MAP) factors contain items assessing fear regarding detection by others and inability to disclose one’s attractions to others (i.e., concealment; factor 1) and negative affective outcomes because of one’s minor attraction or experiencing one’s attractions as aversive and undesirable (factor 2). [...] The total and factor 2 scores were robustly associated with scores on measures of psychological distress, hopelessness, suicidality, alcohol use, maladaptive coping, and self-report mental health diagnoses. [...] This pattern of results may suggest that [...] concealing a minor attraction is protective for MAPs, as the social consequences of disclosing an attraction to minors are likely extreme"

	== In specific countries ==		== In specific countries ==

Thorn: /* Popular beliefs and attitudes */

2026-06-20T11:49:16Z

Popular beliefs and attitudes

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	== Popular beliefs and attitudes ==		== Popular beliefs and attitudes ==
	[[File:Graffiti Poznan Pedofilia.jpg\|thumb\|195x195px\|Anti-pedophile graffiti in Poland, 2011.]]		[[File:Graffiti Poznan Pedofilia.jpg\|thumb\|195x195px\|Anti-pedophile graffiti in Poland, 2011.]]
	Common stereotypes about pedophiles include the beliefs that they are [[Wikipedia:Amorality\|amoral]],<ref name=":5" /> dangerous, necessarily sadistic, and not in control of their sexual desires.<ref name=":5" /> People included in this group are also popularly characterized as "evil", "monsters" and "fiends".<ref name=":4" /><ref name="Sonenschein" />		Common stereotypes about pedophiles include the beliefs that they are [[Wikipedia:Amorality\|amoral]],<ref name=":5" /> dangerous, necessarily sadistic, and not in control of their sexual desires.<ref name=":5" /> People included in this group are also popularly characterized as "evil", "monsters" and "fiends".<ref name=":4" /><ref name="Sonenschein" /> (See research sections on [[Research:_Offender_characteristics#Antisociality, impulsivity, lack of empathy, and other personality traits of "offenders"\|personality traits of "offenders"]] and [[Research: Psychopathy and abnormal psychology\|psychopathy in pedophiles]])

	In a pair of joint studies, 14% and 28% of participants felt that it would be better if pedophiles were dead, even if they had never committed a sexual offense.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal \|last=Knack \|first=Natasha \|last2=Winder \|first2=Belinda \|last3=Murphy \|first3=Lisa \|last4=Fedoroff \|first4=J. Paul \|year=2019-02-17 \|title=[https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2018.1541872 Primary and secondary prevention of child sexual abuse] \|journal=''International Review of Psychiatry'' \|volume=31 \|issue=2 \|pages=181–194 \|doi=10.1080/09540261.2018.1541872 \|issn=0954-0261 \|pmid=30917709}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> In the same surveys, 39% and 48% of participants believed that such people should be preemptively incarcerated.<ref name=":0" /> In a 2018 study, participants considered a specific pedophilic person to be dangerous even after they were explicitly told by the researchers that the person in question has never and would never commit a sexual crime.<ref name=":3" />		In a pair of joint studies, 14% and 28% of participants felt that it would be better if pedophiles were dead, even if they had never committed a sexual offense.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal \|last=Knack \|first=Natasha \|last2=Winder \|first2=Belinda \|last3=Murphy \|first3=Lisa \|last4=Fedoroff \|first4=J. Paul \|year=2019-02-17 \|title=[https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2018.1541872 Primary and secondary prevention of child sexual abuse] \|journal=''International Review of Psychiatry'' \|volume=31 \|issue=2 \|pages=181–194 \|doi=10.1080/09540261.2018.1541872 \|issn=0954-0261 \|pmid=30917709}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> In the same surveys, 39% and 48% of participants believed that such people should be preemptively incarcerated.<ref name=":0" /> In a 2018 study, participants considered a specific pedophilic person to be dangerous even after they were explicitly told by the researchers that the person in question has never and would never commit a sexual crime.<ref name=":3" />

Jim Burton at 01:10, 11 November 2025

2025-11-11T01:10:00Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:10, 11 November 2025
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	:''This article is written in a standard style, unlike most of our research project, which takes the form of an excerpt list. This is because it derives from a censored Wikipedia article on the "Stigma of pedophilia". For some scholarly writing on vigilante hate, see [[Vigilantism]].''		:''This article is written in a standard style, unlike most of our research project, which takes the form of an excerpt list. This is because it derives from a censored Wikipedia article on the "Stigma of pedophilia". For some scholarly writing on vigilante hate, see [[Vigilantism]].''

