Safeguarding - Revision history

Jim Burton: /* Linkage with racism */

2025-07-01T22:00:30Z

Linkage with racism

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:00, 1 July 2025
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	[[File:Safeguard.png\|thumb\|Example of radical feminist/right-wing co-option]]		[[File:Safeguard.png\|thumb\|Example of radical feminist/right-wing co-option]]
	It has been suggested - particularly by writers of the critical leftist tendency and some [[Feminism\|feminists]], that the idea of "safeguarding or rescuing children" both perpetuates and ''institutionalizes'' a racist belief system, allowing legacy racism to persist in the age of "equality and diversity".<ref>[https://medium.com/out-of-the-pen-of-babes/childhood-innocence-is-an-adult-fantasy-f9b15f1f6e8e Childhood innocence is an adult fantasy - Medium]</ref> Others have pointed to examples of racism within the child protective systems of various countries.<ref>[https://academic.oup.com/bjsw/advance-article/doi/10.1093/bjsw/bcae027/7614558 A Birthmother’s Counter-Story of Racism and Oppression in Children’s Social Work: Carving an Afro-Centric Space for Sawubona in Euro-Centric Social Work Education, Practice, and the Safeguarding System (2024)], and [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0190740918303761 Black parents ask for a second look: Parenting under ‘White’ Child Protection rules in Canada (2018)]</ref> Indeed, it took until 2022, for mainstream safeguarding initiatives to recognize racism as a safeguarding issue.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/education/2022/jun/05/racism-england-schools-education-safeguarding-issue-jeffrey-boakye 2022 - Racism is beginning to be seen as an issue within child safeguarding]</ref>		It has been suggested - particularly by writers of the critical leftist tendency and some [[Feminism\|feminists]], that the idea of "safeguarding or rescuing children" both perpetuates and ''institutionalizes'' a racist belief system, allowing legacy racism to persist in the age of "equality and diversity".<ref>[https://medium.com/out-of-the-pen-of-babes/childhood-innocence-is-an-adult-fantasy-f9b15f1f6e8e Childhood innocence is an adult fantasy - Medium]</ref><ref>[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2043610616671056 Hannah Dyer cites many such examples.]</ref> Others have pointed to examples of racism within the child protective systems of various countries.<ref>[https://academic.oup.com/bjsw/advance-article/doi/10.1093/bjsw/bcae027/7614558 A Birthmother’s Counter-Story of Racism and Oppression in Children’s Social Work: Carving an Afro-Centric Space for Sawubona in Euro-Centric Social Work Education, Practice, and the Safeguarding System (2024)], and [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0190740918303761 Black parents ask for a second look: Parenting under ‘White’ Child Protection rules in Canada (2018)]</ref> Indeed, it took until 2022, for mainstream safeguarding initiatives to recognize racism as a safeguarding issue.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/education/2022/jun/05/racism-england-schools-education-safeguarding-issue-jeffrey-boakye 2022 - Racism is beginning to be seen as an issue within child safeguarding]</ref>

	The argument made is that Africans and non-white youth outside the western world are painted on the one hand as passive [[Research: Commercial and online sexual exploitation\|victims in need of saving by western NGOs]]. On the other, however, they may be presented as culpable, predatory "delinquents" within the borders of white-majority democracies where they are ''excluded'' from discourses of [[Childhood Innocence\|childhood innocence]].<ref>[https://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3464/1/Breslow_The_Theory_and_Practice_of_Childhood.pdf Jacob Breslow PhD Thesis]</ref><ref>[https://acyig.americananthro.org/neosvol13iss1sp21/nguyen/ ]</ref><ref>[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0907568218811484 Garlen, J. C. (2018). Interrogating innocence: “Childhood” as exclusionary social practice. Childhood, 090756821881148. doi:10.1177/0907568218811484]</ref> This is cited as an example of selective application, whereby child safeguarding and childhood innocence discourse is used as a "double-edged sword", cutting both ways, "for" and against non-white youth the world over, but always resulting in their criminalization or disempowerment. One term that has been used (for example, by an appointee to the UK Government's Child Safeguarding Practice Review Panel)<ref>[https://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/hmiprobation/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2022/06/Academic-Insights-Adultification-bias-within-child-protection-and-safeguarding.pdf ''Adultification bias within child protection and safeguarding'' - Jahnine Davis, 2022]</ref> is "Adultification Bias".		The argument made is that Africans and non-white youth outside the western world are painted on the one hand as passive [[Research: Commercial and online sexual exploitation\|victims in need of saving by western NGOs]]. On the other, however, they may be presented as culpable, predatory "delinquents" within the borders of white-majority democracies where they are ''excluded'' from discourses of [[Childhood Innocence\|childhood innocence]].<ref>[https://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3464/1/Breslow_The_Theory_and_Practice_of_Childhood.pdf Jacob Breslow PhD Thesis]</ref><ref>[https://acyig.americananthro.org/neosvol13iss1sp21/nguyen/ ]</ref><ref>[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0907568218811484 Garlen, J. C. (2018). Interrogating innocence: “Childhood” as exclusionary social practice. Childhood, 090756821881148. doi:10.1177/0907568218811484]</ref> This is cited as an example of selective application, whereby child safeguarding and childhood innocence discourse is used as a "double-edged sword", cutting both ways, "for" and against non-white youth the world over, but always resulting in their criminalization or disempowerment. One term that has been used (for example, by an appointee to the UK Government's Child Safeguarding Practice Review Panel)<ref>[https://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/hmiprobation/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2022/06/Academic-Insights-Adultification-bias-within-child-protection-and-safeguarding.pdf ''Adultification bias within child protection and safeguarding'' - Jahnine Davis, 2022]</ref> is "Adultification Bias".
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	<blockquote>''As we discussed above, discourses on childhood sexuality have often been used to blame its manifestation on an external and ‘deviant’ (i.e. homosexuals, prostitutes, the poor) stimulus. Historically these narratives were rarely about children themselves; rather, childhood sexuality and the desire to bring it under control was often an avenue for addressing other cultural anxieties (e.g. racial purity, affirming the institution of marriage and constructing more rigid gender boundaries).''<ref name=Egan /></blockquote>		<blockquote>''As we discussed above, discourses on childhood sexuality have often been used to blame its manifestation on an external and ‘deviant’ (i.e. homosexuals, prostitutes, the poor) stimulus. Historically these narratives were rarely about children themselves; rather, childhood sexuality and the desire to bring it under control was often an avenue for addressing other cultural anxieties (e.g. racial purity, affirming the institution of marriage and constructing more rigid gender boundaries).''<ref name=Egan /></blockquote>

	Other writers have pointed to child safeguarding and safetyism in general as the technologies of choice for states seeking to break up ~~amd~~ hollow out indigenous and black communities.		Other writers have pointed to child safeguarding and safetyism in general as the technologies of choice for states seeking to break up and hollow out indigenous and black communities.

	<blockquote>''The history of “child protection” in the United States is a litany of racist and, in some cases, openly genocidal state projects: the removal of Indigenous children from their kinship networks for abuse in the residential school system; the creation of what Dorothy Roberts calls “family policing,” through which the federal government and state governments have waged political war on the Black family by calling it child welfare; and the child separation policy practiced by US immigration officials.''<ref>[https://sadbrowngirl.substack.com/p/the-logic-of-protection The Logic of Protection - Jules Gill-Peterson.]</ref></blockquote>		<blockquote>''The history of “child protection” in the United States is a litany of racist and, in some cases, openly genocidal state projects: the removal of Indigenous children from their kinship networks for abuse in the residential school system; the creation of what Dorothy Roberts calls “family policing,” through which the federal government and state governments have waged political war on the Black family by calling it child welfare; and the child separation policy practiced by US immigration officials.''<ref>[https://sadbrowngirl.substack.com/p/the-logic-of-protection The Logic of Protection - Jules Gill-Peterson.]</ref></blockquote>

The Admins at 12:28, 9 August 2024

2024-08-09T12:28:17Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:28, 9 August 2024
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	[[File:Safeguard.png\|thumb\|Example of radical feminist/right-wing co-option]]		[[File:Safeguard.png\|thumb\|Example of radical feminist/right-wing co-option]]
	It has been suggested - particularly by ~~left-wing,~~ critical ~~theory~~ and [[Feminism\|~~feminist~~]] ~~writers~~, that the idea of "safeguarding or rescuing children" both perpetuates and ''institutionalizes'' a racist belief system, allowing legacy racism to persist in the age of "equality and diversity".<ref>[https://medium.com/out-of-the-pen-of-babes/childhood-innocence-is-an-adult-fantasy-f9b15f1f6e8e Childhood innocence is an adult fantasy - Medium]</ref> Others have pointed to examples of racism within the child protective systems of various countries.<ref>[https://academic.oup.com/bjsw/advance-article/doi/10.1093/bjsw/bcae027/7614558 A Birthmother’s Counter-Story of Racism and Oppression in Children’s Social Work: Carving an Afro-Centric Space for Sawubona in Euro-Centric Social Work Education, Practice, and the Safeguarding System (2024)], and [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0190740918303761 Black parents ask for a second look: Parenting under ‘White’ Child Protection rules in Canada (2018)]</ref> Indeed, it took until 2022, for mainstream safeguarding initiatives to recognize racism as a safeguarding issue.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/education/2022/jun/05/racism-england-schools-education-safeguarding-issue-jeffrey-boakye 2022 - Racism is beginning to be seen as an issue within child safeguarding]</ref>		It has been suggested - particularly by writers of the critical leftist tendency and some [[Feminism\|feminists]], that the idea of "safeguarding or rescuing children" both perpetuates and ''institutionalizes'' a racist belief system, allowing legacy racism to persist in the age of "equality and diversity".<ref>[https://medium.com/out-of-the-pen-of-babes/childhood-innocence-is-an-adult-fantasy-f9b15f1f6e8e Childhood innocence is an adult fantasy - Medium]</ref> Others have pointed to examples of racism within the child protective systems of various countries.<ref>[https://academic.oup.com/bjsw/advance-article/doi/10.1093/bjsw/bcae027/7614558 A Birthmother’s Counter-Story of Racism and Oppression in Children’s Social Work: Carving an Afro-Centric Space for Sawubona in Euro-Centric Social Work Education, Practice, and the Safeguarding System (2024)], and [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0190740918303761 Black parents ask for a second look: Parenting under ‘White’ Child Protection rules in Canada (2018)]</ref> Indeed, it took until 2022, for mainstream safeguarding initiatives to recognize racism as a safeguarding issue.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/education/2022/jun/05/racism-england-schools-education-safeguarding-issue-jeffrey-boakye 2022 - Racism is beginning to be seen as an issue within child safeguarding]</ref>

