Research: The effects of pornography - Revision history

Jim Burton at 16:09, 29 September 2025

2025-09-29T16:09:21Z

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	*'''McCormack, M., & Wignall, L. (2017). [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0038038516629909 Enjoyment, Exploration and Education: Understanding the Consumption of Pornography among Young Men with Non-Exclusive Sexual Orientations.] Sociology, 51(5), 975–991.'''		*'''McCormack, M., & Wignall, L. (2017). [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0038038516629909 Enjoyment, Exploration and Education: Understanding the Consumption of Pornography among Young Men with Non-Exclusive Sexual Orientations.] Sociology, 51(5), 975–991.'''
	*:"This research has drawn on interviews with 35 young men with non-exclusive sexual orientations to examine how their consumption of pornography has influenced their lives and identities. Adopting an inductive analytic approach, our findings support the growing body of research that problematizes what we have called the negative effects paradigm (Ruddock, 2015), where studies explore the potential harms associated with pornography consumption to the exclusion of other possible outcomes. Instead, our participants consumed it as a leisure activity, and found it educational in a number of ways – supporting McKee’s (2012) contention that pornography should be viewed as a form of entertainment rather than as a potential harm. [...] In addition to a source of sexual gratification, pornography was also used to relieve boredom, bond with friends and as a source of pleasure. Importantly, our open-ended questions meant that there were numerous opportunities for social harms related to pornography to be raised – yet the only problems related to parents finding out about pornography consumption. The negative effects of pornography consumption for our participants were not related to the content of the pornography but how their parents reacted to them watching it.		*:"This research has drawn on interviews with 35 young men with non-exclusive sexual orientations to examine how their consumption of pornography has influenced their lives and identities. Adopting an inductive analytic approach, our findings support the growing body of research that problematizes what we have called the negative effects paradigm (Ruddock, 2015), where studies explore the potential harms associated with pornography consumption to the exclusion of other possible outcomes. Instead, our participants consumed it as a leisure activity, and found it educational in a number of ways – supporting McKee’s (2012) contention that pornography should be viewed as a form of entertainment rather than as a potential harm. [...] In addition to a source of sexual gratification, pornography was also used to relieve boredom, bond with friends and as a source of pleasure. Importantly, our open-ended questions meant that there were numerous opportunities for social harms related to pornography to be raised – yet the only problems related to parents finding out about pornography consumption. The negative effects of pornography consumption for our participants were not related to the content of the pornography but how their parents reacted to them watching it.
			[[File:Cyberp.png\|thumb\|1995 front page from ''Time'' Magazine. In the three decades that followed, "cyberporn" would go on to flourish relatively unmolested until calls for outright censorship resurfaced in the form of age verification and online safety regulations]]
	*'''Thornburgh, Dick; Lin, Herbert S., eds. (2002). [https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10261/youth-pornography-and-the-internet Youth, pornography and the Internet.] Washington, D.C: National Academy Press. p. 155.'''		*'''Thornburgh, Dick; Lin, Herbert S., eds. (2002). [https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10261/youth-pornography-and-the-internet Youth, pornography and the Internet.] Washington, D.C: National Academy Press. p. 155.'''
	*:"Although some literature exists on traditional forms of media (e.g., television, radio, magazines), the empirical research that examines the impact on children of exposure to non-violent sexual material is extremely limited."		*:"Although some literature exists on traditional forms of media (e.g., television, radio, magazines), the empirical research that examines the impact on children of exposure to non-violent sexual material is extremely limited."

Thorn: /* Subjective reactions */

2025-08-12T12:04:15Z

Subjective reactions

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	*:[...]		*:[...]
	*: "When we asked consumers of pornography to nominate the ‘effect’ that pornography had had on their attitudes towards sexuality, the top effect was making them more relaxed and comfortable about sex; and number eight was offering reassurance that their sexual identity (eg, for gay men) was acceptable (McKee, Albury and Lumby, 2007, p. 85)"		*: "When we asked consumers of pornography to nominate the ‘effect’ that pornography had had on their attitudes towards sexuality, the top effect was making them more relaxed and comfortable about sex; and number eight was offering reassurance that their sexual identity (eg, for gay men) was acceptable (McKee, Albury and Lumby, 2007, p. 85)"