	The '''stigma of pedophilia''' is a form of social stigma directed primarily toward [[pedophilia\|pedophiles]], i.e. people who are sexually attracted to [[Child\|prepubescent children]],<ref name=":2">Harper, Craig A., Lievesley, Rebecca, Blagden, Nicholas J. and Hocken, Kerensa (2022-02-01). [https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-021-02057-x Humanizing Pedophilia as Stigma Reduction: A Large-Scale Intervention Study]. ''[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]]'', volume 51, issue 2, pages 945–960, doi 10.1007/s10508-021-02057-x, issn 1573-2800, pmc 8888370, pmid 34716500</ref> but is also felt by other [[Minor Attracted Person\|MAPs]] and the LGBTQ+. It is often expressed in negative emotional reactions and aversions (disgust,<ref name=":5">[[Sara Jahnke\|Jahnke, Sara]] (2018). [https://econtent.hogrefe.com/doi/10.1027/1016-9040/a000325 The Stigma of Pedophilia: Clinical and Forensic Implications]. ''European Psychologist'', volume 23, issue 2, pages 144–153, doi 10.1027/1016-9040/a000325, issn 1016-9040</ref> fear, loathing, hatred, etc.), punitive beliefs and stereotyping,<ref name=":11">Harper, Craig A., Bartels, Ross M. and Hogue, Todd E., (2016). [http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1079063216681561 Reducing Stigma and Punitive Attitudes Toward Pedophiles Through Narrative Humanization] ''Sexual Abuse''. doi 10.1177/1079063216681561, issn 1079-0632</ref> sometimes termed [[Pedophobia]].		The '''stigma of pedophilia''' is a form of social stigma directed primarily toward [[pedophilia\|pedophiles]], i.e. people who are sexually attracted to [[Child\|prepubescent children]],<ref name=":2">Harper, Craig A., Lievesley, Rebecca, Blagden, Nicholas J. and Hocken, Kerensa (2022-02-01). [https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-021-02057-x Humanizing Pedophilia as Stigma Reduction: A Large-Scale Intervention Study]. ''[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]]'', volume 51, issue 2, pages 945–960, doi 10.1007/s10508-021-02057-x, issn 1573-2800, pmc 8888370, pmid 34716500</ref> but is also felt by other [[Minor Attracted Person\|MAPs]], racial minorities and the LGBTQ+. It is often expressed in negative emotional reactions and aversions (disgust,<ref name=":5">[[Sara Jahnke\|Jahnke, Sara]] (2018). [https://econtent.hogrefe.com/doi/10.1027/1016-9040/a000325 The Stigma of Pedophilia: Clinical and Forensic Implications]. ''European Psychologist'', volume 23, issue 2, pages 144–153, doi 10.1027/1016-9040/a000325, issn 1016-9040</ref> fear, loathing, hatred, etc.), punitive beliefs and stereotyping,<ref name=":11">Harper, Craig A., Bartels, Ross M. and Hogue, Todd E., (2016). [http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1079063216681561 Reducing Stigma and Punitive Attitudes Toward Pedophiles Through Narrative Humanization] ''Sexual Abuse''. doi 10.1177/1079063216681561, issn 1079-0632</ref> sometimes termed [[Pedophobia]].

	Anti-pedophile stigma is a worldwide phenomenon,<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal \|last=Heron \|first=Rebecca L. \|last2=Schwiekert \|first2=Lena \|last3=Karsten \|first3=Julie \|year=2023-01-01 \|title=[https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01384-5 Meeting a person with pedophilia: Attitudes towards pedophilia among psychology students: A pilot study] \|journal=''Current Psychology'' \|language=en \|volume=42 \|issue=2 \|pages=1022–1033 \|doi=10.1007/s12144-021-01384-5 \|issn=1936-4733}}</ref> particularly visible in western anglophone countries.<ref name="Sonenschein">David Sonenschein, 1998. ''[[Pedophiles on Parade]]''. isbn 9780915289004, oclc 40637993, ol 11413246M</ref> Common sentiments toward pedophiles in the general population include that they should be incarcerated or murdered by [[Vigilantism\|vigilantes]], even if they have never committed any sexual offense.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal \|last=Walker \|first=Allyson \|last2=Panfil \|first2=Vanessa R. \|year=2017-03-01 \|title=[https://doi.org/10.1007/s10612-016-9342-7 Minor Attraction: A Queer Criminological Issue] \|journal=''Critical Criminology'' \|language=en \|volume=25 \|issue=1 \|pages=37–53 \|doi=10.1007/s10612-016-9342-7 \|issn=1572-9877}}</ref> Popular beliefs regarding pedophilia include the idea that pedophiles commonly engage in sexual activities with children,<ref name=":13" /> that having a sexual attraction to children is something that one [[Debate Guide: Pedophiles chose their condition\|chooses for oneself]]<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":5" /> and that pedophiles are amoral.<ref name=":5" /> People included under this category are popularly characterized as "evil", "monsters" and "fiends".<ref name="Sonenschein" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal \|last=Kohm \|first=Steven A. \|last2=Greenhill \|first2=Pauline \|year=2011 \|title=[http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1362480610388974 Pedophile crime films as popular criminology: A problem of justice?] \|journal=''Theoretical Criminology'' \|language=en \|volume=15 \|issue=2 \|pages=195–215 \|doi=10.1177/1362480610388974 \|issn=1362-4806}}</ref> This type of stigma may also be extended to other minor-related [[Chronophilia\|chronophilic]] groups, such as [[Hebephilia\|hebephiles]].<ref name=":10" />		Anti-pedophile stigma is a worldwide phenomenon,<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal \|last=Heron \|first=Rebecca L. \|last2=Schwiekert \|first2=Lena \|last3=Karsten \|first3=Julie \|year=2023-01-01 \|title=[https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01384-5 Meeting a person with pedophilia: Attitudes towards pedophilia among psychology students: A pilot study] \|journal=''Current Psychology'' \|language=en \|volume=42 \|issue=2 \|pages=1022–1033 \|doi=10.1007/s12144-021-01384-5 \|issn=1936-4733}}</ref> particularly visible in western anglophone countries.<ref name="Sonenschein">David Sonenschein, 1998. ''[[Pedophiles on Parade]]''. isbn 9780915289004, oclc 40637993, ol 11413246M</ref> Common sentiments toward pedophiles in the general population include that they should be incarcerated or murdered by [[Vigilantism\|vigilantes]], even if they have never committed any sexual offense.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal \|last=Walker \|first=Allyson \|last2=Panfil \|first2=Vanessa R. \|year=2017-03-01 \|title=[https://doi.org/10.1007/s10612-016-9342-7 Minor Attraction: A Queer Criminological Issue] \|journal=''Critical Criminology'' \|language=en \|volume=25 \|issue=1 \|pages=37–53 \|doi=10.1007/s10612-016-9342-7 \|issn=1572-9877}}</ref> Popular beliefs regarding pedophilia include the idea that pedophiles commonly engage in sexual activities with children,<ref name=":13" /> that having a sexual attraction to children is something that one [[Debate Guide: Pedophiles chose their condition\|chooses for oneself]]<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":5" /> and that pedophiles are amoral.<ref name=":5" /> People included under this category are popularly characterized as "evil", "monsters" and "fiends".<ref name="Sonenschein" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal \|last=Kohm \|first=Steven A. \|last2=Greenhill \|first2=Pauline \|year=2011 \|title=[http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1362480610388974 Pedophile crime films as popular criminology: A problem of justice?] \|journal=''Theoretical Criminology'' \|language=en \|volume=15 \|issue=2 \|pages=195–215 \|doi=10.1177/1362480610388974 \|issn=1362-4806}}</ref> This type of stigma may also be extended to other minor-related [[Chronophilia\|chronophilic]] groups, such as [[Hebephilia\|hebephiles]].<ref name=":10" />