	The argument made is that Africans and non-white youth outside the western world are painted on the one hand as passive [[Research: Commercial and online sexual exploitation\|victims in need of saving by western NGOs]]. On the other, however, they may be presented as culpable, predatory "delinquents" within the borders of white-majority democracies where they are ''excluded'' from discourses of [[Childhood Innocence\|childhood innocence]].<ref>[https://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3464/1/Breslow_The_Theory_and_Practice_of_Childhood.pdf Jacob Breslow PhD Thesis]</ref><ref>[https://acyig.americananthro.org/neosvol13iss1sp21/nguyen/ ]</ref><ref>[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0907568218811484 Garlen, J. C. (2018). Interrogating innocence: “Childhood” as exclusionary social practice. Childhood, 090756821881148. doi:10.1177/0907568218811484]</ref> This is cited as an example of selective application, whereby child safeguarding and childhood innocence discourse is used as a "double-edged sword", cutting both ways, "for" and against non-white youth the world over, but always resulting in their criminalization or disempowerment. One term that has been used (for example, by an appointee to the UK Government's Child Safeguarding Practice Review Panel)<ref>[https://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/hmiprobation/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2022/06/Academic-Insights-Adultification-bias-within-child-protection-and-safeguarding.pdf ''Adultification bias within child protection and safeguarding'' - Jahnine Davis, 2022]</ref> is "Adultification Bias".		The argument made is that Africans and non-white youth outside the western world are painted on the one hand as passive [[Research: Commercial and online sexual exploitation\|victims in need of saving by western NGOs]]. On the other, however, they may be presented as culpable, predatory "delinquents" within the borders of white-majority democracies where they are ''excluded'' from discourses of [[Childhood Innocence\|childhood innocence]].<ref>[https://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3464/1/Breslow_The_Theory_and_Practice_of_Childhood.pdf Jacob Breslow PhD Thesis]</ref><ref>[https://acyig.americananthro.org/neosvol13iss1sp21/nguyen/ ]</ref><ref>[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0907568218811484 Garlen, J. C. (2018). Interrogating innocence: “Childhood” as exclusionary social practice. Childhood, 090756821881148. doi:10.1177/0907568218811484]</ref> This is cited as an example of selective application, whereby child safeguarding and childhood innocence discourse is used as a "double-edged sword", cutting both ways, "for" and against non-white youth the world over, but always resulting in their criminalization or disempowerment. One term that has been used (for example, by an appointee to the UK Government's Child Safeguarding Practice Review Panel)<ref>[https://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/hmiprobation/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2022/06/Academic-Insights-Adultification-bias-within-child-protection-and-safeguarding.pdf ''Adultification bias within child protection and safeguarding'' - Jahnine Davis, 2022]</ref> is "Adultification Bias".

	The popularization of the innocent girl-child archetype can be traced back to concerns about "[[Moral panic\|white slavery]]" in the mid-late 1800s. Further, the later reformists and [[Wikipedia:Social hygiene movement\|Social Hygiene]]/[[Wikipedia:Social purity movement\|Purity]] advocates associated with the problematization of girlhood and the resulting legal changes, were also linked with the [[Wikipedia:Racial hygiene\|Racial Hygiene]] and [[Wikipedia:Eugenics\|Eugenics]] movements, for example, the [[Wikipedia:Racial Hygiene Association of New South Wales\|Racial Hygiene Association of New South Wales]].<ref name=Egan>[https://sci-hub.se/10.1080/10304310902842975 Egan, R. D., & Hawkes, G. (2009). The problem with protection: Or, why we need to move towards recognition and the sexual agency of children. Continuum, 23(3), 389–400.]</ref> In the 1970s, ''white slavery'' was even redeployed by child protection advocates in order to frame black adult males as the captors and exploiters of America's girls.<ref>[https://scholarworks.smith.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1013&context=swg_facpubs Racialized Rescue Narratives in Public Discourses on Youth Prostitution and Sex Trafficking in the United States - Carrie N. Baker]</ref>		The popularization of the innocent girl-child archetype can be traced back to concerns about "[[Moral panic\|white slavery]]" in the mid-late 1800s. Further, the later reformists and [[Wikipedia:Social hygiene movement\|Social Hygiene]]/[[Wikipedia:Social purity movement\|Purity]] advocates associated with the problematization of girlhood and the resulting legal changes, were also linked with the [[Wikipedia:Racial hygiene\|Racial Hygiene]] and [[Wikipedia:Eugenics\|Eugenics]] movements, for example, the [[Wikipedia:Racial Hygiene Association of New South Wales\|Racial Hygiene Association of New South Wales]].<ref name=Egan>[https://sci-hub.se/10.1080/10304310902842975 Egan, R. D., & Hawkes, G. (2009). The problem with protection: Or, why we need to move towards recognition and the sexual agency of children. Continuum, 23(3), 389–400.]</ref> In the 1970s, ''white slavery'' was even redeployed by child protection advocates in order to frame black adult males as the captors and exploiters of America's girls.<ref>[https://scholarworks.smith.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1013&context=swg_facpubs Racialized Rescue Narratives in Public Discourses on Youth Prostitution and Sex Trafficking in the United States - Carrie N. Baker]</ref> [[Wikipedia:Mann_Act#Legal_application\|Early laws]] used against underage sex were also used to police and prosecute interracial relations.

	Nowadays, it could be said, the sanitized cultural archetype of the [[Childhood Innocence\|sexually innocent child]] is a proxy for the fragile, coveted historical ''institution'' of white female purity - girls as the "property" or "treasure" of a "nation, race and people" that is at risk of being plundered by the dark-skinned incomers. Safeguarding doxa (desexualization and containment of minors) is thus perpetuated in order to protect this deeply ingrained nationalistic imagery and to excuse sometimes violent, criminal and unconstitutional actions by governments:		Nowadays, it could be said, the sanitized cultural archetype of the [[Childhood Innocence\|sexually innocent child]] is a proxy for the fragile, coveted historical ''institution'' of white female purity - girls as the "property" or "treasure" of a "nation, race and people" that is at risk of being plundered by the dark-skinned incomers. Safeguarding doxa (desexualization and containment of minors) is thus perpetuated in order to protect this deeply ingrained nationalistic imagery and to excuse sometimes violent, criminal and unconstitutional actions by governments:

The Admins at 22:50, 18 April 2024

2024-04-18T22:50:07Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:50, 18 April 2024
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	Other writers have pointed to child safeguarding and safetyism in general as the technologies of choice for states seeking to break up amd hollow out indigenous and black communities.		Other writers have pointed to child safeguarding and safetyism in general as the technologies of choice for states seeking to break up amd hollow out indigenous and black communities.

	<blockquote>''The history of “child protection” in the United States is a litany of racist and, in some cases, openly genocidal state projects: the removal of Indigenous children from their kinship networks for abuse in the residential school system; the creation of what Dorothy Roberts calls “family policing,” through which the federal government and state governments have waged political war on the Black family by calling it child welfare; and the child separation policy practiced by US immigration officials.''<ref>[https://sadbrowngirl.substack.com/p/the-logic-of-protection The Logic of Protection - Jules Gill-Peterson.]</ref></blockquote?		<blockquote>''The history of “child protection” in the United States is a litany of racist and, in some cases, openly genocidal state projects: the removal of Indigenous children from their kinship networks for abuse in the residential school system; the creation of what Dorothy Roberts calls “family policing,” through which the federal government and state governments have waged political war on the Black family by calling it child welfare; and the child separation policy practiced by US immigration officials.''<ref>[https://sadbrowngirl.substack.com/p/the-logic-of-protection The Logic of Protection - Jules Gill-Peterson.]</ref></blockquote>

	===Conservative rebuttals and counter-rebuttals===		===Conservative rebuttals and counter-rebuttals===

The Admins at 22:49, 18 April 2024

2024-04-18T22:49:46Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:49, 18 April 2024
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	<blockquote>''As we discussed above, discourses on childhood sexuality have often been used to blame its manifestation on an external and ‘deviant’ (i.e. homosexuals, prostitutes, the poor) stimulus. Historically these narratives were rarely about children themselves; rather, childhood sexuality and the desire to bring it under control was often an avenue for addressing other cultural anxieties (e.g. racial purity, affirming the institution of marriage and constructing more rigid gender boundaries).''<ref name=Egan /></blockquote>		<blockquote>''As we discussed above, discourses on childhood sexuality have often been used to blame its manifestation on an external and ‘deviant’ (i.e. homosexuals, prostitutes, the poor) stimulus. Historically these narratives were rarely about children themselves; rather, childhood sexuality and the desire to bring it under control was often an avenue for addressing other cultural anxieties (e.g. racial purity, affirming the institution of marriage and constructing more rigid gender boundaries).''<ref name=Egan /></blockquote>

			Other writers have pointed to child safeguarding and safetyism in general as the technologies of choice for states seeking to break up amd hollow out indigenous and black communities.