			*'''Chronaki, D. and Buckingham, D. (2014) “[https://www.academia.edu/11604002/Saving_the_Children_Pornography_Childhood_and_the_Internet Saving the Children? Pornography, Childhood and the Internet.]” doi:10.1057/9781137281555.0021.'''
			::"Only 23% of the sample (aged 9-16) reported having seen pornography (in any medium) in the past year; and only 2% had seen anything that combined sex with violence. These figures were higher for older children: the numbers of younger children who reported having done so are very low. 14% of the sample claimed they had seen sexual content online (only slightly more than had done so offline, in other media); and only 4% (and 3% in UK) said they had seen it and been ‘bothered’ by it, with younger children in the majority here."

			::"However, what we do not know is whether and how pornography influences young people’s sexual attitudes and behaviour. Of course, it is likely that young people learn from pornography, in both positive and negative ways: they might learn false beliefs or risky behaviour, but they might also learn useful information that is not so easily available elsewhere. Yet there is very little evidence about what they learn; about the relative significance of pornography as compared with other potential sources of learning; about how long-lasting or robust such learning might be; or more generally about how people make use of the meanings they derive from pornography in attempting to understand their real-life experiences."

			::"On the contrary, we found that they were making complex judgments – for example about what is realistic and what isn’t, or indeed what they should trust and what they shouldn’t."

			::"[W]e found that children can have a variety of emotional responses to sexual content. They can find it exciting and fascinating, but they can also find it disgusting and shocking."

	== Why young people watch porn ==		== Why young people watch porn ==

Jim Burton: /* External links */

2025-08-03T21:13:31Z

External links

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	*[https://everaccountable.com/blog/effects-of-early-sexualization-on-children/ Early sexualization of children] - A conservative POV from a company which sells censorware, shows how lacking the evidence is in their corner.		*[https://everaccountable.com/blog/effects-of-early-sexualization-on-children/ Early sexualization of children] - A conservative POV from a company which sells censorware, shows how lacking the evidence is in their corner.
			*[https://bishtraining.com/does-porn-harm-young-people/ Does porn harm young people?] - Review by a sex educator.

	==References==		==References==

	[[Category:Official Encyclopedia]][[Category:Research: Victimology and other Pseudoscience]][[Category:Research into effects on Children]]		[[Category:Official Encyclopedia]][[Category:Research: Victimology and other Pseudoscience]][[Category:Research into effects on Children]]

Jim Burton: /* More recent evidence */

2025-08-03T21:03:33Z

More recent evidence

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	[[File:4749.png\|thumb\|Selection of banners found on a website associated with the parents rights movement<ref>[https://freedomforever.us/resources/#abuse Freedom Forever: Abuse Resources] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20240313072608/https://freedomforever.us/resources/#abuse Archive])</ref>]]		[[File:4749.png\|thumb\|Selection of banners found on a website associated with the parents rights movement<ref>[https://freedomforever.us/resources/#abuse Freedom Forever: Abuse Resources] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20240313072608/https://freedomforever.us/resources/#abuse Archive])</ref>]]
	This topic is considered almost impossible to study by present-day authors, at least within an experimental context. As Rory Reid, in Segal's article below notes, "universities don't want their name on the front page of a newspaper for an unethical study exposing minors to porn."		This topic is considered almost impossible to study by present-day authors, at least within an experimental context. As Rory Reid, in Segal's article below notes, "universities don't want their name on the front page of a newspaper for an unethical study exposing minors to porn."

			*'''Millwood Hargrave, Andrea and Sonia Livingstone (2009). Harm and Offence in Media Content: A Review of the Evidence. 2nd ed. Bristol: Intellect.'''
			*:"For some putative harms, the evidence is generally lacking. For example, despite widespread public concern over the exposure of children to adult or pornographic material, there remains little evidence that such exposure has harmful effects, with the notable exception of material that combines sexual and violent content."