Jim Burton at 01:09, 11 November 2025

2025-11-11T01:09:20Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:09, 11 November 2025
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	:''This article is written in a standard style, unlike most of our research project, which takes the form of an excerpt list. This is because it derives from a censored Wikipedia article on the "Stigma of pedophilia". For some scholarly writing on vigilante hate, see [[Vigilantism]].''		:''This article is written in a standard style, unlike most of our research project, which takes the form of an excerpt list. This is because it derives from a censored Wikipedia article on the "Stigma of pedophilia". For some scholarly writing on vigilante hate, see [[Vigilantism]].''

	The '''stigma of pedophilia''' is a form of social stigma directed primarily toward [[pedophilia\|pedophiles]], i.e. people who are sexually attracted to [[Child\|prepubescent children]],<ref name=":2">Harper, Craig A., Lievesley, Rebecca, Blagden, Nicholas J. and Hocken, Kerensa (2022-02-01). [https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-021-02057-x Humanizing Pedophilia as Stigma Reduction: A Large-Scale Intervention Study]. ''[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]]'', volume 51, issue 2, pages 945–960, doi 10.1007/s10508-021-02057-x, issn 1573-2800, pmc 8888370, pmid 34716500</ref> but is also felt by other [[Minor Attracted Person\|MAPs]]. It is often expressed in negative emotional reactions and aversions (disgust,<ref name=":5">[[Sara Jahnke\|Jahnke, Sara]] (2018). [https://econtent.hogrefe.com/doi/10.1027/1016-9040/a000325 The Stigma of Pedophilia: Clinical and Forensic Implications]. ''European Psychologist'', volume 23, issue 2, pages 144–153, doi 10.1027/1016-9040/a000325, issn 1016-9040</ref> fear, loathing, hatred, etc.), punitive beliefs and stereotyping,<ref name=":11">Harper, Craig A., Bartels, Ross M. and Hogue, Todd E., (2016). [http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1079063216681561 Reducing Stigma and Punitive Attitudes Toward Pedophiles Through Narrative Humanization] ''Sexual Abuse''. doi 10.1177/1079063216681561, issn 1079-0632</ref> sometimes termed [[Pedophobia]].		The '''stigma of pedophilia''' is a form of social stigma directed primarily toward [[pedophilia\|pedophiles]], i.e. people who are sexually attracted to [[Child\|prepubescent children]],<ref name=":2">Harper, Craig A., Lievesley, Rebecca, Blagden, Nicholas J. and Hocken, Kerensa (2022-02-01). [https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-021-02057-x Humanizing Pedophilia as Stigma Reduction: A Large-Scale Intervention Study]. ''[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]]'', volume 51, issue 2, pages 945–960, doi 10.1007/s10508-021-02057-x, issn 1573-2800, pmc 8888370, pmid 34716500</ref> but is also felt by other [[Minor Attracted Person\|MAPs]] and the LGBTQ+. It is often expressed in negative emotional reactions and aversions (disgust,<ref name=":5">[[Sara Jahnke\|Jahnke, Sara]] (2018). [https://econtent.hogrefe.com/doi/10.1027/1016-9040/a000325 The Stigma of Pedophilia: Clinical and Forensic Implications]. ''European Psychologist'', volume 23, issue 2, pages 144–153, doi 10.1027/1016-9040/a000325, issn 1016-9040</ref> fear, loathing, hatred, etc.), punitive beliefs and stereotyping,<ref name=":11">Harper, Craig A., Bartels, Ross M. and Hogue, Todd E., (2016). [http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1079063216681561 Reducing Stigma and Punitive Attitudes Toward Pedophiles Through Narrative Humanization] ''Sexual Abuse''. doi 10.1177/1079063216681561, issn 1079-0632</ref> sometimes termed [[Pedophobia]].