			<blockquote>''The history of “child protection” in the United States is a litany of racist and, in some cases, openly genocidal state projects: the removal of Indigenous children from their kinship networks for abuse in the residential school system; the creation of what Dorothy Roberts calls “family policing,” through which the federal government and state governments have waged political war on the Black family by calling it child welfare; and the child separation policy practiced by US immigration officials.''<ref>[https://sadbrowngirl.substack.com/p/the-logic-of-protection The Logic of Protection - Jules Gill-Peterson.]</ref></blockquote?

	===Conservative rebuttals and counter-rebuttals===		===Conservative rebuttals and counter-rebuttals===

The Admins: /* Linkage with racism */

2024-04-12T15:34:36Z

Linkage with racism

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:34, 12 April 2024
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	[[File:Safeguard.png\|thumb\|Example of radical feminist/right-wing co-option]]		[[File:Safeguard.png\|thumb\|Example of radical feminist/right-wing co-option]]
	It has been suggested - particularly by left-wing, critical theory and [[Feminism\|feminist]] writers, that the idea of "safeguarding or rescuing children" both perpetuates and ''institutionalizes'' a racist belief system, allowing legacy racism to persist in the age of "equality and diversity".<ref>[https://medium.com/out-of-the-pen-of-babes/childhood-innocence-is-an-adult-fantasy-f9b15f1f6e8e Childhood innocence is an adult fantasy - Medium]</ref> ~~Other~~ have pointed to examples of racism within the child protective systems of various countries.<ref>[https://academic.oup.com/bjsw/advance-article/doi/10.1093/bjsw/bcae027/7614558 A Birthmother’s Counter-Story of Racism and Oppression in Children’s Social Work: Carving an Afro-Centric Space for Sawubona in Euro-Centric Social Work Education, Practice, and the Safeguarding System (2024)], and [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0190740918303761 Black parents ask for a second look: Parenting under ‘White’ Child Protection rules in Canada (2018)]</ref> Indeed, it took until 2022, for mainstream safeguarding initiatives to recognize racism as a safeguarding issue.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/education/2022/jun/05/racism-england-schools-education-safeguarding-issue-jeffrey-boakye 2022 - Racism is beginning to be seen as an issue within child safeguarding]</ref>		It has been suggested - particularly by left-wing, critical theory and [[Feminism\|feminist]] writers, that the idea of "safeguarding or rescuing children" both perpetuates and ''institutionalizes'' a racist belief system, allowing legacy racism to persist in the age of "equality and diversity".<ref>[https://medium.com/out-of-the-pen-of-babes/childhood-innocence-is-an-adult-fantasy-f9b15f1f6e8e Childhood innocence is an adult fantasy - Medium]</ref> Others have pointed to examples of racism within the child protective systems of various countries.<ref>[https://academic.oup.com/bjsw/advance-article/doi/10.1093/bjsw/bcae027/7614558 A Birthmother’s Counter-Story of Racism and Oppression in Children’s Social Work: Carving an Afro-Centric Space for Sawubona in Euro-Centric Social Work Education, Practice, and the Safeguarding System (2024)], and [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0190740918303761 Black parents ask for a second look: Parenting under ‘White’ Child Protection rules in Canada (2018)]</ref> Indeed, it took until 2022, for mainstream safeguarding initiatives to recognize racism as a safeguarding issue.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/education/2022/jun/05/racism-england-schools-education-safeguarding-issue-jeffrey-boakye 2022 - Racism is beginning to be seen as an issue within child safeguarding]</ref>

	The argument made is that Africans and non-white youth outside the western world are painted on the one hand as passive [[Research: Commercial and online sexual exploitation\|victims in need of saving by western NGOs]]. On the other, however, they may be presented as culpable, predatory "delinquents" within the borders of white-majority democracies where they are ''excluded'' from discourses of [[Childhood Innocence\|childhood innocence]].<ref>[https://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3464/1/Breslow_The_Theory_and_Practice_of_Childhood.pdf Jacob Breslow PhD Thesis]</ref><ref>[https://acyig.americananthro.org/neosvol13iss1sp21/nguyen/ ]</ref><ref>[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0907568218811484 Garlen, J. C. (2018). Interrogating innocence: “Childhood” as exclusionary social practice. Childhood, 090756821881148. doi:10.1177/0907568218811484]</ref> This is cited as an example of selective application, whereby child safeguarding and childhood innocence discourse is used as a "double-edged sword", cutting both ways, "for" and against non-white youth the world over, but always resulting in their criminalization or disempowerment. One term that has been used (for example, by an appointee to the UK Government's Child Safeguarding Practice Review Panel)<ref>[https://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/hmiprobation/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2022/06/Academic-Insights-Adultification-bias-within-child-protection-and-safeguarding.pdf ''Adultification bias within child protection and safeguarding'' - Jahnine Davis, 2022]</ref> is "Adultification Bias".		The argument made is that Africans and non-white youth outside the western world are painted on the one hand as passive [[Research: Commercial and online sexual exploitation\|victims in need of saving by western NGOs]]. On the other, however, they may be presented as culpable, predatory "delinquents" within the borders of white-majority democracies where they are ''excluded'' from discourses of [[Childhood Innocence\|childhood innocence]].<ref>[https://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3464/1/Breslow_The_Theory_and_Practice_of_Childhood.pdf Jacob Breslow PhD Thesis]</ref><ref>[https://acyig.americananthro.org/neosvol13iss1sp21/nguyen/ ]</ref><ref>[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0907568218811484 Garlen, J. C. (2018). Interrogating innocence: “Childhood” as exclusionary social practice. Childhood, 090756821881148. doi:10.1177/0907568218811484]</ref> This is cited as an example of selective application, whereby child safeguarding and childhood innocence discourse is used as a "double-edged sword", cutting both ways, "for" and against non-white youth the world over, but always resulting in their criminalization or disempowerment. One term that has been used (for example, by an appointee to the UK Government's Child Safeguarding Practice Review Panel)<ref>[https://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/hmiprobation/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2022/06/Academic-Insights-Adultification-bias-within-child-protection-and-safeguarding.pdf ''Adultification bias within child protection and safeguarding'' - Jahnine Davis, 2022]</ref> is "Adultification Bias".

The Admins: /* Linkage with racism */

2024-04-12T15:34:21Z

Linkage with racism

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:34, 12 April 2024
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	[[File:Safeguard.png\|thumb\|Example of radical feminist/right-wing co-option]]		[[File:Safeguard.png\|thumb\|Example of radical feminist/right-wing co-option]]
	It has been suggested - particularly by left-wing, critical theory and [[Feminism\|feminist]] writers, that the idea of "safeguarding or rescuing children" both perpetuates and ''institutionalizes'' a racist belief system, allowing legacy racism to persist in the age of "equality and diversity".<ref>[https://medium.com/out-of-the-pen-of-babes/childhood-innocence-is-an-adult-fantasy-f9b15f1f6e8e Childhood innocence is an adult fantasy - Medium]</ref> Indeed, it took until 2022, for mainstream safeguarding initiatives to recognize racism as a safeguarding issue.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/education/2022/jun/05/racism-england-schools-education-safeguarding-issue-jeffrey-boakye 2022 - Racism is beginning to be seen as an issue within child safeguarding]</ref>		It has been suggested - particularly by left-wing, critical theory and [[Feminism\|feminist]] writers, that the idea of "safeguarding or rescuing children" both perpetuates and ''institutionalizes'' a racist belief system, allowing legacy racism to persist in the age of "equality and diversity".<ref>[https://medium.com/out-of-the-pen-of-babes/childhood-innocence-is-an-adult-fantasy-f9b15f1f6e8e Childhood innocence is an adult fantasy - Medium]</ref> Other have pointed to examples of racism within the child protective systems of various countries.<ref>[https://academic.oup.com/bjsw/advance-article/doi/10.1093/bjsw/bcae027/7614558 A Birthmother’s Counter-Story of Racism and Oppression in Children’s Social Work: Carving an Afro-Centric Space for Sawubona in Euro-Centric Social Work Education, Practice, and the Safeguarding System (2024)], and [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0190740918303761 Black parents ask for a second look: Parenting under ‘White’ Child Protection rules in Canada (2018)]</ref> Indeed, it took until 2022, for mainstream safeguarding initiatives to recognize racism as a safeguarding issue.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/education/2022/jun/05/racism-england-schools-education-safeguarding-issue-jeffrey-boakye 2022 - Racism is beginning to be seen as an issue within child safeguarding]</ref>

	The argument made is that Africans and non-white youth outside the western world are painted on the one hand as passive [[Research: Commercial and online sexual exploitation\|victims in need of saving by western NGOs]]. On the other, however, they may be presented as culpable, predatory "delinquents" within the borders of white-majority democracies where they are ''excluded'' from discourses of [[Childhood Innocence\|childhood innocence]].<ref>[https://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3464/1/Breslow_The_Theory_and_Practice_of_Childhood.pdf Jacob Breslow PhD Thesis]</ref><ref>[https://acyig.americananthro.org/neosvol13iss1sp21/nguyen/ ]</ref><ref>[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0907568218811484 Garlen, J. C. (2018). Interrogating innocence: “Childhood” as exclusionary social practice. Childhood, 090756821881148. doi:10.1177/0907568218811484]</ref> This is cited as an example of selective application, whereby child safeguarding and childhood innocence discourse is used as a "double-edged sword", cutting both ways, "for" and against non-white youth the world over, but always resulting in their criminalization or disempowerment.		The argument made is that Africans and non-white youth outside the western world are painted on the one hand as passive [[Research: Commercial and online sexual exploitation\|victims in need of saving by western NGOs]]. On the other, however, they may be presented as culpable, predatory "delinquents" within the borders of white-majority democracies where they are ''excluded'' from discourses of [[Childhood Innocence\|childhood innocence]].<ref>[https://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3464/1/Breslow_The_Theory_and_Practice_of_Childhood.pdf Jacob Breslow PhD Thesis]</ref><ref>[https://acyig.americananthro.org/neosvol13iss1sp21/nguyen/ ]</ref><ref>[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0907568218811484 Garlen, J. C. (2018). Interrogating innocence: “Childhood” as exclusionary social practice. Childhood, 090756821881148. doi:10.1177/0907568218811484]</ref> This is cited as an example of selective application, whereby child safeguarding and childhood innocence discourse is used as a "double-edged sword", cutting both ways, "for" and against non-white youth the world over, but always resulting in their criminalization or disempowerment. One term that has been used (for example, by an appointee to the UK Government's Child Safeguarding Practice Review Panel)<ref>[https://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/hmiprobation/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2022/06/Academic-Insights-Adultification-bias-within-child-protection-and-safeguarding.pdf ''Adultification bias within child protection and safeguarding'' - Jahnine Davis, 2022]</ref> is "Adultification Bias".