	*'''Svedin CG, Donevan M, Bladh M, Priebe G, Fredlund C, Jonsson LS. (2023). [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35524827/ Associations between adolescents watching pornography and poor mental health in three Swedish surveys.] ''Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry.'' Sep;32(9):1765-1780. doi: 10.1007/s00787-022-01992-x.'''		*'''Svedin CG, Donevan M, Bladh M, Priebe G, Fredlund C, Jonsson LS. (2023). [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35524827/ Associations between adolescents watching pornography and poor mental health in three Swedish surveys.] ''Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry.'' Sep;32(9):1765-1780. doi: 10.1007/s00787-022-01992-x.'''

Thorn: /* More recent evidence */

2025-03-26T12:18:14Z

More recent evidence

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	*: "To explore possible links between adolescent pornography use and psychological well-being more systematically, this study focused on parallel dynamics in pornography use, self-esteem and symptoms of depression and anxiety. A sample of 775 female and 514 male Croatian high school students [...] was used for the analyses. [...] We observed no significant correspondence between growth in pornography use and changes in the two indicators of psychological well-being over time in either female or male participants. However, a significant negative association was found between female adolescents’ pornography use and psychological well-being at baseline."		*: "To explore possible links between adolescent pornography use and psychological well-being more systematically, this study focused on parallel dynamics in pornography use, self-esteem and symptoms of depression and anxiety. A sample of 775 female and 514 male Croatian high school students [...] was used for the analyses. [...] We observed no significant correspondence between growth in pornography use and changes in the two indicators of psychological well-being over time in either female or male participants. However, a significant negative association was found between female adolescents’ pornography use and psychological well-being at baseline."

	* '''~~Francis Black (2022)~~ [https://blackfrancis.substack.com/p/dont-worry-the-kids-are-alright Don’t Worry, the Kids Are Alright]'''		* '''[https://blackfrancis.substack.com/p/dont-worry-the-kids-are-alright Don’t Worry, the Kids Are Alright] (2022) Nullsci's Corner'''
	*:“When age at first exposure is modeled as a statistical variable, it explains a small portion of the variance in self-reported negative effects stemming from pornography. When it came to self-reported negative effects from pornography, [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263114528_Self-Perceived_Effects_of_Pornography_Consumption_in_a_Sample_of_Indonesian_University_Students Mulya and Hald (2014)] found age at first exposure to explain only about 1% of the variance of the self-reported negative effects from pornography. (-0.14^2=1.96%).[...] Similiarly, [https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2017-20201-001 Miller, Hald, and Kidd (2018)] found it to explain about 2% of the variance in self-reported negative effects (-0.12^2 = 1.44%)."		*:“When age at first exposure is modeled as a statistical variable, it explains a small portion of the variance in self-reported negative effects stemming from pornography. When it came to self-reported negative effects from pornography, [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263114528_Self-Perceived_Effects_of_Pornography_Consumption_in_a_Sample_of_Indonesian_University_Students Mulya and Hald (2014)] found age at first exposure to explain only about 1% of the variance of the self-reported negative effects from pornography. (-0.14^2=1.96%).[...] Similiarly, [https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2017-20201-001 Miller, Hald, and Kidd (2018)] found it to explain about 2% of the variance in self-reported negative effects (-0.12^2 = 1.44%)."

Xtjvimds16dovrfc at 03:09, 27 January 2025

2025-01-27T03:09:54Z

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	In 1969, the United States Supreme Court ruled in Stanley v. Georgia that people could view whatever they wished in the privacy of their own homes. In response, the United States Congress funded the [[Wikipedia:President's Commission on Obscenity and Pornography\|President's Commission on Obscenity and Pornography]], set up by President Lyndon B. Johnson to study the topic. The report<ref>[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001354117 President's Commission on Obscenity and Pornography (September 1970).]</ref> was firmly based in science, and recommended that all restrictions on access for ''adults'' should be lifted. It also found that there was:		In 1969, the United States Supreme Court ruled in Stanley v. Georgia that people could view whatever they wished in the privacy of their own homes. In response, the United States Congress funded the [[Wikipedia:President's Commission on Obscenity and Pornography\|President's Commission on Obscenity and Pornography]], set up by President Lyndon B. Johnson to study the topic. The report<ref>[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001354117 President's Commission on Obscenity and Pornography (September 1970).]</ref> was firmly based in science, and recommended that all restrictions on access for ''adults'' should be lifted. It also found that there was:

	<blockquote>no evidence to date that exposure to explicit sexual materials plays a significant role in the causation of delinquent or criminal behavior among youths ~~[...].~~</blockquote>		<blockquote>no evidence to date that exposure to explicit sexual materials plays a significant role in the causation of delinquent or criminal behavior among youths</blockquote>

	In events closely resembling the later [[Rind et al]] controversy, the report was widely criticized and rejected by Congress. The Senate rejected the Commission's findings and recommendations by a 60–5 vote, with 34 abstentions. President Nixon, who had succeeded Johnson in 1969, also emphatically rejected the report, and publishers William Hamling and Earl Kemp (who published an illustrated version) were sentenced to prison for "conspiracy to mail obscene material".		In events closely resembling the later [[Rind et al]] controversy, the report was widely criticized and rejected by Congress. The Senate rejected the Commission's findings and recommendations by a 60–5 vote, with 34 abstentions. President Nixon, who had succeeded Johnson in 1969, also emphatically rejected the report, and publishers William Hamling and Earl Kemp (who published an illustrated version) were sentenced to prison for "conspiracy to mail obscene material".

Xtjvimds16dovrfc at 03:06, 27 January 2025

2025-01-27T03:06:02Z

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	In 1969, the United States Supreme Court ruled in Stanley v. Georgia that people could view whatever they wished in the privacy of their own homes. In response, the United States Congress funded the [[Wikipedia:President's Commission on Obscenity and Pornography\|President's Commission on Obscenity and Pornography]], set up by President Lyndon B. Johnson to study the topic. The report<ref>[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001354117 President's Commission on Obscenity and Pornography (September 1970).]</ref> was firmly based in science, and recommended that all restrictions on access for ''adults'' should be lifted. It also found that there was:		In 1969, the United States Supreme Court ruled in Stanley v. Georgia that people could view whatever they wished in the privacy of their own homes. In response, the United States Congress funded the [[Wikipedia:President's Commission on Obscenity and Pornography\|President's Commission on Obscenity and Pornography]], set up by President Lyndon B. Johnson to study the topic. The report<ref>[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001354117 President's Commission on Obscenity and Pornography (September 1970).]</ref> was firmly based in science, and recommended that all restrictions on access for ''adults'' should be lifted. It also found that there was:

	<blockquote>		<blockquote>no evidence to date that exposure to explicit sexual materials plays a significant role in the causation of delinquent or criminal behavior among youths [...].</blockquote>
	~~''"~~no evidence to date that exposure to explicit sexual materials plays a significant role in the causation of delinquent or criminal behavior among youths ''[...]~~''"''~~.
	</blockquote>

	In events closely resembling the later [[Rind et al]] controversy, the report was widely criticized and rejected by Congress. The Senate rejected the Commission's findings and recommendations by a 60–5 vote, with 34 abstentions. President Nixon, who had succeeded Johnson in 1969, also emphatically rejected the report, and publishers William Hamling and Earl Kemp (who published an illustrated version) were sentenced to prison for "conspiracy to mail obscene material".		In events closely resembling the later [[Rind et al]] controversy, the report was widely criticized and rejected by Congress. The Senate rejected the Commission's findings and recommendations by a 60–5 vote, with 34 abstentions. President Nixon, who had succeeded Johnson in 1969, also emphatically rejected the report, and publishers William Hamling and Earl Kemp (who published an illustrated version) were sentenced to prison for "conspiracy to mail obscene material".