	Anti-pedophile stigma is a worldwide phenomenon,<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal \|last=Heron \|first=Rebecca L. \|last2=Schwiekert \|first2=Lena \|last3=Karsten \|first3=Julie \|year=2023-01-01 \|title=[https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01384-5 Meeting a person with pedophilia: Attitudes towards pedophilia among psychology students: A pilot study] \|journal=''Current Psychology'' \|language=en \|volume=42 \|issue=2 \|pages=1022–1033 \|doi=10.1007/s12144-021-01384-5 \|issn=1936-4733}}</ref> particularly visible in western anglophone countries.<ref name="Sonenschein">David Sonenschein, 1998. ''[[Pedophiles on Parade]]''. isbn 9780915289004, oclc 40637993, ol 11413246M</ref> Common sentiments toward pedophiles in the general population include that they should be incarcerated or murdered by [[Vigilantism\|vigilantes]], even if they have never committed any sexual offense.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal \|last=Walker \|first=Allyson \|last2=Panfil \|first2=Vanessa R. \|year=2017-03-01 \|title=[https://doi.org/10.1007/s10612-016-9342-7 Minor Attraction: A Queer Criminological Issue] \|journal=''Critical Criminology'' \|language=en \|volume=25 \|issue=1 \|pages=37–53 \|doi=10.1007/s10612-016-9342-7 \|issn=1572-9877}}</ref> Popular beliefs regarding pedophilia include the idea that pedophiles commonly engage in sexual activities with children,<ref name=":13" /> that having a sexual attraction to children is something that one [[Debate Guide: Pedophiles chose their condition\|chooses for oneself]]<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":5" /> and that pedophiles are amoral.<ref name=":5" /> People included under this category are popularly characterized as "evil", "monsters" and "fiends".<ref name="Sonenschein" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal \|last=Kohm \|first=Steven A. \|last2=Greenhill \|first2=Pauline \|year=2011 \|title=[http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1362480610388974 Pedophile crime films as popular criminology: A problem of justice?] \|journal=''Theoretical Criminology'' \|language=en \|volume=15 \|issue=2 \|pages=195–215 \|doi=10.1177/1362480610388974 \|issn=1362-4806}}</ref> This type of stigma may also be extended to other minor-related [[Chronophilia\|chronophilic]] groups, such as [[Hebephilia\|hebephiles]].<ref name=":10" />		Anti-pedophile stigma is a worldwide phenomenon,<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal \|last=Heron \|first=Rebecca L. \|last2=Schwiekert \|first2=Lena \|last3=Karsten \|first3=Julie \|year=2023-01-01 \|title=[https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01384-5 Meeting a person with pedophilia: Attitudes towards pedophilia among psychology students: A pilot study] \|journal=''Current Psychology'' \|language=en \|volume=42 \|issue=2 \|pages=1022–1033 \|doi=10.1007/s12144-021-01384-5 \|issn=1936-4733}}</ref> particularly visible in western anglophone countries.<ref name="Sonenschein">David Sonenschein, 1998. ''[[Pedophiles on Parade]]''. isbn 9780915289004, oclc 40637993, ol 11413246M</ref> Common sentiments toward pedophiles in the general population include that they should be incarcerated or murdered by [[Vigilantism\|vigilantes]], even if they have never committed any sexual offense.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal \|last=Walker \|first=Allyson \|last2=Panfil \|first2=Vanessa R. \|year=2017-03-01 \|title=[https://doi.org/10.1007/s10612-016-9342-7 Minor Attraction: A Queer Criminological Issue] \|journal=''Critical Criminology'' \|language=en \|volume=25 \|issue=1 \|pages=37–53 \|doi=10.1007/s10612-016-9342-7 \|issn=1572-9877}}</ref> Popular beliefs regarding pedophilia include the idea that pedophiles commonly engage in sexual activities with children,<ref name=":13" /> that having a sexual attraction to children is something that one [[Debate Guide: Pedophiles chose their condition\|chooses for oneself]]<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":5" /> and that pedophiles are amoral.<ref name=":5" /> People included under this category are popularly characterized as "evil", "monsters" and "fiends".<ref name="Sonenschein" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal \|last=Kohm \|first=Steven A. \|last2=Greenhill \|first2=Pauline \|year=2011 \|title=[http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1362480610388974 Pedophile crime films as popular criminology: A problem of justice?] \|journal=''Theoretical Criminology'' \|language=en \|volume=15 \|issue=2 \|pages=195–215 \|doi=10.1177/1362480610388974 \|issn=1362-4806}}</ref> This type of stigma may also be extended to other minor-related [[Chronophilia\|chronophilic]] groups, such as [[Hebephilia\|hebephiles]].<ref name=":10" />