	The popularization of the innocent girl-child archetype can be traced back to concerns about "[[Moral panic\|white slavery]]" in the mid-late 1800s. Further, the later reformists and [[Wikipedia:Social hygiene movement\|Social Hygiene]]/[[Wikipedia:Social purity movement\|Purity]] advocates associated with the problematization of girlhood and the resulting legal changes, were also linked with the [[Wikipedia:Racial hygiene\|Racial Hygiene]] and [[Wikipedia:Eugenics\|Eugenics]] movements, for example, the [[Wikipedia:Racial Hygiene Association of New South Wales\|Racial Hygiene Association of New South Wales]].<ref name=Egan>[https://sci-hub.se/10.1080/10304310902842975 Egan, R. D., & Hawkes, G. (2009). The problem with protection: Or, why we need to move towards recognition and the sexual agency of children. Continuum, 23(3), 389–400.]</ref> In the 1970s, ''white slavery'' was even redeployed by child protection advocates in order to frame black adult males as the captors and exploiters of America's girls.<ref>[https://scholarworks.smith.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1013&context=swg_facpubs Racialized Rescue Narratives in Public Discourses on Youth Prostitution and Sex Trafficking in the United States - Carrie N. Baker]</ref>		The popularization of the innocent girl-child archetype can be traced back to concerns about "[[Moral panic\|white slavery]]" in the mid-late 1800s. Further, the later reformists and [[Wikipedia:Social hygiene movement\|Social Hygiene]]/[[Wikipedia:Social purity movement\|Purity]] advocates associated with the problematization of girlhood and the resulting legal changes, were also linked with the [[Wikipedia:Racial hygiene\|Racial Hygiene]] and [[Wikipedia:Eugenics\|Eugenics]] movements, for example, the [[Wikipedia:Racial Hygiene Association of New South Wales\|Racial Hygiene Association of New South Wales]].<ref name=Egan>[https://sci-hub.se/10.1080/10304310902842975 Egan, R. D., & Hawkes, G. (2009). The problem with protection: Or, why we need to move towards recognition and the sexual agency of children. Continuum, 23(3), 389–400.]</ref> In the 1970s, ''white slavery'' was even redeployed by child protection advocates in order to frame black adult males as the captors and exploiters of America's girls.<ref>[https://scholarworks.smith.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1013&context=swg_facpubs Racialized Rescue Narratives in Public Discourses on Youth Prostitution and Sex Trafficking in the United States - Carrie N. Baker]</ref>

The Admins: /* Linkage with racism */

2024-03-15T23:16:32Z

Linkage with racism

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:16, 15 March 2024
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	It has been suggested - particularly by left-wing, critical theory and [[Feminism\|feminist]] writers, that the idea of "safeguarding or rescuing children" both perpetuates and ''institutionalizes'' a racist belief system, allowing legacy racism to persist in the age of "equality and diversity".<ref>[https://medium.com/out-of-the-pen-of-babes/childhood-innocence-is-an-adult-fantasy-f9b15f1f6e8e Childhood innocence is an adult fantasy - Medium]</ref> Indeed, it took until 2022, for mainstream safeguarding initiatives to recognize racism as a safeguarding issue.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/education/2022/jun/05/racism-england-schools-education-safeguarding-issue-jeffrey-boakye 2022 - Racism is beginning to be seen as an issue within child safeguarding]</ref>		It has been suggested - particularly by left-wing, critical theory and [[Feminism\|feminist]] writers, that the idea of "safeguarding or rescuing children" both perpetuates and ''institutionalizes'' a racist belief system, allowing legacy racism to persist in the age of "equality and diversity".<ref>[https://medium.com/out-of-the-pen-of-babes/childhood-innocence-is-an-adult-fantasy-f9b15f1f6e8e Childhood innocence is an adult fantasy - Medium]</ref> Indeed, it took until 2022, for mainstream safeguarding initiatives to recognize racism as a safeguarding issue.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/education/2022/jun/05/racism-england-schools-education-safeguarding-issue-jeffrey-boakye 2022 - Racism is beginning to be seen as an issue within child safeguarding]</ref>

	The argument made is that Africans and non-white youth outside the western world are painted on the one hand as passive [[Research: Commercial and online sexual exploitation\|victims in need of saving by western NGOs]]. On the other, however, they may be presented as culpable, predatory "delinquents" within the borders of white-majority democracies where they are ''excluded'' from discourses of [[Childhood Innocence\|childhood innocence]].<ref>[https://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3464/1/Breslow_The_Theory_and_Practice_of_Childhood.pdf Jacob Breslow PhD Thesis]</ref><ref>[https://acyig.americananthro.org/neosvol13iss1sp21/nguyen/ ]</ref> This is cited as an example of selective application, whereby child safeguarding and childhood innocence discourse is used as a "double-edged sword", cutting both ways, "for" and against non-white youth the world over, but always resulting in their criminalization or disempowerment.		The argument made is that Africans and non-white youth outside the western world are painted on the one hand as passive [[Research: Commercial and online sexual exploitation\|victims in need of saving by western NGOs]]. On the other, however, they may be presented as culpable, predatory "delinquents" within the borders of white-majority democracies where they are ''excluded'' from discourses of [[Childhood Innocence\|childhood innocence]].<ref>[https://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3464/1/Breslow_The_Theory_and_Practice_of_Childhood.pdf Jacob Breslow PhD Thesis]</ref><ref>[https://acyig.americananthro.org/neosvol13iss1sp21/nguyen/ ]</ref><ref>[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0907568218811484 Garlen, J. C. (2018). Interrogating innocence: “Childhood” as exclusionary social practice. Childhood, 090756821881148. doi:10.1177/0907568218811484]</ref> This is cited as an example of selective application, whereby child safeguarding and childhood innocence discourse is used as a "double-edged sword", cutting both ways, "for" and against non-white youth the world over, but always resulting in their criminalization or disempowerment.

	The popularization of the innocent girl-child archetype can be traced back to concerns about "[[Moral panic\|white slavery]]" in the mid-late 1800s. Further, the later reformists and [[Wikipedia:Social hygiene movement\|Social Hygiene]]/[[Wikipedia:Social purity movement\|Purity]] advocates associated with the problematization of girlhood and the resulting legal changes, were also linked with the [[Wikipedia:Racial hygiene\|Racial Hygiene]] and [[Wikipedia:Eugenics\|Eugenics]] movements, for example, the [[Wikipedia:Racial Hygiene Association of New South Wales\|Racial Hygiene Association of New South Wales]].<ref name=Egan>[https://sci-hub.se/10.1080/10304310902842975 Egan, R. D., & Hawkes, G. (2009). The problem with protection: Or, why we need to move towards recognition and the sexual agency of children. Continuum, 23(3), 389–400.]</ref> In the 1970s, ''white slavery'' was even redeployed by child protection advocates in order to frame black adult males as the captors and exploiters of America's girls.<ref>[https://scholarworks.smith.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1013&context=swg_facpubs Racialized Rescue Narratives in Public Discourses on Youth Prostitution and Sex Trafficking in the United States - Carrie N. Baker]</ref>		The popularization of the innocent girl-child archetype can be traced back to concerns about "[[Moral panic\|white slavery]]" in the mid-late 1800s. Further, the later reformists and [[Wikipedia:Social hygiene movement\|Social Hygiene]]/[[Wikipedia:Social purity movement\|Purity]] advocates associated with the problematization of girlhood and the resulting legal changes, were also linked with the [[Wikipedia:Racial hygiene\|Racial Hygiene]] and [[Wikipedia:Eugenics\|Eugenics]] movements, for example, the [[Wikipedia:Racial Hygiene Association of New South Wales\|Racial Hygiene Association of New South Wales]].<ref name=Egan>[https://sci-hub.se/10.1080/10304310902842975 Egan, R. D., & Hawkes, G. (2009). The problem with protection: Or, why we need to move towards recognition and the sexual agency of children. Continuum, 23(3), 389–400.]</ref> In the 1970s, ''white slavery'' was even redeployed by child protection advocates in order to frame black adult males as the captors and exploiters of America's girls.<ref>[https://scholarworks.smith.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1013&context=swg_facpubs Racialized Rescue Narratives in Public Discourses on Youth Prostitution and Sex Trafficking in the United States - Carrie N. Baker]</ref>