Xtjvimds16dovrfc at 13:11, 23 January 2025

2025-01-23T13:11:12Z

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	Many of the reports commissioned by governments and NGOs use ''correlational studies,'' which do not establish ''cause and effect'',<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10015350/ Pathmendra P, Raggatt M, Lim MS, Marino JL, Skinner SR. Exposure to Pornography and Adolescent Sexual Behavior: Systematic Review. J Med Internet Res. 2023 Feb 28;25:e43116. doi: 10.2196/43116. PMID: 36853749; PMCID: PMC10015350.]</ref> and are plagued with negative value judgments concerning "high risk behaviors" and "permissive attitudes". This lack of evidence casts doubt upon the use of imprecise and expensive internet filters by central governments, and the insistence of some governments upon [[Self-regulation of the internet\|self-regulatory]] ISP models. At the same time, ''content warnings'' are in general known to be ineffective or even counterproductive.<ref>[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/21677026231186625 Bridgland, V. M. E., Jones, P. J., & Bellet, B. W. (2023). A Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy of Trigger Warnings, Content Warnings, and Content Notes. Clinical Psychological Science, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1177/21677026231186625]. <small>''Overall, we found that warnings had no effect on affective responses to negative material or on educational outcomes. However, warnings reliably increased anticipatory affect. Findings on avoidance were mixed, suggesting either that warnings have no effect on engagement with material or that they increased engagement with negative material under specific circumstances.''</small></ref>		Many of the reports commissioned by governments and NGOs use ''correlational studies,'' which do not establish ''cause and effect'',<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10015350/ Pathmendra P, Raggatt M, Lim MS, Marino JL, Skinner SR. Exposure to Pornography and Adolescent Sexual Behavior: Systematic Review. J Med Internet Res. 2023 Feb 28;25:e43116. doi: 10.2196/43116. PMID: 36853749; PMCID: PMC10015350.]</ref> and are plagued with negative value judgments concerning "high risk behaviors" and "permissive attitudes". This lack of evidence casts doubt upon the use of imprecise and expensive internet filters by central governments, and the insistence of some governments upon [[Self-regulation of the internet\|self-regulatory]] ISP models. At the same time, ''content warnings'' are in general known to be ineffective or even counterproductive.<ref>[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/21677026231186625 Bridgland, V. M. E., Jones, P. J., & Bellet, B. W. (2023). A Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy of Trigger Warnings, Content Warnings, and Content Notes. Clinical Psychological Science, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1177/21677026231186625]. <small>''Overall, we found that warnings had no effect on affective responses to negative material or on educational outcomes. However, warnings reliably increased anticipatory affect. Findings on avoidance were mixed, suggesting either that warnings have no effect on engagement with material or that they increased engagement with negative material under specific circumstances.''</small></ref>

	[[Wikipedia:Effects of pornography on young people\|The usually biased Wikipedia]], essentially comes to the same conclusions as this article, i.e. that this field of study is characterized by a battle over ''interpretations'' of correlational data ~~between~~ moralists, advocacy scientists and rational scientists.		[[Wikipedia:Effects of pornography on young people\|The usually biased Wikipedia]], essentially comes to the same conclusions as this article, i.e. that this field of study is characterized by a battle over ''interpretations'' of correlational data among moralists, advocacy scientists, and rational scientists.

	==Politics and Pornography: Historical context==		==Politics and Pornography: Historical context==
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	In events closely resembling the later [[Rind et al]] controversy, the report was widely criticized and rejected by Congress. The Senate rejected the Commission's findings and recommendations by a 60–5 vote, with 34 abstentions. President Nixon, who had succeeded Johnson in 1969, also emphatically rejected the report, and publishers William Hamling and Earl Kemp (who published an illustrated version) were sentenced to prison for "conspiracy to mail obscene material".		In events closely resembling the later [[Rind et al]] controversy, the report was widely criticized and rejected by Congress. The Senate rejected the Commission's findings and recommendations by a 60–5 vote, with 34 abstentions. President Nixon, who had succeeded Johnson in 1969, also emphatically rejected the report, and publishers William Hamling and Earl Kemp (who published an illustrated version) were sentenced to prison for "conspiracy to mail obscene material".

	Reagan's Meese Commission (1986), said to be laden with conjecture and led by its conclusions, overturned the Commission's findings without any scientific evidence and laid the groundwork for an intensification of the [[Research: Child Pornography\|CP]] witch-hunt. Meese was published in an increasingly censorious environment; as our [[Moral panic\|timeline]] reveals, [[Wikipedia:Satanic Panic\|Satanic Panic]] was already well underway. For example. [[Patrick Califia]] notes:		Reagan's Meese Commission (1986), said to be laden with conjecture and led by its conclusions, overturned the Commission's findings without any scientific evidence and laid the groundwork for an intensification of the [[Research: Child Pornography\|CP]] witch-hunt. Meese was published in an increasingly censorious environment; as our [[Moral panic\|timeline]] reveals, [[Wikipedia:Satanic Panic\|Satanic Panic]] was already well underway. For example, [[Patrick Califia]] notes:

	<blockquote>''Highly touted "new research" that was to show a link between pornography and violent crime simply doesn't exist. The Commission hired Canadian sociologist Edna F. Einsiedel to review and summarize existing studies that might have a bearing on their findings. She reported, "No evidence currently exists that actually links fantasies with specific sexual offenses; the relationship at this point remains an inference." She also noted that pornography has been of value to some therapists who use it to treat patients. For writing this report, Einsiedel was placed under a gag order obtained by Alan Sears, and her summation does not appear in the Commission's Final Report.''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110712160549/http://cultronix.eserver.org/califia/meese/ Califia - The Obscene, Disgusting, and Vile Meese Commission Report]</ref></blockquote>		<blockquote>''Highly touted "new research" that was to show a link between pornography and violent crime simply doesn't exist. The Commission hired Canadian sociologist Edna F. Einsiedel to review and summarize existing studies that might have a bearing on their findings. She reported, "No evidence currently exists that actually links fantasies with specific sexual offenses; the relationship at this point remains an inference." She also noted that pornography has been of value to some therapists who use it to treat patients. For writing this report, Einsiedel was placed under a gag order obtained by Alan Sears, and her summation does not appear in the Commission's Final Report.''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110712160549/http://cultronix.eserver.org/califia/meese/ Califia - The Obscene, Disgusting, and Vile Meese Commission Report]</ref></blockquote>

Xtjvimds16dovrfc at 17:11, 22 January 2025

2025-01-22T17:11:03Z

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	*'''Diamond, Milton (1999). "[http://www.sexarchive.info/BIB/DIAM/effects_pornography.htm The Effects of Pornography: An International Perspective]". In: Elias, James; Bullough, Vern L.; Elias, Veronica Diehl; Brewer, Gwen; Douglas, Jeffrey J.; Jarvis, Will (eds.). ''Porn 101: Eroticism, Pornography, and the First Amendment.'''''		*'''Diamond, Milton (1999). "[http://www.sexarchive.info/BIB/DIAM/effects_pornography.htm The Effects of Pornography: An International Perspective]". In: Elias, James; Bullough, Vern L.; Elias, Veronica Diehl; Brewer, Gwen; Douglas, Jeffrey J.; Jarvis, Will (eds.). ''Porn 101: Eroticism, Pornography, and the First Amendment.'''''
	::"A last thought: I believe it part of natures' evolutionary heritage that sexually erotic scenes be part of any individual's development. Since until recent times, privacy has been a luxery only afforded to the very few and then to the very rich. Only in modern times are children expected to develop without witnessing their parents or others, and certainly animals, in sexual activities. As such a basic feature of evolution, reproduction would not be left completely to chance. Attraction of so many to pornography and other sexual themes is most likely our biological and social heritage from this fundemental aspect of life. It is only culture and politics which makes it seem unusual."		*:"A last thought: I believe it part of natures' evolutionary heritage that sexually erotic scenes be part of any individual's development. Since until recent times, privacy has been a luxery only afforded to the very few and then to the very rich. Only in modern times are children expected to develop without witnessing their parents or others, and certainly animals, in sexual activities. As such a basic feature of evolution, reproduction would not be left completely to chance. Attraction of so many to pornography and other sexual themes is most likely our biological and social heritage from this fundemental aspect of life. It is only culture and politics which makes it seem unusual."
	::"The concern that countries allowing pornography and liberal anti-obscenity laws would show increased sex crime rates due to modeling or that children or adolescents in particular would be negatively vulnerable to and receptive to such models or that society would be otherwise adversely effected is not supported by evidence."		*:"The concern that countries allowing pornography and liberal anti-obscenity laws would show increased sex crime rates due to modeling or that children or adolescents in particular would be negatively vulnerable to and receptive to such models or that society would be otherwise adversely effected is not supported by evidence."