Jim Burton: /* Ineffective policy */

2025-08-03T21:26:09Z

Ineffective policy

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:26, 3 August 2025
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	*: "Convicted sex offenders, at the conclusions of their criminal trials, were deemed sufficiently in control of their behavior to be deemed responsible for their sex offending and punished. But when these same offenders max out of their criminal terms, having committed no further sex offenses, they may be found so volitionally impaired as to warrant indefinite incarceration because they are dangerous but not mentally ill. There are, I submit, no public reasons — reasons that all similarly situated citizens can agree upon — for civilly committing this special class of offenders. The arbitrariness of isolating the class of sex offenders from all other violent offenders, and subjecting only sex offenders to involuntary civil commitment is a ground for any rational, impartial citizen to bar such commitments. There is no reason to believe that other grounds for finding a person civilly committable will not one day be discerned, and any citizen may be in the class of committable persons. [...] By removing the mentally ill criterion from the legal basis for civil commitment, the Supreme Court removed one basis for finding civil commitment supportable by public reasons, because serious mental illness may be linked to dangerousness. But sex offenders are not generally mentally ill. Thus, their involuntary civil commitment is unjust."		*: "Convicted sex offenders, at the conclusions of their criminal trials, were deemed sufficiently in control of their behavior to be deemed responsible for their sex offending and punished. But when these same offenders max out of their criminal terms, having committed no further sex offenses, they may be found so volitionally impaired as to warrant indefinite incarceration because they are dangerous but not mentally ill. There are, I submit, no public reasons — reasons that all similarly situated citizens can agree upon — for civilly committing this special class of offenders. The arbitrariness of isolating the class of sex offenders from all other violent offenders, and subjecting only sex offenders to involuntary civil commitment is a ground for any rational, impartial citizen to bar such commitments. There is no reason to believe that other grounds for finding a person civilly committable will not one day be discerned, and any citizen may be in the class of committable persons. [...] By removing the mentally ill criterion from the legal basis for civil commitment, the Supreme Court removed one basis for finding civil commitment supportable by public reasons, because serious mental illness may be linked to dangerousness. But sex offenders are not generally mentally ill. Thus, their involuntary civil commitment is unjust."

	*'''[[Michael C. Baurmann\|Baurmann, M.]] (2005) "[https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1300/J056v16n02_07 Sexuality, Adolescence and the Criminal Law: The Perspective of Criminology.]" Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality 16(2/3): 71-88.'''		*'''[[Michael C. Baurmann\|Baurmann, M.]] (2005) "[https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1300/J056v16n02_07 Sexuality, Adolescence and the Criminal Law: The Perspective of Criminology.]" ''Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality'' 16(2/3): 71-88.'''
	*:'''Abstract:''' "The provisions in the German Criminal Code protecting sexual self-determination even after several penal law reforms-are still criminologically not yet coherently structured and carry some contradictions. Recent research implies that in the section of the German Criminal Code establishing sexual offences three very divergent forms of deviant behavior are lumped together in an undifferentiated way: violent offences, infractions of moral norms and commercialization of sexuality (the latter in most cases in the form of organised crime). Some offences lack empirical justification in the sense of a concept of protection, for example due to the fact that damage caused to victims is not proven. In addition the establishment of age limits turns out as a difficult task, i.e., when consensual (love) relations of adolescents and of young adults are concerned. International efforts to approximate (sexual) offences legislation carry the risk that reasoned, criminologically analysed and empirically justified regulations are sacrificed to populistic diffused mainstream-thinking."		*:'''Abstract:''' "The provisions in the German Criminal Code protecting sexual self-determination even after several penal law reforms-are still criminologically not yet coherently structured and carry some contradictions. Recent research implies that in the section of the German Criminal Code establishing sexual offences three very divergent forms of deviant behavior are lumped together in an undifferentiated way: violent offences, infractions of moral norms and commercialization of sexuality (the latter in most cases in the form of organised crime). Some offences lack empirical justification in the sense of a concept of protection, for example due to the fact that damage caused to victims is not proven. In addition the establishment of age limits turns out as a difficult task, i.e., when consensual (love) relations of adolescents and of young adults are concerned. International efforts to approximate (sexual) offences legislation carry the risk that reasoned, criminologically analysed and empirically justified regulations are sacrificed to populistic diffused mainstream-thinking."