The Admins: /* Linkage with racism */

2024-03-15T23:15:49Z

Linkage with racism

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:15, 15 March 2024
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	[[File:Safeguard.png\|thumb\|Example of radical feminist/right-wing co-option]]		[[File:Safeguard.png\|thumb\|Example of radical feminist/right-wing co-option]]
	It has been suggested - particularly by left-wing, critical theory and [[Feminism\|feminist]] writers, that the idea of "safeguarding or rescuing children" both perpetuates and ''institutionalizes'' a racist belief system, allowing legacy racism to persist in the age of "equality and diversity". Indeed, it took until 2022, for mainstream safeguarding initiatives to recognize racism as a safeguarding issue.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/education/2022/jun/05/racism-england-schools-education-safeguarding-issue-jeffrey-boakye 2022 - Racism is beginning to be seen as an issue within child safeguarding]</ref>		It has been suggested - particularly by left-wing, critical theory and [[Feminism\|feminist]] writers, that the idea of "safeguarding or rescuing children" both perpetuates and ''institutionalizes'' a racist belief system, allowing legacy racism to persist in the age of "equality and diversity".<ref>[https://medium.com/out-of-the-pen-of-babes/childhood-innocence-is-an-adult-fantasy-f9b15f1f6e8e Childhood innocence is an adult fantasy - Medium]</ref> Indeed, it took until 2022, for mainstream safeguarding initiatives to recognize racism as a safeguarding issue.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/education/2022/jun/05/racism-england-schools-education-safeguarding-issue-jeffrey-boakye 2022 - Racism is beginning to be seen as an issue within child safeguarding]</ref>

	The argument made is that Africans and non-white youth outside the western world are painted on the one hand as passive [[Research: Commercial and online sexual exploitation\|victims in need of saving by western NGOs]]. On the other, however, they may be presented as culpable, predatory "delinquents" within the borders of white-majority democracies where they are ''excluded'' from discourses of [[Childhood Innocence\|childhood innocence]].<ref>[https://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3464/1/Breslow_The_Theory_and_Practice_of_Childhood.pdf Jacob Breslow PhD Thesis]</ref><ref>[https://acyig.americananthro.org/neosvol13iss1sp21/nguyen/ ]</ref> This is cited as an example of selective application, whereby child safeguarding and childhood innocence discourse is used as a "double-edged sword", cutting both ways, "for" and against non-white youth the world over, but always resulting in their criminalization or disempowerment.		The argument made is that Africans and non-white youth outside the western world are painted on the one hand as passive [[Research: Commercial and online sexual exploitation\|victims in need of saving by western NGOs]]. On the other, however, they may be presented as culpable, predatory "delinquents" within the borders of white-majority democracies where they are ''excluded'' from discourses of [[Childhood Innocence\|childhood innocence]].<ref>[https://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3464/1/Breslow_The_Theory_and_Practice_of_Childhood.pdf Jacob Breslow PhD Thesis]</ref><ref>[https://acyig.americananthro.org/neosvol13iss1sp21/nguyen/ ]</ref> This is cited as an example of selective application, whereby child safeguarding and childhood innocence discourse is used as a "double-edged sword", cutting both ways, "for" and against non-white youth the world over, but always resulting in their criminalization or disempowerment.

The Admins: /* Linkage with racism */

2024-03-15T23:02:34Z

Linkage with racism

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:02, 15 March 2024
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	It has been suggested - particularly by left-wing, critical theory and [[Feminism\|feminist]] writers, that the idea of "safeguarding or rescuing children" both perpetuates and ''institutionalizes'' a racist belief system, allowing legacy racism to persist in the age of "equality and diversity". Indeed, it took until 2022, for mainstream safeguarding initiatives to recognize racism as a safeguarding issue.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/education/2022/jun/05/racism-england-schools-education-safeguarding-issue-jeffrey-boakye 2022 - Racism is beginning to be seen as an issue within child safeguarding]</ref>		It has been suggested - particularly by left-wing, critical theory and [[Feminism\|feminist]] writers, that the idea of "safeguarding or rescuing children" both perpetuates and ''institutionalizes'' a racist belief system, allowing legacy racism to persist in the age of "equality and diversity". Indeed, it took until 2022, for mainstream safeguarding initiatives to recognize racism as a safeguarding issue.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/education/2022/jun/05/racism-england-schools-education-safeguarding-issue-jeffrey-boakye 2022 - Racism is beginning to be seen as an issue within child safeguarding]</ref>

	The argument made is that Africans and non-white youth outside the western world are painted on the one hand as passive [[Research: Commercial and online sexual exploitation\|victims in need of saving by western NGOs]]. On the other, however, they may be presented as culpable, predatory "delinquents" within the borders of white-majority democracies where they are ''excluded'' from discourses of [[Childhood Innocence\|childhood innocence]].<ref>[https://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3464/1/Breslow_The_Theory_and_Practice_of_Childhood.pdf Jacob Breslow PhD Thesis]</ref> This is cited as an example of selective application, whereby child safeguarding and childhood innocence discourse is used as a "double-edged sword", cutting both ways, "for" and against non-white youth the world over, but always resulting in their criminalization or disempowerment.		The argument made is that Africans and non-white youth outside the western world are painted on the one hand as passive [[Research: Commercial and online sexual exploitation\|victims in need of saving by western NGOs]]. On the other, however, they may be presented as culpable, predatory "delinquents" within the borders of white-majority democracies where they are ''excluded'' from discourses of [[Childhood Innocence\|childhood innocence]].<ref>[https://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3464/1/Breslow_The_Theory_and_Practice_of_Childhood.pdf Jacob Breslow PhD Thesis]</ref><ref>[https://acyig.americananthro.org/neosvol13iss1sp21/nguyen/ ]</ref> This is cited as an example of selective application, whereby child safeguarding and childhood innocence discourse is used as a "double-edged sword", cutting both ways, "for" and against non-white youth the world over, but always resulting in their criminalization or disempowerment.

	The popularization of the innocent girl-child archetype can be traced back to concerns about "[[Moral panic\|white slavery]]" in the mid-late 1800s. Further, the later reformists and [[Wikipedia:Social hygiene movement\|Social Hygiene]]/[[Wikipedia:Social purity movement\|Purity]] advocates associated with the problematization of girlhood and the resulting legal changes, were also linked with the [[Wikipedia:Racial hygiene\|Racial Hygiene]] and [[Wikipedia:Eugenics\|Eugenics]] movements, for example, the [[Wikipedia:Racial Hygiene Association of New South Wales\|Racial Hygiene Association of New South Wales]].<ref name=Egan>[https://sci-hub.se/10.1080/10304310902842975 Egan, R. D., & Hawkes, G. (2009). The problem with protection: Or, why we need to move towards recognition and the sexual agency of children. Continuum, 23(3), 389–400.]</ref> In the 1970s, ''white slavery'' was even redeployed by child protection advocates in order to frame black adult males as the captors and exploiters of America's girls.<ref>[https://scholarworks.smith.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1013&context=swg_facpubs Racialized Rescue Narratives in Public Discourses on Youth Prostitution and Sex Trafficking in the United States - Carrie N. Baker]</ref>		The popularization of the innocent girl-child archetype can be traced back to concerns about "[[Moral panic\|white slavery]]" in the mid-late 1800s. Further, the later reformists and [[Wikipedia:Social hygiene movement\|Social Hygiene]]/[[Wikipedia:Social purity movement\|Purity]] advocates associated with the problematization of girlhood and the resulting legal changes, were also linked with the [[Wikipedia:Racial hygiene\|Racial Hygiene]] and [[Wikipedia:Eugenics\|Eugenics]] movements, for example, the [[Wikipedia:Racial Hygiene Association of New South Wales\|Racial Hygiene Association of New South Wales]].<ref name=Egan>[https://sci-hub.se/10.1080/10304310902842975 Egan, R. D., & Hawkes, G. (2009). The problem with protection: Or, why we need to move towards recognition and the sexual agency of children. Continuum, 23(3), 389–400.]</ref> In the 1970s, ''white slavery'' was even redeployed by child protection advocates in order to frame black adult males as the captors and exploiters of America's girls.<ref>[https://scholarworks.smith.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1013&context=swg_facpubs Racialized Rescue Narratives in Public Discourses on Youth Prostitution and Sex Trafficking in the United States - Carrie N. Baker]</ref>

The Admins at 08:04, 3 August 2023

2023-08-03T08:04:17Z

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	__NOTOC__[[File:Safeguarding.jpg\|thumb\|A 2022 safeguarding alert that went out within the NHS (National Health Service) after the [[Jacob Breslow]] affair. No offending history was identified in relation to Jacob Breslow, and the complaints were entirely political in nature, serving the ends of conservative "gender-critical" feminists.]]		__NOTOC__[[File:Safeguarding.jpg\|thumb\|A 2022 safeguarding alert that went out within the NHS (National Health Service) after the [[Jacob Breslow]] affair. No offending history was identified in relation to Jacob Breslow, and the complaints were entirely political in nature, serving the ends of conservative "gender-critical" feminists. Despite the lofty aspirations of the witch-hunt, he was officially exonerated and forced to leave his post due to harassment]]
	'''Safeguarding''' is the practice (by authorities and institutions) of "protecting the interests" of children and others judged to be "[[vulnerability\|vulnerable]]". It can therefore be seen as an ongoing "protective" influence ''on behalf'' of children, without their input or [[consent]].		'''Safeguarding''' is the practice (by authorities and institutions) of "protecting the interests" of children and others judged to be "[[vulnerability\|vulnerable]]". It can therefore be seen as an ongoing "protective" influence ''on behalf'' of children, without their input or [[consent]].

