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'''Repressed memory''' is the discredited theory that someone may, as a way of coping, block out memories of a traumatic event. The theory is almost exclusively applied to [[child sexual abuse]], and is advocated by advocacy groups such as the [[The Leadership Council]]. It does not stand up to empirical scrutiny; there is no reliable evidence that memory repression ever occurs. Several more credible interpretations of apparently repressed memories have been proposed, including '''false memories''' and normal forgetfulness.
{{Template:Ac}}__NOTOC__'''[[Wikipedia:Repressed memory|Repressed memory]]''' is the discredited theory that someone may, as a way of coping, block out memories of a traumatic event. The theory is almost exclusively applied to [[Child Sexual Abuse|child sexual abuse]], and is promoted by advocacy groups such as the [[The Leadership Council]] in order to provide a basis for [[Recovered Memory Therapy]]. These theories are widely recognized as not standing up to empirical scrutiny as there is no reliable evidence that memory repression ever occurs. Several more credible interpretations of apparently repressed memories have been proposed, including '''false memories''' and normal forgetfulness. Owing to the discrediting of the repressed memory paradigm, [[Wikipedia:Repressed memory|Wikipedia]] provides a fuller analysis of this subject.
__NOTOC__
 
==False memories==
==False memories==
Substantial evidence shows that memories can be wholly fabricated, often with the guidance of therapy designed to "recover" memories of abuse. Porter, Yuille, and Lehman (1999) were able to create false memories of emotional childhood experiences in 30% of their college sample.<ref>Porter, S., Yuille, J.C., & Lehman, D.R. (1999). "The nature of real, implanted, and fabricated memories for emotional childhood events: Implications for the recovered memory debate," ''Law and Human Behavior'', 23, 517–537.</ref> Numerous other studies have also had success in implanting false memories.<ref>Loftus, E. F., Coan, J. A., & Pickrell, J. E. (1996). "Manufacturing false memories using bits of reality." In L. Reder (Ed.), ''Implicit memory and metacognition'' (pp. 195-220).</ref><ref>Loftus, E. F., & Pickrell, J. E. (1995). "The formation of false memories," ''Psychiatric Annals'', 25, 720-725.</ref><ref>Hyman, I. E., Husband, T. H., & Billings, J. F. (1995). "False memories of childhood experiences," ''Applied Cognitive Psychology'', 9, 181-197.</ref>
Substantial evidence shows that memories can be wholly fabricated, often with the guidance of therapy designed to "recover" memories of abuse. Porter, Yuille, and Lehman (1999) were able to create false memories of emotional childhood experiences in 30% of their college sample.<ref>Porter, S., Yuille, J.C., & Lehman, D.R. (1999). "The nature of real, implanted, and fabricated memories for emotional childhood events: Implications for the recovered memory debate," ''Law and Human Behavior'', 23, 517–537.</ref> Numerous other studies have also had success in implanting false memories.<ref>Loftus, E. F., Coan, J. A., & Pickrell, J. E. (1996). "Manufacturing false memories using bits of reality." In L. Reder (Ed.), ''Implicit memory and metacognition'' (pp. 195-220).</ref><ref>Loftus, E. F., & Pickrell, J. E. (1995). "The formation of false memories," ''Psychiatric Annals'', 25, 720-725.</ref><ref>Hyman, I. E., Husband, T. H., & Billings, J. F. (1995). "False memories of childhood experiences," ''Applied Cognitive Psychology'', 9, 181-197.</ref> Whether for social or biological reasons, or a combination of both, children are thought to be prone to fabricating false memories. It may therefore be important not to ask leading or evocative questions when trying to extract testimony from children.<ref>[https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/kids-false-memories-reveal-quirks-of-learning/ Scientific American: Children and False Memories]</ref>


Many "recovered" memories are obviously implausible, as in the case of [[satanic ritual abuse]]. Also, a large number of people who claim to recover memories later retract.<ref>Pendergrast, M. (1996). ''Victims of memory: Incest accusations and shattered lives''. London: HarperCollins.</ref><ref>Goldstein, Eleanor, and Farmer, Kevin (1993). ''True Stories of False Memories''.</ref><ref>Ost, J., Costall, A., & Bull, R. (2002). "A perfect symmetry? A study of retractors' experiences of making and then repudiating claims of early sexual abuse," ''Psychology, Crime and Law'', 8, 155–181.</ref> StopBadTherapy.com has published many of the [http://www.stopbadtherapy.com/retracts/indexp.shtml stories] of these retractors.
Many "recovered" memories are obviously implausible, as in the case of [[satanic ritual abuse]]. Also, a large number of people who claim to recover memories later retract.<ref>Pendergrast, M. (1996). ''Victims of memory: Incest accusations and shattered lives''. London: HarperCollins.</ref><ref>Goldstein, Eleanor, and Farmer, Kevin (1993). ''True Stories of False Memories''.</ref><ref>Ost, J., Costall, A., & Bull, R. (2002). "A perfect symmetry? A study of retractors' experiences of making and then repudiating claims of early sexual abuse," ''Psychology, Crime and Law'', 8, 155–181.</ref> StopBadTherapy.com has published many of the [http://www.stopbadtherapy.com/retracts/indexp.shtml stories] of these retractors.