Jim Burton: /* Ineffective policy */

2025-08-03T21:25:31Z

Ineffective policy

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	*: "Convicted sex offenders, at the conclusions of their criminal trials, were deemed sufficiently in control of their behavior to be deemed responsible for their sex offending and punished. But when these same offenders max out of their criminal terms, having committed no further sex offenses, they may be found so volitionally impaired as to warrant indefinite incarceration because they are dangerous but not mentally ill. There are, I submit, no public reasons — reasons that all similarly situated citizens can agree upon — for civilly committing this special class of offenders. The arbitrariness of isolating the class of sex offenders from all other violent offenders, and subjecting only sex offenders to involuntary civil commitment is a ground for any rational, impartial citizen to bar such commitments. There is no reason to believe that other grounds for finding a person civilly committable will not one day be discerned, and any citizen may be in the class of committable persons. [...] By removing the mentally ill criterion from the legal basis for civil commitment, the Supreme Court removed one basis for finding civil commitment supportable by public reasons, because serious mental illness may be linked to dangerousness. But sex offenders are not generally mentally ill. Thus, their involuntary civil commitment is unjust."		*: "Convicted sex offenders, at the conclusions of their criminal trials, were deemed sufficiently in control of their behavior to be deemed responsible for their sex offending and punished. But when these same offenders max out of their criminal terms, having committed no further sex offenses, they may be found so volitionally impaired as to warrant indefinite incarceration because they are dangerous but not mentally ill. There are, I submit, no public reasons — reasons that all similarly situated citizens can agree upon — for civilly committing this special class of offenders. The arbitrariness of isolating the class of sex offenders from all other violent offenders, and subjecting only sex offenders to involuntary civil commitment is a ground for any rational, impartial citizen to bar such commitments. There is no reason to believe that other grounds for finding a person civilly committable will not one day be discerned, and any citizen may be in the class of committable persons. [...] By removing the mentally ill criterion from the legal basis for civil commitment, the Supreme Court removed one basis for finding civil commitment supportable by public reasons, because serious mental illness may be linked to dangerousness. But sex offenders are not generally mentally ill. Thus, their involuntary civil commitment is unjust."

	*[[Michael C. Baurmann\|Baurmann, M.]] (2005) "[https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1300/J056v16n02_07 Sexuality, Adolescence and the Criminal Law: The Perspective of Criminology.]" Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality 16(2/3): 71-88.		*'''[[Michael C. Baurmann\|Baurmann, M.]] (2005) "[https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1300/J056v16n02_07 Sexuality, Adolescence and the Criminal Law: The Perspective of Criminology.]" Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality 16(2/3): 71-88.'''
	*:'''Abstract:''' "The provisions in the German Criminal Code protecting sexual self-determination even after several penal law reforms-are still criminologically not yet coherently structured and carry some contradictions. Recent research implies that in the section of the German Criminal Code establishing sexual offences three very divergent forms of deviant behavior are lumped together in an undifferentiated way: violent offences, infractions of moral norms and commercialization of sexuality (the latter in most cases in the form of organised crime). Some offences lack empirical justification in the sense of a concept of protection, for example due to the fact that damage caused to victims is not proven. In addition the establishment of age limits turns out as a difficult task, i.e., when consensual (love) relations of adolescents and of young adults are concerned. International efforts to approximate (sexual) offences legislation carry the risk that reasoned, criminologically analysed and empirically justified regulations are sacrificed to populistic diffused mainstream-thinking."		*:'''Abstract:''' "The provisions in the German Criminal Code protecting sexual self-determination even after several penal law reforms-are still criminologically not yet coherently structured and carry some contradictions. Recent research implies that in the section of the German Criminal Code establishing sexual offences three very divergent forms of deviant behavior are lumped together in an undifferentiated way: violent offences, infractions of moral norms and commercialization of sexuality (the latter in most cases in the form of organised crime). Some offences lack empirical justification in the sense of a concept of protection, for example due to the fact that damage caused to victims is not proven. In addition the establishment of age limits turns out as a difficult task, i.e., when consensual (love) relations of adolescents and of young adults are concerned. International efforts to approximate (sexual) offences legislation carry the risk that reasoned, criminologically analysed and empirically justified regulations are sacrificed to populistic diffused mainstream-thinking."

Jim Burton at 19:06, 21 May 2025

2025-05-21T19:06:11Z

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	:''This article is written in a standard style, unlike most of our research project, which takes the form of an excerpt list. This is because it derives from a censored Wikipedia article on the "Stigma of pedophilia". For some scholarly writing on vigilante hate, see [[Vigilantism]].''		:''This article is written in a standard style, unlike most of our research project, which takes the form of an excerpt list. This is because it derives from a censored Wikipedia article on the "Stigma of pedophilia". For some scholarly writing on vigilante hate, see [[Vigilantism]].''