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:28, 9 August 2024
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	[[File:Safeguard.png\|thumb\|Example of radical feminist/right-wing co-option]]		[[File:Safeguard.png\|thumb\|Example of radical feminist/right-wing co-option]]
	It has been suggested - particularly by ~~left-wing,~~ critical ~~theory~~ and [[Feminism\|~~feminist~~]] ~~writers~~, that the idea of "safeguarding or rescuing children" both perpetuates and ''institutionalizes'' a racist belief system, allowing legacy racism to persist in the age of "equality and diversity".<ref>[https://medium.com/out-of-the-pen-of-babes/childhood-innocence-is-an-adult-fantasy-f9b15f1f6e8e Childhood innocence is an adult fantasy - Medium]</ref> Others have pointed to examples of racism within the child protective systems of various countries.<ref>[https://academic.oup.com/bjsw/advance-article/doi/10.1093/bjsw/bcae027/7614558 A Birthmother’s Counter-Story of Racism and Oppression in Children’s Social Work: Carving an Afro-Centric Space for Sawubona in Euro-Centric Social Work Education, Practice, and the Safeguarding System (2024)], and [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0190740918303761 Black parents ask for a second look: Parenting under ‘White’ Child Protection rules in Canada (2018)]</ref> Indeed, it took until 2022, for mainstream safeguarding initiatives to recognize racism as a safeguarding issue.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/education/2022/jun/05/racism-england-schools-education-safeguarding-issue-jeffrey-boakye 2022 - Racism is beginning to be seen as an issue within child safeguarding]</ref>		It has been suggested - particularly by writers of the critical leftist tendency and some [[Feminism\|feminists]], that the idea of "safeguarding or rescuing children" both perpetuates and ''institutionalizes'' a racist belief system, allowing legacy racism to persist in the age of "equality and diversity".<ref>[https://medium.com/out-of-the-pen-of-babes/childhood-innocence-is-an-adult-fantasy-f9b15f1f6e8e Childhood innocence is an adult fantasy - Medium]</ref> Others have pointed to examples of racism within the child protective systems of various countries.<ref>[https://academic.oup.com/bjsw/advance-article/doi/10.1093/bjsw/bcae027/7614558 A Birthmother’s Counter-Story of Racism and Oppression in Children’s Social Work: Carving an Afro-Centric Space for Sawubona in Euro-Centric Social Work Education, Practice, and the Safeguarding System (2024)], and [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0190740918303761 Black parents ask for a second look: Parenting under ‘White’ Child Protection rules in Canada (2018)]</ref> Indeed, it took until 2022, for mainstream safeguarding initiatives to recognize racism as a safeguarding issue.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/education/2022/jun/05/racism-england-schools-education-safeguarding-issue-jeffrey-boakye 2022 - Racism is beginning to be seen as an issue within child safeguarding]</ref>

	The argument made is that Africans and non-white youth outside the western world are painted on the one hand as passive [[Research: Commercial and online sexual exploitation\|victims in need of saving by western NGOs]]. On the other, however, they may be presented as culpable, predatory "delinquents" within the borders of white-majority democracies where they are ''excluded'' from discourses of [[Childhood Innocence\|childhood innocence]].<ref>[https://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3464/1/Breslow_The_Theory_and_Practice_of_Childhood.pdf Jacob Breslow PhD Thesis]</ref><ref>[https://acyig.americananthro.org/neosvol13iss1sp21/nguyen/ ]</ref><ref>[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0907568218811484 Garlen, J. C. (2018). Interrogating innocence: “Childhood” as exclusionary social practice. Childhood, 090756821881148. doi:10.1177/0907568218811484]</ref> This is cited as an example of selective application, whereby child safeguarding and childhood innocence discourse is used as a "double-edged sword", cutting both ways, "for" and against non-white youth the world over, but always resulting in their criminalization or disempowerment. One term that has been used (for example, by an appointee to the UK Government's Child Safeguarding Practice Review Panel)<ref>[https://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/hmiprobation/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2022/06/Academic-Insights-Adultification-bias-within-child-protection-and-safeguarding.pdf ''Adultification bias within child protection and safeguarding'' - Jahnine Davis, 2022]</ref> is "Adultification Bias".		The argument made is that Africans and non-white youth outside the western world are painted on the one hand as passive [[Research: Commercial and online sexual exploitation\|victims in need of saving by western NGOs]]. On the other, however, they may be presented as culpable, predatory "delinquents" within the borders of white-majority democracies where they are ''excluded'' from discourses of [[Childhood Innocence\|childhood innocence]].<ref>[https://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3464/1/Breslow_The_Theory_and_Practice_of_Childhood.pdf Jacob Breslow PhD Thesis]</ref><ref>[https://acyig.americananthro.org/neosvol13iss1sp21/nguyen/ ]</ref><ref>[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0907568218811484 Garlen, J. C. (2018). Interrogating innocence: “Childhood” as exclusionary social practice. Childhood, 090756821881148. doi:10.1177/0907568218811484]</ref> This is cited as an example of selective application, whereby child safeguarding and childhood innocence discourse is used as a "double-edged sword", cutting both ways, "for" and against non-white youth the world over, but always resulting in their criminalization or disempowerment. One term that has been used (for example, by an appointee to the UK Government's Child Safeguarding Practice Review Panel)<ref>[https://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/hmiprobation/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2022/06/Academic-Insights-Adultification-bias-within-child-protection-and-safeguarding.pdf ''Adultification bias within child protection and safeguarding'' - Jahnine Davis, 2022]</ref> is "Adultification Bias".

	The popularization of the innocent girl-child archetype can be traced back to concerns about "[[Moral panic\|white slavery]]" in the mid-late 1800s. Further, the later reformists and [[Wikipedia:Social hygiene movement\|Social Hygiene]]/[[Wikipedia:Social purity movement\|Purity]] advocates associated with the problematization of girlhood and the resulting legal changes, were also linked with the [[Wikipedia:Racial hygiene\|Racial Hygiene]] and [[Wikipedia:Eugenics\|Eugenics]] movements, for example, the [[Wikipedia:Racial Hygiene Association of New South Wales\|Racial Hygiene Association of New South Wales]].<ref name=Egan>[https://sci-hub.se/10.1080/10304310902842975 Egan, R. D., & Hawkes, G. (2009). The problem with protection: Or, why we need to move towards recognition and the sexual agency of children. Continuum, 23(3), 389–400.]</ref> In the 1970s, ''white slavery'' was even redeployed by child protection advocates in order to frame black adult males as the captors and exploiters of America's girls.<ref>[https://scholarworks.smith.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1013&context=swg_facpubs Racialized Rescue Narratives in Public Discourses on Youth Prostitution and Sex Trafficking in the United States - Carrie N. Baker]</ref>		The popularization of the innocent girl-child archetype can be traced back to concerns about "[[Moral panic\|white slavery]]" in the mid-late 1800s. Further, the later reformists and [[Wikipedia:Social hygiene movement\|Social Hygiene]]/[[Wikipedia:Social purity movement\|Purity]] advocates associated with the problematization of girlhood and the resulting legal changes, were also linked with the [[Wikipedia:Racial hygiene\|Racial Hygiene]] and [[Wikipedia:Eugenics\|Eugenics]] movements, for example, the [[Wikipedia:Racial Hygiene Association of New South Wales\|Racial Hygiene Association of New South Wales]].<ref name=Egan>[https://sci-hub.se/10.1080/10304310902842975 Egan, R. D., & Hawkes, G. (2009). The problem with protection: Or, why we need to move towards recognition and the sexual agency of children. Continuum, 23(3), 389–400.]</ref> In the 1970s, ''white slavery'' was even redeployed by child protection advocates in order to frame black adult males as the captors and exploiters of America's girls.<ref>[https://scholarworks.smith.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1013&context=swg_facpubs Racialized Rescue Narratives in Public Discourses on Youth Prostitution and Sex Trafficking in the United States - Carrie N. Baker]</ref> [[Wikipedia:Mann_Act#Legal_application\|Early laws]] used against underage sex were also used to police and prosecute interracial relations.

	Nowadays, it could be said, the sanitized cultural archetype of the [[Childhood Innocence\|sexually innocent child]] is a proxy for the fragile, coveted historical ''institution'' of white female purity - girls as the "property" or "treasure" of a "nation, race and people" that is at risk of being plundered by the dark-skinned incomers. Safeguarding doxa (desexualization and containment of minors) is thus perpetuated in order to protect this deeply ingrained nationalistic imagery and to excuse sometimes violent, criminal and unconstitutional actions by governments:		Nowadays, it could be said, the sanitized cultural archetype of the [[Childhood Innocence\|sexually innocent child]] is a proxy for the fragile, coveted historical ''institution'' of white female purity - girls as the "property" or "treasure" of a "nation, race and people" that is at risk of being plundered by the dark-skinned incomers. Safeguarding doxa (desexualization and containment of minors) is thus perpetuated in order to protect this deeply ingrained nationalistic imagery and to excuse sometimes violent, criminal and unconstitutional actions by governments:

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:34, 12 April 2024
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	[[File:Safeguard.png\|thumb\|Example of radical feminist/right-wing co-option]]		[[File:Safeguard.png\|thumb\|Example of radical feminist/right-wing co-option]]
	It has been suggested - particularly by left-wing, critical theory and [[Feminism\|feminist]] writers, that the idea of "safeguarding or rescuing children" both perpetuates and ''institutionalizes'' a racist belief system, allowing legacy racism to persist in the age of "equality and diversity".<ref>[https://medium.com/out-of-the-pen-of-babes/childhood-innocence-is-an-adult-fantasy-f9b15f1f6e8e Childhood innocence is an adult fantasy - Medium]</ref> ~~Other~~ have pointed to examples of racism within the child protective systems of various countries.<ref>[https://academic.oup.com/bjsw/advance-article/doi/10.1093/bjsw/bcae027/7614558 A Birthmother’s Counter-Story of Racism and Oppression in Children’s Social Work: Carving an Afro-Centric Space for Sawubona in Euro-Centric Social Work Education, Practice, and the Safeguarding System (2024)], and [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0190740918303761 Black parents ask for a second look: Parenting under ‘White’ Child Protection rules in Canada (2018)]</ref> Indeed, it took until 2022, for mainstream safeguarding initiatives to recognize racism as a safeguarding issue.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/education/2022/jun/05/racism-england-schools-education-safeguarding-issue-jeffrey-boakye 2022 - Racism is beginning to be seen as an issue within child safeguarding]</ref>		It has been suggested - particularly by left-wing, critical theory and [[Feminism\|feminist]] writers, that the idea of "safeguarding or rescuing children" both perpetuates and ''institutionalizes'' a racist belief system, allowing legacy racism to persist in the age of "equality and diversity".<ref>[https://medium.com/out-of-the-pen-of-babes/childhood-innocence-is-an-adult-fantasy-f9b15f1f6e8e Childhood innocence is an adult fantasy - Medium]</ref> Others have pointed to examples of racism within the child protective systems of various countries.<ref>[https://academic.oup.com/bjsw/advance-article/doi/10.1093/bjsw/bcae027/7614558 A Birthmother’s Counter-Story of Racism and Oppression in Children’s Social Work: Carving an Afro-Centric Space for Sawubona in Euro-Centric Social Work Education, Practice, and the Safeguarding System (2024)], and [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0190740918303761 Black parents ask for a second look: Parenting under ‘White’ Child Protection rules in Canada (2018)]</ref> Indeed, it took until 2022, for mainstream safeguarding initiatives to recognize racism as a safeguarding issue.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/education/2022/jun/05/racism-england-schools-education-safeguarding-issue-jeffrey-boakye 2022 - Racism is beginning to be seen as an issue within child safeguarding]</ref>