==Forgotten memories==
==External links==
 
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20220927091738/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/27/opinion/recovered-memory-therapy-mental-health.html The Forgotten Lessons of the Recovered Memory Movement]


==References==
==References==
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==External links==
==External links==
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repressed_memory Wikipedia] - Likely to contain more counter-sources.
*[http://www.fmsfonline.org/ The False Memory Syndrome Foundation]
*[http://www.fmsfonline.org/ The False Memory Syndrome Foundation]
*[http://www.stopbadtherapy.com/ Stop Bad Therapy]
*[http://www.stopbadtherapy.com/ Stop Bad Therapy]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20101115115445/http://www.angryharry.com/esShamefulTherapists.htm?note Shameful Therapists] - By [[Masculism|MRA]], Angry Harry.
:*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130130151407/http://www.angryharry.com/The-Recovery-Of-Recovered-Memories.htm The Recovery Of Recovered Memories?] - Same author.
[[Category:Official Encyclopedia]][[Category:Victims' Rights]][[Category:Hysteria]][[Category:Terminology]][[Category:Terminology: Academic]][[Category:Terminology: Charity, NGO & "Professional"]][[Category:Research]][[Category:Research into effects on Children]][[Category:Law/Crime]][[Category:Law/Crime: International]][[Category:Law/Crime: American]][[Category:Research: Victimology and other Pseudoscience]][[Category:Incest]][[Category:Law/Crime: Corruption]][[Category:Terminology: Legal & Law Enforcement]][[Category:Mental Health Industry]][[Category:History & Events: Moral controversies]]

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Repressed memory is the discredited theory that someone may, as a way of coping, block out memories of a traumatic event. The theory is almost exclusively applied to child sexual abuse, and is promoted by advocacy groups such as the The Leadership Council in order to provide a basis for Recovered Memory Therapy. These theories are widely recognized as not standing up to empirical scrutiny as there is no reliable evidence that memory repression ever occurs. Several more credible interpretations of apparently repressed memories have been proposed, including false memories and normal forgetfulness. Owing to the discrediting of the repressed memory paradigm, Wikipedia provides a fuller analysis of this subject.

False memories

Substantial evidence shows that memories can be wholly fabricated, often with the guidance of therapy designed to "recover" memories of abuse. Porter, Yuille, and Lehman (1999) were able to create false memories of emotional childhood experiences in 30% of their college sample.[1] Numerous other studies have also had success in implanting false memories.[2][3][4] Whether for social or biological reasons, or a combination of both, children are thought to be prone to fabricating false memories. It may therefore be important not to ask leading or evocative questions when trying to extract testimony from children.[5]

Many "recovered" memories are obviously implausible, as in the case of satanic ritual abuse. Also, a large number of people who claim to recover memories later retract.[6][7][8] StopBadTherapy.com has published many of the stories of these retractors.

External links

References

  1. ↑ Porter, S., Yuille, J.C., & Lehman, D.R. (1999). "The nature of real, implanted, and fabricated memories for emotional childhood events: Implications for the recovered memory debate," Law and Human Behavior, 23, 517–537.
  2. ↑ Loftus, E. F., Coan, J. A., & Pickrell, J. E. (1996). "Manufacturing false memories using bits of reality." In L. Reder (Ed.), Implicit memory and metacognition (pp. 195-220).
  3. ↑ Loftus, E. F., & Pickrell, J. E. (1995). "The formation of false memories," Psychiatric Annals, 25, 720-725.
  4. ↑ Hyman, I. E., Husband, T. H., & Billings, J. F. (1995). "False memories of childhood experiences," Applied Cognitive Psychology, 9, 181-197.
  5. ↑ Scientific American: Children and False Memories
  6. ↑ Pendergrast, M. (1996). Victims of memory: Incest accusations and shattered lives. London: HarperCollins.
  7. ↑ Goldstein, Eleanor, and Farmer, Kevin (1993). True Stories of False Memories.
  8. ↑ Ost, J., Costall, A., & Bull, R. (2002). "A perfect symmetry? A study of retractors' experiences of making and then repudiating claims of early sexual abuse," Psychology, Crime and Law, 8, 155–181.

External links

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