	The '''stigma of pedophilia'''~~, also called [[Pedophobia]],~~ is a form of social stigma ~~or aversion~~ directed primarily toward [[pedophilia\|pedophiles]], i.e. people who are sexually attracted to [[Child\|prepubescent children]],<ref name=":2">Harper, Craig A., Lievesley, Rebecca, Blagden, Nicholas J. and Hocken, Kerensa (2022-02-01). [https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-021-02057-x Humanizing Pedophilia as Stigma Reduction: A Large-Scale Intervention Study]. ''[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]]'', volume 51, issue 2, pages 945–960, doi 10.1007/s10508-021-02057-x, issn 1573-2800, pmc 8888370, pmid 34716500</ref> but is also felt by other [[Minor Attracted Person\|MAPs]]. It ~~takes form~~ in negative emotional reactions (disgust,<ref name=":5">[[Sara Jahnke\|Jahnke, Sara]] (2018). [https://econtent.hogrefe.com/doi/10.1027/1016-9040/a000325 The Stigma of Pedophilia: Clinical and Forensic Implications]. ''European Psychologist'', volume 23, issue 2, pages 144–153, doi 10.1027/1016-9040/a000325, issn 1016-9040</ref> fear, loathing, hatred, etc.), punitive beliefs and stereotyping.<ref name=":11">Harper, Craig A., Bartels, Ross M. and Hogue, Todd E., (2016). [http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1079063216681561 Reducing Stigma and Punitive Attitudes Toward Pedophiles Through Narrative Humanization] ''Sexual Abuse''. doi 10.1177/1079063216681561, issn 1079-0632</ref>		The '''stigma of pedophilia''' is a form of social stigma directed primarily toward [[pedophilia\|pedophiles]], i.e. people who are sexually attracted to [[Child\|prepubescent children]],<ref name=":2">Harper, Craig A., Lievesley, Rebecca, Blagden, Nicholas J. and Hocken, Kerensa (2022-02-01). [https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-021-02057-x Humanizing Pedophilia as Stigma Reduction: A Large-Scale Intervention Study]. ''[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]]'', volume 51, issue 2, pages 945–960, doi 10.1007/s10508-021-02057-x, issn 1573-2800, pmc 8888370, pmid 34716500</ref> but is also felt by other [[Minor Attracted Person\|MAPs]]. It is often expressed in negative emotional reactions and aversions (disgust,<ref name=":5">[[Sara Jahnke\|Jahnke, Sara]] (2018). [https://econtent.hogrefe.com/doi/10.1027/1016-9040/a000325 The Stigma of Pedophilia: Clinical and Forensic Implications]. ''European Psychologist'', volume 23, issue 2, pages 144–153, doi 10.1027/1016-9040/a000325, issn 1016-9040</ref> fear, loathing, hatred, etc.), punitive beliefs and stereotyping,<ref name=":11">Harper, Craig A., Bartels, Ross M. and Hogue, Todd E., (2016). [http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1079063216681561 Reducing Stigma and Punitive Attitudes Toward Pedophiles Through Narrative Humanization] ''Sexual Abuse''. doi 10.1177/1079063216681561, issn 1079-0632</ref> sometimes termed [[Pedophobia]].

	Anti-pedophile stigma is a worldwide phenomenon,<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal \|last=Heron \|first=Rebecca L. \|last2=Schwiekert \|first2=Lena \|last3=Karsten \|first3=Julie \|year=2023-01-01 \|title=[https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01384-5 Meeting a person with pedophilia: Attitudes towards pedophilia among psychology students: A pilot study] \|journal=''Current Psychology'' \|language=en \|volume=42 \|issue=2 \|pages=1022–1033 \|doi=10.1007/s12144-021-01384-5 \|issn=1936-4733}}</ref> particularly visible in western anglophone countries.<ref name="Sonenschein">David Sonenschein, 1998. ''[[Pedophiles on Parade]]''. isbn 9780915289004, oclc 40637993, ol 11413246M</ref> Common sentiments toward pedophiles in the general population include that they should be incarcerated or murdered by [[Vigilantism\|vigilantes]], even if they have never committed any sexual offense.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal \|last=Walker \|first=Allyson \|last2=Panfil \|first2=Vanessa R. \|year=2017-03-01 \|title=[https://doi.org/10.1007/s10612-016-9342-7 Minor Attraction: A Queer Criminological Issue] \|journal=''Critical Criminology'' \|language=en \|volume=25 \|issue=1 \|pages=37–53 \|doi=10.1007/s10612-016-9342-7 \|issn=1572-9877}}</ref> Popular beliefs regarding pedophilia include the idea that pedophiles commonly engage in sexual activities with children,<ref name=":13" /> that having a sexual attraction to children is something that one [[Debate Guide: Pedophiles chose their condition\|chooses for oneself]]<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":5" /> and that pedophiles are amoral.<ref name=":5" /> People included under this category are popularly characterized as "evil", "monsters" and "fiends".<ref name="Sonenschein" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal \|last=Kohm \|first=Steven A. \|last2=Greenhill \|first2=Pauline \|year=2011 \|title=[http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1362480610388974 Pedophile crime films as popular criminology: A problem of justice?] \|journal=''Theoretical Criminology'' \|language=en \|volume=15 \|issue=2 \|pages=195–215 \|doi=10.1177/1362480610388974 \|issn=1362-4806}}</ref> This type of stigma may also be extended to other minor-related [[Chronophilia\|chronophilic]] groups, such as [[Hebephilia\|hebephiles]].<ref name=":10" />		Anti-pedophile stigma is a worldwide phenomenon,<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal \|last=Heron \|first=Rebecca L. \|last2=Schwiekert \|first2=Lena \|last3=Karsten \|first3=Julie \|year=2023-01-01 \|title=[https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01384-5 Meeting a person with pedophilia: Attitudes towards pedophilia among psychology students: A pilot study] \|journal=''Current Psychology'' \|language=en \|volume=42 \|issue=2 \|pages=1022–1033 \|doi=10.1007/s12144-021-01384-5 \|issn=1936-4733}}</ref> particularly visible in western anglophone countries.<ref name="Sonenschein">David Sonenschein, 1998. ''[[Pedophiles on Parade]]''. isbn 9780915289004, oclc 40637993, ol 11413246M</ref> Common sentiments toward pedophiles in the general population include that they should be incarcerated or murdered by [[Vigilantism\|vigilantes]], even if they have never committed any sexual offense.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal \|last=Walker \|first=Allyson \|last2=Panfil \|first2=Vanessa R. \|year=2017-03-01 \|title=[https://doi.org/10.1007/s10612-016-9342-7 Minor Attraction: A Queer Criminological Issue] \|journal=''Critical Criminology'' \|language=en \|volume=25 \|issue=1 \|pages=37–53 \|doi=10.1007/s10612-016-9342-7 \|issn=1572-9877}}</ref> Popular beliefs regarding pedophilia include the idea that pedophiles commonly engage in sexual activities with children,<ref name=":13" /> that having a sexual attraction to children is something that one [[Debate Guide: Pedophiles chose their condition\|chooses for oneself]]<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":5" /> and that pedophiles are amoral.<ref name=":5" /> People included under this category are popularly characterized as "evil", "monsters" and "fiends".<ref name="Sonenschein" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal \|last=Kohm \|first=Steven A. \|last2=Greenhill \|first2=Pauline \|year=2011 \|title=[http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1362480610388974 Pedophile crime films as popular criminology: A problem of justice?] \|journal=''Theoretical Criminology'' \|language=en \|volume=15 \|issue=2 \|pages=195–215 \|doi=10.1177/1362480610388974 \|issn=1362-4806}}</ref> This type of stigma may also be extended to other minor-related [[Chronophilia\|chronophilic]] groups, such as [[Hebephilia\|hebephiles]].<ref name=":10" />