	The argument made is that Africans and non-white youth outside the western world are painted on the one hand as passive [[Research: Commercial and online sexual exploitation\|victims in need of saving by western NGOs]]. On the other, however, they may be presented as culpable, predatory "delinquents" within the borders of white-majority democracies where they are ''excluded'' from discourses of [[Childhood Innocence\|childhood innocence]].<ref>[https://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3464/1/Breslow_The_Theory_and_Practice_of_Childhood.pdf Jacob Breslow PhD Thesis]</ref><ref>[https://acyig.americananthro.org/neosvol13iss1sp21/nguyen/ ]</ref><ref>[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0907568218811484 Garlen, J. C. (2018). Interrogating innocence: “Childhood” as exclusionary social practice. Childhood, 090756821881148. doi:10.1177/0907568218811484]</ref> This is cited as an example of selective application, whereby child safeguarding and childhood innocence discourse is used as a "double-edged sword", cutting both ways, "for" and against non-white youth the world over, but always resulting in their criminalization or disempowerment. One term that has been used (for example, by an appointee to the UK Government's Child Safeguarding Practice Review Panel)<ref>[https://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/hmiprobation/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2022/06/Academic-Insights-Adultification-bias-within-child-protection-and-safeguarding.pdf ''Adultification bias within child protection and safeguarding'' - Jahnine Davis, 2022]</ref> is "Adultification Bias".		The argument made is that Africans and non-white youth outside the western world are painted on the one hand as passive [[Research: Commercial and online sexual exploitation\|victims in need of saving by western NGOs]]. On the other, however, they may be presented as culpable, predatory "delinquents" within the borders of white-majority democracies where they are ''excluded'' from discourses of [[Childhood Innocence\|childhood innocence]].<ref>[https://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3464/1/Breslow_The_Theory_and_Practice_of_Childhood.pdf Jacob Breslow PhD Thesis]</ref><ref>[https://acyig.americananthro.org/neosvol13iss1sp21/nguyen/ ]</ref><ref>[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0907568218811484 Garlen, J. C. (2018). Interrogating innocence: “Childhood” as exclusionary social practice. Childhood, 090756821881148. doi:10.1177/0907568218811484]</ref> This is cited as an example of selective application, whereby child safeguarding and childhood innocence discourse is used as a "double-edged sword", cutting both ways, "for" and against non-white youth the world over, but always resulting in their criminalization or disempowerment. One term that has been used (for example, by an appointee to the UK Government's Child Safeguarding Practice Review Panel)<ref>[https://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/hmiprobation/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2022/06/Academic-Insights-Adultification-bias-within-child-protection-and-safeguarding.pdf ''Adultification bias within child protection and safeguarding'' - Jahnine Davis, 2022]</ref> is "Adultification Bias".

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:34, 12 April 2024
Line 15:		Line 15:

	[[File:Safeguard.png\|thumb\|Example of radical feminist/right-wing co-option]]		[[File:Safeguard.png\|thumb\|Example of radical feminist/right-wing co-option]]
	It has been suggested - particularly by left-wing, critical theory and [[Feminism\|feminist]] writers, that the idea of "safeguarding or rescuing children" both perpetuates and ''institutionalizes'' a racist belief system, allowing legacy racism to persist in the age of "equality and diversity".<ref>[https://medium.com/out-of-the-pen-of-babes/childhood-innocence-is-an-adult-fantasy-f9b15f1f6e8e Childhood innocence is an adult fantasy - Medium]</ref> Indeed, it took until 2022, for mainstream safeguarding initiatives to recognize racism as a safeguarding issue.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/education/2022/jun/05/racism-england-schools-education-safeguarding-issue-jeffrey-boakye 2022 - Racism is beginning to be seen as an issue within child safeguarding]</ref>		It has been suggested - particularly by left-wing, critical theory and [[Feminism\|feminist]] writers, that the idea of "safeguarding or rescuing children" both perpetuates and ''institutionalizes'' a racist belief system, allowing legacy racism to persist in the age of "equality and diversity".<ref>[https://medium.com/out-of-the-pen-of-babes/childhood-innocence-is-an-adult-fantasy-f9b15f1f6e8e Childhood innocence is an adult fantasy - Medium]</ref> Other have pointed to examples of racism within the child protective systems of various countries.<ref>[https://academic.oup.com/bjsw/advance-article/doi/10.1093/bjsw/bcae027/7614558 A Birthmother’s Counter-Story of Racism and Oppression in Children’s Social Work: Carving an Afro-Centric Space for Sawubona in Euro-Centric Social Work Education, Practice, and the Safeguarding System (2024)], and [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0190740918303761 Black parents ask for a second look: Parenting under ‘White’ Child Protection rules in Canada (2018)]</ref> Indeed, it took until 2022, for mainstream safeguarding initiatives to recognize racism as a safeguarding issue.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/education/2022/jun/05/racism-england-schools-education-safeguarding-issue-jeffrey-boakye 2022 - Racism is beginning to be seen as an issue within child safeguarding]</ref>

	The argument made is that Africans and non-white youth outside the western world are painted on the one hand as passive [[Research: Commercial and online sexual exploitation\|victims in need of saving by western NGOs]]. On the other, however, they may be presented as culpable, predatory "delinquents" within the borders of white-majority democracies where they are ''excluded'' from discourses of [[Childhood Innocence\|childhood innocence]].<ref>[https://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3464/1/Breslow_The_Theory_and_Practice_of_Childhood.pdf Jacob Breslow PhD Thesis]</ref><ref>[https://acyig.americananthro.org/neosvol13iss1sp21/nguyen/ ]</ref><ref>[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0907568218811484 Garlen, J. C. (2018). Interrogating innocence: “Childhood” as exclusionary social practice. Childhood, 090756821881148. doi:10.1177/0907568218811484]</ref> This is cited as an example of selective application, whereby child safeguarding and childhood innocence discourse is used as a "double-edged sword", cutting both ways, "for" and against non-white youth the world over, but always resulting in their criminalization or disempowerment.		The argument made is that Africans and non-white youth outside the western world are painted on the one hand as passive [[Research: Commercial and online sexual exploitation\|victims in need of saving by western NGOs]]. On the other, however, they may be presented as culpable, predatory "delinquents" within the borders of white-majority democracies where they are ''excluded'' from discourses of [[Childhood Innocence\|childhood innocence]].<ref>[https://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3464/1/Breslow_The_Theory_and_Practice_of_Childhood.pdf Jacob Breslow PhD Thesis]</ref><ref>[https://acyig.americananthro.org/neosvol13iss1sp21/nguyen/ ]</ref><ref>[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0907568218811484 Garlen, J. C. (2018). Interrogating innocence: “Childhood” as exclusionary social practice. Childhood, 090756821881148. doi:10.1177/0907568218811484]</ref> This is cited as an example of selective application, whereby child safeguarding and childhood innocence discourse is used as a "double-edged sword", cutting both ways, "for" and against non-white youth the world over, but always resulting in their criminalization or disempowerment. One term that has been used (for example, by an appointee to the UK Government's Child Safeguarding Practice Review Panel)<ref>[https://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/hmiprobation/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2022/06/Academic-Insights-Adultification-bias-within-child-protection-and-safeguarding.pdf ''Adultification bias within child protection and safeguarding'' - Jahnine Davis, 2022]</ref> is "Adultification Bias".