	==Cause or Confound?==		==Cause or Confound?==

Thorn: /* More recent evidence */

2025-01-22T13:20:59Z

More recent evidence

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	*:"Most frequently, as it was found in the 1960s before the influx of sexually explicit materials into the United States, those who committed sex crimes typically had less exposure to SEM in their background than others and the offenders generally were individuals deeply religious and socially and politically conservative (Gebhard, Gagnon, Pomeroy, & Christenson, 1965). Since then, most researchers have found similarly. The upbringing of sex offenders was usually sexually repressive, often they had an overtly religious background and held rigid conservative attitudes toward sexuality (Conyers & Harvey, 1996; Dougher, 1988); their upbringing had usually been ritualistically moralistic and conservative rather than permissive. During adolescence and adulthood, sex offenders were generally found not to have used erotic or pornographic materials any more than any other groups of individuals or even less so (Goldstein & Kant, 1973, Propper, 1972). Walker (1970) reported that sex criminals were several years older than non-criminals before they first saw pictures of intercourse"		*:"Most frequently, as it was found in the 1960s before the influx of sexually explicit materials into the United States, those who committed sex crimes typically had less exposure to SEM in their background than others and the offenders generally were individuals deeply religious and socially and politically conservative (Gebhard, Gagnon, Pomeroy, & Christenson, 1965). Since then, most researchers have found similarly. The upbringing of sex offenders was usually sexually repressive, often they had an overtly religious background and held rigid conservative attitudes toward sexuality (Conyers & Harvey, 1996; Dougher, 1988); their upbringing had usually been ritualistically moralistic and conservative rather than permissive. During adolescence and adulthood, sex offenders were generally found not to have used erotic or pornographic materials any more than any other groups of individuals or even less so (Goldstein & Kant, 1973, Propper, 1972). Walker (1970) reported that sex criminals were several years older than non-criminals before they first saw pictures of intercourse"
	*:"However, there are no specific child pornography laws in Japan and SEM depicting minors are readily available and widely consumed. [...] The most dramatic decrease in sex crimes was seen when attention was focused on the number and age of rapists and victims among younger groups (Table 2). We hypothesized that the increase in pornography [in general], without age restriction and in comics, if it had any detrimental effect, would most negatively influence younger individuals. Just the opposite occurred. The number of juvenile offenders dramatically dropped every period reviewed from 1,803 perpetrators in 1972 to a low of 264 in 1995; a drop of some 85% (Table 1). The number of victims also decreased particularly among the females younger than 13 (Table 2). In 1972, 8.3% of the victims were younger than 13. In 1995 the percentage of victims younger than 13 years of age dropped to 4.0%."		*:"However, there are no specific child pornography laws in Japan and SEM depicting minors are readily available and widely consumed. [...] The most dramatic decrease in sex crimes was seen when attention was focused on the number and age of rapists and victims among younger groups (Table 2). We hypothesized that the increase in pornography [in general], without age restriction and in comics, if it had any detrimental effect, would most negatively influence younger individuals. Just the opposite occurred. The number of juvenile offenders dramatically dropped every period reviewed from 1,803 perpetrators in 1972 to a low of 264 in 1995; a drop of some 85% (Table 1). The number of victims also decreased particularly among the females younger than 13 (Table 2). In 1972, 8.3% of the victims were younger than 13. In 1995 the percentage of victims younger than 13 years of age dropped to 4.0%."

			*'''Diamond, Milton (1999). "[http://www.sexarchive.info/BIB/DIAM/effects_pornography.htm The Effects of Pornography: An International Perspective]". In: Elias, James; Bullough, Vern L.; Elias, Veronica Diehl; Brewer, Gwen; Douglas, Jeffrey J.; Jarvis, Will (eds.). ''Porn 101: Eroticism, Pornography, and the First Amendment.'''''
			::"A last thought: I believe it part of natures' evolutionary heritage that sexually erotic scenes be part of any individual's development. Since until recent times, privacy has been a luxery only afforded to the very few and then to the very rich. Only in modern times are children expected to develop without witnessing their parents or others, and certainly animals, in sexual activities. As such a basic feature of evolution, reproduction would not be left completely to chance. Attraction of so many to pornography and other sexual themes is most likely our biological and social heritage from this fundemental aspect of life. It is only culture and politics which makes it seem unusual."
			::"The concern that countries allowing pornography and liberal anti-obscenity laws would show increased sex crime rates due to modeling or that children or adolescents in particular would be negatively vulnerable to and receptive to such models or that society would be otherwise adversely effected is not supported by evidence."

	==Cause or Confound?==		==Cause or Confound?==