Thorn: /* Effects among people attracted to minors */

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Effects among people attracted to minors

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	== Effects among people attracted to minors ==		== Effects among people attracted to minors ==
	:''See also [[Research: A "cure" for pedophilia?#Psychological wellbeing for MAPs\|Psychological wellbeing for MAPs]].''		:''See also [[Research: A "cure" for pedophilia?#Psychological wellbeing for MAPs\|Psychological wellbeing for MAPs]]''
	:''See also [[Pedophobia#Addressing_pedophobic_attitudes\|Addressing pedophobic attitudes]]''		:''See also [[Pedophobia#Addressing_pedophobic_attitudes\|Addressing pedophobic attitudes]]''

Thorn: /* Effects among people attracted to minors */

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Effects among people attracted to minors

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	== Effects among people attracted to minors ==		== Effects among people attracted to minors ==
	:''See also [[Research: A "cure" for pedophilia?#Psychological wellbeing for MAPs\|Psychological wellbeing for MAPs]].''		:''See also [[Research: A "cure" for pedophilia?#Psychological wellbeing for MAPs\|Psychological wellbeing for MAPs]].''
			:''See also [[Pedophobia#Addressing_pedophobic_attitudes\|Addressing pedophobic attitudes]]''

	The effects of social stigma among people sexually attracted to children include stigma-related stress, suppression of sexual thoughts, reduced well-being, internalization of the stigma, fear of being outed<ref name=":2" /> and reluctance to receive external help when needed.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":1" />		The effects of social stigma among people sexually attracted to children include stigma-related stress, suppression of sexual thoughts, reduced well-being, internalization of the stigma, fear of being outed<ref name=":2" /> and reluctance to receive external help when needed.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":1" />

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List of excerpts

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	*'''Christophersen, L. & Brotto, G. (2024) [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/15248380241262286 The Effectiveness of Educational Interventions for Mental Health Professionals in Reducing Stigmatization Toward People with Pedophilia: A Meta-Analysis] ''Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 00(0)'', DOI: 10.1177/15248380241262286'''		*'''Christophersen, L. & Brotto, G. (2024) [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/15248380241262286 The Effectiveness of Educational Interventions for Mental Health Professionals in Reducing Stigmatization Toward People with Pedophilia: A Meta-Analysis] ''Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 00(0)'', DOI: 10.1177/15248380241262286'''
	::"Another study, examining mental health issues related to having a sexual interest in children, found elevated rates of addiction (13%), anxiety (18%), depression (16%), self-harm/self-hatred/suicide (30%), and various other mental disorders (23%) among people with pedophilia (Stevens & Wood, 2019)."		::"Another study, examining mental health issues related to having a sexual interest in children, found elevated rates of addiction (13%), anxiety (18%), depression (16%), self-harm/self-hatred/suicide (30%), and various other mental disorders (23%) among people with pedophilia (Stevens & Wood, 2019)."

			*'''Jahnke, S., McPhail, I.V., & Antfolk, J. (2024) [https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0312382 Stigma processes, psychological distress, and attitudes toward seeking treatment among pedohebephilic people] ''PLOS One 19 (10)'', DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0312382'''
			::"In line with expectations from the minority stress model [19] and previous research [25], internalized stigma was associated with more psychological distress. For general anticipated stigma, higher anticipated stigma was associated with less psychological distress and higher wellbeing in a SEM model. This finding hints at a potential mediating effect, as anticipated stigma might activate coping strategies to manage situations where the stigmatizing attribute might be discovered."

	== In specific countries ==		== In specific countries ==