	The popularization of the innocent girl-child archetype can be traced back to concerns about "[[Moral panic\|white slavery]]" in the mid-late 1800s. Further, the later reformists and [[Wikipedia:Social hygiene movement\|Social Hygiene]]/[[Wikipedia:Social purity movement\|Purity]] advocates associated with the problematization of girlhood and the resulting legal changes, were also linked with the [[Wikipedia:Racial hygiene\|Racial Hygiene]] and [[Wikipedia:Eugenics\|Eugenics]] movements, for example, the [[Wikipedia:Racial Hygiene Association of New South Wales\|Racial Hygiene Association of New South Wales]].<ref name=Egan>[https://sci-hub.se/10.1080/10304310902842975 Egan, R. D., & Hawkes, G. (2009). The problem with protection: Or, why we need to move towards recognition and the sexual agency of children. Continuum, 23(3), 389–400.]</ref> In the 1970s, ''white slavery'' was even redeployed by child protection advocates in order to frame black adult males as the captors and exploiters of America's girls.<ref>[https://scholarworks.smith.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1013&context=swg_facpubs Racialized Rescue Narratives in Public Discourses on Youth Prostitution and Sex Trafficking in the United States - Carrie N. Baker]</ref>		The popularization of the innocent girl-child archetype can be traced back to concerns about "[[Moral panic\|white slavery]]" in the mid-late 1800s. Further, the later reformists and [[Wikipedia:Social hygiene movement\|Social Hygiene]]/[[Wikipedia:Social purity movement\|Purity]] advocates associated with the problematization of girlhood and the resulting legal changes, were also linked with the [[Wikipedia:Racial hygiene\|Racial Hygiene]] and [[Wikipedia:Eugenics\|Eugenics]] movements, for example, the [[Wikipedia:Racial Hygiene Association of New South Wales\|Racial Hygiene Association of New South Wales]].<ref name=Egan>[https://sci-hub.se/10.1080/10304310902842975 Egan, R. D., & Hawkes, G. (2009). The problem with protection: Or, why we need to move towards recognition and the sexual agency of children. Continuum, 23(3), 389–400.]</ref> In the 1970s, ''white slavery'' was even redeployed by child protection advocates in order to frame black adult males as the captors and exploiters of America's girls.<ref>[https://scholarworks.smith.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1013&context=swg_facpubs Racialized Rescue Narratives in Public Discourses on Youth Prostitution and Sex Trafficking in the United States - Carrie N. Baker]</ref>

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:16, 15 March 2024
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	It has been suggested - particularly by left-wing, critical theory and [[Feminism\|feminist]] writers, that the idea of "safeguarding or rescuing children" both perpetuates and ''institutionalizes'' a racist belief system, allowing legacy racism to persist in the age of "equality and diversity".<ref>[https://medium.com/out-of-the-pen-of-babes/childhood-innocence-is-an-adult-fantasy-f9b15f1f6e8e Childhood innocence is an adult fantasy - Medium]</ref> Indeed, it took until 2022, for mainstream safeguarding initiatives to recognize racism as a safeguarding issue.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/education/2022/jun/05/racism-england-schools-education-safeguarding-issue-jeffrey-boakye 2022 - Racism is beginning to be seen as an issue within child safeguarding]</ref>		It has been suggested - particularly by left-wing, critical theory and [[Feminism\|feminist]] writers, that the idea of "safeguarding or rescuing children" both perpetuates and ''institutionalizes'' a racist belief system, allowing legacy racism to persist in the age of "equality and diversity".<ref>[https://medium.com/out-of-the-pen-of-babes/childhood-innocence-is-an-adult-fantasy-f9b15f1f6e8e Childhood innocence is an adult fantasy - Medium]</ref> Indeed, it took until 2022, for mainstream safeguarding initiatives to recognize racism as a safeguarding issue.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/education/2022/jun/05/racism-england-schools-education-safeguarding-issue-jeffrey-boakye 2022 - Racism is beginning to be seen as an issue within child safeguarding]</ref>

	The argument made is that Africans and non-white youth outside the western world are painted on the one hand as passive [[Research: Commercial and online sexual exploitation\|victims in need of saving by western NGOs]]. On the other, however, they may be presented as culpable, predatory "delinquents" within the borders of white-majority democracies where they are ''excluded'' from discourses of [[Childhood Innocence\|childhood innocence]].<ref>[https://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3464/1/Breslow_The_Theory_and_Practice_of_Childhood.pdf Jacob Breslow PhD Thesis]</ref><ref>[https://acyig.americananthro.org/neosvol13iss1sp21/nguyen/ ]</ref> This is cited as an example of selective application, whereby child safeguarding and childhood innocence discourse is used as a "double-edged sword", cutting both ways, "for" and against non-white youth the world over, but always resulting in their criminalization or disempowerment.		The argument made is that Africans and non-white youth outside the western world are painted on the one hand as passive [[Research: Commercial and online sexual exploitation\|victims in need of saving by western NGOs]]. On the other, however, they may be presented as culpable, predatory "delinquents" within the borders of white-majority democracies where they are ''excluded'' from discourses of [[Childhood Innocence\|childhood innocence]].<ref>[https://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3464/1/Breslow_The_Theory_and_Practice_of_Childhood.pdf Jacob Breslow PhD Thesis]</ref><ref>[https://acyig.americananthro.org/neosvol13iss1sp21/nguyen/ ]</ref><ref>[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0907568218811484 Garlen, J. C. (2018). Interrogating innocence: “Childhood” as exclusionary social practice. Childhood, 090756821881148. doi:10.1177/0907568218811484]</ref> This is cited as an example of selective application, whereby child safeguarding and childhood innocence discourse is used as a "double-edged sword", cutting both ways, "for" and against non-white youth the world over, but always resulting in their criminalization or disempowerment.

	The popularization of the innocent girl-child archetype can be traced back to concerns about "[[Moral panic\|white slavery]]" in the mid-late 1800s. Further, the later reformists and [[Wikipedia:Social hygiene movement\|Social Hygiene]]/[[Wikipedia:Social purity movement\|Purity]] advocates associated with the problematization of girlhood and the resulting legal changes, were also linked with the [[Wikipedia:Racial hygiene\|Racial Hygiene]] and [[Wikipedia:Eugenics\|Eugenics]] movements, for example, the [[Wikipedia:Racial Hygiene Association of New South Wales\|Racial Hygiene Association of New South Wales]].<ref name=Egan>[https://sci-hub.se/10.1080/10304310902842975 Egan, R. D., & Hawkes, G. (2009). The problem with protection: Or, why we need to move towards recognition and the sexual agency of children. Continuum, 23(3), 389–400.]</ref> In the 1970s, ''white slavery'' was even redeployed by child protection advocates in order to frame black adult males as the captors and exploiters of America's girls.<ref>[https://scholarworks.smith.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1013&context=swg_facpubs Racialized Rescue Narratives in Public Discourses on Youth Prostitution and Sex Trafficking in the United States - Carrie N. Baker]</ref>		The popularization of the innocent girl-child archetype can be traced back to concerns about "[[Moral panic\|white slavery]]" in the mid-late 1800s. Further, the later reformists and [[Wikipedia:Social hygiene movement\|Social Hygiene]]/[[Wikipedia:Social purity movement\|Purity]] advocates associated with the problematization of girlhood and the resulting legal changes, were also linked with the [[Wikipedia:Racial hygiene\|Racial Hygiene]] and [[Wikipedia:Eugenics\|Eugenics]] movements, for example, the [[Wikipedia:Racial Hygiene Association of New South Wales\|Racial Hygiene Association of New South Wales]].<ref name=Egan>[https://sci-hub.se/10.1080/10304310902842975 Egan, R. D., & Hawkes, G. (2009). The problem with protection: Or, why we need to move towards recognition and the sexual agency of children. Continuum, 23(3), 389–400.]</ref> In the 1970s, ''white slavery'' was even redeployed by child protection advocates in order to frame black adult males as the captors and exploiters of America's girls.<ref>[https://scholarworks.smith.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1013&context=swg_facpubs Racialized Rescue Narratives in Public Discourses on Youth Prostitution and Sex Trafficking in the United States - Carrie N. Baker]</ref>

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	[[File:Safeguard.png\|thumb\|Example of radical feminist/right-wing co-option]]		[[File:Safeguard.png\|thumb\|Example of radical feminist/right-wing co-option]]
	It has been suggested - particularly by left-wing, critical theory and [[Feminism\|feminist]] writers, that the idea of "safeguarding or rescuing children" both perpetuates and ''institutionalizes'' a racist belief system, allowing legacy racism to persist in the age of "equality and diversity". Indeed, it took until 2022, for mainstream safeguarding initiatives to recognize racism as a safeguarding issue.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/education/2022/jun/05/racism-england-schools-education-safeguarding-issue-jeffrey-boakye 2022 - Racism is beginning to be seen as an issue within child safeguarding]</ref>		It has been suggested - particularly by left-wing, critical theory and [[Feminism\|feminist]] writers, that the idea of "safeguarding or rescuing children" both perpetuates and ''institutionalizes'' a racist belief system, allowing legacy racism to persist in the age of "equality and diversity".<ref>[https://medium.com/out-of-the-pen-of-babes/childhood-innocence-is-an-adult-fantasy-f9b15f1f6e8e Childhood innocence is an adult fantasy - Medium]</ref> Indeed, it took until 2022, for mainstream safeguarding initiatives to recognize racism as a safeguarding issue.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/education/2022/jun/05/racism-england-schools-education-safeguarding-issue-jeffrey-boakye 2022 - Racism is beginning to be seen as an issue within child safeguarding]</ref>

	The argument made is that Africans and non-white youth outside the western world are painted on the one hand as passive [[Research: Commercial and online sexual exploitation\|victims in need of saving by western NGOs]]. On the other, however, they may be presented as culpable, predatory "delinquents" within the borders of white-majority democracies where they are ''excluded'' from discourses of [[Childhood Innocence\|childhood innocence]].<ref>[https://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3464/1/Breslow_The_Theory_and_Practice_of_Childhood.pdf Jacob Breslow PhD Thesis]</ref><ref>[https://acyig.americananthro.org/neosvol13iss1sp21/nguyen/ ]</ref> This is cited as an example of selective application, whereby child safeguarding and childhood innocence discourse is used as a "double-edged sword", cutting both ways, "for" and against non-white youth the world over, but always resulting in their criminalization or disempowerment.		The argument made is that Africans and non-white youth outside the western world are painted on the one hand as passive [[Research: Commercial and online sexual exploitation\|victims in need of saving by western NGOs]]. On the other, however, they may be presented as culpable, predatory "delinquents" within the borders of white-majority democracies where they are ''excluded'' from discourses of [[Childhood Innocence\|childhood innocence]].<ref>[https://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3464/1/Breslow_The_Theory_and_Practice_of_Childhood.pdf Jacob Breslow PhD Thesis]</ref><ref>[https://acyig.americananthro.org/neosvol13iss1sp21/nguyen/ ]</ref> This is cited as an example of selective application, whereby child safeguarding and childhood innocence discourse is used as a "double-edged sword", cutting both ways, "for" and against non-white youth the world over, but always resulting in their criminalization or disempowerment.